Review of Verbs (Tense and Voice)

Active Voice = Subject does the action of the verb.

The man is praising the women. Present Tense, Active VoiceThe man was praising the women. Imperfect Tense, Active VoiceThe man will praise the women. Future Tense, Active Voice

Passive Voice = Subject receives the action of the verb.

The man is praised by the women. Present Tense, Passive VoiceThe man was praised by the women. Imperfect Tense, Passive VoiceThe man will be praised by the women. Future Tense, Passive Voice

In Latin, in the present, imperfect, and future tenses, voice is determined by the personal ending found on the verb.

Active Voice Personal Endings

o/m = subject is I mus = subject is wes = subject is you (sing.) tis = subject is you (pl.)t = subject is he, she, it or a nt = subject is they or a nom. sing. noun nom. pl. noun

Passive Voice Personal Endings

or/r = subject is I mur = subject is weris = subject is you (sing.) mini = subject is you (pl.)tur = subject is he, she, it or a ntur = subject is they or a nom. sing. noun nom. pl. noun

Present Tense of voco vocare – call (Page – 179)

(Active Voice) Rule = Present Stem + Personal Endings

1. voca+o = voco I call, I am calling, I do call2. voca+s = vocas you call, you are calling, you do call3. voca+t = vocat he calls, he is calling, he does call1. voca+mus = vocamus we call, we are calling, we do call2. voca+tis = vocatis you call, you are calling, you do call3. voca+nt = vocant they call, they are calling, they do call

(Passive Voice) Rule = Present Stem + Personal Endings

1. voca+or = vocor I am (being) called2. voca+ris = vocaris you are (being) called3. voca+tur = vocatur he is (being) called1. voca+mur = vocamur we are (being) called2. voca+mini = vocamini you are (being) called3. voca+ntur = vocantur they are (being) called

Imperfect Tense of voco vocare – call (Page – 179)

(Active Voice) Rule = Present Stem + ba + Personal Endings

1. voca+ba +m = vocabam I was calling, I used to call, I did call2. voca+ba+s = vocabas you were calling, you used to call, you did call3. voca+ba+t = vocabat he was calling, he used to call, he did call1. voca+ba+mus = vocabamus we were calling, we used to call, we did call2. voca+ba+tis = vocabatis you were calling, you used to call, you did call 3. voca+ba+nt = vocabant they were calling, they used to call, they did call

(Passive Voice) Rule = Present Stem + ba + Personal Endings

1. voca+ba +r = vocabar I was (being) called, I used to be called2. voca+ba+ris = vocabaris you were (being) called, you used to be called3. voca+ba+tur = vocabatur he was (being) called, he used to be called1. voca+ba+mur = vocabamur we were (being) called, we used to be called2. voca+ba+mini = vocabamini you were (being) called, you used to be called3. voca+ba+ntur = vocabantur they were (being) called, they used to be called

Future Tense of voco vocare – call (Page – 179)

(Active Voice) Rule = Present Stem + bi + Personal Endings

1. voca+bi +o = vocabo I shall call2. voca+bi+s = vocabis you will call3. voca+bi+t = vocabit he will call1. voca+bi+mus = vocabimus we shall call2. voca+bi+tis = vocabitis you will call 3. voca+bi+nt = vocabunt they will call

(Passive Voice) Rule = Present Stem + bi + Personal Endings

1. voca+bi +or = vocabor I shall be called2. voca+bi+ris = vocaberis you will be called3. voca+bi+tur = vocabitur he will be called1. voca+bi+mur = vocabimur we shall be called2. voca+bi+mini = vocabimini you will be called 3. voca+bi+ntur = vocabuntur they will be called

Ablative of Agent

Prep. a/ab + Ablative Case Noun/Pronoun

When a passive voice verb is used, the Ablative of Agent is used to show the doer of the action of the verb.

The king was praised by the people. Noun Verb Prep. Noun Subject 3rd. Sing. Ablative Nom. Imperf. Of Agent Mas. Passive Mas. Sing. Indic. Sing.

Rex a populo laudabatur.

(Page – 180)