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REVIEW OF LITERATURE

CHAPTER - IIREVIEW OF LITERATURE

Review of literature is a vital Pre-requisite for any social research as it

shows well in advance the quantum of literature unfolded on a given subject along

with its length and breadth. Though, several studies on e-learning and its resources

in general and in academic libraries in particular, have been undertaken, studies on

e-learning seems to have very limited in their strength, more particularly in India.

Some of such important studies that deserve to as review of literature:

Shukla & Mishra (2011)1 reported extent to which research scholars of

institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University are aware of making use of

e-resources to highlight the problems faced by them in accessing e-resources.

Their views on usefulness of e-resources compared to that of print resources and

the place form where they prefer to access information. The Research scholars

prefer e-resources against print resources because of its various good features for

their research progress and are looking in future to have more e-resource access

within university campus with better internet connectivity.

Madhusudhan & Aggarwal (2011)2 opined under the title “Web-based

online public access catalogues of IIT libraries in India: an evaluative study”. The

purpose of the paper is to examine the various features and components of web-

based online public access catalogues (OPACs) of IIT libraries in India with the

help of specially designed evaluation checklist. The design/methodology/approach

of various features of the web-based OPACs in six IIT libraries (IIT Delhi,

Bombay, Madras, Kanpur, Guwahati, and Roorkee) are evaluated. The evaluation

approach taken was similar to that of Luong and Liew with minor modifications,

comprising 122 dichotomous questions with 174 features, categorized as 11 broad

categories.

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Ali & Nisha (2011)3 study highlights on e-journals awareness and use

among research scholars of Central Science Library; University of Delhi found

that more than 60 percent of users in the Central Science Library are using

e-journals weekly for the purpose of research. Print journals are also consulted by

the users compared with e-journals. Keyword is the most popular search method

for searching e-journals among research scholars, whereas the date of publication

carries the least percentage among all the options. However, it is found that slow

downloading of PDF files is the major problem that would discourage users while

using e-journals.

Satpathy & Rout (2010)4 conducted a study under the title of “Use of

E-resources by the faculty members with special reference to C.V. Raman College

of Engineering (CVRCE), Bhubaneswar”. The aim of the study was to assess and

evaluate the use of e-resources by the faculty members of CVRCE, Bhubaneswar,

with a view to examine the exposure of faculty members to e-resources. The

authors investigate the use of e-resources by the faculty members of CVRCE

through a survey based on structured questionnaire. Various statistical methods

have been used for data analysis. The study confirmed the faculty members are

aware of the e-resources and various types of e-resource, e-database and e-

journals. It suggests for the improvement in the access facilities with high internet

speed and subscription to more e-resources by the central library of CVRCE,

Bhubaneswar.

Raza & Upashyay (2010)5 examined the usage to e-journals by researchers

at DU and AMU that most of the researchers are aware of e-journals and most of

the researchers use them for their research purpose. Most of the researchers fully

agree that with the usage of e-journal the quality of research work improves. Most

of the researchers access e-journals in computer centre. It is found that lack of

training is the obstacle in proper and full utilization of e-journals.

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Natarajan, K. & Others (2010)6 carried out a survey of faculty members

and research scholars on use and user perception of e-resources in Annamalai

University, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India. Despite availability of wide range

of e-resources the frequency of their use was low. The reasons identified for this

was lack of time, awareness and lack of subject coverage as well as slow

downloading.

Ansari & Zuberi (2010)7 examined the use of electronic resources and

services at University of Karachi. Majority of the study population in the

university (97.1%) were able to use computers independently. The research results

have shown that majority of academic populations studies indicate a high level of

satisfaction with the emergence and use of electronic resources. Findings of the

University of Karachi have indicated that the academicians are satisfied with

available electronic resources. More than three-fifths (65.7%) of the study

population are quite satisfied and 31.4% are unsatisfied. This shows that nearly all

are quite satisfied.

Walmiki & Ramakrishnegowda (2009)8 reported in a survey of university

libraries in Karnataka, outlined the status of ICT infrastructure of selected six

university libraries. A structured questionnaire was used to obtain data from the

university librarians. The data collected include details of hardware infrastructure

like availability of servers i.e. PC’s, Laptops, printers, scanners etc. Software

facilities for automat ion of housekeeping operations, digital library activities are

included in the survey. Availability of campus LAN and internet facilities to

provide access to information sources are detailed in the study. The survey reveals

that most of the libraries lack sufficient hardware and software facilities, and

internet with required bandwidth. The university libraries have to plan, implement

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and develop ICT infrastructure to exploit the benefits of digital information

environment.

Singh, K. P. & Others (2009)9 reported that the study of the current state-

of-the-art and use, applications of ICT in LICs in Noida. The study is based on 25

LICs of public, government, corporate, public, and private enterprises in Noida.

The data was collected through a structured questionnaire through mail/e-mail

among the librarians of selected institutions. The study tries to find the opinion of

the librarians about the barriers in application of ICT in LICs and their attitudes

towards adopting the technology. The results show that lack of awareness, interest

and initiation of library professionals towards ICT applications in the library are

the major barriers of ICT applications in the LICs even though the attitude of the

librarians towards ICT application/use in the LICs was very positive. The majority

of LICs in Noida has good hardware, software facilities to some extent but ICT

based services, and products are not reaching the users to the extent expected due

to the problems of inadequate finance, infrastructure and trained library

professionals leaving available ICT infrastructure underutilized. Therefore, it is

essential that ICT resources should be enhanced, an ICT skilled staff should be

increased or trained in using and handling ICT.

Sharma, Chetan (2009)10 examined the existence of various e-resources

databases in Guru Gobind Singh, Indraprasth University Library, New Delhi. They

also highlighted the preferences and importance of online resources among the

teachers and research scholars.

Rao & Choudhury (2009)11 conducted a study under the title of

“Availability of Electronic resources at NIT Libraries in India: A Study”. The

objectives of the study were to investigate electronic resources available at

National Institutes of Technology (NITs) libraries across the country. The

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electronic resources consist of online journals databases, COROM material and

audio/video course materials. The survey finds majority of libraries use 11 to 15

number of online journals databases, whereas 25 percent libraries have the facility

of more than 16 number of online journals databases. Very few libraries (20%)

indicate that they have less than 10 online journals databases at their end. A total

of 85 percent of libraries have the facilities of e-resources in CO-ROMs/OVOs

from. About 90 percent of libraries obtain audio/video course materials. This study

also reveals the zone-wise performance among NIT libraries in India with respect

to electronic resources availability. The south zone (75%) libraries have better-off

in compression with the other zones libraries.

Khan, A. M. & Others (2009)12 examined the use of e-journals and

databases by faculty members and research scholars of the Jawaharlal Nehru

University (JNU) and Jamia Millia Islamia (JMI) University, Delhi, India. All the

respondents were aware of the availability of these resources and largely used

them for reference purposes in their research work and studies. The degree of

usefulness and utilization of online databases was high among the respondents.

Kamba, M. A. (2009)13 e-learning is self-paced, provides consistent

content, faster and works anywhere at any time for learners. The instructional

materials are easily updated and permit the use of multimedia which leads to

reinforced learning through the use of video, audio, quizzes and other forms of

interaction. As the world is changing, the learning scenario is changing with it i.e.

the world with the introduction of information and communication technology,

which gives room to the new concept called e-learning. E-learning can improve

retention, provide immediate feedback and allows learners to customize learning

materials to meet their individual needs.

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Joteen, R. K. & Others (2009)14 carried out a survey under the title “Use

of internet based e-resources at Manipur University: a survey”, described on the

use of the electronic information focusing on the internet services by the users of

Manipur University Library. Furthermore they examine the utilization purpose,

difficulties and satisfaction level of users about internet based e-resource service

provided by the library. A structured questionnaire was randomly distributed

among 800 user of the library comprising of PG students, research scholars,

teacher and other non teaching staff member during April 2006 April 2007. They

concluded that low speed internet access, erratic power supply and lack of required

full text journals are problem with regard to the user of internet based e-resource.

Chirra & Madhusudhan (2009)15 assessed the use of e-journals by

doctoral research scholars, the study reveals that 100 percent (96) of the

respondents are aware of the e-journals and access the UGC Infonet Digital

Library Consortium through GUL and IC website. Majority of users (98 percent)

use UGC-Infonet e-journals for their research work (thesis). The most common

problem faced by the respondents is that there is difficulty in accessing full text

and a majority (95 percent) of the respondents replied that more journals are

needed.

Baljinder & Verma (2009)16 examined the use of electronic resources and

services at the central library of Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi. The study

showed that most of the users 88% were aware of the e-resources and services.

Most of the users 71% preferred to use both print and electronic formats, 17.45%

electronic only and 11.52% print. It was also indicated that the users were

accessing these resources from hostels and departments more as compared to the

library resulting in decreased users' visits to the library.

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Agarwal & Dave (2009)17 have studied the use of internet by the scientists

and research scholars of Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur (Rajasthan)

was assessed on the basis of the results of a questionnaire survey in CAZRI,

Jodhpur. Further, it also attempts to assess the frequency of use, location where

used search engine accessed, purpose of use etc. The study revealed that the

respondents accessed Google search frequently (100%) followed by Yahoo

(85.29%). It is also observed that all most equal (97.06%) respondents use the

internet for education and research. The strong desire of respondents is that the

library initiates various functions and services like e-portals, on-line information

and abstracts retrieval along with internet.

Vishala & Bhandi (2008)18 elaborated that electronic publishing is an

important media of the new Information Technology. E-journals are attracting

readers attention in today’s networked environment. These e-resources are main

vehicles used by researchers for scholarly communication. The present study

revealed that there is increased acceptance of e-journals by the university

academicians and also by the information centre. The study also demonstrated that

all the librarians are fully acquainted with the benefits of e-journals and agreed

that the electronic journals have and will continue to have an impact on the library

services, library staff and on the information services. They concluded that

e-resources have changed the way of research is done and the information

obtained through electronic form has greatly improved the results of the research.

Veenapani S. & Others (2008)19 stated that the e-resources are highly

useful for the research and academic community in the present digital environment

in which the UGC-INFONET has to play a significant role to assist the academic

community in the provision of this unique service to academic and research

community. They also suggested that for the improvement of the system required

to be translated in to reality by the authority of Manipur University so that

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effectiveness and accountability of the same can be maintained to serve the users

community in a better way.

Upadhyay & Chakrabarty (2008)20 reported the use of online journals and

databases and their awareness among researchers of IT-BHU. It examined the

awareness of researchers and use of online journals databases available through

UGC-INFONET, INDEST consortia. They also highlights some suggestions given

by the users for improvement of online resources like some more awareness and

training campaign programme is required with the help of experts from the online

publishing agency, time of using to access the e-resources of the library should be

increased and; some required e-journals must be subscribed by the library those

are much more useful for the users.

Sujathan & Mudhol (2008)21 examined the “Use of Electronic Information

Sources (EIS) by the teachers/scientists, research scholars and postgraduate

students in the college of fisheries, Mangalore”. The objective of the study to

identify the constraints faced by the respondents while using the EIS and the

access the satisfaction level of the users with access to EIS in their institution. The

questionnaire was administered using a simple random sampling technique. It is

observed that majority of the respondents have rich experience in the use EIS,

where (71.5%) have more than three years of experience. E-mail is the most

frequently used e-information source followed by web sources. Among the various

fisheries information source in electronic format, subject specific information

websites (79%) international/regional institution websites (75.3%), e-journals

(65.5%), (CD-ROM) bibliographic database (60.5%), research project sites

(56.8%) and professional association websites (54.3%) are found to be used by the

majority of the respondents.

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Okello-Obura & Magara (2008)22 investigated electronic information

access and utilization at the East African School of Library and Information

Science, Makerere University, Uganda. Out of the 250 targeted students, 190

responded, giving a response rate of 76%. The study revealed that users derived lot

of benefits from electronic resources gaining access to wider range of information

and improved academic performance as a result of access to quality information.

Nisha, Faizul & Others (2008)23 examined the use of the INDEST-AICTE

consortium of MHRD and UGC-INFONET consortium of INFLIBNET by users

of IIT Delhi and Delhi University. The results have indicated that majority of users

are aware about INDEST and UGC-INFONET consortia at IIT Delhi and Delhi

University. Most of users access INDEST and UGC-INFONET consortia through

e-databases. Slow downloading; lack of maintenance, lack of training, lack of

infrastructure and language etc. are the major problems that would discourage

users for accessing resources on INDEST and UGC-INFONET.

Moghaddam & Talawar (2008)24 investigated the use of scholarly

e-journals at the Indian Institute of Science. The results of the survey reflect a

growing interest in electronic journals among users at the IIS. The results showed

a growing interest in electronic journals among the users at IIS. Electronic journals

were mostly used for research needs and PDF was the most preferred format. The

fact that users have free access to electronic journals at all hours from their own

computers seems to be the most appealing feature.

Madhusudhan, M. (2008)25 carried out studies on the use of electronic

resources by teachers, students and research scholars of universities and research

organizations. 78% of the respondents feel that the use of the UGC-Infonet

e-journals has created high dependency value on their research work and they

needed current article alert services and electronic document supply services.

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Lau & Woods (2008)26 investigates on user perception and attitudes

towards learning objects. This study empirically evaluated the technology

acceptance model drawn from literature on Information Systems (IS) to investigate

how user beliefs and attitudes influence learning-object use among higher

education learners. The findings clearly showed that an individual’s attitude

towards the use on the learning object is significantly influenced by the

individual’s perception about ease of use and usefulness. User perceptions of

usefulness had an even stronger influence on attitudes than user’s perceptions of

the learning objects ease of use Judged by its direct relationship to attitude and

behavioral intention to use perceived usefulness was found to be the most

significant factor influencing the user’s acceptance of learning objects. At the

same time behavioral intention to use the learning objects was highly related to the

attitude and perceived usefulness.

Kumar & Kumar (2008)27 highlighted six reasons for using electronic

information sources. Users in the study use electronic sources in support of their

study (70%) and teaching (59%). One-third of respondents used the sources for

project work. 88% of medical science users accessed electronic information

sources for study, followed by engineering (67%) and management studies (55%)

respectively.

Kumar, Ashok & Others (2008)28 examined the use of electronic resource

by scholars and identified their acceptance toward e-learning. It focused

particularly on how frequently the scholars are using the e-resource. The study

also determined the purpose of using electronic resources. They concluded that

still few scholars are depending on printed information sources and consulting

indexes, abstracts and journals in the library, but they must adopt the current

transformation the scientific communication systems, which is now progressing at

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speed they cannot easily escape. The e-publishing will continue to evolve, mutate

and change as technology and society evolve.

Kanniyappan, E. & Others (2008)29 conducted a study titled “Use and

Impact of e-resources in an Academic and Research environment: a case study”.

This article describes briefly a survey conducted at Anna University Library,

Chennai (Tamil Nadu) to find out the use of different types of electronic resources

and services and their impact on the academic development of faculty members.

Also described are the problems faced in using the electronic resources and the

success rate of satisfaction in getting the required information on e-resources

services. The findings were found that all the respondents used computers/online

services (100%). Regarding the e-information services, (53.47%) of the staff

members are fully satisfied, e-mail (60.67%), internet (56.67%), OPAC system

(58%) and online journals (56.67%), researchers found that online e-journals are

very useful to (48.60%), university library site to (40%) and research project sites

to (33.67%) of the staff majority of the respondents (52.66%) used the e-journal of

more that the printed journals and (32%) of the e-journal and printed journals

equally. The present survey reveals that most of the faculty members are aware of

the availability of electronic resources and they are being used frequently for their

teaching purposes.

Gupta, Vibha (2008)30 examined the usage of e-journals by the research

scholar in the University of Lucknow. The survey revealed that all research

scholars are aware of e-journals and most of them use both printed and e-journals.

Furthermore stated that all though many problems are faced by the research

scholars to access the e-journals but overall maximum are shifted with the use and

accessibility of e-journals. At last author concluded that e-journals cannot replace

with traditional sources.

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Dilek-Kayaoglu, Hulya (2008)31 in their study examined the use of

electronic journals. The study confirm that almost two-thirds of the respondents

stated they were very frequent users of e-journals, majority of them were from

health science, while just 22 percent of the respondents indicated that they were

very frequent users of printed journals. The 72.5 percent of the respondents

supported the transition from print to e- only journals. The major barriers to use

e-journals were the lack of sufficient subscriptions in their discipline is particularly

noteworthy and clearly indicates that the library should increase the number of e-

journal subscriptions.

Chopra, H. S. (2008)32 stated that the survey of faculty members, research

scholars and students regarding use of e-resources is very encouraging. Awareness

of e-resources is must for the users of any university library. He also stated that

manuscript writing continued for thousands of years. Invention of printing press

was considered a great revolution but advent of information technology has

absolutely changed the working of all spheres within a decade and libraries are no

exception. Libraries of India have accepted the new role. Guru Nanak Dev

University, Amritsar is trying its best to use the e-resources.

Bharati & Zaidi (2008)33 described the use of e-journals and databases

subscribed by UGC-INFONET consortium by the users of Aligarh Muslim

University. Besides extensively covering the use of e-journals and e-databases, the

paper also examined the utilization and satisfaction levels of users with respect to

e-journals and e-databases. They concluded the e-resources are highly useful for

the research and academic community in the present electronic environment. They

also suggested that the academic community the authorities of the university

library must conduct the user awareness programs to train the research and

academic community in the maximum utilization of these electronic resources

more effectively and efficiently at the AMU campus.

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Singh, Balwan & Others (2007)34 stated that the concept of library is

changing very fast due to impact of ICT. Now the libraries will not have only

printed collections but also digital resources, which are not seen physically. The

technology has forced the library to digitize information. Keeping in view of all

this libraries will need redefining or reengineering as they may be named as

Knowledge Management Centers, Cyberary, Ebrary, Virtual Library and Digital

Library. No doubt technology will play major role in changing the shape of

libraries in the time to come yet basic material will remain the same. Whatever the

technology may come and find use in the library for the benefit of users to access

the information as fast mode of communication and whatever nomenclature may

be given to library, but it is hardly matter that the print media will hold the vein of

library for the society.

Selim, H. M. (2007)35 identified eight CSF on e-learning acceptance. Those

are instructor characteristics student characteristics (computer competency,

interactive collaboration and e-learning course and design) technology (ease of

access and infrastructure) and support. The most critical indicators were

instructor’s attitude towards interactive learning and teaching via e-learning

technologies. The survey also concluded that previous student experience with

personal computers came as the most critical factor within the student characters.

In the technological dimension the ease of use of the course website was the most

critical factor followed, by browser efficiency and screen design. Author assumed

that these eight e-learning critical success factor (CSF) categories can assist

university and instructor to efficiently and effectively adopt e-learning

technologies.

Salako & Tiamiyu (2007)36 surveyed the use of search engines for research

by postgraduate students of the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. Copies of 327

questionnaires were analyzed and it was found that most of the postgraduate

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students responding were aware of and had become familiar with the internet

before the start of their postgraduate courses. The details on how they learnt to use

search engine, more than half of the respondents were taught by friends, less than

half learnt to use it by trial and error while a few were taught at a computer school.

Rasool-Abadi, Masood (2007)37 in his study entitled “Kordesstan Medical

Science Faculty Members Awareness with search skills and strategies in Internet”

assessed faculty members awareness with search skills in the internet. Descriptive-

analytical method was used for research method. Two sets of questionnaires were

used for data collection (one for collecting search skills data and another for

gathering computer skills data). 140 questionnaires were distributed among 140

faculty members. 100 questionnaires were completed and returned back to

researcher. Collected data was analyzed by SPSS. Result showed that 58.7% of

respondents were not familiar with search skills in the Internet and 42.2% did not

use search techniques. 49% of respondents used Google search engines in their

search. 50% were not aware of information coverage of Ovid, Blackwell and

Elsevier databanks. 58% of respondents used computer and 54% internet

frequently.

Gomez, E. & Others (2007)38 reported survey finding of study entitled

“Utilizing Web Tools for Computer-Mediated Communication to Enhance Team-

Based Learning.” This article presents the results from pilot assessments of

computer-supported team based-learning. Team-based learning is an active

learning instructional strategy used in the traditional face-to-face classroom. Web-

based Computer-Mediated Communication (CMC) tools complement the face-to-

face classroom and enable active learning between face-to-face class times. The

authors utilized pedagogical approaches grounded in collaborative learning

techniques, such as team-based learning, and extended the set techniques to a

Web-based environment through the use of computer-mediated communications

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tools (discussion web-boards).This approach was examined through field studies

in the course of two semesters at a US public technological university. The

findings indicate that the perceptions of team learning experience such as

perceived motivation, enjoyment, and learning in such a Web-based CMC

environment are higher than in traditional face-to-face courses. In addition, our

result show that perceived team members’ contribution impact individual learning

experiences. Overall, Web-based CMC tools are found to effectively facilitate

team interactions and achieve higher level learning.

Ekwelem, V. O. & Others (2007)39 described Electronic Information

Sources as information sources that are available and can be accessed

electronically through such computer networked facilities as online library

catalogues, the internet, the World Wide Web and digital libraries. Electronic

Information Sources have increasingly become an invaluable asset in education,

research, teaching and learning. Electronic Information Sources have transformed

the conduct of research and teaching in universities by allowing faculty members a

wide range of opportunity for accessing accurate and timely information on

various subjects.

Borrego & Urbano (2007)40 surveyed on users of a package of electronic

journals in the field of chemistry and submitted almost 100 percent respondents

preferred PDF format for downloading the e-journal articles than the HTML

format. The results provided that the opportunity to better understand users

behavior for e-journals and established that this behavior does not vary significant

from that observed in studies undertaken in other geographical contexts. The

results showed that there is a strong correlation between the number of articles

downloaded and abstracts viewed of a title, so that the rankings of titles by articles

downloaded and abstracts viewed are practically identical.

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Borrego, A. & Other (2007)41 reported that there have been many studies

of users of electronic resources in the professional literature in the last few years.

The main conclusion of this review is that electronic resources have been rapidly

adopted in academic spheres, though the behaviour varies according to the

discipline.

Asefeh & Nosrat (2007)42 surveyed & investigate the relationships

between awareness and use of digital resources among students in Isfahan

University of Medical Sciences. A questionnaire was design with descriptive

method was randomly used for survey. 250 users of the Medical libraries and

information centers affiliated to Isfahan university of Medical Sciences were taken

for survey. The results were founding the paper titled “Awareness and use of

digital resources in the libraries of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran”

that 70 percent of students were aware of digital resources, but 69 percent have

used them, 62 percent were aware of, off line data bases and 19 percent were only

using them through Central library LAN network. About 70 percent were aware of

online databases, accessible via Central library website and 53 percent have used

them in total 87 percent of students felt that the available data met their

information needs. Frequent periodic orientation and lack of education on use of

offline databases and fewer terminals connected to the server in the central library,

due to theses factor students h d less use offline databases. Users are faced

problems like low speed connectivity and shortage of hardware facilities.

Raza & Upadhyay (2006)43 a study was carried out to find the usage of

e-journals by the researchers at Aligarh Muslim University. They used

questionnaire method to find out purpose and place used by research scholars for

using e-journals. The survey reveals that all the researchers are aware of e-journals

in AMU. Many research scholars are consulting e-journals from their departmental

labs and computer centers, not only for research purposes but also to update their

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own knowledge. Some problems like lack of training and slow downloading has

been found and the researchers felt about the need for print journals as well as

electronic journals.

Natarajan, M. (2006)44 described “Use of On line Technology for

Multimedia Education.” The author focused that the content, media and

administration are the main areas for better multimedia education using online

technology. With the advent of Information Communication Technology (ICT)

and the growth of the Internet, particularly the web has changed the way of giving

the curriculum materials to the students in online environment. Along with the

print material, the materials are given in e-formats also. The online teaching tools

like e-mail, discussion list, chat mode, lecture notes via web, use of computer

mediated communication, interactive web tutorials, CD-ROM materials and

virtual environments helps now-a-days for better understanding by the student

community. The successful use of online technology depends on well designed

and planned courses, infrastructure and price considerations, capacity and training

in the chosen technology, local design and proper pre-testing and relative ease of

access for the students. Technology such as video and the internet can be

combined with hands on activities to enhance critical thinking and support

learning skills. In India, distance education is provided through Radio, TV, CD-

ROM and contact classes on weekly holidays. Some private institutions have

started using the online technology for educating the students. The author

concluded that Indian Universities and Higher Educational Institutions should

adopt this technology for easy understanding of education programmes.

Maharana, Bulu & Others (2006)45 studied on “Scholarly Use of Web

Resources in LIS Research: A Citation Analysis.” The essential purpose of this

paper is to measure the amount of web resources used for scholarly contributions

in the area of library and information science (LIS) in India. It is further aimed to

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analyses the nature and type of web resources and study the various standards for

web citations. In this study, analysis of 292 web citations spread over 95 scholarly

papers published in the proceedings of the National Conference of the Society for

Information Science, India (SIS-2005) has been reported. All the 292 web

citations were scanned and data relating to types of web domains, file formats,

styles of citations, etc., were collected through a structured check list. The data

thus obtained were systematically analyzed, figurative representations were made

and appropriate interpretations were drawn. Findings of the study revealed that

292 (34.88 percent) out of 837 were web citations, proving a significant

correlation between the use of internet resources and research productivity of LIS

professionals in India. The highest number of web citations (35.6 percent) was

from.edu/.ac type domains. Most of the web resources (46.9 percent) cited in the

study was hypertext markup language (HTML) files. An originality/value of the

paper is the result of an original analysis of web citations undertaken in order to

study the dependence of LIS professionals in India on web sources for their

scholarly contributions. This carries research value for web content providers,

authors and researchers in LIS.

Lohar & Roopashree (2006)46 analyzed the use of electronic resources and

how the electronic resources are improving the academic carrier of the faculty

members of college and universities. They also tried to find out the problems

facing by the faculty members at time of accessing the e-resources and concluded

that the main intention of the use of electronic resources of faculty members is the

academic interest. The speed of availability and the ease of accessibility of

information make the faculty members to use electronic resources in academic

environment.

Kumar & Kaur (2006)47 studied “Internet Use by Teachers and Students

in Engineering Colleges of Punjab, Haryana and Himachal Pradesh States of India:

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An Analysis.” The aim of this study was to analyze the use of the internet and

related issues among the teachers and the students of engineering colleges in

India’s three States of Punjab, Haryana and Himachal Pradesh. A well structured

questionnaire was distributed among the 1980 teachers and students of all the

engineering colleges of the three states of India. The response rate was 80.9%. The

present study demonstrates and elaborates the various aspects of internet use, such

as frequency of internet use, methods used for learning of internet skill, most

frequently used place for internet use, purposes for which the internet is used, use

of internet services, ways to browse the information from the internet, problems

faced by the users and satisfaction level of users with the internet facilities

provided in the college. The result of the survey also provides information about

the benefits of the internet over conventional documents. The study was conducted

particularly to find an answer to the question as to whether the internet can replace

library services. It was found that the internet has become a vital instrument for

teaching, research and learning process of these respondents. Some suggestions

are set forth to make the service more beneficial for the academic community of

the engineering colleges under study.

Kaur & Verma (2006)48 surveyed in this study to know the use of library

service and awareness of electronic resources. This paper also examined the

interest of the users about internet, UGC-INFONET, CD-ROM databases and

other services provided by the library. It is observed that users use fewer amount

of e-resources due to lack of awareness of various electronic sources and

suggested that library should provide user education/awareness programe for the

users of e-resources.

Jange & Samy (2006)49 evaluated the use of the internet as an information

source by libraries of National Institutes of Technology in India. Using the

questionnaire method data is collected from seventeen National Institutes of

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Technology spread across the country. Some of the main objectives of the study

are to understand the perceptions of internet technology by library professionals,

to identify the purpose of using internet by library, and to explore the use of

internet services and its impact on library activities and services. It is observed that

all the libraries perceive internet as a communication tool and see it as a

supplement to the online library. Among the internet services, email, online

databases and WWW are the most frequently used internet services by the

librarians. The results indicate that, the libraries make use of internet mainly for

identifying latest books and journals in acquisition and serials control activities of

library. Search engines are the ultimate mode of searching information and

colleagues assist in getting the desired information. The results indicate that the

libraries of NIT accept the significance of internet in library activities and services.

The librarians have to reorient themselves, and adopt the new technology to

generate services and resources where skills of structuring and organizing

resources are put to its best use.

Hantington, P & Others (2006)50 used transaction log analysis, a recent

method to trace journals usage in the digital environment in their research paper

titled “Article Decay in the Digital Environment: An Analysis of Usage of Ohio

LINK by date of publication, Employing Deep Log Methods”. Deep log analysis

(DLA) is a methodology developed by the Centre for Information Behavior and

the Evaluation of Research (CIBER) team at UCL (University College London).

The finding of the study showed that for different kinds of articles viewed, people

who just viewed a table of contents page were far more likely to be current

awareness “checkers” while those who viewed a journal issue and also went on to

view an article or abstract were more likely to view older articles.

Emojorho & Adomi (2006)51 contributed a survey on “An Assessment of

the Use of Information Technology Facilities for Academic Pursuit”. Study is

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aimed at looking at the extent to which staff of Delta State University, Abraka,

Nigeria are acquainted with information technology and use IT facilities for

academic pursuit Design/methodology/approach. The main instruments used for

collecting data were questionnaires and interviews. Simple percentage was the

statistical method employed. The data collected through the use of the

questionnaire and interviews reveal that most of the staff are not only aware of the

existence of IT facilities, but also employ them to satisfy their academic desires.

The study, epileptic power supply was adjudged the worst problem encountered in

the use of IT facilities, while other problems include high internet service charges,

unreliable telecommunication infrastructure, internet traffic congestion due to

limited bandwidth and unsatisfactory performance of the internet service provider.

Originality/value of the study acts as an eye-opener to the staff and management of

Delta State University those of institutions of higher learning in Nigeria as a

whole, as well as the government of the day, as to the true state of affairs relative

to how far and well we have advanced in the application of IT for developmental

purposes in a world that has gone so far in it, and try as much as possible to bridge

the gap.

Chestnutt & Reynolds (2006)52 conducted a study of 457 dentists in Wales

to identify how patient information on the internet has influenced the delivery of

oral care and the use practitioners make of the internet. 39 percent of respondents

agreed that information gained from the internet had led to patients demanding

inappropriate care.

Ajuwon, Grace A. (2006)53 conducted a study of the physicians use of the

internet for health information for patient care at the University College Hospital

(UCH) Ibadan, Nigeria. The findings revealed that 98% of the respondents had

used the internet. A majority 76% accessed the internet from cyber cafes. 90%

reported that they had obtained information from the internet for patient care of

this number, 76.2% had searched a database.

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Agbonlahor, Rosemary O. (2006)54 the study titled, “Motivation for Use

of Information Technology by University Faculty: A Developing Country

Perspective” examined factors which motivate lecturers in Nigerian Universities to

use Information Technology (IT). A diffusion of innovations perspective was

adopted for the study. The study employed a questionnaire for data collection. One

thousand lecturers from ten universities in Nigeria were sampled. Seven hundred

and eighteen completed questionnaires were found usable. The results found that

perceived usefulness (relative advantage) and perceived ease of use (complexity)

significantly influence the use of IT by lecturers in Nigerian universities. In

addition, ease of use was found to be a stronger motivator for IT use than

perceived usefulness. Furthermore, both training and level of access to IT

significantly influenced the number of computer applications used by lecturers. In

addition, level of access to IT was a significant predictor of both the number of

computer applications used by lecturers and the frequency with which they used

computers. The study concludes that even though innovation characteristics are

important predictors of the adoption of IT by Nigerian university lecturers,

organizational factors such as providing training and easy access to IT are even

more important. Thus, programs aimed at integrating IT into developing country

universities should provide effective and well-targeted training programs as well

as easy access to IT for lecturers.

Ojo & Akande (2005)55 surveyed a total of 350 respondents examined

students access, usage and awareness of electronic information resources at the

University College Hospital (UCH) Ibadan, Nigeria. The study revealed that the

level of usage of the electronic information resources is not high. A major problem

however identified is lack of information retrieval skills for exploiting electronic

resources, thus making the level of usage of resources by medical students very

low.

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Mudawi, Mohamed Salah Eldin (2005)56 conducted a research on “The

Use of the Internet and E-mail among Sudanese Librarians: A Survey Report.”

The objective of this research paper is to assess how the internet is used, in

particular for e mail-based library services in Sudan. This research is based on

primary data: a structured field survey was conducted among six information

institutions in Sudan. Because the number of librarians in these institutions was

thought manageable, all librarians in the selected institutions were surveyed. The

response rate reached 88.1%. The SPSS package was used for data analysis and

the alpha value found to be 79 percent. Findings: The major patterns of the internet

were use: Chat sessions, checking e-mails and surfing professional sites. Majority

of the samples did not utilize e-mail for library services as such. The low use of

the internet resources for library services was due to inadequate access and

inadequate time that can be devoted to the internet activity, rather than a matter of

lacking skills per se. But it was also found that there was a real need for training

on using the internet for library services. Moreover, lack of English language skills

were a factor: findings indicated that there is a positive correlation between the

level of English language proficiency and the level of using the internet. Research

limitations/implications for practical reasons the fieldwork data was collected only

from Khartoum state. More research work could be undertaken in other major

cities to complete the view. More studies are needed to highlight the nature of the

Internet training needs, and user attitudes that influence the current patterns of the

Internet use. Originality/value: This paper is an original work that fills a gap in the

literature about the use of the Internet among the Sudanese librarians. This paper is

of value to practitioner librarians and researchers, while LIS instructors may use

the research results to develop the LIS syllabus and curriculum.

Mounissamy, P. & Others (2005)57 reveled that e-resources offers for

today’s users with many opportunities that were not available to predecessors. The

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e-journals service for the users, it is extremely important to show the

accountability because e-journals are quite expensive and are leased rather than

purchased. The study was undertaken to know the level of use of the available

electronic journals, how faculty and students feel about various issues relating to

e-journals and whether attitudes change depending upon gender, age, access place

and branch of study etc. They concluded that the younger generation has accepted

the digital reading culture. Low-level problems, especially delays in gaining

access and impediments to moving about, within and between journals are major

de-motivating factors in the use of electronic journals. They also stated that some

of the problems are within the control of the publishers and can be alleviated by

the publishers like length on screen reading, double column layouts, the Adobe

Acrobat software does not support user-friendly journals usage. It is slow to

deliver articles. There are some factors which are not under the control of the

publishers of e-journals such as network delay, increasing traffic and inadequate

bandwidth etc. are to be taken care of by the subscribers.

Mathew & Sheeja (2005) 58 conducted a survey entitled “Use of

E-resources in a Networked Environment: A Case Study of CUSAT.” This paper

studies the use of e-resources by the faculty and research scholars of Cochin

University of Science and Technology. The use of e-resources under INDEST

consortium, UGC-Infonet project, and the database subscribed to in the CUSAT

Library are studied in the survey. The survey covers various aspects like

awareness of the users, user satisfaction, use pattern of e-resources, preference for

print or electronic version etc. The problems faced are stressed and possible

solutions are suggested.

Manhas & Kaur (2005)59 reported in their study “Internet and Its Use in

the Engineering College of Punjab: A Survey” examined the use of internet in the

engineering colleges of Punjab State and Chandigrah. A well structured

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questionnaire was distributed among the internet authorities, i.e. system

administrators, system managers and the internet section in charges of the 32

engineering colleges to find out the state of the internet connectivity available in

the colleges, the internet Service Providers (ISP) chosen and types of the internet

browsers used. The study demonstrates and elaborates the status of the services

used. The study demonstrates and elaborates the status of the services provided to

the internet users in the engineering colleges of Punjab. The study also analyses

the system details, purposes of internet use and users’ satisfaction with the

facilities provided in colleges. Suggestions have been given for the improvement

of internet services in the engineering colleges under study.

Kumar & Kaur (2005)60 conducted a research on Internet and its use in the

Engineering Colleges of Punjab, India. Questionnaire was employed to sample

opinion of 474 students. It was revealed that 30.8% of the students have 2-4 years

of experience in using the internet followed by 1-2 years with 27.4%. A majority

of the respondents used the internet located at the college, use internet for

education and research purposes, while half of them use it for communication

purpose. More than half of the students use the internet for consulting technical

reports. It was further indicated that the major problem faced by the users was

slow access speed of the internet. In comparing internet with conventional

documents, 91.6% of the respondents noted that the internet is easy to use, 89.1%

agreed that it is informative and 88.1% felt it is time saving.

Jay & Webber (2005)61 conducted a research on the impact of the internet

on reference services in public libraries in England. A questionnaire was

administered in 2003 to a sample of the public library authorities in England,

investigating the use of the internet for receiving or answering reference enquiries,

the use of electronic reference sources, and the nature of public library web sites.

The paper concludes by identifying the need for public library managers to assess

the changing role of professionals and Para-professionals in delivering reference

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services, and to provide appropriate training. It also notes that despite the

discussion of real-time reference, asynchronous digital reference is still more

common in England.

Doraswamy, M. (2005)62 investigated use and familiarity of electronic

information resources. The study was conducted by using questionnaire method.

The findings show that 61.25 percent students are familiar with electronic

information resources, 27.50 percent of the students use the computer daily and

5.63 percent have never used it. A small percentage of students, i.e. 20.5 percent

students used CD-ROM, 33.13 percent internet, 38.13 percent e-mail, 36.87

percent search engines and 21.25 percent use VRSECE website ‘daily’

respectively. The online databases are used by 25 percent and VRSECE catalogue

once a month, 18.75 percent of students use online journals rarely 42.50 percent of

the students use electronic information resources for communication purposes.

The main problems faced while using electronic information resources were lack

of training and time.

Dadzia, P. S. (2005)63 investigated “Electronic Resources: access and usage

at Asheshi University College”. The objectives of the study were to investigate the

use of electronic resources by students and faculty of Asheshi University, Ghana,

to determine the level of use, the type of information accessed and the

effectiveness of the library’s communication tools for information research and

problems faced in using electronic resources. Results indicate the 85% of

respondents used the internet to access information and that respondents mainly

accessed information in the library by browsing the shelves.

Badu & Markwei (2005)64 surveyed “Awareness and Use of the Internet

and Its Resources by Academic Staff and Postgraduate Students of the University

of Ghana.” The purposes for which internet resources were used and respondents’

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perceptions of the usefulness of the internet were also explored. The main findings

indicate that both staff and students are fully aware of the internet and most of its

services. Academic staff in general uses the internet resources more than students.

However apart from e-mail, frequencies uses of internet resources are very low.

The study established that e-mail is highly used by both staff and students. Both

staff and students found the internet a very useful resource. The main reason for

non-use of an internet is inadequate training. Both staff and students need

appropriate education and training to ensure effective use of the Internet in all their

academic pursuits.

Asemi, Asefeh (2005)65 carried out a case study of Medical Sciences

University of Isfahan (MUI), Iran. The results of the study showed that all the

respondents used internet frequently because all faculties had an internet

connection. It was revealed that the researchers of the university were getting

quality health information and patient care through the internet. 55 percent of

respondents searched for scientific health information through the internet because

the university library provided access to databases and online journals students and

staff.

Ali, Naushad (2005)66 examined the use of Electronic Information Services

(EIS) among the users of the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Library in Delhi,

India. Both questionnaire and observational methods were used for data collection,

where 300 samples were collected. The analysis of data collected covers

awareness of EIS services, use of e-journals, advanced search facilities,

acquaintance with electronic information sources, the purpose of using

e-information, problems faced by the users while using EIS, infrastructure facility

available and satisfaction level of users. The study found that Boolean logic and

truncation are the most often used search facilities by IIT users. Lack of printing

facilities, terminals and trained staff are the major reasons that would discourage

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users from accessing the electronic information service. The survey also reveals

that some 60 percent of users face difficulties while browsing e-information.

Yaghoubi & Shamsa-ee (2004)67 in their research paper entitled

“Assessing Effective Factors in Using Internet by Faculty Members of

Agricultural College of Zanjan University.” Which was presented in AIAEE 2004

the 20th annual conference Dublin, Ireland, they identified the internet as a

universal network may be considered as the most important opportunity for policy

makers and planners in agricultural organizations. Nowadays the internet is used

in various forms at academic centers. The purpose of this study was to determine

effective factors in using the internet by faculty members of agricultural college. A

descriptive survey was used to collect data and appropriate questionnaires were

used for this purpose. The sample comprised of faculty members of agricultural

college of Zanjan University. Reliability and validity of instrument were

determined through opinions of specialists and application of Cronbach’s Alpha.

Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data using SPSS

software, version 11. The findings showed that agricultural faculty members had

positive opinion toward the internet use. There was also a significant correlation

between internet usage and characteristics such as: age, English language skills,

computer skills, research activities, number of scientific publications and job

status.

Wingenbach, Ary J. & Others (2004)68 evaluated “Information

Technology Use and Effectiveness in the Texas-Mexico Initiative.” IT use and

effectiveness, although prevalent in developed countries, does not provide the

same reliable resource in lesser developed or developing countries. The purpose of

this study was to determine information technology uses and effectiveness in

disseminating research results from the Texas-Mexico initiative through the centre

for Grazing Lands and Ranch Management. Two of the three northeast Mexico

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Campuses in this study possessed and used sophisticated information technologies

to communicate with researchers outside state and country boundaries. The main

method for this exchange has been through the Internet and Computer-Mediated

Technologies (CMT) such as e mail and video-conferencing. Texas and Mexico

have experienced an increasing inter-dependence due to increased communication

and knowledge exchanges. Rural farmers and producers must rely on agricultural

schools to provide them with the information necessary to increase their income

and land sustainability. To achieve real economic improvement for the agricultural

sector, universities must continue to increase their effectiveness in disseminating

information to local producers and farmers. Distance education could provide an

economically sound method for reaching a larger percentage of rural communities,

if properly employed.

Samson, Sue & Others (2004)69 have critically evaluated the use of

network resources in their paper entitled “Networked Resources, Assessment and

Collection Development.” The project was undertaken to study at the University

of Montana-Missoula. The use was measured with the help of vendor’s reports, in-

house use of web logs, surveys and word of mouth, during the spring semester.

The findings show that data collected has impact on the collection development

policy. Based on the data over $ 40,000 of duplicate print subscriptions were

migrated to electronic subscriptions.

Safdari, R. & Others (2004)70 examined a survey on “Assessing the

Impact of Information Technology on Health System in Viewpoints of faculty

members of Medical Record Departments in Iran.” To assess the impact of IT on

health system based on the viewpoint of faculty members in medical record

departments in Iranian medical science universities, a cross sectional survey was

used and questionnaires were sent to 17 medical records departments. To

investigate the correlations between variables of the study, Chi-Square Test and

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Fisher Tests were used. 64 questionnaires were distributed among respondents. 49

questionnaires were completed and returned back by the respondents. Findings

showed that majority of faculty members (40.81%) believed that use of IT

enhances the utilization of paper documents. 26.5% believed that use of IT has

high impact on medical errors. Majority of faculty members (36.7%) considered

that IT has a medium impact on self-therapy. The impact of IT on medical

research and medical education was believed to be very high by (83.6%) and

(79.5%) of respondents respectively. It was not find any correlation between the

impact of IT on the studied variables and demographic data of participants such as

age, gender and the years of teaching. Results showed that most of faculty

members of medical record departments have a high knowledge about the impact

of IT on promotion of health management, research and education in medical

sciences, but their knowledge about effectiveness of IT on health quality services

and its adverse effect was not proper. Researchers suggested that medical record

faculty members knowledge related to IT should be increased by educational

courses and training.

Rehman & Ramzy (2004)71 conducted a study on the internet use by health

professionals at the health sciences centre (HSC) of Kuwait University. The study

showed that 92.1% of the respondents accessed internet from their office, while

73.2% also accessed it from home. Another 28.3% also used the HSC Library for

accessing the internet. The study indicated that 80.3% of the respondents used

internet daily, 15% used it once a week and 2.5% used it once a month. 88.2% of

the respondents felt that the internet provided better access to health sciences

information, 77.2% indicated that through the internet they had better professional

contacts and 57.5% stated that with the use of internet they were able to use

different channels of communication for their patient care and research.

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Miller, Tony (2004)72 carried out a research project entitled “Student and

Teacher Perceptions of Computer Literacy Education: what are the outcome?” by

surveying non-computer literate students and computer literate students in their

perceptions of skill level, researcher found that the students who took a computer

literacy class felt more confident in their skill level than those that did not. The

computer literacy students ranked their perceptual skill level in many areas of

technology (keyboarding, word processing, use of spreadsheets, slide shows, web

pages, and databases) higher than those with no computer literacy experience.

Ironically, even those who felt they had the necessary skill level to learn on their

own ranked themselves, on average, lower in skill level than a computer literate

student. The students taking the computer literacy class also indicated perceptual

areas of growth in regards to computer skills from the beginning of the semester to

the end of the school year. A majority of students indicated the inclusion of

technology in their content courses, such as mathematics, science, English, and

social studies. Teachers were also surveyed for their use of technology in their

classrooms and students skill level with using particular programs, applications, or

hardware. The majority of teachers indicated that students’ computer literacy skill

levels are not where they should be regardless of whether they took a computer

course or not.

Luambano & Nawe (2004)73 assessed “Internet Use by Students of

University of Dares Salaam.” Research is based on a master’s dissertation whose

objective was to determine the purpose for which students of the University of

Dares Salaam use the internet. It was to determine if students were using the

internet for academic purposes. The study also investigated the level of students

access to the internet, as well as the problems faced by students in internet use.

The web site has specific information on faculties, institutes and departments

including training programmes. The Online Public Access Catalogue (OPAC) has

been installed at the main campus and UCLAS libraries, replacing the manual card

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catalogues. The OPAC has simple and advanced search options, using Adlib

software. Plans are underway to convert the manual catalogue of MUCHS library

into an online catalogue. The survey method was used as the basic method for data

collection, employing the questionnaire and the interview. Participant observation

and focus group discussion are other methods used. The study revealed that the

level of student’s access to the internet was low, and the major reason was that at

the time of the study, computers with internet facilities were inadequate. The

findings also revealed that the students who had access to the internet were not

using it effectively. They used it mainly for communication with friends and

relatives more than for academic purposes. The cause of this was found to be lack

of skills required for effective use of the internet. The study recommends the

provision of more computers with internet facilities, increasing internet access

speed, as well as providing more chances of training in internet use.

Lohar & Roopashree (2004)74 in their study entitled “Use of Electronic

Resources by Faculty Members in BIET, Davanagere: A Survey” evaluates the use

of Bapuji Institute of Engineering and Technology (BIET) college Library in

Davangere (Karnataka). A survey of 60 faculty members was conducted through a

questionnaire. The analysis of the collected data covers the use of electronic

resources and how the electronic resources were improving the academic careers

of the faculty and also what are the problems that were faced in using the

electronic resources. This concluded that the main intention of the use of

electronic resources has been the academic interest of the users.

Johnson, Qiana (2004)75 highlighted that the introduction of electronic

journals and electronic versions of journals has made serials collection

management more complex. Libraries may want to offer a particular journal in

both print and electronic formats, but find that it is often not financially feasible.

As budgets become tight, librarians have to choose between one format or another.

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In order to make the decision about what format to purchase, librarians need to

know the format preferences of the users. To determine these preferences, library

professionals can use several methods, such as user surveys, usage reports, and

educated guessing etc.

Jeevan & Nair (2004)76 presented the results of a survey conducted among

the premier libraries in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala to assess the Information

Technology adoption in these libraries. A survey using questionnaire and

interview was used for getting information about the different IT components

useful for better library organization and comprehensive as well as swift

information services. Eighteen scientific, technical and research libraries both

under Central and State Governments based in Thiruvananthapuram participated in

the survey. All eighteen libraries were of the opinion that IT had a positive impact

on the day-to-day work of the library and that IT played a positive role in

enhancing services, user satisfaction, meeting users' demands, and overall library

image. Problems faced in IT adoption included inadequacy of funds, shortage of

IT skilled manpower, difficulties in periodic up gradation of infrastructural

facilities, frequent change and advancement of technology, high hardware and

software costs, insufficient training of professionals and absence of hands-on

training.

Hiom, D. A. (2004)77 reported in her study that now-a-days students are

more dependent on online journals for their research work and for satisfying their

information needs. While sharing her own experience of accessing e-journals at

primary stage, she highlighted technical difficulties while accessing e-journals as

these need a special browser or plug-in software and the problem in viewing

foreign language characters, as it is to be supplemented by change in the browser

in order to view them properly. In order to help this situation, she suggested that

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web needs to be much more structured and rigorous, which can provide right

direction to the researchers.

Feizi & Rahmani (2004)78 in their study entitled “E-learning in Iran:

Problems and Solutions with Emphasis on Higher Education” identified that

primitive methods of producing and distributing knowledge-designed based on

face-to-face communications of the past times, now lost their efficiency. They

summarized: E-learning which was based on IT and developed on the web by

early 1990s is known as a successful method of e-learning at present. In their

papers they presented a discussion about e-learning historical backgrounds and

explored the notion of electronic learning and its alternatives; computer based and

web based learning, problems and obstacles confronting e-learning have been

identified. Finally, through content analysis of information obtained through

interviews, appropriate solutions have been recommended.

Darries, Fatima (2004)79 reported the issues related to internet-based

reference. An electronic survey was conducted using the web and e-mail to

distribute the questionnaire. The target population was the heads of reference

services at large libraries and the directors at smaller libraries of the 36 higher

education institutions in South Africa. The response rate to the questionnaire was

28 (30.4 %) two returned questionnaires were spoilt. These results showed that all

libraries surveyed have Internet access, and all but one provided access to their

users. Librarians had access to the Internet for a longer period than their users.

User Internet training tended to be on a one-to-one basis at the point-of-use.

Vohra, Ranjana (2003)80 reveled that in the current electronic information

environment emphasis is towards excellent collection than large collection and

development effective means of gaining access to remote databases. Today

internet has established itself as the store house of all world resources in the

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electronic form. The paper examined the impact of the information technology on

libraries, especially development of digital libraries, Internet, electronic

publications, CD-ROMs etc. Electronic information resources have brought in

new system of storage, retrieval, preservation & conservation and computerized

information system & services. Policies and programmes relating to collection

development should be in the context of current information environment.

Uddin, Mohammad Nasir (2003)81 conducted a study to examine the ICT

needs in Bangladesh and reported that there are only 0.2 million internet users out

of total population of 140 million. There is lack of academic research on internet

usage, the prime objective of this study is to report the level of the internet use by

university academics for their information and communication needs. The study

also sought to find out whether differences exist among the various levels of

academics in terms of their use of the internet. Six categories of information and

communication needs were identified and a survey conducted among the lecturers

of Rajshahi University where the internet was introduced in 2001. Findings

showed that internet use by academics is useful for some common needs and that

the academic rank of users is an important factor in determining the priority of

needs. It also showed that there are some barriers to adequate use of the internet

resources. Suggestions are made for increased use of the internet, to benefit the

nation as a whole.

Temjen & Saraf (2003)82 reported the attitudes of academic and research

library professionals towards information technology and its relationship with

library and information science courses in India. The study identifies the attitudes

of library professionals working in the seven states of north eastern part of India,

based on already developed and tested scales of attitudes towards computer and

information technology. A total of 163 library professionals working in these

libraries were given a questionnaire having 81 items and 122 responded. Statistical

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analyses performed on the data using SPSS 7.5 version are factor analysis and

analysis of variance (ANOVA). The five variables identified through factor

analysis are anxiety, efficiency, work performance, use confidence and

acceptance. He reports that anxiety ranks highest among the different variables of

attitude towards information technology and suggests various information

technology infrastructural facilities and training and education in Information

technology to library professionals working in North East to be at par with the

main stream.

Smith, E. T. (2003)83 reported in research paper entitled “Changes in

Faculty Reading Behaviours: The Impact of Electronic Journals on the University

of Georgia”. A questionnaire method was used to collect a sample from UGA

faculty. The survey was conducted through e-mail. The survey explored the role of

electronic journals in the faculty and also studied their weekly scholarly reading

habits. The results indicated that almost three quarters of respondents reported

reading at least one article from an online source every week. Also reported junior

faculty members used electronic resources more than senior faculty members.

Oduwole & Akpati (2003)84 investigated the accessibility and retrieval of

electronic information at the University of Agriculture Library, Abeokuta, Nigeria.

The 425 participants responded out of a survey population of 1,000 giving a

response rate of 53.87 percent. The study revealed that electronic information cuts

across all members of the University community that it was to a greater extent

easy to use and were satisfied with their search outputs. The constraints identified

included insufficient number of terminals available for use despite high demand

and inadequate electricity supply.

Manjunatha & Shivalingaiah (2003)85 revealed that in the age of digital

evaluation escalating price of electronic information, resource sharing is critical

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for effective functioning of libraries. Increased availability of information in

digital format and high costs of journal subscription compels the libraries to work

together. Technical advancements provide a platform for digital resource sharing

and offer many opportunities for librarians to become more technical and

professional. His work also attempted to identify the needs and factors influencing

the electronic resource sharing and presented requirements and strategies for

effective resource sharing in academic libraries.

Jagboro, O. I. (2003)86 has conducted a case study of internet usage in

Nigeria with a particular reference to Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife. The

study reveals that the respondents use the internet to access research materials and

for e-mail. The study concludes that the use of internet for academic activities

would improve significantly with more access in departments.

Hickerson, Corey Allan (2003)87 conducted a research study entitled

“Instructional Productivity and the Use of E-mail and Websites” to examine the

relationship between the instructional use of e-mail and websites by faculty

members. The possible relationships were examined using the responses in the

1998 and 1999 national study of post secondary faculty from all fulltime faculty

members who taught credit classes and had the principal duty of instructions. Five

statistically significant differences between outputs from faculty members using

email and those who are not using e-mail were found in the study. The users of e-

mail produced statistically significant fewer classroom credit hours and students

contact hours per week. The results of the study for website users revealed that for

statistically significant differences between output from faculty members using

websites and those who are not using websites produced statistically significant

fewer classrooms credit hours and taught statistically significant fewer classes.

95


Ajuwon, G. A. (2003)88 carried out study of uptake of ICTs by health

sciences students at the University College Hospital, Ibadan. This study found that

57% of students sampled could not use a computer, that the use of the database

was poor, due to lack of awareness, lack of access to computers, insufficient

training and the high cost of provision.

Adika, Gifty (2003)89 conducted a study to investigate the impact of

internet having use of up-to-date information by university faculty, and also

provide basic information on issues such as level of internet use and access to the

internet among faculty. Respondents were asked questions relating to internet

connectivity at their departments. On this issue, 59.4% indicated that their

departments were not connected to the internet. Only 40.6% indicated that their

departments were connected to the internet. On the use of the internet, 24.5%

indicated that they have never used the internet, while a total of 75.5% indicated

that they use the internet rarely, sometimes, often or always. A total of 102

respondents (96.2%) have Doctorates or Masters Degrees. The respondents are

also researchers and trainers at Ghana’s higher institutions of learning. 25.6% of

the respondents indicated that they never or rarely connect easily to the internet,

while 45.9% also indicated that they sometimes get disconnected from the

network. 87.2% indicated that the system is slow; they therefore wait for more

than five minutes for a single web-page to load. All respondents who use the

internet indicated that they use the internet for electronic mail. More than half of

the respondents (48; 62.3%) have never used file transfer protocol (FTP), nor used

discussion groups (49; 62%). With increase in popularity of the use of the WWW,

especially because of its support of multimedia, the majority (80%) used the

Internet to communicate.

Swarna, T. & Others (2002)90 suggested in his study that there are several

high quality, free e-journals existing in web and these e-journals is being under

96


used due to lack of publicity, user habits not being accustomed as yet to the

electronic media and low visibility. The libraries would do well to publicize such

journals that they fined scholarly enough and librarians may provide access to

them through their home page. And even take the responsibility of archiving them.

Montazer, G. A. (2002)91 in his study titled “Information Technology

Skills Training and its Influences on Effective Learning” defines Information

Technology (IT) has dramatically influenced human societies and their relations,

and therefore the new century has been called information age. Due to the rapid

development of information technology devices and their effects on various

aspects of life, it is important to design a new educational program for students in

schools and universities to familiarize them with IT fundamentals and

applications. In this paper productive technology and informative technology

concepts were compared and characteristics of new information society have been

discussed and a new approach for effective learning using Information Technology

has been proposed.

Monopli, Maria & Others (2002)92 in their study entitled “A User-

Oriented Evaluation of Digital Libraries: Case Study the electronic journals

service of the Library and Information Service of the University of Patras Greece”.

An online questionnaire was used to collects the data on electronic use which was

made available on the e-journals services website. The finding have brought out

that a vast majority of respondents were regular internet users, 64 percent users

faced the problem of “too much networked information” when searching the

internet, 85.5 percent used internet daily and 8.4 percent weekly. Due to lack of

time to search for information, 45 percent respondent failed to find required

information. The main users of e-journals service were mostly researchers and

academic staff. The e-resources were used more frequently by end-users below 35

years of age, it was also brought out that most of the end-users were men.

97


Heterick, B. (2002)93 reported that more than 60% of faculty studied are

comfortable using electronic resources. They believe that variety of electronic

resources are important to their research, and they consider electronic databases to

be invaluable. In addition, 62% expect that they will become increasingly

dependent on electronic resources in the future. The resources they use most often

are online catalogs, full-text electronic journal databases, and abstracting and

indexing databases. More than 70% of all respondents consider their library’s

online catalogue to be “very important” to their research. However, the importance

of this resource varies significantly by field. Just over 60% of the economists

consider their library’s online catalogue to be “very important”, while nearly 90%

of humanists regarded it as such. In fact, the home library catalogue is the most

important electronic resource for humanists, by a large margin. Based on their

replies, it is as important to their research as personal computers.

Herring, Susan Davis (2002)94 studied to know the scholars using

electronic resources and the type subjects area of online resources that are being

referenced. The researcher brought out that online resources are increasingly

important for today’s scholars and researchers. There is change in information

seeking behavior. The use of information resources is greater as scholars and

researchers feel comfortable and familiar with the resources available through the

web.

Dillon & Hahn (2002)95 investigated the frequency of using scholarly

journals (both print and electronic) and other electronic format used for accessing

information at the University of Maryland. The study revealed increased level of

adoption of e-journals among faculty, giving support to multiple formats for core

disciplinary journals, and the differing perceptions of various constituencies

among the respondents. The study suggested that the faculty is more interested in

98


retaining print access to core literature as compared to the graduate students. The

results provide collection managers with a better understanding of which journals

make good candidates for initial adaptation to electronic only if archiving concerns

can be addressed.

Darries, Fatima (2002)96 studied the impact of the internet on reference

services in higher education libraries in South Africa. An electronic survey was

done using the web and email questionnaire. Interviews were also conducted to

collect data. The data was collected from the heads of reference services at large

libraries and small libraries of 36 higher education institutions in South Africa. A

total number of 90 respondents were sent e-mails, only 26 responses were

received. Being the electronic survey the response rate was low. The results

showed that all responding libraries have internet access to their users. On an

average, users had internet access for three and a half years and reference

librarians for five years. The study concluded that libraries lacked adequate

computer facilities and cannot provide optimal internet access to students. The

study recommended that the bandwidth and number of student computer facilities

at the national government level should be addressed, that libraries should develop

electronic reference as a core service and online institution efforts should be made

by using e-mail, web tutorials and virtual classroom to reach more and more

students.

Bagherian, F. (2002)97 evaluated “Use of Computer Communication

Technologies in Promoting University Education from Social Psychological Point

of View.” The article was based on three series of studies: observation of class

discussions via the internet (discussion groups), a comparison between the most

active and the active discussion groups using computer communications, and a

survey asking students motivations and attitudes about use of the internet. Results

showed that there were complicated social-psychological-organizational

99


interaction processes when computer technologies were used for education.

Findings showed that among 2512 courses offered at Carleton University, only

574 courses (22%) were using the internet system to participate in discussion

groups and to exchange information about the material taught in the class. From

these 574 classes, only 164 classes (6.5%) had used discussion groups at least 10

times during a term. The results of survey also indicated that lack of interest in

using computer communication technologies was due to social psychological

reason. The most important reasons were lack of enough time and then lack of

motivation and interest. The results indicated that effective use of computer

communication for education needs more social-psychological-organizational

preparation than the availability of computer technologies.

Zhang, Vino (2001)98 in his paper entitled “Scholarly Use of Internet-based

Electronic Resources”, made an attempt to know how scholars use, cite and

evaluate e-resources during the research. Three approaches were used to collect

data for the investigation (a) a longitudinal analysis of e-journals from1991

through 1998, (b) a survey of editors of the eight journals and (c) a survey of 201

authors with articles to be published in the eight journals. The results of this study

showed that there has been a notable increase in the number and proportion of

authors who cite e-resources in their research articles over an eight year period but

e-sources were still cited much less frequently than print sources. E-resources are

increasingly used among scholars also becoming an important component in their

research.

Szu-chia, Lo (2001)99 elaborated the results of a continuous study of access

issues related to electronic journals currently distributed via the Taiwan Academic

Network (TANet). Data were reported on the accessibility of electronic journals,

the status of electronic journal archives, the subject coverage, the indexing and

abstracting services, and the various data formats used by electronic journals. The

100


findings illustrate the practical issues that can arise when users attempt to retrieve

the texts of electronic journals. The implications for academic and research

libraries were also considered.

Srishaila, Smitha (2001)100 stated that with the advent of electronic

information and with it the chaos, internet needs the science of library

professionals to bring in some order and thus make the existing resources more

accessible and more widely used. Librarian need to exploit technology to build a

bridge between traditional library systems and digitized documents. Attempting at

indexing and cataloguing e-documents is a step forward in this direction.

Singh, N. (2001)101 emphasized the challenging role of librarians and

information professionals in the present internet era and describes the impact of

internet on various library processes. Internet has changed the traditional library

services like document acquisition, technical processing circulation, reference

service resource sharing, document delivery etc. The role of internet to provide

different user friendly services in a library is described in detail. Integration of

library activities through e-mail, list serves, search of remote databases,

participating in interlibrary loan etc. The paper also stresses the role of librarians

in designing and maintaining libraries website /web page leading to increase in

library use and efficiency.

Rogers, S. A. (2001)102 surveyed on electronic journal usage at Ohio State

University, noted the increased use of e-journals and decreased use of printed

journals by the faculty and the graduate students during 1998 to 2000. This study

revealed that 41 percent of the faculty and 25 percent of graduate students found

round the clock availability and easy access as the major advantages of e-journals.

Both the faculty and the graduate students noted that switching to e-journals would

save space in the library and it would also be easier to incorporate e-journals into

electronic presentations.

101


Moorthy, A. L. (2001)103 surveyed the impact of electronic media on

library and information centers with special reference to India, to assess the

infrastructure available in libraries, the level of automation and extent of usage of

electronic media in library and information work. The study includes R&D

institutions in science and technology and universities. The survey method

includes questionnaire with open and closed type questions and interview with

Librarians. The study covers topics related to infrastructure, hardware and

software, databases created, availability of Library LAN, internet connectivity,

CD-ROM based services etc. It also evaluates the training and orientation needs of

the library staff to cope with the electronic media. The study revealed that the

extent of use of electronic media is improving with the impact of digital libraries,

online journals etc in the library system. One of the major concerns is the training

and computer literacy of library staff and users. He pointed out the need to

restructure the curriculum of library and information science courses in India by

including various aspects of ICT applications.

Flecker, D. (2001)104 reported that e-journals have become the largest and

the fastest growing segment of the digital collections for most of the libraries in

the past 2 or 3 years and in many ways, archiving and preserving e-journals will be

dramatically different from what has been done for paper based journals. He

stressed that the process must be funded by the governments through the national

libraries or similar bodies, particularly for materials subject to copyright deposit.

De-Groote & Dorrch (2001)105 sought the research to determine the impact

of online journals on the use of print journals and Inter-Library Loan (ILL).The

statistics regarding the use of print journals collected for the period 1995 to1999

were used for the study. Also, the request forms of ILL from 1995 to 2000 of UIC-

Peoria students, faculty and staff were studied. The paper titled “Online Journals:

102


Impact on Print Journals Usage” shows that print journals usage decreased

significantly since the introduction of on-line journals. This decrease occurred

where a journal was available in print. The inter-library loan request was

decreased due to the introduction of online journals. The decrease in use of print

collection was due to preference of use to access online journals and the negative

impact of on-line journals was that the use of journals' titles was available only in

print. It has also focused that the users may compromise over quality for

convenience when selecting articles from journals.

Pangannaya, N. B. (2000)106 studied on attempt to investigate the use of

internet resources by the academic community of Mysore University, using survey

as the research tool. The paper has investigated the faculty wise frequency and

length of use of the internet. Moreover, it describes the emergence of internet, has

revolutionized the academic world.

Nicholas, David & Others (2000)107 surveyed 300 journals and media

librarians. The survey entitled “The Impact of the Internet on Information Seeking

in the Media” was conducted to know the impact of internet on the British media.

The survey showed that 68 percent journalists and media librarians used the

internet. The findings of survey provided that 58 percent of the student journal

lists used internet very frequently, 24 percent sometimes, 15 percent occasionally

and 3 percent never. All the respondents who used internet were also using email.

18 percent of the respondents used list serves and were members of discussions

groups. 24 percent of the respondent’s used news group services of the internet.

The survey further revealed that major factors that affected the use of the internet

were lack of internet access and lack of printer. The 3 percent of respondents of

the 30-39 age groups used internet services and resources more than the other age

groups.

103


Morse & Clintworth (2000)108 compared use of a matched set of

biomedical literature available to users both in print and on the web. The study

results showed that for journal volumes in the study subset (the 1998 volumes of

194 titles), users accessed the electronic versions more than ten times as often as

the print versions during the six-month study period. The results further revealed

similar usage in the print and electronic data, with 20% of titles accounting for

nearly 60% of use in both study sets. Conversely, the bottom 40% of ranked titles

in both the print and electronic study sets accounted for 9% of total usage.

Montgomery, Carol Hansen (2000)109 highlighted the background and

development of the migration to an electronic journal collection by the W. W.

Hagerty library of Drexel University, Philadelphia. Starting in 1998, the transition

was a key component of the library’s strategic plan, and with a few exceptions,

journals are purchased in electronic format only whenever possible. Drexel’s

collection now consists of only 800 print subscriptions and 55000 electronic

journals. A newly created position of electronic resources librarian acts as a focal

point for the integrated development of gall electronic resources.

Guttormsen & Krueger (2000)110 opined that multimedia resources add

new dimensions to the learning experience. Multimedia information sources

present exciting possibilities for increasingly sophisticated and evocative

presentations of material in many fields of education. Widespread use of this

technology has implications for the learning, research, local network capabilities

and the services provided by libraries. Most concepts are easier to present and

comprehend when words are complemented with images and animations. Learners

retain more when a variety of senses are engaged in delivering information. The

intensity of the experience aids retention and recall by engaging social and

emotional as well as intellectual responses.

104


So far the literature has been reviewed, there has not been found any study

similar to the study taken by the investigator. The studies conducted are related yet

there is scope for the present research work, leading to further development in this

particular area of research.

105


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