Hindawi Publishing CorporationThe Scientific World JournalVolume 2013 Article ID 247035 8 pageshttpdxdoiorg1011552013247035

Review ArticleAdvances in Energy Conservation of China Steel Industry

Wenqiang Sun Jiuju Cai and Zhu Ye

State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Eco-Industry Institute of Thermal and Environmental EngineeringNortheastern University Shenyang Liaoning 118019 China

Correspondence should be addressed to Wenqiang Sun neu20031542163com

Received 18 January 2013 Accepted 5 February 2013

Academic Editors A Greco A J N Khalifa and A Parlak

Copyright copy 2013 Wenqiang Sun et al This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution Licensewhich permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited

The course technical progresses and achievements of energy conservation of China steel industry (CSI) during 1980ndash2010 weresummarized Then the paper adopted e-p method to analyze the variation law and influencing factors of energy consumptionsof large- and medium-scale steel plants within different stages It is pointed out that energy consumption per ton of crude steelhas been almost one half lower in these thirty years with 60 as direct energy conservation owing to the change of process energyconsumption and 40 as indirect energy conservation attributed to the adjustment of production structure Next the latest researchprogress of some key common technologies in CSI was introduced Also the downtrend of energy consumption per ton of crudesteel and the potential energy conservation for CSI during 2011ndash2025 were forecasted Finally it is indicated that the key topicof the next 15 yearsrsquo research on the energy conservation of CSI is the synergistic operation of material flow and energy flow Itcould be achieved by the comprehensive study on energy flow network optimization such as production allocation utilizationrecovery reuse and resource according to the energy quantity quality and user demand following the first and second laws ofthermodynamics

1 Energy Conservation Process and Changesof Energy Consumption

Since the late 1970s energy conservation has been put inan important position in Chinarsquos steel industry (CSI) CSIhas been making every attempt to energy conservation andemission reduction and remarkable achievements have beenmade by saving energy and reducing the nonenergy materialconsumption CSI has experienced great changes from 1980to 2010 It not only broke the proposition of ldquosteel industryis sunset industryrdquo put forward by some scholars 30 yearsago [1] but also supported the fast economy development inChina In the past 30 years CSI made brilliant achievementsand technical progress in energy conservation It alleviatedthe tense energy supplements situation improved the utiliza-tion efficiencies of resource and energy and promoted thesustainable fast growth of steel industry [2 3]

11 CSI Energy Conservation Process The research subjectsof energy conservation of CSI have five different levels asshown in Figure 1 Practice of energy conservation in 30 yearsconfirms that studying single equipment or equipment unit

is not enough to reduce the energy consumption What elseneed studying are the higher levels of energy conservationproblems such as production department composed by somesingle equipment integrated steelworks composed by severalproduction departments and even steel industry composedby some integrated steelworks [4 5] Distinguished fromtraditional energy conservation like ldquosingle equipment andits unitsrdquo the higher levels are referred as ldquosystems energyconservationrdquo Since 1978 CSI has gone through severalimportant developing stages such as single equipment energyconservation stage systems energy conservation at produc-tion department level stage and that at integrated steelworkslevel stage

111 1978ndash1980 Starting Period of CSI Energy ConservationBefore the oil crisis in 1973 ldquoenergy conservationrdquo was still anunfamiliar concept in China [6] There were not any energystatistics or energy consumption evaluation in metallurgicalchemical and other industrial departments CSI decided tocarry out energy consumption survey and energy statisticscollection in the national key steelworks and local impor-tant steelworks until 1978 when oil crisis happened again

2 The Scientific World Journal

Equipment unit

Single equipment

Steel industry

Integrated steelworks

Production department

Figure 1 Five levels in energy conservation subjects

Then CSI establishes the energy consumption indices systemcomposed of energy consumption per ton of crude steeland process and equipment energy consumption and pub-lishes the interim provisions of ldquoenergy balance and energyconsumption indices calculation method for steel industryrdquoand so on After two years of starting period the energyconsumption and energy waste in CSI were lessened throughforming energy conservation team promoting energy con-servation function strengthening energy management andblocking energy leaking (commonly known as ldquosweepingmovable assetsrdquo) and so forth In 1980 CSI produced 3712Mtcrude steel with a total consumption of 7572 Mtce (ldquocerdquo isthe abbreviation for ldquostandard coal equivalentrdquo hereafter and1 tce is equivalent to 2931MJ) Hence the industry averagecomprehensive energy consumption per ton of crude steel is2039 tcet And the comprehensive energy consumption perton of crude steel in large- andmedium-sized steel enterpriseis 1646 tcet whilst the comparable energy consumption perton of crude steel of those is 1285 tcet The year 1980 isthe first year of CSI energy conservation era The energyconsumption per ton of crude steel in large- and medium-sized steel enterprises in 1980 represents the initial energyconsumption level of CSI Since then energy conservation ofCSI enters a new development level every 10 years or so

112 1981ndash1990 Single Equipment and Production Depart-ment Energy Conservation Stage For these 10 years themain research subject of CSI energy conservation is sin-gle equipment such as heating furnace soaking pit openhearth furnace and hot blast stove Later it extended tothe production department such as rolling process steel-making process iron-making process coke-making processsintering process and even auxiliary raw material plants likeiron alloy carbon products and refractory materials [7] Topromote and regulate the energy conservation of all kindsof equipment and production departments CSI made 15ldquocalculation methods of heat balance testrdquo for metallurgicalfurnaces and 19 ldquoenergy conservation rulesrdquo for productiondepartments And it also promoted some dozen energyconservation technologies such as the transformation of

heating furnace thick bed layers sintering operation wasteheat utilization of flue gas from metallurgical furnaces andliquid core rolling of large steel ingot And it organized levelupgrade and other activities for the purpose of carrying outenergy conservation of single equipment and productiondepartment [8] During these 10 years energy consumptionof CSI dropped clearly from 1285 tcet in 1980 to 1017 tcet in1990 In the period energy consumption per ton of crude steelof CSI declined by 268 tcet with a dropping rate of 209

113 1991ndash2000 Systems Energy Conservation Stage Focusingon Material Flow Optimization During this period CSIturned its eyes from single equipment andproduction depart-ment energy conservation to systems energy conservation [910] Meanwhile CSI changed views of energy conservation toboth energy and nonenergy materials conservation Energyconservation in these 10 years is mainly contributed to theproduction structure adjustment and the process flow opti-mization [11] for example eliminating backward productiontechnology like die casting blooming cogging cupola openhearth furnace and small electric stove and developingnew technologies like continuous casting and rolling hotdelivery and hot charging and changing backward processflow ldquomultiheatingrdquo to ldquosingle heatingrdquo The main technicalprogress of energy conservation during 1991ndash2000 is thesteel manufacturing process flow optimization specialized inreducing iron material consumption that is the reduction offerrite flow [12 13] The adjustment of production structureactively pushed forward by CSI in the Ninth-Five-Year Planperiod is focused on continuous casting That improved therelationships between twoproduction departments andmadethe steel manufacturing process large-sized sequential andautomatic gradually Also it created conditions to reduce theprocess energy consumption of each production departmentgreatly Therefore energy consumption per ton of crude steelin some enterprises reached the world advanced level atthat time Andmost enterprisesrsquo energy consumption indicesachieved a new level on the basis of the first 10 years witha drop from 1017 tcet in 1990 to 0781 tcet in 2000 In thesecond 10 years the energy consumptiondeclined by 236 tcetwith a dropping rate of 184 compared with data in 1980

114 2001ndash2010 Systems Energy Conservation Stage Focus-ing on Energy Flow Optimization The production structureadjustment and process flow optimization (namely materialflow optimization) in the Ninth-Five-Year Plan period laid asolid foundation for further energy conservation (ie energyflow optimization) of CSI Energy flow and energy flownetwork are themain research subjects from2001 to 2010 [14]CSI paid its attention to developing and promoting the keycommon energy conservation technologies and studying top-ics of production transformation storage allocation utiliza-tion recovery reuse and resource of every energy mediumCorresponding technologies [15] include high-temperatureair combustion (HTAC) of fuel gas blast furnace gas dry dustcleaning (BFG-BDC) Linz-Donawitz gas dry dust cleaning(LDG-BDC) coke dry quenching (CDQ) recovery of wasteheat blast furnace top gas recovery turbine unit (TRT)

The Scientific World Journal 3

002040608

112141618

219

8019

8219

8419

8619

8819

9019

9219

9419

9619

9820

0020

0220

0420

0620

0820

10

Ener

gy co

nsum

ptio

n pe

r ton

of c

urde

steel

(tce

t)

YearComprehensive energy consumptionComparable energy consumption

Figure 2 Changes in CSI energy consumption

moisture removable blast and coal moisture control (CMC)The application of these key common technologies as well asthe investment of large energy-saving equipment and energymanagement system (EMS) improved the integrated steel-worksrsquo equipment level and energy conversion function [16]In these 10 years process energy consumptions of sinteringiron-making steel-making rolling and coke-making got afurther reduction and waste heat recovery and reuse ratewere improved generally Most enterprises had advancedworld-level energy consumption The energy consumptionper ton of crude steel of CSI dropped from 0781 tcet in2000 to 0690 tcet in 2010 In the third 10 years energyconsumption of CSI continuously declined by 91 tcet with adropping rate of 71 compared with data in 1980

12 Changes of Energy Consumption per Ton of Crude SteelFigure 2 shows the change of energy consumption per tonof crude steel from 1980 to 2010 There are two cylindricalcurves in the figure The upper one describes the change ofcomprehensive energy consumption from 1980 to 2010 witha drop from 1646 tcet in 1980 to 0605 tcet in 2010 [17ndash19]and the dropping rate is 6324 The lower one presents thechange of comparable energy consumption in the 30 yearswith a drop from 1285 tcet in 1980 to 0590 tcet in 2005 andthe dropping rate is 5408 It can be found fromFigure 2 thatthe energy consumption per ton of steel dropped by almosthalf from 1980 to 2010 [20ndash22]

13 Analysis of Energy-Saving Effect Energy consumptionper ton of crude steel is defined as the ratio of total energyconsumption to steel production in statistical period [23]But the definition is too simple to find its components andinfluence factors To analyze the energy consumption changeenergy-saving effect and its related factors it is necessaryto rewrite the definition to further e-p analysis expression[24 25] namely

119864 =

119899

sum

119894=1

(119890119894sdot 119901119894) (1)

where 119890119894is the energy consumption of each process in

statistical period tcet-product 119901119894is the ratio of process

production to crude steel production in statistical periodwhich is referred to the steel ratio coefficient t-producttIt can be seen from (1) that there are two direct factorsinfluencing energy consumption per ton of crude steelOne is steel ratio coefficient of each production depart-ment the other is process energy consumption of eachproduction department It is clear that the variation ofenergy consumption per ton of crude steel in statisticalperiod is equal to the energy consumptions differencebetween the start and the end of the statistical period [26]namely

998779119864

= sum

119894

11990110158401015840

11989411989010158401015840

119894minussum

119894

1199011015840

1198941198901015840

119894= sum

119894

11989010158401015840

119894(11990110158401015840

119894minus 1199011015840

119894) +sum

119894

1199011015840

119894(11989010158401015840

119894minus 1198901015840

119894)

(2)

where Δ119864 is the energy consumption variation in statisticalperiodThedifferences in two brackets represent the variationof steel ratio coefficient and process energy consumptionof each process from the start to the end in statisticalperiod respectively The first part of the right-hand sidein (2) is energy conservation attained by the adjustmentof steel ratio coefficients (ie structural adjustment) calledindirect energy conservation And the second part is energyconservation attained by the adjustment of process energyconsumption called direct energy conservation The totalenergy conservation is equal to the addition of directand indirect energy conservation Equation (2) is appliedto analyze the influences of process energy consumptionand steel ratio coefficient on energy consumption perton of crude steel and calculate the contribution rate ofthe direct and indirect energy conservation in differentperiods

Steel ratio coefficients of CSI in representative yearsduring 1980ndash2010 are shown in Table 1 and process energyconsumptions are shown in Table 2 Table 1 shows that steelratio coefficients of just basic oxygen furnace (BOF) steel-making and steel rolling have an ascendant trend because ofthe increase of BOF steel production and finished productrate of CSI Steel ratio coefficients of BOF and steel rollingrose by 8484 and 2353 respectively while those of otherproduction departments are falling like coking sinteringiron-making and electric arc furnace (EAF) steel-makingand the largest decline rate is 4905 for coke-makingTable 2 presents that all process energy consumptions arereduced BOF is falling with a fastest fall rate of 10030followed by 8042 and 7669 for EAF steel-making andsteel rolling respectively Based on (2) and data in Tables 1and 2 variation of energy consumption per ton of crude steeldirect energy conservation indirect energy conservation andenergy conservation contribution rate of CSI in each Five-Year Plan period are calculated and listed in Table 3 It canbe found in Table 3 that the energy conservation of CSI is595 kgcet in the 30 years with 60 direct energy conserva-tion of 356 kgcet and 40 indirect energy conservation of239 kgcet

4 The Scientific World Journal

Table 1 Steel ratio coefficients of CSI during 1980ndash2010 (t-productt-crude steel)

Year Coke-making Sintering Iron-making Open hearth BOF EAF Steel rolling1980 0793 1727 1082 0320 0488 0192 07651985 0706 1638 1012 0263 0521 0216 08001990 0632 1602 0990 0198 0589 0213 08111995 0580 1619 0992 0137 0667 0196 08122000 0402 1517 0922 0008 0877 0115 08902005 0404 1334 0875 NA 0883 0117 09202010 0334 1269 0944 NA 0902 0098 0945NA is the abbreviation for ldquonot availablerdquo due to the elimination of open hearth

Table 2 Process energy consumptions of CSI during 1980ndash2010 (kgcet-product)

Year Coke-making Sintering Iron-making Open hearth BOF EAF Steel rolling1980 217 104 556 200 67 378 2661985 187 90 535 156 48 325 2111990 185 79 526 123 38 303 1871995 180 78 509 111 31 319 1772000 159 70 465 140 29 274 1192005 147 65 457 mdasha 36 201 892010 106 53 408 mdash minus02b 74c 62aNA is the abbreviation for ldquonot availablerdquo due to the elimination of open hearth bnegative value is due to the negative energy steel-making technology candthe great decline of process energy consumption of EAF is because that China has adjusted the standard coal coefficient of electricity from 0404 kgcekWh to01229 kgcekWh since 2006

2 Progress on Key CommonEnergy-Saving Technologies

Reviewing the 30 years of energy conservation processmentioned above it may be observed that two aspects arepromoting the energy-saving technologies One is digestionand reinnovation of introduced foreign advanced technolo-gies and the other is the formation and development ofdomestic systems energy conservation technologyThe cross-fusion of the two aspects makes a series of key commonenergy-saving technologies arise in all phases of CSI at thehistoric moment [27ndash29]

21 Waste Heat Recovery and Reusing Technology Due tothe continuous optimization of steel manufacturing processand reduction of process energy consumption recoveringand reusing of waste heat and sources from all productiondepartments have drawn more and more attention fromsteelworks [30 31] Partly estimated there will be 844GJwaste heat when 1 ton of crude steel is produced accountingfor 37 of the energy consumption per ton of crude steel [32]The waste heat may be carried by finished or semifinishedproduct molten slag waste gas cooling water and so forthas shown in Figure 3 If taking the chemical energy of LDGand blast furnace (BF) top gas waste pressure into accountthe waste heat and energy will reach 958GJt for the BF-BOFroute As shown in Table 4 the current waste heat recoverylevel is about 300GJt accounting for 313 of the total wasteheat and energy

The recovery and utilization of waste heat must be basedon both of the first and second laws of thermodynamics

So attention should be paid not only to the amount ofheat recovery but also to the loss of effective energy inrecovery process Therefore the cascade utilization principlewas strongly advocated in recent years of CSI according tothe quantity quality (temperature) and user demand By theend of 2010 the number of CDQdevices under operation andconstruction had been 159 [33] That achieves the recoveryof 05 tndash06 t steam at about 39MPa and 450∘C which cangenerate electricity of 95 kWhndash105 kWh [34] There were 597sets of TRT with an average and highest power generationof 32 and 56 kWh per ton of hot metal in 2010 And CSIhas 30 CCPP under operation and construction and 66 setsof sintering machines equipped with waste heat recoverydevices [35] Selective recovery and cascade utilization ofsintering waste heat [36] the most representative case notonly reduce the energy consumption and waste gas emissionsbut also ameliorate the sintering process and sinter qualityObviously that happens on the condition that hot air aboutof 200∘C is directly used as the combustion air of ignitionfurnace or for drying materials or hot air sintering

22 Raw Material and Fuel Pretreatment Technology Coaland lean ore are the dominating energy and ore in Chinawhich brings many difficulties to energy conservation andenvironment protection for CSI It creates conditions toreduce process energy consumption and waste emissions ofpretreating raw material and fuel including iron ore coal forcoking crude gas and so forth Therefore CSI has alwaysadhered to the principle of fine materials and improved thegrade of iron ore and charging ore continuously [37] Nowthe grade of charging ore in large-scale BF is controlled at

The Scientific World Journal 5

Table 3 Variation and effect of energy consumption per ton of crude steel for CSI during 1980ndash2010

Items 1980ndash1985 1985ndash1990 1990ndash1995 1995ndash2000 2000ndash2005 2005ndash2010

Variation kgcet minus179 minus89 minus37 minus199 minus67 minus24 30 15 6 33 11 4

Direct parts kgcet minus124 minus57 minus20 minus103 minus38 minus14 69 63 55 52 57 60

Indirect parts kgcet minus55 minus33 minus17 minus96 minus29 minus10 31 37 45 48 43 40

Data in column 2005ndash2010 excluding the influence of the change of standard coal coefficient of electricity

Table 4 Data of waste heat and resource and its recovery situation of CSI

Waste resource type Technical parameter Amount of wasteresource (GJt)

Average recoveryresource (GJt) Recovery rate ()

BF top gas waste pressure 015MPandash025MPa 030 025 833LDG chemical energy 8360 kJm3 084 058 690

Waste heat High moderate andlow temperature 844 217 257

Total 958 300 313The steel ratio coefficient of iron-making process is set as 10

about 57 [38] In the 21st century the new technologiesand equipment for rawmaterial and fuel pretreatmentmainlyinclude the hot air sintering technology with circular coolerwaste gas as heat source [36] CMC technology with wastegas from coke oven as heat source [39] moisture removableblast and gas dehydration technology with recovered low-temperature stream as power source [40 41] BFG-BDC[42 43] and LDG-BDC [44] These techniques reduce themoisture in charging coal coke gas and blast furnace blowingand also provide a space for the low-temperature waste heat

23 Hot Connection Technology for Processes Interface Hotconnection technology is the connecting and matchedphysico-chemical properties control technology of materialflow between adjacent processes [45 46] Developing hotconnection technology may achieve the close connectionespecially hot connection of material and energy flow in flowrate temperature composition space time and so forth Italso promotes the stability continuity and high efficiency ofthe overall manufacturing process CSI attaches great impor-tance to hot connection technologies for process interfaceslike BF-BOF section BOF-continuous casting section andcontinuous casting to reheating furnace section [47] Andinterface technology of ldquoroute with one open ladle fromBF toBOFrdquo has been put into use in Shougang JingtangUnited Ironamp Steel Co Ltd Shagang Group and other new establishedsteel plants which receives a significant energy-saving effectThe model abolishes the traditional hot metal mixer torpedocar and pouring in steel-making workshop It also shortensthe time of hot metal pretreatment and transfer process Andthus the general layout of BF-BOF section is compactedMultiple superiorities appear like reducing heat dissipationiron loss and dust emissions So it is the exact interfacemodelthat BF-BOF section is developed towards

Finished and semifinished

product39

Waste gas37

Cooling water15

Moltenslag9

Figure 3 Waste heat resource structure of CSI

24 High-Temperature Air Combustion Technology In the1990s CSI developed regenerative flame furnace based onHTAC technology with pure BFG as fuel [48ndash50] Since 2000many small- and medium-sized steelworks have replacedtheir recuperative heating furnace with regenerative furnacegradually and then HTAC technology disseminated rapidlyin China Regenerative heating furnace takes advantage ofthe regenerative chamber closely connected to the furnacebody or burner to recover sensible heat of the waste gasfrom furnace hearth [49 51] And that preheats BFG andcombustion air to about 1000∘C both Firstly it meets therequirements of metal heating process and furnace systemSecondly it reduces the energy consumption of rolling pro-cess Last but not the least it eases some surplus BFG severediffuse problems of small- andmedium-sized steelworks [52]With the expansion application scope of regenerative heatingfurnace and gas structure change of CSI after 2005 the num-ber of regenerative heating furnace fueled with pure COGor mixed gas of COG and BFG is increasing year by year

6 The Scientific World Journal

900950

1000105011001150120012501300

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24Month

Regenerative heating furnaceCombined regenerative and recuperative heating furnacePulse combustion heating furnaceEnd heating recuperative heating furnace

Spec

ific h

eat c

onsu

mpt

ion

(MJmiddottminus1)

Figure 4 Comparison of specific heat consumption of four types ofheating furnaces

For the reason of furnace design and pyrological operatingthe energy-saving effect of regenerative heating furnace isseverely affected So combined regenerative and recuperativeheating furnace and intelligent furnace control technologyemerged Figure 4 gives the comparison of specific heatconsumption among four types of heating furnaces It canbe seen from Figure 4 that specific heat consumption level isclosely related to metal heating process and furnace workingconditions It is necessary for any type of furnace to changethe operational and structural parameters when pyrologicalprocesses changes otherwise it will not receive the expectedenergy-saving effect Therefore the type of furnaces must bediverse to fit the changes in raw material and fuel conditionsand product structure

25 Energy Management and Control Technology The num-ber of EMS has increased to 30 in CSI since Baosteel built thefirst one in 1985 CSI has a plan that steelworks at 2Mt crudesteel level or more than 500000 tons of special steel will setup EMS at the end of ldquoTwelfth Five-Year Planrdquo [53 54] Thepractice shows that EMS is not a simple energy managementdepartment or a single computer data acquisition system butrather the entity for energy management and control system[55] EMS is equipped with a variety of the digital monitoringinstruments and mainframe computers presenting coal gassteam electricity technical gases (oxygen nitrogen argoncompressed air etc) water (fresh water circulating watersoft water and the exterior drainage) and other informationon the same platform It not only has the functions ofenergy flow rate monitoring energy supply and demanddisplay and energy forecasting but also can autogenerate anoptimal scheduling strategy to achieve a steady supply andefficient utilization according to the change of productionSince the beginning of the new century the majority ofEMS of CSI is in the hardware construction phase of energymeasurement network and energy flow network and only asmall number enters into the development period of offlinedecision-making and operational optimization However the

0

02

04

06

08

1

12

14

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010Year

296 205

178434

045

068

15 years 15 years Next 15 yearsEner

gy co

nsum

ptio

n(tc

emiddottminus1)

Figure 5 Change trend of energy consumption per ton of crudesteel of CSI

function of software is not fully presented Work is left to bedone to realize the dynamic energy forecasting and real-timescheduling [56 57]

3 Conclusions and Future Prospects

A dissection of the changing process of energy consumptionper ton of crude steel of CSI given in Figure 2 shows notonly differences but also similarities among different periodsFigure 5 shows the change trend of energy consumption perton of crude steel of CSI from 1980 to 2010 There is a cyclicalchange within the 30 years with 15 years as a cycle Expectfor the different average annual energy conservation rates theshape and downtrend of the two curves are the same Thefirst five years of a cycle get the fastest drop rate followedby the middle five years and the last five years have sloweddown continuously For instance the average annual energyconservation rate from 1995 to 2000 is 434 by adjustingproduction structure and optimizing manufacturing processthen the energy conservation rate dropped to 178 during2000ndash2005 and only 068 in the period 2005ndash2010

For next the 15 years or even a longer time there will besmaller space and more difficulties for CSI energy conserva-tion A third substantial drop will appear if novel theoriestechnologies and management methods come out to sup-port In the near future CSI can deepen energy conservationand push it to a new stage only through relying more heavilyon scientific and technological progress giving full play tothe advantages of efficient energy conversion and effectiveenergy use and focusing on the development of key commontechnologies suitable for CSI

(1) Using the concept of system and energy carrier [58]detailed analysis and solutions should be conducted on eachlink in the life cycle of steel products and the relationshipbetween two different links It makes each line meet therequirements of scientific energy utilization and systemsenergy conservation as much as possible To reach thesynergistic operating between material flow and energy flowseveral researches should be conducted to study how energy

The Scientific World Journal 7

consumption per ton of crude steel is influenced by ore scrapsteel coal electricity and other rawmaterials and fuels undermarket economy conditions to research the relationshipsand optimization of different links in production processat temperature composition geometry time and so forthand to study the running rules of energy flow and theconstruction and optimization of energy flownetwork in steelmanufacturing process

(2) According to the quantity quality and user demandCSI should maximize the recovery of waste heat from steelproduction processes It is best for waste heat to be directlyused in steel production processes without conversion orchanged to other kinds of energy or resources For examplesurplus gas and steam could be sent to neighboring citiesor other factories as energy resources self-used for heatingandor cooling or used for implementation of commonthermal power together with the city

(3) It is necessary to establish a new energy use evaluationcriteria evaluationmethod and energy consumption indicessystem by applying the first and second laws of thermody-namics That helps to study theoretical limit energy con-sumption per ton of crude steel which will be used to guideCSI energy conservation in the next 15 years (2011ndash2025) toreach or get close to the minimum energy consumption andbecome the worldrsquos most advanced steel industry

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare they have no conflict of interests

Acknowledgment

This work is supported by the SampT research funds of theLiaoning Provincial Education Department (L2012082)China

References

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[2] Z W Lu and A G Xie ldquoAnalysis of overall energy intensityof Chinese steel industryrdquo in Proceedings of the InternationalConference on Energy and Environment pp 198ndash202 BegellHouse Inc New York NY USA 1996

[3] Q Zhai andZ Lu ldquoPrediction on the energy intensity of chineseiron and steel enterprisesrdquo in Proceedings of the InternationalConference on Energy and Environment pp 47ndash51 ChinaMachine Press Shanghai China May 1998

[4] Z W Lu Energy Utilization in Metallurgical Industry Metallur-gical Industry Press Beijing China 1986

[5] Z W Lu and J J Cai Foundations of Systems Energy Conserva-tion Northeastern University Press Shenyang China 2010

[6] X P Zhang and Q Y Zhang ldquoDevelopment trend of worldsteel industry and the influence onChinarsquos steel industryrdquoWorldRegional Studies vol 14 no 2 pp 80ndash86 2005

[7] Q Zhang J J Cai G J Duan J J Wang and H Q LiuldquoSystem energy conservation method and technical analyses of

iron and steel industryrdquo Energy Conservation no 1 pp 35ndash372006 (Chinese)

[8] J Zhang and G Wang ldquoEnergy saving technologies and pro-ductive efficiency in the Chinese iron and steel sectorrdquo Energyvol 33 no 4 pp 525ndash537 2008

[9] Z Lu J Cai Q Yu andAXie ldquoThe influences ofmaterials flowsin steel manufacturing process on its energy intensityrdquo ActaMetallurgica Sinica vol 36 no 4 pp 370ndash378 2000 (Chinese)

[10] Q B Yu Z W Lu and J J Cai ldquoCalculating method forinfluence of material flow on energy consumption in steelmanufacturing processrdquo Journal of Iron and Steel ResearchInternational vol 14 no 2 pp 46ndash51 2007

[11] A Xie and Z Lu ldquoInfluence of structure adjustment of Chineseiron and steel industry on energy consumptionrdquo Iron and Steelvol 31 no 11 pp 53ndash70 1996 (Chinese)

[12] G Y Ma J J Cai L H Zhang and W Q Sun ldquoInfluence ofsteam recovery and consumption on energy consumption perton of steelrdquo Energy Procedia vol 14 pp 566ndash571 2012

[13] P Michaelis and T Jackson ldquoMaterial and energy flow throughthe UK iron and steel sectormdashpart 2 1994ndash2019rdquo ResourcesConservation and Recycling vol 29 no 3 pp 209ndash230 2000

[14] Y A Gudim A A Golubev S G Ovchinnikov and I YZinurov ldquoPromising technology for making steel with the useof scrap and a metallized rawmaterialrdquoMetallurgist vol 53 no3-4 pp 196ndash200 2009

[15] H Liu X Zhang M Wu et al ldquoComputational and exper-imental study of cooling process in coke dry Quenchingexperimental shaftrdquo Journal of Thermal Science vol 11 no 2pp 121ndash127 2002

[16] C MMacedo R Schaeffer and EWorrell ldquoExergy accountingof energy and material flows in steel production systemsrdquoEnergy vol 26 no 4 pp 363ndash384 2001

[17] B Lin Y Wu and L Zhang ldquoEstimates of the potential forenergy conservation in the Chinese steel industryrdquo EnergyPolicy vol 39 no 6 pp 3680ndash3689 2011

[18] Z W Lu ldquoAnalysis of the comprehensive energy consumptionper ton of steel of Chinarsquos iron and steel industryrdquo Energy forMetallurgical Industry vol 11 no 1 pp 14ndash20 1992 (Chinese)

[19] Z W Lu ldquoA brief analysis on the steel scrap resources forsteel industryrdquo in CSM Annual Meeting Proceedings pp 70ndash80Metallurgical Industry Press Beijing China 2001

[20] W Q Sun J J Cai T Du and D W Zhang ldquoSpecific energyconsumption analysis model and its application in typical steelmanufacturing processrdquo Journal of Iron and Steel ResearchInternational vol 17 no 10 pp 33ndash37 2010

[21] J J Cai J C He and Z W Lu ldquoAnalysis of energy saving andenergy consumption in Chinese steel industry for last 20 yearsand next 5 yearsrdquo Iron and Steel vol 37 no 11 pp 69ndash73 2002(Chinese)

[22] H X Jin F Z Wu and Y H Li ldquoAnalysis on energy saving forblast furnace-converter processrdquoModern Machinery no 6 pp30ndash35 2008 (Chinese)

[23] J J Cai and W Q Sun ldquoSystems energy conservation andscientific energy utilization of iron and steel industry in ChinardquoIron and Steel vol 47 no 5 pp 1ndash5 2012 (Chinese)

[24] Z W Lu Q G Zhai A G Xie J J Cai and Q S Meng ldquoPre-diction on the energy consumption of Chinese steel industryrdquoIron and Steel vol 32 no 5 pp 69ndash74 1997 (Chinese)

[25] Q C Bu Z W Lu and J J Cai ldquoAnalysis on energy con-sumption of crude steel in the ninth five-year plan in JISCOrdquoEnergy for Metallurgical Industry vol 22 no 1 pp 10ndash13 2003(Chinese)

8 The Scientific World Journal

[26] Z Lu A Xie and D Zhou ldquoMore on direction and energyconservation measures of Chinese iron and steel industryrdquo Ironand Steel vol 31 no 2 pp 54ndash58 1996 (Chinese)

[27] Z Liu J Liu and Y Wang ldquoEnergy consumption in theiron and steel industry in PR Chinardquo Energy for SustainableDevelopment vol 3 no 3 pp 18ndash24 1996

[28] X L Ma C Zhang J G Liu and H J Zhao ldquoPractice anddiscussion about the high-quality burden production inAnyangIampS Cordquo Sintering and Pelletizing vol 30 no 4 pp 56ndash59 2002(Chinese)

[29] O Movshuk ldquoRestructuring productivity and technical effi-ciency in Chinarsquos iron and steel industry 1988ndash2000rdquo Journalof Asian Economics vol 15 no 1 pp 135ndash151 2004

[30] H T Makkonen J Heino L Laitila A Hiltunen E Poylioand J Harkki ldquoOptimisation of steel plant recycling in Finlanddusts scales and sludgerdquo Resources Conservation and Recyclingvol 35 no 1-2 pp 77ndash84 2002

[31] L Song ldquoPractice of increasing power generationwith sinteringwaste heatrdquo Sintering and Pelletizing vol 33 no 2 pp 55ndash582008 (Chinese)

[32] J J Cai J J Wang C X Chen and Z W Lu ldquoRecovery ofresidual-heat integrated steelworksrdquo Iron and Steel vol 42 no6 pp 1ndash7 2007 (Chinese)

[33] J Y Gao R Z Wang and M Zhou ldquoDevelopment andapplication of dry coke quenching technology in Chinardquo Gasamp Heat vol 31 no 1 pp 4ndash7 2011 (Chinese)

[34] D Wang T Yang Z Wen et al ldquoA mathematical model foroptimized operation and control in a CDQ-Boiler systemrdquoJournal of University of Science and Technology Beijing vol 12no 5 pp 390ndash393 2005

[35] G P Ren C J Ren and Y J Wei ldquoWaste heat utilizationtechnologies and applicationrdquo Shanghai Energy Conservationno 5 pp 2ndash6 2009 (Chinese)

[36] J J Cai H Dong T Du C B Xu JW Zhou and K Lin ldquoStudyon grade recovery and cascade utilization of waste heat fromsintering-cooling processrdquo Iron and Steel vol 46 no 4 pp 88ndash92 2011 (Chinese)

[37] J Ma D G Evans R J Fuller and D F Stewart ldquoTechnicalefficiency and productivity change of Chinarsquos iron and steelindustryrdquo International Journal of Production Economics vol 76no 3 pp 293ndash312 2002

[38] Y Q Weng ldquoFurther development of coal injection and chargebeneficiation for BF promotion of energy saving consumptionreduction and structural regulation of ironmaking systemrdquo Ironand Steel vol 33 no 7 pp 1ndash4 1998 (Chinese)

[39] GQ ZhangQ F Zhang andYG Liu ldquoApplication of fluidizedbed type coal moisture control technology with coke oven fluewaste gasrdquo Fuel amp Chemical Processes vol 41 no 6 pp 9ndash112010 (Chinese)

[40] H Deng ldquoApplication of blast furnace dewetting blast technol-ogy and developmentrdquo Metallurgical Power no 4 pp 62ndash642009 (Chinese)

[41] L C Xiao Q Li Z J Ding L Xiao and B Zhu ldquoOverviewof dehydration of coal gasrdquo Journal of Hebei University (NaturalScience Edition) vol 27 no 4 pp 444ndash448 2007 (Chinese)

[42] C L Li ldquoApplication of dry dusting technique in blast furnacerdquoMetallurgical Power no 1 pp 28ndash29 2010 (Chinese)

[43] J L Tian ldquoApplication status of dry dust removal technology forblast furnace gasrdquo Energy for Metallurgical Industry vol 26 no5 pp 3ndash4 2007 (Chinese)

[44] D L Zhang Y L Mao Y L Qu and Z Wang ldquoDry-typededucting technology for converter gasrdquoWorld Steel no 5 pp51ndash59 2012 (Chinese)

[45] T S Su D N Lan R Z Liu S T Qiu L W Liu and XR Zheng ldquoThe developing direction and forecast of Chinarsquoscontinues casting technique in lsquoTenth Five-year Planrsquordquo Journalof East China University of Metallurgy vol 17 no 4 pp 271ndash2812000 (Chinese)

[46] R Y Yin ldquoDiscussion on high efficient and low cost cleansteel production platform one of the key technologies for steelindustry in 21st centuryrdquo China Metallurgy vol 20 no 10 pp1ndash10 2010 (Chinese)

[47] L Tang P B Luh J Liu and L Fang ldquoSteel-making processscheduling using Lagrangian relaxationrdquo International Journalof Production Research vol 40 no 1 pp 55ndash70 2002

[48] A H Wang J J Cai and G W Xie ldquoNumerical study offlame properties and nitrogen oxide formation in high tem-perature air combustionrdquo in Challenges of Power Engineeringand Environment Proceedings of the International Conferenceon Power Engineering 2007 pp 1376ndash1379 Zhejiang UniversityPress Springer Hangzhou China 2007

[49] WDongDesign of Advanced Industrial Furnaces UsingNumeri-cal ModelingMethod Royal Institute of Technology StockholmSweden 1999

[50] W Dong and W Blasiak ldquoStudy on mathematical modellingof highly preheated air combustionrdquo in Proceeding of the 2ndInternational High Temperature Air Combustion Symposium ppC521ndashC528 Kaohsiung Taiwan 1999

[51] N Rafidi and W Blasiak ldquoHeat transfer characteristics ofHiTAC heating furnace using regenerative burnersrdquo AppliedThermal Engineering vol 26 no 16 pp 2027ndash2034 2006

[52] I Glassman Combustion Academic Press Inc London UK1996

[53] K Fan ldquoStructure and function realization of the energymanagement and control center in Jinan Iron amp Steel Co LtdrdquoMetallurgical Industry Automation vol 35 no 2 pp 24ndash28 2011(Chinese)

[54] W M Feng and L Q Cong ldquoEnergy management system ofentire iron and steel plantrdquo Control Engineering of China vol28 no 3 pp 597ndash600 2005 (Chinese)

[55] J H Yang W Q Sun J J Cai H J Mao and R Fang ldquoDevel-opment of supply-demand balance and distribution software ofgas system for iron and steel industryrdquoProcedia Engineering vol15 pp 5143ndash5147 2011

[56] Z C Chen and P Robin ldquoEnergy management and environ-mental awareness in Chinarsquos enterprisesrdquo Energy Policy vol 28no 1 pp 49ndash63 2000

[57] H S Wang ldquoStrengthening productive forces based on infor-mation to create more benefits for enterprisesrdquo MetallurgicalIndustry Automation vol 30 no 1 pp 1ndash5 2006 (Chinese)

[58] J Cai Z Lu and T Du ldquoThe analysis of energy saving and theenergy intensity of steel industry in China for last 20 years andnext 5 yearsrdquo in Proceedings of the International Conference onEnergy and the Environment pp 37ndash42 Shanghai Scientific andTechnical Publishers Shanghai China December 2003

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The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

2 The Scientific World Journal

Equipment unit

Single equipment

Steel industry

Integrated steelworks

Production department

Figure 1 Five levels in energy conservation subjects

Then CSI establishes the energy consumption indices systemcomposed of energy consumption per ton of crude steeland process and equipment energy consumption and pub-lishes the interim provisions of ldquoenergy balance and energyconsumption indices calculation method for steel industryrdquoand so on After two years of starting period the energyconsumption and energy waste in CSI were lessened throughforming energy conservation team promoting energy con-servation function strengthening energy management andblocking energy leaking (commonly known as ldquosweepingmovable assetsrdquo) and so forth In 1980 CSI produced 3712Mtcrude steel with a total consumption of 7572 Mtce (ldquocerdquo isthe abbreviation for ldquostandard coal equivalentrdquo hereafter and1 tce is equivalent to 2931MJ) Hence the industry averagecomprehensive energy consumption per ton of crude steel is2039 tcet And the comprehensive energy consumption perton of crude steel in large- andmedium-sized steel enterpriseis 1646 tcet whilst the comparable energy consumption perton of crude steel of those is 1285 tcet The year 1980 isthe first year of CSI energy conservation era The energyconsumption per ton of crude steel in large- and medium-sized steel enterprises in 1980 represents the initial energyconsumption level of CSI Since then energy conservation ofCSI enters a new development level every 10 years or so

112 1981ndash1990 Single Equipment and Production Depart-ment Energy Conservation Stage For these 10 years themain research subject of CSI energy conservation is sin-gle equipment such as heating furnace soaking pit openhearth furnace and hot blast stove Later it extended tothe production department such as rolling process steel-making process iron-making process coke-making processsintering process and even auxiliary raw material plants likeiron alloy carbon products and refractory materials [7] Topromote and regulate the energy conservation of all kindsof equipment and production departments CSI made 15ldquocalculation methods of heat balance testrdquo for metallurgicalfurnaces and 19 ldquoenergy conservation rulesrdquo for productiondepartments And it also promoted some dozen energyconservation technologies such as the transformation of

heating furnace thick bed layers sintering operation wasteheat utilization of flue gas from metallurgical furnaces andliquid core rolling of large steel ingot And it organized levelupgrade and other activities for the purpose of carrying outenergy conservation of single equipment and productiondepartment [8] During these 10 years energy consumptionof CSI dropped clearly from 1285 tcet in 1980 to 1017 tcet in1990 In the period energy consumption per ton of crude steelof CSI declined by 268 tcet with a dropping rate of 209

113 1991ndash2000 Systems Energy Conservation Stage Focusingon Material Flow Optimization During this period CSIturned its eyes from single equipment andproduction depart-ment energy conservation to systems energy conservation [910] Meanwhile CSI changed views of energy conservation toboth energy and nonenergy materials conservation Energyconservation in these 10 years is mainly contributed to theproduction structure adjustment and the process flow opti-mization [11] for example eliminating backward productiontechnology like die casting blooming cogging cupola openhearth furnace and small electric stove and developingnew technologies like continuous casting and rolling hotdelivery and hot charging and changing backward processflow ldquomultiheatingrdquo to ldquosingle heatingrdquo The main technicalprogress of energy conservation during 1991ndash2000 is thesteel manufacturing process flow optimization specialized inreducing iron material consumption that is the reduction offerrite flow [12 13] The adjustment of production structureactively pushed forward by CSI in the Ninth-Five-Year Planperiod is focused on continuous casting That improved therelationships between twoproduction departments andmadethe steel manufacturing process large-sized sequential andautomatic gradually Also it created conditions to reduce theprocess energy consumption of each production departmentgreatly Therefore energy consumption per ton of crude steelin some enterprises reached the world advanced level atthat time Andmost enterprisesrsquo energy consumption indicesachieved a new level on the basis of the first 10 years witha drop from 1017 tcet in 1990 to 0781 tcet in 2000 In thesecond 10 years the energy consumptiondeclined by 236 tcetwith a dropping rate of 184 compared with data in 1980

114 2001ndash2010 Systems Energy Conservation Stage Focus-ing on Energy Flow Optimization The production structureadjustment and process flow optimization (namely materialflow optimization) in the Ninth-Five-Year Plan period laid asolid foundation for further energy conservation (ie energyflow optimization) of CSI Energy flow and energy flownetwork are themain research subjects from2001 to 2010 [14]CSI paid its attention to developing and promoting the keycommon energy conservation technologies and studying top-ics of production transformation storage allocation utiliza-tion recovery reuse and resource of every energy mediumCorresponding technologies [15] include high-temperatureair combustion (HTAC) of fuel gas blast furnace gas dry dustcleaning (BFG-BDC) Linz-Donawitz gas dry dust cleaning(LDG-BDC) coke dry quenching (CDQ) recovery of wasteheat blast furnace top gas recovery turbine unit (TRT)

The Scientific World Journal 3

002040608

112141618

219

8019

8219

8419

8619

8819

9019

9219

9419

9619

9820

0020

0220

0420

0620

0820

10

Ener

gy co

nsum

ptio

n pe

r ton

of c

urde

steel

(tce

t)

YearComprehensive energy consumptionComparable energy consumption

Figure 2 Changes in CSI energy consumption

moisture removable blast and coal moisture control (CMC)The application of these key common technologies as well asthe investment of large energy-saving equipment and energymanagement system (EMS) improved the integrated steel-worksrsquo equipment level and energy conversion function [16]In these 10 years process energy consumptions of sinteringiron-making steel-making rolling and coke-making got afurther reduction and waste heat recovery and reuse ratewere improved generally Most enterprises had advancedworld-level energy consumption The energy consumptionper ton of crude steel of CSI dropped from 0781 tcet in2000 to 0690 tcet in 2010 In the third 10 years energyconsumption of CSI continuously declined by 91 tcet with adropping rate of 71 compared with data in 1980

12 Changes of Energy Consumption per Ton of Crude SteelFigure 2 shows the change of energy consumption per tonof crude steel from 1980 to 2010 There are two cylindricalcurves in the figure The upper one describes the change ofcomprehensive energy consumption from 1980 to 2010 witha drop from 1646 tcet in 1980 to 0605 tcet in 2010 [17ndash19]and the dropping rate is 6324 The lower one presents thechange of comparable energy consumption in the 30 yearswith a drop from 1285 tcet in 1980 to 0590 tcet in 2005 andthe dropping rate is 5408 It can be found fromFigure 2 thatthe energy consumption per ton of steel dropped by almosthalf from 1980 to 2010 [20ndash22]

13 Analysis of Energy-Saving Effect Energy consumptionper ton of crude steel is defined as the ratio of total energyconsumption to steel production in statistical period [23]But the definition is too simple to find its components andinfluence factors To analyze the energy consumption changeenergy-saving effect and its related factors it is necessaryto rewrite the definition to further e-p analysis expression[24 25] namely

119864 =

119899

sum

119894=1

(119890119894sdot 119901119894) (1)

where 119890119894is the energy consumption of each process in

statistical period tcet-product 119901119894is the ratio of process

production to crude steel production in statistical periodwhich is referred to the steel ratio coefficient t-producttIt can be seen from (1) that there are two direct factorsinfluencing energy consumption per ton of crude steelOne is steel ratio coefficient of each production depart-ment the other is process energy consumption of eachproduction department It is clear that the variation ofenergy consumption per ton of crude steel in statisticalperiod is equal to the energy consumptions differencebetween the start and the end of the statistical period [26]namely

998779119864

= sum

119894

11990110158401015840

11989411989010158401015840

119894minussum

119894

1199011015840

1198941198901015840

119894= sum

119894

11989010158401015840

119894(11990110158401015840

119894minus 1199011015840

119894) +sum

119894

1199011015840

119894(11989010158401015840

119894minus 1198901015840

119894)

(2)

where Δ119864 is the energy consumption variation in statisticalperiodThedifferences in two brackets represent the variationof steel ratio coefficient and process energy consumptionof each process from the start to the end in statisticalperiod respectively The first part of the right-hand sidein (2) is energy conservation attained by the adjustmentof steel ratio coefficients (ie structural adjustment) calledindirect energy conservation And the second part is energyconservation attained by the adjustment of process energyconsumption called direct energy conservation The totalenergy conservation is equal to the addition of directand indirect energy conservation Equation (2) is appliedto analyze the influences of process energy consumptionand steel ratio coefficient on energy consumption perton of crude steel and calculate the contribution rate ofthe direct and indirect energy conservation in differentperiods

Steel ratio coefficients of CSI in representative yearsduring 1980ndash2010 are shown in Table 1 and process energyconsumptions are shown in Table 2 Table 1 shows that steelratio coefficients of just basic oxygen furnace (BOF) steel-making and steel rolling have an ascendant trend because ofthe increase of BOF steel production and finished productrate of CSI Steel ratio coefficients of BOF and steel rollingrose by 8484 and 2353 respectively while those of otherproduction departments are falling like coking sinteringiron-making and electric arc furnace (EAF) steel-makingand the largest decline rate is 4905 for coke-makingTable 2 presents that all process energy consumptions arereduced BOF is falling with a fastest fall rate of 10030followed by 8042 and 7669 for EAF steel-making andsteel rolling respectively Based on (2) and data in Tables 1and 2 variation of energy consumption per ton of crude steeldirect energy conservation indirect energy conservation andenergy conservation contribution rate of CSI in each Five-Year Plan period are calculated and listed in Table 3 It canbe found in Table 3 that the energy conservation of CSI is595 kgcet in the 30 years with 60 direct energy conserva-tion of 356 kgcet and 40 indirect energy conservation of239 kgcet

4 The Scientific World Journal

Table 1 Steel ratio coefficients of CSI during 1980ndash2010 (t-productt-crude steel)

Year Coke-making Sintering Iron-making Open hearth BOF EAF Steel rolling1980 0793 1727 1082 0320 0488 0192 07651985 0706 1638 1012 0263 0521 0216 08001990 0632 1602 0990 0198 0589 0213 08111995 0580 1619 0992 0137 0667 0196 08122000 0402 1517 0922 0008 0877 0115 08902005 0404 1334 0875 NA 0883 0117 09202010 0334 1269 0944 NA 0902 0098 0945NA is the abbreviation for ldquonot availablerdquo due to the elimination of open hearth

Table 2 Process energy consumptions of CSI during 1980ndash2010 (kgcet-product)

Year Coke-making Sintering Iron-making Open hearth BOF EAF Steel rolling1980 217 104 556 200 67 378 2661985 187 90 535 156 48 325 2111990 185 79 526 123 38 303 1871995 180 78 509 111 31 319 1772000 159 70 465 140 29 274 1192005 147 65 457 mdasha 36 201 892010 106 53 408 mdash minus02b 74c 62aNA is the abbreviation for ldquonot availablerdquo due to the elimination of open hearth bnegative value is due to the negative energy steel-making technology candthe great decline of process energy consumption of EAF is because that China has adjusted the standard coal coefficient of electricity from 0404 kgcekWh to01229 kgcekWh since 2006

2 Progress on Key CommonEnergy-Saving Technologies

Reviewing the 30 years of energy conservation processmentioned above it may be observed that two aspects arepromoting the energy-saving technologies One is digestionand reinnovation of introduced foreign advanced technolo-gies and the other is the formation and development ofdomestic systems energy conservation technologyThe cross-fusion of the two aspects makes a series of key commonenergy-saving technologies arise in all phases of CSI at thehistoric moment [27ndash29]

21 Waste Heat Recovery and Reusing Technology Due tothe continuous optimization of steel manufacturing processand reduction of process energy consumption recoveringand reusing of waste heat and sources from all productiondepartments have drawn more and more attention fromsteelworks [30 31] Partly estimated there will be 844GJwaste heat when 1 ton of crude steel is produced accountingfor 37 of the energy consumption per ton of crude steel [32]The waste heat may be carried by finished or semifinishedproduct molten slag waste gas cooling water and so forthas shown in Figure 3 If taking the chemical energy of LDGand blast furnace (BF) top gas waste pressure into accountthe waste heat and energy will reach 958GJt for the BF-BOFroute As shown in Table 4 the current waste heat recoverylevel is about 300GJt accounting for 313 of the total wasteheat and energy

The recovery and utilization of waste heat must be basedon both of the first and second laws of thermodynamics

So attention should be paid not only to the amount ofheat recovery but also to the loss of effective energy inrecovery process Therefore the cascade utilization principlewas strongly advocated in recent years of CSI according tothe quantity quality (temperature) and user demand By theend of 2010 the number of CDQdevices under operation andconstruction had been 159 [33] That achieves the recoveryof 05 tndash06 t steam at about 39MPa and 450∘C which cangenerate electricity of 95 kWhndash105 kWh [34] There were 597sets of TRT with an average and highest power generationof 32 and 56 kWh per ton of hot metal in 2010 And CSIhas 30 CCPP under operation and construction and 66 setsof sintering machines equipped with waste heat recoverydevices [35] Selective recovery and cascade utilization ofsintering waste heat [36] the most representative case notonly reduce the energy consumption and waste gas emissionsbut also ameliorate the sintering process and sinter qualityObviously that happens on the condition that hot air aboutof 200∘C is directly used as the combustion air of ignitionfurnace or for drying materials or hot air sintering

22 Raw Material and Fuel Pretreatment Technology Coaland lean ore are the dominating energy and ore in Chinawhich brings many difficulties to energy conservation andenvironment protection for CSI It creates conditions toreduce process energy consumption and waste emissions ofpretreating raw material and fuel including iron ore coal forcoking crude gas and so forth Therefore CSI has alwaysadhered to the principle of fine materials and improved thegrade of iron ore and charging ore continuously [37] Nowthe grade of charging ore in large-scale BF is controlled at

The Scientific World Journal 5

Table 3 Variation and effect of energy consumption per ton of crude steel for CSI during 1980ndash2010

Items 1980ndash1985 1985ndash1990 1990ndash1995 1995ndash2000 2000ndash2005 2005ndash2010

Variation kgcet minus179 minus89 minus37 minus199 minus67 minus24 30 15 6 33 11 4

Direct parts kgcet minus124 minus57 minus20 minus103 minus38 minus14 69 63 55 52 57 60

Indirect parts kgcet minus55 minus33 minus17 minus96 minus29 minus10 31 37 45 48 43 40

Data in column 2005ndash2010 excluding the influence of the change of standard coal coefficient of electricity

Table 4 Data of waste heat and resource and its recovery situation of CSI

Waste resource type Technical parameter Amount of wasteresource (GJt)

Average recoveryresource (GJt) Recovery rate ()

BF top gas waste pressure 015MPandash025MPa 030 025 833LDG chemical energy 8360 kJm3 084 058 690

Waste heat High moderate andlow temperature 844 217 257

Total 958 300 313The steel ratio coefficient of iron-making process is set as 10

about 57 [38] In the 21st century the new technologiesand equipment for rawmaterial and fuel pretreatmentmainlyinclude the hot air sintering technology with circular coolerwaste gas as heat source [36] CMC technology with wastegas from coke oven as heat source [39] moisture removableblast and gas dehydration technology with recovered low-temperature stream as power source [40 41] BFG-BDC[42 43] and LDG-BDC [44] These techniques reduce themoisture in charging coal coke gas and blast furnace blowingand also provide a space for the low-temperature waste heat

23 Hot Connection Technology for Processes Interface Hotconnection technology is the connecting and matchedphysico-chemical properties control technology of materialflow between adjacent processes [45 46] Developing hotconnection technology may achieve the close connectionespecially hot connection of material and energy flow in flowrate temperature composition space time and so forth Italso promotes the stability continuity and high efficiency ofthe overall manufacturing process CSI attaches great impor-tance to hot connection technologies for process interfaceslike BF-BOF section BOF-continuous casting section andcontinuous casting to reheating furnace section [47] Andinterface technology of ldquoroute with one open ladle fromBF toBOFrdquo has been put into use in Shougang JingtangUnited Ironamp Steel Co Ltd Shagang Group and other new establishedsteel plants which receives a significant energy-saving effectThe model abolishes the traditional hot metal mixer torpedocar and pouring in steel-making workshop It also shortensthe time of hot metal pretreatment and transfer process Andthus the general layout of BF-BOF section is compactedMultiple superiorities appear like reducing heat dissipationiron loss and dust emissions So it is the exact interfacemodelthat BF-BOF section is developed towards

Finished and semifinished

product39

Waste gas37

Cooling water15

Moltenslag9

Figure 3 Waste heat resource structure of CSI

24 High-Temperature Air Combustion Technology In the1990s CSI developed regenerative flame furnace based onHTAC technology with pure BFG as fuel [48ndash50] Since 2000many small- and medium-sized steelworks have replacedtheir recuperative heating furnace with regenerative furnacegradually and then HTAC technology disseminated rapidlyin China Regenerative heating furnace takes advantage ofthe regenerative chamber closely connected to the furnacebody or burner to recover sensible heat of the waste gasfrom furnace hearth [49 51] And that preheats BFG andcombustion air to about 1000∘C both Firstly it meets therequirements of metal heating process and furnace systemSecondly it reduces the energy consumption of rolling pro-cess Last but not the least it eases some surplus BFG severediffuse problems of small- andmedium-sized steelworks [52]With the expansion application scope of regenerative heatingfurnace and gas structure change of CSI after 2005 the num-ber of regenerative heating furnace fueled with pure COGor mixed gas of COG and BFG is increasing year by year

6 The Scientific World Journal

900950

1000105011001150120012501300

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24Month

Regenerative heating furnaceCombined regenerative and recuperative heating furnacePulse combustion heating furnaceEnd heating recuperative heating furnace

Spec

ific h

eat c

onsu

mpt

ion

(MJmiddottminus1)

Figure 4 Comparison of specific heat consumption of four types ofheating furnaces

For the reason of furnace design and pyrological operatingthe energy-saving effect of regenerative heating furnace isseverely affected So combined regenerative and recuperativeheating furnace and intelligent furnace control technologyemerged Figure 4 gives the comparison of specific heatconsumption among four types of heating furnaces It canbe seen from Figure 4 that specific heat consumption level isclosely related to metal heating process and furnace workingconditions It is necessary for any type of furnace to changethe operational and structural parameters when pyrologicalprocesses changes otherwise it will not receive the expectedenergy-saving effect Therefore the type of furnaces must bediverse to fit the changes in raw material and fuel conditionsand product structure

25 Energy Management and Control Technology The num-ber of EMS has increased to 30 in CSI since Baosteel built thefirst one in 1985 CSI has a plan that steelworks at 2Mt crudesteel level or more than 500000 tons of special steel will setup EMS at the end of ldquoTwelfth Five-Year Planrdquo [53 54] Thepractice shows that EMS is not a simple energy managementdepartment or a single computer data acquisition system butrather the entity for energy management and control system[55] EMS is equipped with a variety of the digital monitoringinstruments and mainframe computers presenting coal gassteam electricity technical gases (oxygen nitrogen argoncompressed air etc) water (fresh water circulating watersoft water and the exterior drainage) and other informationon the same platform It not only has the functions ofenergy flow rate monitoring energy supply and demanddisplay and energy forecasting but also can autogenerate anoptimal scheduling strategy to achieve a steady supply andefficient utilization according to the change of productionSince the beginning of the new century the majority ofEMS of CSI is in the hardware construction phase of energymeasurement network and energy flow network and only asmall number enters into the development period of offlinedecision-making and operational optimization However the

0

02

04

06

08

1

12

14

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010Year

296 205

178434

045

068

15 years 15 years Next 15 yearsEner

gy co

nsum

ptio

n(tc

emiddottminus1)

Figure 5 Change trend of energy consumption per ton of crudesteel of CSI

function of software is not fully presented Work is left to bedone to realize the dynamic energy forecasting and real-timescheduling [56 57]

3 Conclusions and Future Prospects

A dissection of the changing process of energy consumptionper ton of crude steel of CSI given in Figure 2 shows notonly differences but also similarities among different periodsFigure 5 shows the change trend of energy consumption perton of crude steel of CSI from 1980 to 2010 There is a cyclicalchange within the 30 years with 15 years as a cycle Expectfor the different average annual energy conservation rates theshape and downtrend of the two curves are the same Thefirst five years of a cycle get the fastest drop rate followedby the middle five years and the last five years have sloweddown continuously For instance the average annual energyconservation rate from 1995 to 2000 is 434 by adjustingproduction structure and optimizing manufacturing processthen the energy conservation rate dropped to 178 during2000ndash2005 and only 068 in the period 2005ndash2010

For next the 15 years or even a longer time there will besmaller space and more difficulties for CSI energy conserva-tion A third substantial drop will appear if novel theoriestechnologies and management methods come out to sup-port In the near future CSI can deepen energy conservationand push it to a new stage only through relying more heavilyon scientific and technological progress giving full play tothe advantages of efficient energy conversion and effectiveenergy use and focusing on the development of key commontechnologies suitable for CSI

(1) Using the concept of system and energy carrier [58]detailed analysis and solutions should be conducted on eachlink in the life cycle of steel products and the relationshipbetween two different links It makes each line meet therequirements of scientific energy utilization and systemsenergy conservation as much as possible To reach thesynergistic operating between material flow and energy flowseveral researches should be conducted to study how energy

The Scientific World Journal 7

consumption per ton of crude steel is influenced by ore scrapsteel coal electricity and other rawmaterials and fuels undermarket economy conditions to research the relationshipsand optimization of different links in production processat temperature composition geometry time and so forthand to study the running rules of energy flow and theconstruction and optimization of energy flownetwork in steelmanufacturing process

(2) According to the quantity quality and user demandCSI should maximize the recovery of waste heat from steelproduction processes It is best for waste heat to be directlyused in steel production processes without conversion orchanged to other kinds of energy or resources For examplesurplus gas and steam could be sent to neighboring citiesor other factories as energy resources self-used for heatingandor cooling or used for implementation of commonthermal power together with the city

(3) It is necessary to establish a new energy use evaluationcriteria evaluationmethod and energy consumption indicessystem by applying the first and second laws of thermody-namics That helps to study theoretical limit energy con-sumption per ton of crude steel which will be used to guideCSI energy conservation in the next 15 years (2011ndash2025) toreach or get close to the minimum energy consumption andbecome the worldrsquos most advanced steel industry

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare they have no conflict of interests

Acknowledgment

This work is supported by the SampT research funds of theLiaoning Provincial Education Department (L2012082)China

References

[1] J R Vehec Technology Roadmap Research Program for the SteelIndustry American Iron and Steel Institute Washington DCUSA 2010

[2] Z W Lu and A G Xie ldquoAnalysis of overall energy intensityof Chinese steel industryrdquo in Proceedings of the InternationalConference on Energy and Environment pp 198ndash202 BegellHouse Inc New York NY USA 1996

[3] Q Zhai andZ Lu ldquoPrediction on the energy intensity of chineseiron and steel enterprisesrdquo in Proceedings of the InternationalConference on Energy and Environment pp 47ndash51 ChinaMachine Press Shanghai China May 1998

[4] Z W Lu Energy Utilization in Metallurgical Industry Metallur-gical Industry Press Beijing China 1986

[5] Z W Lu and J J Cai Foundations of Systems Energy Conserva-tion Northeastern University Press Shenyang China 2010

[6] X P Zhang and Q Y Zhang ldquoDevelopment trend of worldsteel industry and the influence onChinarsquos steel industryrdquoWorldRegional Studies vol 14 no 2 pp 80ndash86 2005

[7] Q Zhang J J Cai G J Duan J J Wang and H Q LiuldquoSystem energy conservation method and technical analyses of

iron and steel industryrdquo Energy Conservation no 1 pp 35ndash372006 (Chinese)

[8] J Zhang and G Wang ldquoEnergy saving technologies and pro-ductive efficiency in the Chinese iron and steel sectorrdquo Energyvol 33 no 4 pp 525ndash537 2008

[9] Z Lu J Cai Q Yu andAXie ldquoThe influences ofmaterials flowsin steel manufacturing process on its energy intensityrdquo ActaMetallurgica Sinica vol 36 no 4 pp 370ndash378 2000 (Chinese)

[10] Q B Yu Z W Lu and J J Cai ldquoCalculating method forinfluence of material flow on energy consumption in steelmanufacturing processrdquo Journal of Iron and Steel ResearchInternational vol 14 no 2 pp 46ndash51 2007

[11] A Xie and Z Lu ldquoInfluence of structure adjustment of Chineseiron and steel industry on energy consumptionrdquo Iron and Steelvol 31 no 11 pp 53ndash70 1996 (Chinese)

[12] G Y Ma J J Cai L H Zhang and W Q Sun ldquoInfluence ofsteam recovery and consumption on energy consumption perton of steelrdquo Energy Procedia vol 14 pp 566ndash571 2012

[13] P Michaelis and T Jackson ldquoMaterial and energy flow throughthe UK iron and steel sectormdashpart 2 1994ndash2019rdquo ResourcesConservation and Recycling vol 29 no 3 pp 209ndash230 2000

[14] Y A Gudim A A Golubev S G Ovchinnikov and I YZinurov ldquoPromising technology for making steel with the useof scrap and a metallized rawmaterialrdquoMetallurgist vol 53 no3-4 pp 196ndash200 2009

[15] H Liu X Zhang M Wu et al ldquoComputational and exper-imental study of cooling process in coke dry Quenchingexperimental shaftrdquo Journal of Thermal Science vol 11 no 2pp 121ndash127 2002

[16] C MMacedo R Schaeffer and EWorrell ldquoExergy accountingof energy and material flows in steel production systemsrdquoEnergy vol 26 no 4 pp 363ndash384 2001

[17] B Lin Y Wu and L Zhang ldquoEstimates of the potential forenergy conservation in the Chinese steel industryrdquo EnergyPolicy vol 39 no 6 pp 3680ndash3689 2011

[18] Z W Lu ldquoAnalysis of the comprehensive energy consumptionper ton of steel of Chinarsquos iron and steel industryrdquo Energy forMetallurgical Industry vol 11 no 1 pp 14ndash20 1992 (Chinese)

[19] Z W Lu ldquoA brief analysis on the steel scrap resources forsteel industryrdquo in CSM Annual Meeting Proceedings pp 70ndash80Metallurgical Industry Press Beijing China 2001

[20] W Q Sun J J Cai T Du and D W Zhang ldquoSpecific energyconsumption analysis model and its application in typical steelmanufacturing processrdquo Journal of Iron and Steel ResearchInternational vol 17 no 10 pp 33ndash37 2010

[21] J J Cai J C He and Z W Lu ldquoAnalysis of energy saving andenergy consumption in Chinese steel industry for last 20 yearsand next 5 yearsrdquo Iron and Steel vol 37 no 11 pp 69ndash73 2002(Chinese)

[22] H X Jin F Z Wu and Y H Li ldquoAnalysis on energy saving forblast furnace-converter processrdquoModern Machinery no 6 pp30ndash35 2008 (Chinese)

[23] J J Cai and W Q Sun ldquoSystems energy conservation andscientific energy utilization of iron and steel industry in ChinardquoIron and Steel vol 47 no 5 pp 1ndash5 2012 (Chinese)

[24] Z W Lu Q G Zhai A G Xie J J Cai and Q S Meng ldquoPre-diction on the energy consumption of Chinese steel industryrdquoIron and Steel vol 32 no 5 pp 69ndash74 1997 (Chinese)

[25] Q C Bu Z W Lu and J J Cai ldquoAnalysis on energy con-sumption of crude steel in the ninth five-year plan in JISCOrdquoEnergy for Metallurgical Industry vol 22 no 1 pp 10ndash13 2003(Chinese)

8 The Scientific World Journal

[26] Z Lu A Xie and D Zhou ldquoMore on direction and energyconservation measures of Chinese iron and steel industryrdquo Ironand Steel vol 31 no 2 pp 54ndash58 1996 (Chinese)

[27] Z Liu J Liu and Y Wang ldquoEnergy consumption in theiron and steel industry in PR Chinardquo Energy for SustainableDevelopment vol 3 no 3 pp 18ndash24 1996

[28] X L Ma C Zhang J G Liu and H J Zhao ldquoPractice anddiscussion about the high-quality burden production inAnyangIampS Cordquo Sintering and Pelletizing vol 30 no 4 pp 56ndash59 2002(Chinese)

[29] O Movshuk ldquoRestructuring productivity and technical effi-ciency in Chinarsquos iron and steel industry 1988ndash2000rdquo Journalof Asian Economics vol 15 no 1 pp 135ndash151 2004

[30] H T Makkonen J Heino L Laitila A Hiltunen E Poylioand J Harkki ldquoOptimisation of steel plant recycling in Finlanddusts scales and sludgerdquo Resources Conservation and Recyclingvol 35 no 1-2 pp 77ndash84 2002

[31] L Song ldquoPractice of increasing power generationwith sinteringwaste heatrdquo Sintering and Pelletizing vol 33 no 2 pp 55ndash582008 (Chinese)

[32] J J Cai J J Wang C X Chen and Z W Lu ldquoRecovery ofresidual-heat integrated steelworksrdquo Iron and Steel vol 42 no6 pp 1ndash7 2007 (Chinese)

[33] J Y Gao R Z Wang and M Zhou ldquoDevelopment andapplication of dry coke quenching technology in Chinardquo Gasamp Heat vol 31 no 1 pp 4ndash7 2011 (Chinese)

[34] D Wang T Yang Z Wen et al ldquoA mathematical model foroptimized operation and control in a CDQ-Boiler systemrdquoJournal of University of Science and Technology Beijing vol 12no 5 pp 390ndash393 2005

[35] G P Ren C J Ren and Y J Wei ldquoWaste heat utilizationtechnologies and applicationrdquo Shanghai Energy Conservationno 5 pp 2ndash6 2009 (Chinese)

[36] J J Cai H Dong T Du C B Xu JW Zhou and K Lin ldquoStudyon grade recovery and cascade utilization of waste heat fromsintering-cooling processrdquo Iron and Steel vol 46 no 4 pp 88ndash92 2011 (Chinese)

[37] J Ma D G Evans R J Fuller and D F Stewart ldquoTechnicalefficiency and productivity change of Chinarsquos iron and steelindustryrdquo International Journal of Production Economics vol 76no 3 pp 293ndash312 2002

[38] Y Q Weng ldquoFurther development of coal injection and chargebeneficiation for BF promotion of energy saving consumptionreduction and structural regulation of ironmaking systemrdquo Ironand Steel vol 33 no 7 pp 1ndash4 1998 (Chinese)

[39] GQ ZhangQ F Zhang andYG Liu ldquoApplication of fluidizedbed type coal moisture control technology with coke oven fluewaste gasrdquo Fuel amp Chemical Processes vol 41 no 6 pp 9ndash112010 (Chinese)

[40] H Deng ldquoApplication of blast furnace dewetting blast technol-ogy and developmentrdquo Metallurgical Power no 4 pp 62ndash642009 (Chinese)

[41] L C Xiao Q Li Z J Ding L Xiao and B Zhu ldquoOverviewof dehydration of coal gasrdquo Journal of Hebei University (NaturalScience Edition) vol 27 no 4 pp 444ndash448 2007 (Chinese)

[42] C L Li ldquoApplication of dry dusting technique in blast furnacerdquoMetallurgical Power no 1 pp 28ndash29 2010 (Chinese)

[43] J L Tian ldquoApplication status of dry dust removal technology forblast furnace gasrdquo Energy for Metallurgical Industry vol 26 no5 pp 3ndash4 2007 (Chinese)

[44] D L Zhang Y L Mao Y L Qu and Z Wang ldquoDry-typededucting technology for converter gasrdquoWorld Steel no 5 pp51ndash59 2012 (Chinese)

[45] T S Su D N Lan R Z Liu S T Qiu L W Liu and XR Zheng ldquoThe developing direction and forecast of Chinarsquoscontinues casting technique in lsquoTenth Five-year Planrsquordquo Journalof East China University of Metallurgy vol 17 no 4 pp 271ndash2812000 (Chinese)

[46] R Y Yin ldquoDiscussion on high efficient and low cost cleansteel production platform one of the key technologies for steelindustry in 21st centuryrdquo China Metallurgy vol 20 no 10 pp1ndash10 2010 (Chinese)

[47] L Tang P B Luh J Liu and L Fang ldquoSteel-making processscheduling using Lagrangian relaxationrdquo International Journalof Production Research vol 40 no 1 pp 55ndash70 2002

[48] A H Wang J J Cai and G W Xie ldquoNumerical study offlame properties and nitrogen oxide formation in high tem-perature air combustionrdquo in Challenges of Power Engineeringand Environment Proceedings of the International Conferenceon Power Engineering 2007 pp 1376ndash1379 Zhejiang UniversityPress Springer Hangzhou China 2007

[49] WDongDesign of Advanced Industrial Furnaces UsingNumeri-cal ModelingMethod Royal Institute of Technology StockholmSweden 1999

[50] W Dong and W Blasiak ldquoStudy on mathematical modellingof highly preheated air combustionrdquo in Proceeding of the 2ndInternational High Temperature Air Combustion Symposium ppC521ndashC528 Kaohsiung Taiwan 1999

[51] N Rafidi and W Blasiak ldquoHeat transfer characteristics ofHiTAC heating furnace using regenerative burnersrdquo AppliedThermal Engineering vol 26 no 16 pp 2027ndash2034 2006

[52] I Glassman Combustion Academic Press Inc London UK1996

[53] K Fan ldquoStructure and function realization of the energymanagement and control center in Jinan Iron amp Steel Co LtdrdquoMetallurgical Industry Automation vol 35 no 2 pp 24ndash28 2011(Chinese)

[54] W M Feng and L Q Cong ldquoEnergy management system ofentire iron and steel plantrdquo Control Engineering of China vol28 no 3 pp 597ndash600 2005 (Chinese)

[55] J H Yang W Q Sun J J Cai H J Mao and R Fang ldquoDevel-opment of supply-demand balance and distribution software ofgas system for iron and steel industryrdquoProcedia Engineering vol15 pp 5143ndash5147 2011

[56] Z C Chen and P Robin ldquoEnergy management and environ-mental awareness in Chinarsquos enterprisesrdquo Energy Policy vol 28no 1 pp 49ndash63 2000

[57] H S Wang ldquoStrengthening productive forces based on infor-mation to create more benefits for enterprisesrdquo MetallurgicalIndustry Automation vol 30 no 1 pp 1ndash5 2006 (Chinese)

[58] J Cai Z Lu and T Du ldquoThe analysis of energy saving and theenergy intensity of steel industry in China for last 20 years andnext 5 yearsrdquo in Proceedings of the International Conference onEnergy and the Environment pp 37ndash42 Shanghai Scientific andTechnical Publishers Shanghai China December 2003

TribologyAdvances in

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International Journal of

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FuelsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal ofPetroleum Engineering

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Industrial EngineeringJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Power ElectronicsHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

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Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Renewable Energy

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

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RotatingMachinery

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

EnergyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

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Journal ofEngineeringVolume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal ofPhotoenergy

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Nuclear InstallationsScience and Technology of

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Solar EnergyJournal of

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Wind EnergyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Nuclear EnergyInternational Journal of

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High Energy PhysicsAdvances in

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

The Scientific World Journal 3

002040608

112141618

219

8019

8219

8419

8619

8819

9019

9219

9419

9619

9820

0020

0220

0420

0620

0820

10

Ener

gy co

nsum

ptio

n pe

r ton

of c

urde

steel

(tce

t)

YearComprehensive energy consumptionComparable energy consumption

Figure 2 Changes in CSI energy consumption

moisture removable blast and coal moisture control (CMC)The application of these key common technologies as well asthe investment of large energy-saving equipment and energymanagement system (EMS) improved the integrated steel-worksrsquo equipment level and energy conversion function [16]In these 10 years process energy consumptions of sinteringiron-making steel-making rolling and coke-making got afurther reduction and waste heat recovery and reuse ratewere improved generally Most enterprises had advancedworld-level energy consumption The energy consumptionper ton of crude steel of CSI dropped from 0781 tcet in2000 to 0690 tcet in 2010 In the third 10 years energyconsumption of CSI continuously declined by 91 tcet with adropping rate of 71 compared with data in 1980

12 Changes of Energy Consumption per Ton of Crude SteelFigure 2 shows the change of energy consumption per tonof crude steel from 1980 to 2010 There are two cylindricalcurves in the figure The upper one describes the change ofcomprehensive energy consumption from 1980 to 2010 witha drop from 1646 tcet in 1980 to 0605 tcet in 2010 [17ndash19]and the dropping rate is 6324 The lower one presents thechange of comparable energy consumption in the 30 yearswith a drop from 1285 tcet in 1980 to 0590 tcet in 2005 andthe dropping rate is 5408 It can be found fromFigure 2 thatthe energy consumption per ton of steel dropped by almosthalf from 1980 to 2010 [20ndash22]

13 Analysis of Energy-Saving Effect Energy consumptionper ton of crude steel is defined as the ratio of total energyconsumption to steel production in statistical period [23]But the definition is too simple to find its components andinfluence factors To analyze the energy consumption changeenergy-saving effect and its related factors it is necessaryto rewrite the definition to further e-p analysis expression[24 25] namely

119864 =

119899

sum

119894=1

(119890119894sdot 119901119894) (1)

where 119890119894is the energy consumption of each process in

statistical period tcet-product 119901119894is the ratio of process

production to crude steel production in statistical periodwhich is referred to the steel ratio coefficient t-producttIt can be seen from (1) that there are two direct factorsinfluencing energy consumption per ton of crude steelOne is steel ratio coefficient of each production depart-ment the other is process energy consumption of eachproduction department It is clear that the variation ofenergy consumption per ton of crude steel in statisticalperiod is equal to the energy consumptions differencebetween the start and the end of the statistical period [26]namely

998779119864

= sum

119894

11990110158401015840

11989411989010158401015840

119894minussum

119894

1199011015840

1198941198901015840

119894= sum

119894

11989010158401015840

119894(11990110158401015840

119894minus 1199011015840

119894) +sum

119894

1199011015840

119894(11989010158401015840

119894minus 1198901015840

119894)

(2)

where Δ119864 is the energy consumption variation in statisticalperiodThedifferences in two brackets represent the variationof steel ratio coefficient and process energy consumptionof each process from the start to the end in statisticalperiod respectively The first part of the right-hand sidein (2) is energy conservation attained by the adjustmentof steel ratio coefficients (ie structural adjustment) calledindirect energy conservation And the second part is energyconservation attained by the adjustment of process energyconsumption called direct energy conservation The totalenergy conservation is equal to the addition of directand indirect energy conservation Equation (2) is appliedto analyze the influences of process energy consumptionand steel ratio coefficient on energy consumption perton of crude steel and calculate the contribution rate ofthe direct and indirect energy conservation in differentperiods

Steel ratio coefficients of CSI in representative yearsduring 1980ndash2010 are shown in Table 1 and process energyconsumptions are shown in Table 2 Table 1 shows that steelratio coefficients of just basic oxygen furnace (BOF) steel-making and steel rolling have an ascendant trend because ofthe increase of BOF steel production and finished productrate of CSI Steel ratio coefficients of BOF and steel rollingrose by 8484 and 2353 respectively while those of otherproduction departments are falling like coking sinteringiron-making and electric arc furnace (EAF) steel-makingand the largest decline rate is 4905 for coke-makingTable 2 presents that all process energy consumptions arereduced BOF is falling with a fastest fall rate of 10030followed by 8042 and 7669 for EAF steel-making andsteel rolling respectively Based on (2) and data in Tables 1and 2 variation of energy consumption per ton of crude steeldirect energy conservation indirect energy conservation andenergy conservation contribution rate of CSI in each Five-Year Plan period are calculated and listed in Table 3 It canbe found in Table 3 that the energy conservation of CSI is595 kgcet in the 30 years with 60 direct energy conserva-tion of 356 kgcet and 40 indirect energy conservation of239 kgcet

4 The Scientific World Journal

Table 1 Steel ratio coefficients of CSI during 1980ndash2010 (t-productt-crude steel)

Year Coke-making Sintering Iron-making Open hearth BOF EAF Steel rolling1980 0793 1727 1082 0320 0488 0192 07651985 0706 1638 1012 0263 0521 0216 08001990 0632 1602 0990 0198 0589 0213 08111995 0580 1619 0992 0137 0667 0196 08122000 0402 1517 0922 0008 0877 0115 08902005 0404 1334 0875 NA 0883 0117 09202010 0334 1269 0944 NA 0902 0098 0945NA is the abbreviation for ldquonot availablerdquo due to the elimination of open hearth

Table 2 Process energy consumptions of CSI during 1980ndash2010 (kgcet-product)

Year Coke-making Sintering Iron-making Open hearth BOF EAF Steel rolling1980 217 104 556 200 67 378 2661985 187 90 535 156 48 325 2111990 185 79 526 123 38 303 1871995 180 78 509 111 31 319 1772000 159 70 465 140 29 274 1192005 147 65 457 mdasha 36 201 892010 106 53 408 mdash minus02b 74c 62aNA is the abbreviation for ldquonot availablerdquo due to the elimination of open hearth bnegative value is due to the negative energy steel-making technology candthe great decline of process energy consumption of EAF is because that China has adjusted the standard coal coefficient of electricity from 0404 kgcekWh to01229 kgcekWh since 2006

2 Progress on Key CommonEnergy-Saving Technologies

Reviewing the 30 years of energy conservation processmentioned above it may be observed that two aspects arepromoting the energy-saving technologies One is digestionand reinnovation of introduced foreign advanced technolo-gies and the other is the formation and development ofdomestic systems energy conservation technologyThe cross-fusion of the two aspects makes a series of key commonenergy-saving technologies arise in all phases of CSI at thehistoric moment [27ndash29]

21 Waste Heat Recovery and Reusing Technology Due tothe continuous optimization of steel manufacturing processand reduction of process energy consumption recoveringand reusing of waste heat and sources from all productiondepartments have drawn more and more attention fromsteelworks [30 31] Partly estimated there will be 844GJwaste heat when 1 ton of crude steel is produced accountingfor 37 of the energy consumption per ton of crude steel [32]The waste heat may be carried by finished or semifinishedproduct molten slag waste gas cooling water and so forthas shown in Figure 3 If taking the chemical energy of LDGand blast furnace (BF) top gas waste pressure into accountthe waste heat and energy will reach 958GJt for the BF-BOFroute As shown in Table 4 the current waste heat recoverylevel is about 300GJt accounting for 313 of the total wasteheat and energy

The recovery and utilization of waste heat must be basedon both of the first and second laws of thermodynamics

So attention should be paid not only to the amount ofheat recovery but also to the loss of effective energy inrecovery process Therefore the cascade utilization principlewas strongly advocated in recent years of CSI according tothe quantity quality (temperature) and user demand By theend of 2010 the number of CDQdevices under operation andconstruction had been 159 [33] That achieves the recoveryof 05 tndash06 t steam at about 39MPa and 450∘C which cangenerate electricity of 95 kWhndash105 kWh [34] There were 597sets of TRT with an average and highest power generationof 32 and 56 kWh per ton of hot metal in 2010 And CSIhas 30 CCPP under operation and construction and 66 setsof sintering machines equipped with waste heat recoverydevices [35] Selective recovery and cascade utilization ofsintering waste heat [36] the most representative case notonly reduce the energy consumption and waste gas emissionsbut also ameliorate the sintering process and sinter qualityObviously that happens on the condition that hot air aboutof 200∘C is directly used as the combustion air of ignitionfurnace or for drying materials or hot air sintering

22 Raw Material and Fuel Pretreatment Technology Coaland lean ore are the dominating energy and ore in Chinawhich brings many difficulties to energy conservation andenvironment protection for CSI It creates conditions toreduce process energy consumption and waste emissions ofpretreating raw material and fuel including iron ore coal forcoking crude gas and so forth Therefore CSI has alwaysadhered to the principle of fine materials and improved thegrade of iron ore and charging ore continuously [37] Nowthe grade of charging ore in large-scale BF is controlled at

The Scientific World Journal 5

Table 3 Variation and effect of energy consumption per ton of crude steel for CSI during 1980ndash2010

Items 1980ndash1985 1985ndash1990 1990ndash1995 1995ndash2000 2000ndash2005 2005ndash2010

Variation kgcet minus179 minus89 minus37 minus199 minus67 minus24 30 15 6 33 11 4

Direct parts kgcet minus124 minus57 minus20 minus103 minus38 minus14 69 63 55 52 57 60

Indirect parts kgcet minus55 minus33 minus17 minus96 minus29 minus10 31 37 45 48 43 40

Data in column 2005ndash2010 excluding the influence of the change of standard coal coefficient of electricity

Table 4 Data of waste heat and resource and its recovery situation of CSI

Waste resource type Technical parameter Amount of wasteresource (GJt)

Average recoveryresource (GJt) Recovery rate ()

BF top gas waste pressure 015MPandash025MPa 030 025 833LDG chemical energy 8360 kJm3 084 058 690

Waste heat High moderate andlow temperature 844 217 257

Total 958 300 313The steel ratio coefficient of iron-making process is set as 10

about 57 [38] In the 21st century the new technologiesand equipment for rawmaterial and fuel pretreatmentmainlyinclude the hot air sintering technology with circular coolerwaste gas as heat source [36] CMC technology with wastegas from coke oven as heat source [39] moisture removableblast and gas dehydration technology with recovered low-temperature stream as power source [40 41] BFG-BDC[42 43] and LDG-BDC [44] These techniques reduce themoisture in charging coal coke gas and blast furnace blowingand also provide a space for the low-temperature waste heat

23 Hot Connection Technology for Processes Interface Hotconnection technology is the connecting and matchedphysico-chemical properties control technology of materialflow between adjacent processes [45 46] Developing hotconnection technology may achieve the close connectionespecially hot connection of material and energy flow in flowrate temperature composition space time and so forth Italso promotes the stability continuity and high efficiency ofthe overall manufacturing process CSI attaches great impor-tance to hot connection technologies for process interfaceslike BF-BOF section BOF-continuous casting section andcontinuous casting to reheating furnace section [47] Andinterface technology of ldquoroute with one open ladle fromBF toBOFrdquo has been put into use in Shougang JingtangUnited Ironamp Steel Co Ltd Shagang Group and other new establishedsteel plants which receives a significant energy-saving effectThe model abolishes the traditional hot metal mixer torpedocar and pouring in steel-making workshop It also shortensthe time of hot metal pretreatment and transfer process Andthus the general layout of BF-BOF section is compactedMultiple superiorities appear like reducing heat dissipationiron loss and dust emissions So it is the exact interfacemodelthat BF-BOF section is developed towards

Finished and semifinished

product39

Waste gas37

Cooling water15

Moltenslag9

Figure 3 Waste heat resource structure of CSI

24 High-Temperature Air Combustion Technology In the1990s CSI developed regenerative flame furnace based onHTAC technology with pure BFG as fuel [48ndash50] Since 2000many small- and medium-sized steelworks have replacedtheir recuperative heating furnace with regenerative furnacegradually and then HTAC technology disseminated rapidlyin China Regenerative heating furnace takes advantage ofthe regenerative chamber closely connected to the furnacebody or burner to recover sensible heat of the waste gasfrom furnace hearth [49 51] And that preheats BFG andcombustion air to about 1000∘C both Firstly it meets therequirements of metal heating process and furnace systemSecondly it reduces the energy consumption of rolling pro-cess Last but not the least it eases some surplus BFG severediffuse problems of small- andmedium-sized steelworks [52]With the expansion application scope of regenerative heatingfurnace and gas structure change of CSI after 2005 the num-ber of regenerative heating furnace fueled with pure COGor mixed gas of COG and BFG is increasing year by year

6 The Scientific World Journal

900950

1000105011001150120012501300

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24Month

Regenerative heating furnaceCombined regenerative and recuperative heating furnacePulse combustion heating furnaceEnd heating recuperative heating furnace

Spec

ific h

eat c

onsu

mpt

ion

(MJmiddottminus1)

Figure 4 Comparison of specific heat consumption of four types ofheating furnaces

For the reason of furnace design and pyrological operatingthe energy-saving effect of regenerative heating furnace isseverely affected So combined regenerative and recuperativeheating furnace and intelligent furnace control technologyemerged Figure 4 gives the comparison of specific heatconsumption among four types of heating furnaces It canbe seen from Figure 4 that specific heat consumption level isclosely related to metal heating process and furnace workingconditions It is necessary for any type of furnace to changethe operational and structural parameters when pyrologicalprocesses changes otherwise it will not receive the expectedenergy-saving effect Therefore the type of furnaces must bediverse to fit the changes in raw material and fuel conditionsand product structure

25 Energy Management and Control Technology The num-ber of EMS has increased to 30 in CSI since Baosteel built thefirst one in 1985 CSI has a plan that steelworks at 2Mt crudesteel level or more than 500000 tons of special steel will setup EMS at the end of ldquoTwelfth Five-Year Planrdquo [53 54] Thepractice shows that EMS is not a simple energy managementdepartment or a single computer data acquisition system butrather the entity for energy management and control system[55] EMS is equipped with a variety of the digital monitoringinstruments and mainframe computers presenting coal gassteam electricity technical gases (oxygen nitrogen argoncompressed air etc) water (fresh water circulating watersoft water and the exterior drainage) and other informationon the same platform It not only has the functions ofenergy flow rate monitoring energy supply and demanddisplay and energy forecasting but also can autogenerate anoptimal scheduling strategy to achieve a steady supply andefficient utilization according to the change of productionSince the beginning of the new century the majority ofEMS of CSI is in the hardware construction phase of energymeasurement network and energy flow network and only asmall number enters into the development period of offlinedecision-making and operational optimization However the

0

02

04

06

08

1

12

14

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010Year

296 205

178434

045

068

15 years 15 years Next 15 yearsEner

gy co

nsum

ptio

n(tc

emiddottminus1)

Figure 5 Change trend of energy consumption per ton of crudesteel of CSI

function of software is not fully presented Work is left to bedone to realize the dynamic energy forecasting and real-timescheduling [56 57]

3 Conclusions and Future Prospects

A dissection of the changing process of energy consumptionper ton of crude steel of CSI given in Figure 2 shows notonly differences but also similarities among different periodsFigure 5 shows the change trend of energy consumption perton of crude steel of CSI from 1980 to 2010 There is a cyclicalchange within the 30 years with 15 years as a cycle Expectfor the different average annual energy conservation rates theshape and downtrend of the two curves are the same Thefirst five years of a cycle get the fastest drop rate followedby the middle five years and the last five years have sloweddown continuously For instance the average annual energyconservation rate from 1995 to 2000 is 434 by adjustingproduction structure and optimizing manufacturing processthen the energy conservation rate dropped to 178 during2000ndash2005 and only 068 in the period 2005ndash2010

For next the 15 years or even a longer time there will besmaller space and more difficulties for CSI energy conserva-tion A third substantial drop will appear if novel theoriestechnologies and management methods come out to sup-port In the near future CSI can deepen energy conservationand push it to a new stage only through relying more heavilyon scientific and technological progress giving full play tothe advantages of efficient energy conversion and effectiveenergy use and focusing on the development of key commontechnologies suitable for CSI

(1) Using the concept of system and energy carrier [58]detailed analysis and solutions should be conducted on eachlink in the life cycle of steel products and the relationshipbetween two different links It makes each line meet therequirements of scientific energy utilization and systemsenergy conservation as much as possible To reach thesynergistic operating between material flow and energy flowseveral researches should be conducted to study how energy

The Scientific World Journal 7

consumption per ton of crude steel is influenced by ore scrapsteel coal electricity and other rawmaterials and fuels undermarket economy conditions to research the relationshipsand optimization of different links in production processat temperature composition geometry time and so forthand to study the running rules of energy flow and theconstruction and optimization of energy flownetwork in steelmanufacturing process

(2) According to the quantity quality and user demandCSI should maximize the recovery of waste heat from steelproduction processes It is best for waste heat to be directlyused in steel production processes without conversion orchanged to other kinds of energy or resources For examplesurplus gas and steam could be sent to neighboring citiesor other factories as energy resources self-used for heatingandor cooling or used for implementation of commonthermal power together with the city

(3) It is necessary to establish a new energy use evaluationcriteria evaluationmethod and energy consumption indicessystem by applying the first and second laws of thermody-namics That helps to study theoretical limit energy con-sumption per ton of crude steel which will be used to guideCSI energy conservation in the next 15 years (2011ndash2025) toreach or get close to the minimum energy consumption andbecome the worldrsquos most advanced steel industry

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare they have no conflict of interests

Acknowledgment

This work is supported by the SampT research funds of theLiaoning Provincial Education Department (L2012082)China

References

[1] J R Vehec Technology Roadmap Research Program for the SteelIndustry American Iron and Steel Institute Washington DCUSA 2010

[2] Z W Lu and A G Xie ldquoAnalysis of overall energy intensityof Chinese steel industryrdquo in Proceedings of the InternationalConference on Energy and Environment pp 198ndash202 BegellHouse Inc New York NY USA 1996

[3] Q Zhai andZ Lu ldquoPrediction on the energy intensity of chineseiron and steel enterprisesrdquo in Proceedings of the InternationalConference on Energy and Environment pp 47ndash51 ChinaMachine Press Shanghai China May 1998

[4] Z W Lu Energy Utilization in Metallurgical Industry Metallur-gical Industry Press Beijing China 1986

[5] Z W Lu and J J Cai Foundations of Systems Energy Conserva-tion Northeastern University Press Shenyang China 2010

[6] X P Zhang and Q Y Zhang ldquoDevelopment trend of worldsteel industry and the influence onChinarsquos steel industryrdquoWorldRegional Studies vol 14 no 2 pp 80ndash86 2005

[7] Q Zhang J J Cai G J Duan J J Wang and H Q LiuldquoSystem energy conservation method and technical analyses of

iron and steel industryrdquo Energy Conservation no 1 pp 35ndash372006 (Chinese)

[8] J Zhang and G Wang ldquoEnergy saving technologies and pro-ductive efficiency in the Chinese iron and steel sectorrdquo Energyvol 33 no 4 pp 525ndash537 2008

[9] Z Lu J Cai Q Yu andAXie ldquoThe influences ofmaterials flowsin steel manufacturing process on its energy intensityrdquo ActaMetallurgica Sinica vol 36 no 4 pp 370ndash378 2000 (Chinese)

[10] Q B Yu Z W Lu and J J Cai ldquoCalculating method forinfluence of material flow on energy consumption in steelmanufacturing processrdquo Journal of Iron and Steel ResearchInternational vol 14 no 2 pp 46ndash51 2007

[11] A Xie and Z Lu ldquoInfluence of structure adjustment of Chineseiron and steel industry on energy consumptionrdquo Iron and Steelvol 31 no 11 pp 53ndash70 1996 (Chinese)

[12] G Y Ma J J Cai L H Zhang and W Q Sun ldquoInfluence ofsteam recovery and consumption on energy consumption perton of steelrdquo Energy Procedia vol 14 pp 566ndash571 2012

[13] P Michaelis and T Jackson ldquoMaterial and energy flow throughthe UK iron and steel sectormdashpart 2 1994ndash2019rdquo ResourcesConservation and Recycling vol 29 no 3 pp 209ndash230 2000

[14] Y A Gudim A A Golubev S G Ovchinnikov and I YZinurov ldquoPromising technology for making steel with the useof scrap and a metallized rawmaterialrdquoMetallurgist vol 53 no3-4 pp 196ndash200 2009

[15] H Liu X Zhang M Wu et al ldquoComputational and exper-imental study of cooling process in coke dry Quenchingexperimental shaftrdquo Journal of Thermal Science vol 11 no 2pp 121ndash127 2002

[16] C MMacedo R Schaeffer and EWorrell ldquoExergy accountingof energy and material flows in steel production systemsrdquoEnergy vol 26 no 4 pp 363ndash384 2001

[17] B Lin Y Wu and L Zhang ldquoEstimates of the potential forenergy conservation in the Chinese steel industryrdquo EnergyPolicy vol 39 no 6 pp 3680ndash3689 2011

[18] Z W Lu ldquoAnalysis of the comprehensive energy consumptionper ton of steel of Chinarsquos iron and steel industryrdquo Energy forMetallurgical Industry vol 11 no 1 pp 14ndash20 1992 (Chinese)

[19] Z W Lu ldquoA brief analysis on the steel scrap resources forsteel industryrdquo in CSM Annual Meeting Proceedings pp 70ndash80Metallurgical Industry Press Beijing China 2001

[20] W Q Sun J J Cai T Du and D W Zhang ldquoSpecific energyconsumption analysis model and its application in typical steelmanufacturing processrdquo Journal of Iron and Steel ResearchInternational vol 17 no 10 pp 33ndash37 2010

[21] J J Cai J C He and Z W Lu ldquoAnalysis of energy saving andenergy consumption in Chinese steel industry for last 20 yearsand next 5 yearsrdquo Iron and Steel vol 37 no 11 pp 69ndash73 2002(Chinese)

[22] H X Jin F Z Wu and Y H Li ldquoAnalysis on energy saving forblast furnace-converter processrdquoModern Machinery no 6 pp30ndash35 2008 (Chinese)

[23] J J Cai and W Q Sun ldquoSystems energy conservation andscientific energy utilization of iron and steel industry in ChinardquoIron and Steel vol 47 no 5 pp 1ndash5 2012 (Chinese)

[24] Z W Lu Q G Zhai A G Xie J J Cai and Q S Meng ldquoPre-diction on the energy consumption of Chinese steel industryrdquoIron and Steel vol 32 no 5 pp 69ndash74 1997 (Chinese)

[25] Q C Bu Z W Lu and J J Cai ldquoAnalysis on energy con-sumption of crude steel in the ninth five-year plan in JISCOrdquoEnergy for Metallurgical Industry vol 22 no 1 pp 10ndash13 2003(Chinese)

8 The Scientific World Journal

[26] Z Lu A Xie and D Zhou ldquoMore on direction and energyconservation measures of Chinese iron and steel industryrdquo Ironand Steel vol 31 no 2 pp 54ndash58 1996 (Chinese)

[27] Z Liu J Liu and Y Wang ldquoEnergy consumption in theiron and steel industry in PR Chinardquo Energy for SustainableDevelopment vol 3 no 3 pp 18ndash24 1996

[28] X L Ma C Zhang J G Liu and H J Zhao ldquoPractice anddiscussion about the high-quality burden production inAnyangIampS Cordquo Sintering and Pelletizing vol 30 no 4 pp 56ndash59 2002(Chinese)

[29] O Movshuk ldquoRestructuring productivity and technical effi-ciency in Chinarsquos iron and steel industry 1988ndash2000rdquo Journalof Asian Economics vol 15 no 1 pp 135ndash151 2004

[30] H T Makkonen J Heino L Laitila A Hiltunen E Poylioand J Harkki ldquoOptimisation of steel plant recycling in Finlanddusts scales and sludgerdquo Resources Conservation and Recyclingvol 35 no 1-2 pp 77ndash84 2002

[31] L Song ldquoPractice of increasing power generationwith sinteringwaste heatrdquo Sintering and Pelletizing vol 33 no 2 pp 55ndash582008 (Chinese)

[32] J J Cai J J Wang C X Chen and Z W Lu ldquoRecovery ofresidual-heat integrated steelworksrdquo Iron and Steel vol 42 no6 pp 1ndash7 2007 (Chinese)

[33] J Y Gao R Z Wang and M Zhou ldquoDevelopment andapplication of dry coke quenching technology in Chinardquo Gasamp Heat vol 31 no 1 pp 4ndash7 2011 (Chinese)

[34] D Wang T Yang Z Wen et al ldquoA mathematical model foroptimized operation and control in a CDQ-Boiler systemrdquoJournal of University of Science and Technology Beijing vol 12no 5 pp 390ndash393 2005

[35] G P Ren C J Ren and Y J Wei ldquoWaste heat utilizationtechnologies and applicationrdquo Shanghai Energy Conservationno 5 pp 2ndash6 2009 (Chinese)

[36] J J Cai H Dong T Du C B Xu JW Zhou and K Lin ldquoStudyon grade recovery and cascade utilization of waste heat fromsintering-cooling processrdquo Iron and Steel vol 46 no 4 pp 88ndash92 2011 (Chinese)

[37] J Ma D G Evans R J Fuller and D F Stewart ldquoTechnicalefficiency and productivity change of Chinarsquos iron and steelindustryrdquo International Journal of Production Economics vol 76no 3 pp 293ndash312 2002

[38] Y Q Weng ldquoFurther development of coal injection and chargebeneficiation for BF promotion of energy saving consumptionreduction and structural regulation of ironmaking systemrdquo Ironand Steel vol 33 no 7 pp 1ndash4 1998 (Chinese)

[39] GQ ZhangQ F Zhang andYG Liu ldquoApplication of fluidizedbed type coal moisture control technology with coke oven fluewaste gasrdquo Fuel amp Chemical Processes vol 41 no 6 pp 9ndash112010 (Chinese)

[40] H Deng ldquoApplication of blast furnace dewetting blast technol-ogy and developmentrdquo Metallurgical Power no 4 pp 62ndash642009 (Chinese)

[41] L C Xiao Q Li Z J Ding L Xiao and B Zhu ldquoOverviewof dehydration of coal gasrdquo Journal of Hebei University (NaturalScience Edition) vol 27 no 4 pp 444ndash448 2007 (Chinese)

[42] C L Li ldquoApplication of dry dusting technique in blast furnacerdquoMetallurgical Power no 1 pp 28ndash29 2010 (Chinese)

[43] J L Tian ldquoApplication status of dry dust removal technology forblast furnace gasrdquo Energy for Metallurgical Industry vol 26 no5 pp 3ndash4 2007 (Chinese)

[44] D L Zhang Y L Mao Y L Qu and Z Wang ldquoDry-typededucting technology for converter gasrdquoWorld Steel no 5 pp51ndash59 2012 (Chinese)

[45] T S Su D N Lan R Z Liu S T Qiu L W Liu and XR Zheng ldquoThe developing direction and forecast of Chinarsquoscontinues casting technique in lsquoTenth Five-year Planrsquordquo Journalof East China University of Metallurgy vol 17 no 4 pp 271ndash2812000 (Chinese)

[46] R Y Yin ldquoDiscussion on high efficient and low cost cleansteel production platform one of the key technologies for steelindustry in 21st centuryrdquo China Metallurgy vol 20 no 10 pp1ndash10 2010 (Chinese)

[47] L Tang P B Luh J Liu and L Fang ldquoSteel-making processscheduling using Lagrangian relaxationrdquo International Journalof Production Research vol 40 no 1 pp 55ndash70 2002

[48] A H Wang J J Cai and G W Xie ldquoNumerical study offlame properties and nitrogen oxide formation in high tem-perature air combustionrdquo in Challenges of Power Engineeringand Environment Proceedings of the International Conferenceon Power Engineering 2007 pp 1376ndash1379 Zhejiang UniversityPress Springer Hangzhou China 2007

[49] WDongDesign of Advanced Industrial Furnaces UsingNumeri-cal ModelingMethod Royal Institute of Technology StockholmSweden 1999

[50] W Dong and W Blasiak ldquoStudy on mathematical modellingof highly preheated air combustionrdquo in Proceeding of the 2ndInternational High Temperature Air Combustion Symposium ppC521ndashC528 Kaohsiung Taiwan 1999

[51] N Rafidi and W Blasiak ldquoHeat transfer characteristics ofHiTAC heating furnace using regenerative burnersrdquo AppliedThermal Engineering vol 26 no 16 pp 2027ndash2034 2006

[52] I Glassman Combustion Academic Press Inc London UK1996

[53] K Fan ldquoStructure and function realization of the energymanagement and control center in Jinan Iron amp Steel Co LtdrdquoMetallurgical Industry Automation vol 35 no 2 pp 24ndash28 2011(Chinese)

[54] W M Feng and L Q Cong ldquoEnergy management system ofentire iron and steel plantrdquo Control Engineering of China vol28 no 3 pp 597ndash600 2005 (Chinese)

[55] J H Yang W Q Sun J J Cai H J Mao and R Fang ldquoDevel-opment of supply-demand balance and distribution software ofgas system for iron and steel industryrdquoProcedia Engineering vol15 pp 5143ndash5147 2011

[56] Z C Chen and P Robin ldquoEnergy management and environ-mental awareness in Chinarsquos enterprisesrdquo Energy Policy vol 28no 1 pp 49ndash63 2000

[57] H S Wang ldquoStrengthening productive forces based on infor-mation to create more benefits for enterprisesrdquo MetallurgicalIndustry Automation vol 30 no 1 pp 1ndash5 2006 (Chinese)

[58] J Cai Z Lu and T Du ldquoThe analysis of energy saving and theenergy intensity of steel industry in China for last 20 years andnext 5 yearsrdquo in Proceedings of the International Conference onEnergy and the Environment pp 37ndash42 Shanghai Scientific andTechnical Publishers Shanghai China December 2003

TribologyAdvances in

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International Journal of

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FuelsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal ofPetroleum Engineering

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Industrial EngineeringJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Power ElectronicsHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

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Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Renewable Energy

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

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Journal ofEngineeringVolume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal ofPhotoenergy

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Nuclear InstallationsScience and Technology of

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Solar EnergyJournal of

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Wind EnergyJournal of

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Nuclear EnergyInternational Journal of

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High Energy PhysicsAdvances in

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

4 The Scientific World Journal

Table 1 Steel ratio coefficients of CSI during 1980ndash2010 (t-productt-crude steel)

Year Coke-making Sintering Iron-making Open hearth BOF EAF Steel rolling1980 0793 1727 1082 0320 0488 0192 07651985 0706 1638 1012 0263 0521 0216 08001990 0632 1602 0990 0198 0589 0213 08111995 0580 1619 0992 0137 0667 0196 08122000 0402 1517 0922 0008 0877 0115 08902005 0404 1334 0875 NA 0883 0117 09202010 0334 1269 0944 NA 0902 0098 0945NA is the abbreviation for ldquonot availablerdquo due to the elimination of open hearth

Table 2 Process energy consumptions of CSI during 1980ndash2010 (kgcet-product)

Year Coke-making Sintering Iron-making Open hearth BOF EAF Steel rolling1980 217 104 556 200 67 378 2661985 187 90 535 156 48 325 2111990 185 79 526 123 38 303 1871995 180 78 509 111 31 319 1772000 159 70 465 140 29 274 1192005 147 65 457 mdasha 36 201 892010 106 53 408 mdash minus02b 74c 62aNA is the abbreviation for ldquonot availablerdquo due to the elimination of open hearth bnegative value is due to the negative energy steel-making technology candthe great decline of process energy consumption of EAF is because that China has adjusted the standard coal coefficient of electricity from 0404 kgcekWh to01229 kgcekWh since 2006

2 Progress on Key CommonEnergy-Saving Technologies

Reviewing the 30 years of energy conservation processmentioned above it may be observed that two aspects arepromoting the energy-saving technologies One is digestionand reinnovation of introduced foreign advanced technolo-gies and the other is the formation and development ofdomestic systems energy conservation technologyThe cross-fusion of the two aspects makes a series of key commonenergy-saving technologies arise in all phases of CSI at thehistoric moment [27ndash29]

21 Waste Heat Recovery and Reusing Technology Due tothe continuous optimization of steel manufacturing processand reduction of process energy consumption recoveringand reusing of waste heat and sources from all productiondepartments have drawn more and more attention fromsteelworks [30 31] Partly estimated there will be 844GJwaste heat when 1 ton of crude steel is produced accountingfor 37 of the energy consumption per ton of crude steel [32]The waste heat may be carried by finished or semifinishedproduct molten slag waste gas cooling water and so forthas shown in Figure 3 If taking the chemical energy of LDGand blast furnace (BF) top gas waste pressure into accountthe waste heat and energy will reach 958GJt for the BF-BOFroute As shown in Table 4 the current waste heat recoverylevel is about 300GJt accounting for 313 of the total wasteheat and energy

The recovery and utilization of waste heat must be basedon both of the first and second laws of thermodynamics

So attention should be paid not only to the amount ofheat recovery but also to the loss of effective energy inrecovery process Therefore the cascade utilization principlewas strongly advocated in recent years of CSI according tothe quantity quality (temperature) and user demand By theend of 2010 the number of CDQdevices under operation andconstruction had been 159 [33] That achieves the recoveryof 05 tndash06 t steam at about 39MPa and 450∘C which cangenerate electricity of 95 kWhndash105 kWh [34] There were 597sets of TRT with an average and highest power generationof 32 and 56 kWh per ton of hot metal in 2010 And CSIhas 30 CCPP under operation and construction and 66 setsof sintering machines equipped with waste heat recoverydevices [35] Selective recovery and cascade utilization ofsintering waste heat [36] the most representative case notonly reduce the energy consumption and waste gas emissionsbut also ameliorate the sintering process and sinter qualityObviously that happens on the condition that hot air aboutof 200∘C is directly used as the combustion air of ignitionfurnace or for drying materials or hot air sintering

22 Raw Material and Fuel Pretreatment Technology Coaland lean ore are the dominating energy and ore in Chinawhich brings many difficulties to energy conservation andenvironment protection for CSI It creates conditions toreduce process energy consumption and waste emissions ofpretreating raw material and fuel including iron ore coal forcoking crude gas and so forth Therefore CSI has alwaysadhered to the principle of fine materials and improved thegrade of iron ore and charging ore continuously [37] Nowthe grade of charging ore in large-scale BF is controlled at

The Scientific World Journal 5

Table 3 Variation and effect of energy consumption per ton of crude steel for CSI during 1980ndash2010

Items 1980ndash1985 1985ndash1990 1990ndash1995 1995ndash2000 2000ndash2005 2005ndash2010

Variation kgcet minus179 minus89 minus37 minus199 minus67 minus24 30 15 6 33 11 4

Direct parts kgcet minus124 minus57 minus20 minus103 minus38 minus14 69 63 55 52 57 60

Indirect parts kgcet minus55 minus33 minus17 minus96 minus29 minus10 31 37 45 48 43 40

Data in column 2005ndash2010 excluding the influence of the change of standard coal coefficient of electricity

Table 4 Data of waste heat and resource and its recovery situation of CSI

Waste resource type Technical parameter Amount of wasteresource (GJt)

Average recoveryresource (GJt) Recovery rate ()

BF top gas waste pressure 015MPandash025MPa 030 025 833LDG chemical energy 8360 kJm3 084 058 690

Waste heat High moderate andlow temperature 844 217 257

Total 958 300 313The steel ratio coefficient of iron-making process is set as 10

about 57 [38] In the 21st century the new technologiesand equipment for rawmaterial and fuel pretreatmentmainlyinclude the hot air sintering technology with circular coolerwaste gas as heat source [36] CMC technology with wastegas from coke oven as heat source [39] moisture removableblast and gas dehydration technology with recovered low-temperature stream as power source [40 41] BFG-BDC[42 43] and LDG-BDC [44] These techniques reduce themoisture in charging coal coke gas and blast furnace blowingand also provide a space for the low-temperature waste heat

23 Hot Connection Technology for Processes Interface Hotconnection technology is the connecting and matchedphysico-chemical properties control technology of materialflow between adjacent processes [45 46] Developing hotconnection technology may achieve the close connectionespecially hot connection of material and energy flow in flowrate temperature composition space time and so forth Italso promotes the stability continuity and high efficiency ofthe overall manufacturing process CSI attaches great impor-tance to hot connection technologies for process interfaceslike BF-BOF section BOF-continuous casting section andcontinuous casting to reheating furnace section [47] Andinterface technology of ldquoroute with one open ladle fromBF toBOFrdquo has been put into use in Shougang JingtangUnited Ironamp Steel Co Ltd Shagang Group and other new establishedsteel plants which receives a significant energy-saving effectThe model abolishes the traditional hot metal mixer torpedocar and pouring in steel-making workshop It also shortensthe time of hot metal pretreatment and transfer process Andthus the general layout of BF-BOF section is compactedMultiple superiorities appear like reducing heat dissipationiron loss and dust emissions So it is the exact interfacemodelthat BF-BOF section is developed towards

Finished and semifinished

product39

Waste gas37

Cooling water15

Moltenslag9

Figure 3 Waste heat resource structure of CSI

24 High-Temperature Air Combustion Technology In the1990s CSI developed regenerative flame furnace based onHTAC technology with pure BFG as fuel [48ndash50] Since 2000many small- and medium-sized steelworks have replacedtheir recuperative heating furnace with regenerative furnacegradually and then HTAC technology disseminated rapidlyin China Regenerative heating furnace takes advantage ofthe regenerative chamber closely connected to the furnacebody or burner to recover sensible heat of the waste gasfrom furnace hearth [49 51] And that preheats BFG andcombustion air to about 1000∘C both Firstly it meets therequirements of metal heating process and furnace systemSecondly it reduces the energy consumption of rolling pro-cess Last but not the least it eases some surplus BFG severediffuse problems of small- andmedium-sized steelworks [52]With the expansion application scope of regenerative heatingfurnace and gas structure change of CSI after 2005 the num-ber of regenerative heating furnace fueled with pure COGor mixed gas of COG and BFG is increasing year by year

6 The Scientific World Journal

900950

1000105011001150120012501300

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24Month

Regenerative heating furnaceCombined regenerative and recuperative heating furnacePulse combustion heating furnaceEnd heating recuperative heating furnace

Spec

ific h

eat c

onsu

mpt

ion

(MJmiddottminus1)

Figure 4 Comparison of specific heat consumption of four types ofheating furnaces

For the reason of furnace design and pyrological operatingthe energy-saving effect of regenerative heating furnace isseverely affected So combined regenerative and recuperativeheating furnace and intelligent furnace control technologyemerged Figure 4 gives the comparison of specific heatconsumption among four types of heating furnaces It canbe seen from Figure 4 that specific heat consumption level isclosely related to metal heating process and furnace workingconditions It is necessary for any type of furnace to changethe operational and structural parameters when pyrologicalprocesses changes otherwise it will not receive the expectedenergy-saving effect Therefore the type of furnaces must bediverse to fit the changes in raw material and fuel conditionsand product structure

25 Energy Management and Control Technology The num-ber of EMS has increased to 30 in CSI since Baosteel built thefirst one in 1985 CSI has a plan that steelworks at 2Mt crudesteel level or more than 500000 tons of special steel will setup EMS at the end of ldquoTwelfth Five-Year Planrdquo [53 54] Thepractice shows that EMS is not a simple energy managementdepartment or a single computer data acquisition system butrather the entity for energy management and control system[55] EMS is equipped with a variety of the digital monitoringinstruments and mainframe computers presenting coal gassteam electricity technical gases (oxygen nitrogen argoncompressed air etc) water (fresh water circulating watersoft water and the exterior drainage) and other informationon the same platform It not only has the functions ofenergy flow rate monitoring energy supply and demanddisplay and energy forecasting but also can autogenerate anoptimal scheduling strategy to achieve a steady supply andefficient utilization according to the change of productionSince the beginning of the new century the majority ofEMS of CSI is in the hardware construction phase of energymeasurement network and energy flow network and only asmall number enters into the development period of offlinedecision-making and operational optimization However the

0

02

04

06

08

1

12

14

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010Year

296 205

178434

045

068

15 years 15 years Next 15 yearsEner

gy co

nsum

ptio

n(tc

emiddottminus1)

Figure 5 Change trend of energy consumption per ton of crudesteel of CSI

function of software is not fully presented Work is left to bedone to realize the dynamic energy forecasting and real-timescheduling [56 57]

3 Conclusions and Future Prospects

A dissection of the changing process of energy consumptionper ton of crude steel of CSI given in Figure 2 shows notonly differences but also similarities among different periodsFigure 5 shows the change trend of energy consumption perton of crude steel of CSI from 1980 to 2010 There is a cyclicalchange within the 30 years with 15 years as a cycle Expectfor the different average annual energy conservation rates theshape and downtrend of the two curves are the same Thefirst five years of a cycle get the fastest drop rate followedby the middle five years and the last five years have sloweddown continuously For instance the average annual energyconservation rate from 1995 to 2000 is 434 by adjustingproduction structure and optimizing manufacturing processthen the energy conservation rate dropped to 178 during2000ndash2005 and only 068 in the period 2005ndash2010

For next the 15 years or even a longer time there will besmaller space and more difficulties for CSI energy conserva-tion A third substantial drop will appear if novel theoriestechnologies and management methods come out to sup-port In the near future CSI can deepen energy conservationand push it to a new stage only through relying more heavilyon scientific and technological progress giving full play tothe advantages of efficient energy conversion and effectiveenergy use and focusing on the development of key commontechnologies suitable for CSI

(1) Using the concept of system and energy carrier [58]detailed analysis and solutions should be conducted on eachlink in the life cycle of steel products and the relationshipbetween two different links It makes each line meet therequirements of scientific energy utilization and systemsenergy conservation as much as possible To reach thesynergistic operating between material flow and energy flowseveral researches should be conducted to study how energy

The Scientific World Journal 7

consumption per ton of crude steel is influenced by ore scrapsteel coal electricity and other rawmaterials and fuels undermarket economy conditions to research the relationshipsand optimization of different links in production processat temperature composition geometry time and so forthand to study the running rules of energy flow and theconstruction and optimization of energy flownetwork in steelmanufacturing process

(2) According to the quantity quality and user demandCSI should maximize the recovery of waste heat from steelproduction processes It is best for waste heat to be directlyused in steel production processes without conversion orchanged to other kinds of energy or resources For examplesurplus gas and steam could be sent to neighboring citiesor other factories as energy resources self-used for heatingandor cooling or used for implementation of commonthermal power together with the city

(3) It is necessary to establish a new energy use evaluationcriteria evaluationmethod and energy consumption indicessystem by applying the first and second laws of thermody-namics That helps to study theoretical limit energy con-sumption per ton of crude steel which will be used to guideCSI energy conservation in the next 15 years (2011ndash2025) toreach or get close to the minimum energy consumption andbecome the worldrsquos most advanced steel industry

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare they have no conflict of interests

Acknowledgment

This work is supported by the SampT research funds of theLiaoning Provincial Education Department (L2012082)China

References

[1] J R Vehec Technology Roadmap Research Program for the SteelIndustry American Iron and Steel Institute Washington DCUSA 2010

[2] Z W Lu and A G Xie ldquoAnalysis of overall energy intensityof Chinese steel industryrdquo in Proceedings of the InternationalConference on Energy and Environment pp 198ndash202 BegellHouse Inc New York NY USA 1996

[3] Q Zhai andZ Lu ldquoPrediction on the energy intensity of chineseiron and steel enterprisesrdquo in Proceedings of the InternationalConference on Energy and Environment pp 47ndash51 ChinaMachine Press Shanghai China May 1998

[4] Z W Lu Energy Utilization in Metallurgical Industry Metallur-gical Industry Press Beijing China 1986

[5] Z W Lu and J J Cai Foundations of Systems Energy Conserva-tion Northeastern University Press Shenyang China 2010

[6] X P Zhang and Q Y Zhang ldquoDevelopment trend of worldsteel industry and the influence onChinarsquos steel industryrdquoWorldRegional Studies vol 14 no 2 pp 80ndash86 2005

[7] Q Zhang J J Cai G J Duan J J Wang and H Q LiuldquoSystem energy conservation method and technical analyses of

iron and steel industryrdquo Energy Conservation no 1 pp 35ndash372006 (Chinese)

[8] J Zhang and G Wang ldquoEnergy saving technologies and pro-ductive efficiency in the Chinese iron and steel sectorrdquo Energyvol 33 no 4 pp 525ndash537 2008

[9] Z Lu J Cai Q Yu andAXie ldquoThe influences ofmaterials flowsin steel manufacturing process on its energy intensityrdquo ActaMetallurgica Sinica vol 36 no 4 pp 370ndash378 2000 (Chinese)

[10] Q B Yu Z W Lu and J J Cai ldquoCalculating method forinfluence of material flow on energy consumption in steelmanufacturing processrdquo Journal of Iron and Steel ResearchInternational vol 14 no 2 pp 46ndash51 2007

[11] A Xie and Z Lu ldquoInfluence of structure adjustment of Chineseiron and steel industry on energy consumptionrdquo Iron and Steelvol 31 no 11 pp 53ndash70 1996 (Chinese)

[12] G Y Ma J J Cai L H Zhang and W Q Sun ldquoInfluence ofsteam recovery and consumption on energy consumption perton of steelrdquo Energy Procedia vol 14 pp 566ndash571 2012

[13] P Michaelis and T Jackson ldquoMaterial and energy flow throughthe UK iron and steel sectormdashpart 2 1994ndash2019rdquo ResourcesConservation and Recycling vol 29 no 3 pp 209ndash230 2000

[14] Y A Gudim A A Golubev S G Ovchinnikov and I YZinurov ldquoPromising technology for making steel with the useof scrap and a metallized rawmaterialrdquoMetallurgist vol 53 no3-4 pp 196ndash200 2009

[15] H Liu X Zhang M Wu et al ldquoComputational and exper-imental study of cooling process in coke dry Quenchingexperimental shaftrdquo Journal of Thermal Science vol 11 no 2pp 121ndash127 2002

[16] C MMacedo R Schaeffer and EWorrell ldquoExergy accountingof energy and material flows in steel production systemsrdquoEnergy vol 26 no 4 pp 363ndash384 2001

[17] B Lin Y Wu and L Zhang ldquoEstimates of the potential forenergy conservation in the Chinese steel industryrdquo EnergyPolicy vol 39 no 6 pp 3680ndash3689 2011

[18] Z W Lu ldquoAnalysis of the comprehensive energy consumptionper ton of steel of Chinarsquos iron and steel industryrdquo Energy forMetallurgical Industry vol 11 no 1 pp 14ndash20 1992 (Chinese)

[19] Z W Lu ldquoA brief analysis on the steel scrap resources forsteel industryrdquo in CSM Annual Meeting Proceedings pp 70ndash80Metallurgical Industry Press Beijing China 2001

[20] W Q Sun J J Cai T Du and D W Zhang ldquoSpecific energyconsumption analysis model and its application in typical steelmanufacturing processrdquo Journal of Iron and Steel ResearchInternational vol 17 no 10 pp 33ndash37 2010

[21] J J Cai J C He and Z W Lu ldquoAnalysis of energy saving andenergy consumption in Chinese steel industry for last 20 yearsand next 5 yearsrdquo Iron and Steel vol 37 no 11 pp 69ndash73 2002(Chinese)

[22] H X Jin F Z Wu and Y H Li ldquoAnalysis on energy saving forblast furnace-converter processrdquoModern Machinery no 6 pp30ndash35 2008 (Chinese)

[23] J J Cai and W Q Sun ldquoSystems energy conservation andscientific energy utilization of iron and steel industry in ChinardquoIron and Steel vol 47 no 5 pp 1ndash5 2012 (Chinese)

[24] Z W Lu Q G Zhai A G Xie J J Cai and Q S Meng ldquoPre-diction on the energy consumption of Chinese steel industryrdquoIron and Steel vol 32 no 5 pp 69ndash74 1997 (Chinese)

[25] Q C Bu Z W Lu and J J Cai ldquoAnalysis on energy con-sumption of crude steel in the ninth five-year plan in JISCOrdquoEnergy for Metallurgical Industry vol 22 no 1 pp 10ndash13 2003(Chinese)

8 The Scientific World Journal

[26] Z Lu A Xie and D Zhou ldquoMore on direction and energyconservation measures of Chinese iron and steel industryrdquo Ironand Steel vol 31 no 2 pp 54ndash58 1996 (Chinese)

[27] Z Liu J Liu and Y Wang ldquoEnergy consumption in theiron and steel industry in PR Chinardquo Energy for SustainableDevelopment vol 3 no 3 pp 18ndash24 1996

[28] X L Ma C Zhang J G Liu and H J Zhao ldquoPractice anddiscussion about the high-quality burden production inAnyangIampS Cordquo Sintering and Pelletizing vol 30 no 4 pp 56ndash59 2002(Chinese)

[29] O Movshuk ldquoRestructuring productivity and technical effi-ciency in Chinarsquos iron and steel industry 1988ndash2000rdquo Journalof Asian Economics vol 15 no 1 pp 135ndash151 2004

[30] H T Makkonen J Heino L Laitila A Hiltunen E Poylioand J Harkki ldquoOptimisation of steel plant recycling in Finlanddusts scales and sludgerdquo Resources Conservation and Recyclingvol 35 no 1-2 pp 77ndash84 2002

[31] L Song ldquoPractice of increasing power generationwith sinteringwaste heatrdquo Sintering and Pelletizing vol 33 no 2 pp 55ndash582008 (Chinese)

[32] J J Cai J J Wang C X Chen and Z W Lu ldquoRecovery ofresidual-heat integrated steelworksrdquo Iron and Steel vol 42 no6 pp 1ndash7 2007 (Chinese)

[33] J Y Gao R Z Wang and M Zhou ldquoDevelopment andapplication of dry coke quenching technology in Chinardquo Gasamp Heat vol 31 no 1 pp 4ndash7 2011 (Chinese)

[34] D Wang T Yang Z Wen et al ldquoA mathematical model foroptimized operation and control in a CDQ-Boiler systemrdquoJournal of University of Science and Technology Beijing vol 12no 5 pp 390ndash393 2005

[35] G P Ren C J Ren and Y J Wei ldquoWaste heat utilizationtechnologies and applicationrdquo Shanghai Energy Conservationno 5 pp 2ndash6 2009 (Chinese)

[36] J J Cai H Dong T Du C B Xu JW Zhou and K Lin ldquoStudyon grade recovery and cascade utilization of waste heat fromsintering-cooling processrdquo Iron and Steel vol 46 no 4 pp 88ndash92 2011 (Chinese)

[37] J Ma D G Evans R J Fuller and D F Stewart ldquoTechnicalefficiency and productivity change of Chinarsquos iron and steelindustryrdquo International Journal of Production Economics vol 76no 3 pp 293ndash312 2002

[38] Y Q Weng ldquoFurther development of coal injection and chargebeneficiation for BF promotion of energy saving consumptionreduction and structural regulation of ironmaking systemrdquo Ironand Steel vol 33 no 7 pp 1ndash4 1998 (Chinese)

[39] GQ ZhangQ F Zhang andYG Liu ldquoApplication of fluidizedbed type coal moisture control technology with coke oven fluewaste gasrdquo Fuel amp Chemical Processes vol 41 no 6 pp 9ndash112010 (Chinese)

[40] H Deng ldquoApplication of blast furnace dewetting blast technol-ogy and developmentrdquo Metallurgical Power no 4 pp 62ndash642009 (Chinese)

[41] L C Xiao Q Li Z J Ding L Xiao and B Zhu ldquoOverviewof dehydration of coal gasrdquo Journal of Hebei University (NaturalScience Edition) vol 27 no 4 pp 444ndash448 2007 (Chinese)

[42] C L Li ldquoApplication of dry dusting technique in blast furnacerdquoMetallurgical Power no 1 pp 28ndash29 2010 (Chinese)

[43] J L Tian ldquoApplication status of dry dust removal technology forblast furnace gasrdquo Energy for Metallurgical Industry vol 26 no5 pp 3ndash4 2007 (Chinese)

[44] D L Zhang Y L Mao Y L Qu and Z Wang ldquoDry-typededucting technology for converter gasrdquoWorld Steel no 5 pp51ndash59 2012 (Chinese)

[45] T S Su D N Lan R Z Liu S T Qiu L W Liu and XR Zheng ldquoThe developing direction and forecast of Chinarsquoscontinues casting technique in lsquoTenth Five-year Planrsquordquo Journalof East China University of Metallurgy vol 17 no 4 pp 271ndash2812000 (Chinese)

[46] R Y Yin ldquoDiscussion on high efficient and low cost cleansteel production platform one of the key technologies for steelindustry in 21st centuryrdquo China Metallurgy vol 20 no 10 pp1ndash10 2010 (Chinese)

[47] L Tang P B Luh J Liu and L Fang ldquoSteel-making processscheduling using Lagrangian relaxationrdquo International Journalof Production Research vol 40 no 1 pp 55ndash70 2002

[48] A H Wang J J Cai and G W Xie ldquoNumerical study offlame properties and nitrogen oxide formation in high tem-perature air combustionrdquo in Challenges of Power Engineeringand Environment Proceedings of the International Conferenceon Power Engineering 2007 pp 1376ndash1379 Zhejiang UniversityPress Springer Hangzhou China 2007

[49] WDongDesign of Advanced Industrial Furnaces UsingNumeri-cal ModelingMethod Royal Institute of Technology StockholmSweden 1999

[50] W Dong and W Blasiak ldquoStudy on mathematical modellingof highly preheated air combustionrdquo in Proceeding of the 2ndInternational High Temperature Air Combustion Symposium ppC521ndashC528 Kaohsiung Taiwan 1999

[51] N Rafidi and W Blasiak ldquoHeat transfer characteristics ofHiTAC heating furnace using regenerative burnersrdquo AppliedThermal Engineering vol 26 no 16 pp 2027ndash2034 2006

[52] I Glassman Combustion Academic Press Inc London UK1996

[53] K Fan ldquoStructure and function realization of the energymanagement and control center in Jinan Iron amp Steel Co LtdrdquoMetallurgical Industry Automation vol 35 no 2 pp 24ndash28 2011(Chinese)

[54] W M Feng and L Q Cong ldquoEnergy management system ofentire iron and steel plantrdquo Control Engineering of China vol28 no 3 pp 597ndash600 2005 (Chinese)

[55] J H Yang W Q Sun J J Cai H J Mao and R Fang ldquoDevel-opment of supply-demand balance and distribution software ofgas system for iron and steel industryrdquoProcedia Engineering vol15 pp 5143ndash5147 2011

[56] Z C Chen and P Robin ldquoEnergy management and environ-mental awareness in Chinarsquos enterprisesrdquo Energy Policy vol 28no 1 pp 49ndash63 2000

[57] H S Wang ldquoStrengthening productive forces based on infor-mation to create more benefits for enterprisesrdquo MetallurgicalIndustry Automation vol 30 no 1 pp 1ndash5 2006 (Chinese)

[58] J Cai Z Lu and T Du ldquoThe analysis of energy saving and theenergy intensity of steel industry in China for last 20 years andnext 5 yearsrdquo in Proceedings of the International Conference onEnergy and the Environment pp 37ndash42 Shanghai Scientific andTechnical Publishers Shanghai China December 2003

TribologyAdvances in

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

AerospaceEngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

FuelsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal ofPetroleum Engineering

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Industrial EngineeringJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Power ElectronicsHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Advances in

CombustionJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Renewable Energy

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

StructuresJournal of

International Journal of

RotatingMachinery

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

EnergyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom

Journal ofEngineeringVolume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal ofPhotoenergy

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Nuclear InstallationsScience and Technology of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Solar EnergyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Wind EnergyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Nuclear EnergyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

High Energy PhysicsAdvances in

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

The Scientific World Journal 5

Table 3 Variation and effect of energy consumption per ton of crude steel for CSI during 1980ndash2010

Items 1980ndash1985 1985ndash1990 1990ndash1995 1995ndash2000 2000ndash2005 2005ndash2010

Variation kgcet minus179 minus89 minus37 minus199 minus67 minus24 30 15 6 33 11 4

Direct parts kgcet minus124 minus57 minus20 minus103 minus38 minus14 69 63 55 52 57 60

Indirect parts kgcet minus55 minus33 minus17 minus96 minus29 minus10 31 37 45 48 43 40

Data in column 2005ndash2010 excluding the influence of the change of standard coal coefficient of electricity

Table 4 Data of waste heat and resource and its recovery situation of CSI

Waste resource type Technical parameter Amount of wasteresource (GJt)

Average recoveryresource (GJt) Recovery rate ()

BF top gas waste pressure 015MPandash025MPa 030 025 833LDG chemical energy 8360 kJm3 084 058 690

Waste heat High moderate andlow temperature 844 217 257

Total 958 300 313The steel ratio coefficient of iron-making process is set as 10

about 57 [38] In the 21st century the new technologiesand equipment for rawmaterial and fuel pretreatmentmainlyinclude the hot air sintering technology with circular coolerwaste gas as heat source [36] CMC technology with wastegas from coke oven as heat source [39] moisture removableblast and gas dehydration technology with recovered low-temperature stream as power source [40 41] BFG-BDC[42 43] and LDG-BDC [44] These techniques reduce themoisture in charging coal coke gas and blast furnace blowingand also provide a space for the low-temperature waste heat

23 Hot Connection Technology for Processes Interface Hotconnection technology is the connecting and matchedphysico-chemical properties control technology of materialflow between adjacent processes [45 46] Developing hotconnection technology may achieve the close connectionespecially hot connection of material and energy flow in flowrate temperature composition space time and so forth Italso promotes the stability continuity and high efficiency ofthe overall manufacturing process CSI attaches great impor-tance to hot connection technologies for process interfaceslike BF-BOF section BOF-continuous casting section andcontinuous casting to reheating furnace section [47] Andinterface technology of ldquoroute with one open ladle fromBF toBOFrdquo has been put into use in Shougang JingtangUnited Ironamp Steel Co Ltd Shagang Group and other new establishedsteel plants which receives a significant energy-saving effectThe model abolishes the traditional hot metal mixer torpedocar and pouring in steel-making workshop It also shortensthe time of hot metal pretreatment and transfer process Andthus the general layout of BF-BOF section is compactedMultiple superiorities appear like reducing heat dissipationiron loss and dust emissions So it is the exact interfacemodelthat BF-BOF section is developed towards

Finished and semifinished

product39

Waste gas37

Cooling water15

Moltenslag9

Figure 3 Waste heat resource structure of CSI

24 High-Temperature Air Combustion Technology In the1990s CSI developed regenerative flame furnace based onHTAC technology with pure BFG as fuel [48ndash50] Since 2000many small- and medium-sized steelworks have replacedtheir recuperative heating furnace with regenerative furnacegradually and then HTAC technology disseminated rapidlyin China Regenerative heating furnace takes advantage ofthe regenerative chamber closely connected to the furnacebody or burner to recover sensible heat of the waste gasfrom furnace hearth [49 51] And that preheats BFG andcombustion air to about 1000∘C both Firstly it meets therequirements of metal heating process and furnace systemSecondly it reduces the energy consumption of rolling pro-cess Last but not the least it eases some surplus BFG severediffuse problems of small- andmedium-sized steelworks [52]With the expansion application scope of regenerative heatingfurnace and gas structure change of CSI after 2005 the num-ber of regenerative heating furnace fueled with pure COGor mixed gas of COG and BFG is increasing year by year

6 The Scientific World Journal

900950

1000105011001150120012501300

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24Month

Regenerative heating furnaceCombined regenerative and recuperative heating furnacePulse combustion heating furnaceEnd heating recuperative heating furnace

Spec

ific h

eat c

onsu

mpt

ion

(MJmiddottminus1)

Figure 4 Comparison of specific heat consumption of four types ofheating furnaces

For the reason of furnace design and pyrological operatingthe energy-saving effect of regenerative heating furnace isseverely affected So combined regenerative and recuperativeheating furnace and intelligent furnace control technologyemerged Figure 4 gives the comparison of specific heatconsumption among four types of heating furnaces It canbe seen from Figure 4 that specific heat consumption level isclosely related to metal heating process and furnace workingconditions It is necessary for any type of furnace to changethe operational and structural parameters when pyrologicalprocesses changes otherwise it will not receive the expectedenergy-saving effect Therefore the type of furnaces must bediverse to fit the changes in raw material and fuel conditionsand product structure

25 Energy Management and Control Technology The num-ber of EMS has increased to 30 in CSI since Baosteel built thefirst one in 1985 CSI has a plan that steelworks at 2Mt crudesteel level or more than 500000 tons of special steel will setup EMS at the end of ldquoTwelfth Five-Year Planrdquo [53 54] Thepractice shows that EMS is not a simple energy managementdepartment or a single computer data acquisition system butrather the entity for energy management and control system[55] EMS is equipped with a variety of the digital monitoringinstruments and mainframe computers presenting coal gassteam electricity technical gases (oxygen nitrogen argoncompressed air etc) water (fresh water circulating watersoft water and the exterior drainage) and other informationon the same platform It not only has the functions ofenergy flow rate monitoring energy supply and demanddisplay and energy forecasting but also can autogenerate anoptimal scheduling strategy to achieve a steady supply andefficient utilization according to the change of productionSince the beginning of the new century the majority ofEMS of CSI is in the hardware construction phase of energymeasurement network and energy flow network and only asmall number enters into the development period of offlinedecision-making and operational optimization However the

0

02

04

06

08

1

12

14

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010Year

296 205

178434

045

068

15 years 15 years Next 15 yearsEner

gy co

nsum

ptio

n(tc

emiddottminus1)

Figure 5 Change trend of energy consumption per ton of crudesteel of CSI

function of software is not fully presented Work is left to bedone to realize the dynamic energy forecasting and real-timescheduling [56 57]

3 Conclusions and Future Prospects

A dissection of the changing process of energy consumptionper ton of crude steel of CSI given in Figure 2 shows notonly differences but also similarities among different periodsFigure 5 shows the change trend of energy consumption perton of crude steel of CSI from 1980 to 2010 There is a cyclicalchange within the 30 years with 15 years as a cycle Expectfor the different average annual energy conservation rates theshape and downtrend of the two curves are the same Thefirst five years of a cycle get the fastest drop rate followedby the middle five years and the last five years have sloweddown continuously For instance the average annual energyconservation rate from 1995 to 2000 is 434 by adjustingproduction structure and optimizing manufacturing processthen the energy conservation rate dropped to 178 during2000ndash2005 and only 068 in the period 2005ndash2010

For next the 15 years or even a longer time there will besmaller space and more difficulties for CSI energy conserva-tion A third substantial drop will appear if novel theoriestechnologies and management methods come out to sup-port In the near future CSI can deepen energy conservationand push it to a new stage only through relying more heavilyon scientific and technological progress giving full play tothe advantages of efficient energy conversion and effectiveenergy use and focusing on the development of key commontechnologies suitable for CSI

(1) Using the concept of system and energy carrier [58]detailed analysis and solutions should be conducted on eachlink in the life cycle of steel products and the relationshipbetween two different links It makes each line meet therequirements of scientific energy utilization and systemsenergy conservation as much as possible To reach thesynergistic operating between material flow and energy flowseveral researches should be conducted to study how energy

The Scientific World Journal 7

consumption per ton of crude steel is influenced by ore scrapsteel coal electricity and other rawmaterials and fuels undermarket economy conditions to research the relationshipsand optimization of different links in production processat temperature composition geometry time and so forthand to study the running rules of energy flow and theconstruction and optimization of energy flownetwork in steelmanufacturing process

(2) According to the quantity quality and user demandCSI should maximize the recovery of waste heat from steelproduction processes It is best for waste heat to be directlyused in steel production processes without conversion orchanged to other kinds of energy or resources For examplesurplus gas and steam could be sent to neighboring citiesor other factories as energy resources self-used for heatingandor cooling or used for implementation of commonthermal power together with the city

(3) It is necessary to establish a new energy use evaluationcriteria evaluationmethod and energy consumption indicessystem by applying the first and second laws of thermody-namics That helps to study theoretical limit energy con-sumption per ton of crude steel which will be used to guideCSI energy conservation in the next 15 years (2011ndash2025) toreach or get close to the minimum energy consumption andbecome the worldrsquos most advanced steel industry

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare they have no conflict of interests

Acknowledgment

This work is supported by the SampT research funds of theLiaoning Provincial Education Department (L2012082)China

References

[1] J R Vehec Technology Roadmap Research Program for the SteelIndustry American Iron and Steel Institute Washington DCUSA 2010

[2] Z W Lu and A G Xie ldquoAnalysis of overall energy intensityof Chinese steel industryrdquo in Proceedings of the InternationalConference on Energy and Environment pp 198ndash202 BegellHouse Inc New York NY USA 1996

[3] Q Zhai andZ Lu ldquoPrediction on the energy intensity of chineseiron and steel enterprisesrdquo in Proceedings of the InternationalConference on Energy and Environment pp 47ndash51 ChinaMachine Press Shanghai China May 1998

[4] Z W Lu Energy Utilization in Metallurgical Industry Metallur-gical Industry Press Beijing China 1986

[5] Z W Lu and J J Cai Foundations of Systems Energy Conserva-tion Northeastern University Press Shenyang China 2010

[6] X P Zhang and Q Y Zhang ldquoDevelopment trend of worldsteel industry and the influence onChinarsquos steel industryrdquoWorldRegional Studies vol 14 no 2 pp 80ndash86 2005

[7] Q Zhang J J Cai G J Duan J J Wang and H Q LiuldquoSystem energy conservation method and technical analyses of

iron and steel industryrdquo Energy Conservation no 1 pp 35ndash372006 (Chinese)

[8] J Zhang and G Wang ldquoEnergy saving technologies and pro-ductive efficiency in the Chinese iron and steel sectorrdquo Energyvol 33 no 4 pp 525ndash537 2008

[9] Z Lu J Cai Q Yu andAXie ldquoThe influences ofmaterials flowsin steel manufacturing process on its energy intensityrdquo ActaMetallurgica Sinica vol 36 no 4 pp 370ndash378 2000 (Chinese)

[10] Q B Yu Z W Lu and J J Cai ldquoCalculating method forinfluence of material flow on energy consumption in steelmanufacturing processrdquo Journal of Iron and Steel ResearchInternational vol 14 no 2 pp 46ndash51 2007

[11] A Xie and Z Lu ldquoInfluence of structure adjustment of Chineseiron and steel industry on energy consumptionrdquo Iron and Steelvol 31 no 11 pp 53ndash70 1996 (Chinese)

[12] G Y Ma J J Cai L H Zhang and W Q Sun ldquoInfluence ofsteam recovery and consumption on energy consumption perton of steelrdquo Energy Procedia vol 14 pp 566ndash571 2012

[13] P Michaelis and T Jackson ldquoMaterial and energy flow throughthe UK iron and steel sectormdashpart 2 1994ndash2019rdquo ResourcesConservation and Recycling vol 29 no 3 pp 209ndash230 2000

[14] Y A Gudim A A Golubev S G Ovchinnikov and I YZinurov ldquoPromising technology for making steel with the useof scrap and a metallized rawmaterialrdquoMetallurgist vol 53 no3-4 pp 196ndash200 2009

[15] H Liu X Zhang M Wu et al ldquoComputational and exper-imental study of cooling process in coke dry Quenchingexperimental shaftrdquo Journal of Thermal Science vol 11 no 2pp 121ndash127 2002

[16] C MMacedo R Schaeffer and EWorrell ldquoExergy accountingof energy and material flows in steel production systemsrdquoEnergy vol 26 no 4 pp 363ndash384 2001

[17] B Lin Y Wu and L Zhang ldquoEstimates of the potential forenergy conservation in the Chinese steel industryrdquo EnergyPolicy vol 39 no 6 pp 3680ndash3689 2011

[18] Z W Lu ldquoAnalysis of the comprehensive energy consumptionper ton of steel of Chinarsquos iron and steel industryrdquo Energy forMetallurgical Industry vol 11 no 1 pp 14ndash20 1992 (Chinese)

[19] Z W Lu ldquoA brief analysis on the steel scrap resources forsteel industryrdquo in CSM Annual Meeting Proceedings pp 70ndash80Metallurgical Industry Press Beijing China 2001

[20] W Q Sun J J Cai T Du and D W Zhang ldquoSpecific energyconsumption analysis model and its application in typical steelmanufacturing processrdquo Journal of Iron and Steel ResearchInternational vol 17 no 10 pp 33ndash37 2010

[21] J J Cai J C He and Z W Lu ldquoAnalysis of energy saving andenergy consumption in Chinese steel industry for last 20 yearsand next 5 yearsrdquo Iron and Steel vol 37 no 11 pp 69ndash73 2002(Chinese)

[22] H X Jin F Z Wu and Y H Li ldquoAnalysis on energy saving forblast furnace-converter processrdquoModern Machinery no 6 pp30ndash35 2008 (Chinese)

[23] J J Cai and W Q Sun ldquoSystems energy conservation andscientific energy utilization of iron and steel industry in ChinardquoIron and Steel vol 47 no 5 pp 1ndash5 2012 (Chinese)

[24] Z W Lu Q G Zhai A G Xie J J Cai and Q S Meng ldquoPre-diction on the energy consumption of Chinese steel industryrdquoIron and Steel vol 32 no 5 pp 69ndash74 1997 (Chinese)

[25] Q C Bu Z W Lu and J J Cai ldquoAnalysis on energy con-sumption of crude steel in the ninth five-year plan in JISCOrdquoEnergy for Metallurgical Industry vol 22 no 1 pp 10ndash13 2003(Chinese)

8 The Scientific World Journal

[26] Z Lu A Xie and D Zhou ldquoMore on direction and energyconservation measures of Chinese iron and steel industryrdquo Ironand Steel vol 31 no 2 pp 54ndash58 1996 (Chinese)

[27] Z Liu J Liu and Y Wang ldquoEnergy consumption in theiron and steel industry in PR Chinardquo Energy for SustainableDevelopment vol 3 no 3 pp 18ndash24 1996

[28] X L Ma C Zhang J G Liu and H J Zhao ldquoPractice anddiscussion about the high-quality burden production inAnyangIampS Cordquo Sintering and Pelletizing vol 30 no 4 pp 56ndash59 2002(Chinese)

[29] O Movshuk ldquoRestructuring productivity and technical effi-ciency in Chinarsquos iron and steel industry 1988ndash2000rdquo Journalof Asian Economics vol 15 no 1 pp 135ndash151 2004

[30] H T Makkonen J Heino L Laitila A Hiltunen E Poylioand J Harkki ldquoOptimisation of steel plant recycling in Finlanddusts scales and sludgerdquo Resources Conservation and Recyclingvol 35 no 1-2 pp 77ndash84 2002

[31] L Song ldquoPractice of increasing power generationwith sinteringwaste heatrdquo Sintering and Pelletizing vol 33 no 2 pp 55ndash582008 (Chinese)

[32] J J Cai J J Wang C X Chen and Z W Lu ldquoRecovery ofresidual-heat integrated steelworksrdquo Iron and Steel vol 42 no6 pp 1ndash7 2007 (Chinese)

[33] J Y Gao R Z Wang and M Zhou ldquoDevelopment andapplication of dry coke quenching technology in Chinardquo Gasamp Heat vol 31 no 1 pp 4ndash7 2011 (Chinese)

[34] D Wang T Yang Z Wen et al ldquoA mathematical model foroptimized operation and control in a CDQ-Boiler systemrdquoJournal of University of Science and Technology Beijing vol 12no 5 pp 390ndash393 2005

[35] G P Ren C J Ren and Y J Wei ldquoWaste heat utilizationtechnologies and applicationrdquo Shanghai Energy Conservationno 5 pp 2ndash6 2009 (Chinese)

[36] J J Cai H Dong T Du C B Xu JW Zhou and K Lin ldquoStudyon grade recovery and cascade utilization of waste heat fromsintering-cooling processrdquo Iron and Steel vol 46 no 4 pp 88ndash92 2011 (Chinese)

[37] J Ma D G Evans R J Fuller and D F Stewart ldquoTechnicalefficiency and productivity change of Chinarsquos iron and steelindustryrdquo International Journal of Production Economics vol 76no 3 pp 293ndash312 2002

[38] Y Q Weng ldquoFurther development of coal injection and chargebeneficiation for BF promotion of energy saving consumptionreduction and structural regulation of ironmaking systemrdquo Ironand Steel vol 33 no 7 pp 1ndash4 1998 (Chinese)

[39] GQ ZhangQ F Zhang andYG Liu ldquoApplication of fluidizedbed type coal moisture control technology with coke oven fluewaste gasrdquo Fuel amp Chemical Processes vol 41 no 6 pp 9ndash112010 (Chinese)

[40] H Deng ldquoApplication of blast furnace dewetting blast technol-ogy and developmentrdquo Metallurgical Power no 4 pp 62ndash642009 (Chinese)

[41] L C Xiao Q Li Z J Ding L Xiao and B Zhu ldquoOverviewof dehydration of coal gasrdquo Journal of Hebei University (NaturalScience Edition) vol 27 no 4 pp 444ndash448 2007 (Chinese)

[42] C L Li ldquoApplication of dry dusting technique in blast furnacerdquoMetallurgical Power no 1 pp 28ndash29 2010 (Chinese)

[43] J L Tian ldquoApplication status of dry dust removal technology forblast furnace gasrdquo Energy for Metallurgical Industry vol 26 no5 pp 3ndash4 2007 (Chinese)

[44] D L Zhang Y L Mao Y L Qu and Z Wang ldquoDry-typededucting technology for converter gasrdquoWorld Steel no 5 pp51ndash59 2012 (Chinese)

[45] T S Su D N Lan R Z Liu S T Qiu L W Liu and XR Zheng ldquoThe developing direction and forecast of Chinarsquoscontinues casting technique in lsquoTenth Five-year Planrsquordquo Journalof East China University of Metallurgy vol 17 no 4 pp 271ndash2812000 (Chinese)

[46] R Y Yin ldquoDiscussion on high efficient and low cost cleansteel production platform one of the key technologies for steelindustry in 21st centuryrdquo China Metallurgy vol 20 no 10 pp1ndash10 2010 (Chinese)

[47] L Tang P B Luh J Liu and L Fang ldquoSteel-making processscheduling using Lagrangian relaxationrdquo International Journalof Production Research vol 40 no 1 pp 55ndash70 2002

[48] A H Wang J J Cai and G W Xie ldquoNumerical study offlame properties and nitrogen oxide formation in high tem-perature air combustionrdquo in Challenges of Power Engineeringand Environment Proceedings of the International Conferenceon Power Engineering 2007 pp 1376ndash1379 Zhejiang UniversityPress Springer Hangzhou China 2007

[49] WDongDesign of Advanced Industrial Furnaces UsingNumeri-cal ModelingMethod Royal Institute of Technology StockholmSweden 1999

[50] W Dong and W Blasiak ldquoStudy on mathematical modellingof highly preheated air combustionrdquo in Proceeding of the 2ndInternational High Temperature Air Combustion Symposium ppC521ndashC528 Kaohsiung Taiwan 1999

[51] N Rafidi and W Blasiak ldquoHeat transfer characteristics ofHiTAC heating furnace using regenerative burnersrdquo AppliedThermal Engineering vol 26 no 16 pp 2027ndash2034 2006

[52] I Glassman Combustion Academic Press Inc London UK1996

[53] K Fan ldquoStructure and function realization of the energymanagement and control center in Jinan Iron amp Steel Co LtdrdquoMetallurgical Industry Automation vol 35 no 2 pp 24ndash28 2011(Chinese)

[54] W M Feng and L Q Cong ldquoEnergy management system ofentire iron and steel plantrdquo Control Engineering of China vol28 no 3 pp 597ndash600 2005 (Chinese)

[55] J H Yang W Q Sun J J Cai H J Mao and R Fang ldquoDevel-opment of supply-demand balance and distribution software ofgas system for iron and steel industryrdquoProcedia Engineering vol15 pp 5143ndash5147 2011

[56] Z C Chen and P Robin ldquoEnergy management and environ-mental awareness in Chinarsquos enterprisesrdquo Energy Policy vol 28no 1 pp 49ndash63 2000

[57] H S Wang ldquoStrengthening productive forces based on infor-mation to create more benefits for enterprisesrdquo MetallurgicalIndustry Automation vol 30 no 1 pp 1ndash5 2006 (Chinese)

[58] J Cai Z Lu and T Du ldquoThe analysis of energy saving and theenergy intensity of steel industry in China for last 20 years andnext 5 yearsrdquo in Proceedings of the International Conference onEnergy and the Environment pp 37ndash42 Shanghai Scientific andTechnical Publishers Shanghai China December 2003

TribologyAdvances in

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

AerospaceEngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

FuelsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal ofPetroleum Engineering

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Industrial EngineeringJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Power ElectronicsHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Advances in

CombustionJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Renewable Energy

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

StructuresJournal of

International Journal of

RotatingMachinery

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

EnergyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom

Journal ofEngineeringVolume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal ofPhotoenergy

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Nuclear InstallationsScience and Technology of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Solar EnergyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Wind EnergyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Nuclear EnergyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

High Energy PhysicsAdvances in

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

6 The Scientific World Journal

900950

1000105011001150120012501300

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24Month

Regenerative heating furnaceCombined regenerative and recuperative heating furnacePulse combustion heating furnaceEnd heating recuperative heating furnace

Spec

ific h

eat c

onsu

mpt

ion

(MJmiddottminus1)

Figure 4 Comparison of specific heat consumption of four types ofheating furnaces

For the reason of furnace design and pyrological operatingthe energy-saving effect of regenerative heating furnace isseverely affected So combined regenerative and recuperativeheating furnace and intelligent furnace control technologyemerged Figure 4 gives the comparison of specific heatconsumption among four types of heating furnaces It canbe seen from Figure 4 that specific heat consumption level isclosely related to metal heating process and furnace workingconditions It is necessary for any type of furnace to changethe operational and structural parameters when pyrologicalprocesses changes otherwise it will not receive the expectedenergy-saving effect Therefore the type of furnaces must bediverse to fit the changes in raw material and fuel conditionsand product structure

25 Energy Management and Control Technology The num-ber of EMS has increased to 30 in CSI since Baosteel built thefirst one in 1985 CSI has a plan that steelworks at 2Mt crudesteel level or more than 500000 tons of special steel will setup EMS at the end of ldquoTwelfth Five-Year Planrdquo [53 54] Thepractice shows that EMS is not a simple energy managementdepartment or a single computer data acquisition system butrather the entity for energy management and control system[55] EMS is equipped with a variety of the digital monitoringinstruments and mainframe computers presenting coal gassteam electricity technical gases (oxygen nitrogen argoncompressed air etc) water (fresh water circulating watersoft water and the exterior drainage) and other informationon the same platform It not only has the functions ofenergy flow rate monitoring energy supply and demanddisplay and energy forecasting but also can autogenerate anoptimal scheduling strategy to achieve a steady supply andefficient utilization according to the change of productionSince the beginning of the new century the majority ofEMS of CSI is in the hardware construction phase of energymeasurement network and energy flow network and only asmall number enters into the development period of offlinedecision-making and operational optimization However the

0

02

04

06

08

1

12

14

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010Year

296 205

178434

045

068

15 years 15 years Next 15 yearsEner

gy co

nsum

ptio

n(tc

emiddottminus1)

Figure 5 Change trend of energy consumption per ton of crudesteel of CSI

function of software is not fully presented Work is left to bedone to realize the dynamic energy forecasting and real-timescheduling [56 57]

3 Conclusions and Future Prospects

A dissection of the changing process of energy consumptionper ton of crude steel of CSI given in Figure 2 shows notonly differences but also similarities among different periodsFigure 5 shows the change trend of energy consumption perton of crude steel of CSI from 1980 to 2010 There is a cyclicalchange within the 30 years with 15 years as a cycle Expectfor the different average annual energy conservation rates theshape and downtrend of the two curves are the same Thefirst five years of a cycle get the fastest drop rate followedby the middle five years and the last five years have sloweddown continuously For instance the average annual energyconservation rate from 1995 to 2000 is 434 by adjustingproduction structure and optimizing manufacturing processthen the energy conservation rate dropped to 178 during2000ndash2005 and only 068 in the period 2005ndash2010

For next the 15 years or even a longer time there will besmaller space and more difficulties for CSI energy conserva-tion A third substantial drop will appear if novel theoriestechnologies and management methods come out to sup-port In the near future CSI can deepen energy conservationand push it to a new stage only through relying more heavilyon scientific and technological progress giving full play tothe advantages of efficient energy conversion and effectiveenergy use and focusing on the development of key commontechnologies suitable for CSI

(1) Using the concept of system and energy carrier [58]detailed analysis and solutions should be conducted on eachlink in the life cycle of steel products and the relationshipbetween two different links It makes each line meet therequirements of scientific energy utilization and systemsenergy conservation as much as possible To reach thesynergistic operating between material flow and energy flowseveral researches should be conducted to study how energy

The Scientific World Journal 7

consumption per ton of crude steel is influenced by ore scrapsteel coal electricity and other rawmaterials and fuels undermarket economy conditions to research the relationshipsand optimization of different links in production processat temperature composition geometry time and so forthand to study the running rules of energy flow and theconstruction and optimization of energy flownetwork in steelmanufacturing process

(2) According to the quantity quality and user demandCSI should maximize the recovery of waste heat from steelproduction processes It is best for waste heat to be directlyused in steel production processes without conversion orchanged to other kinds of energy or resources For examplesurplus gas and steam could be sent to neighboring citiesor other factories as energy resources self-used for heatingandor cooling or used for implementation of commonthermal power together with the city

(3) It is necessary to establish a new energy use evaluationcriteria evaluationmethod and energy consumption indicessystem by applying the first and second laws of thermody-namics That helps to study theoretical limit energy con-sumption per ton of crude steel which will be used to guideCSI energy conservation in the next 15 years (2011ndash2025) toreach or get close to the minimum energy consumption andbecome the worldrsquos most advanced steel industry

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare they have no conflict of interests

Acknowledgment

This work is supported by the SampT research funds of theLiaoning Provincial Education Department (L2012082)China

References

[1] J R Vehec Technology Roadmap Research Program for the SteelIndustry American Iron and Steel Institute Washington DCUSA 2010

[2] Z W Lu and A G Xie ldquoAnalysis of overall energy intensityof Chinese steel industryrdquo in Proceedings of the InternationalConference on Energy and Environment pp 198ndash202 BegellHouse Inc New York NY USA 1996

[3] Q Zhai andZ Lu ldquoPrediction on the energy intensity of chineseiron and steel enterprisesrdquo in Proceedings of the InternationalConference on Energy and Environment pp 47ndash51 ChinaMachine Press Shanghai China May 1998

[4] Z W Lu Energy Utilization in Metallurgical Industry Metallur-gical Industry Press Beijing China 1986

[5] Z W Lu and J J Cai Foundations of Systems Energy Conserva-tion Northeastern University Press Shenyang China 2010

[6] X P Zhang and Q Y Zhang ldquoDevelopment trend of worldsteel industry and the influence onChinarsquos steel industryrdquoWorldRegional Studies vol 14 no 2 pp 80ndash86 2005

[7] Q Zhang J J Cai G J Duan J J Wang and H Q LiuldquoSystem energy conservation method and technical analyses of

iron and steel industryrdquo Energy Conservation no 1 pp 35ndash372006 (Chinese)

[8] J Zhang and G Wang ldquoEnergy saving technologies and pro-ductive efficiency in the Chinese iron and steel sectorrdquo Energyvol 33 no 4 pp 525ndash537 2008

[9] Z Lu J Cai Q Yu andAXie ldquoThe influences ofmaterials flowsin steel manufacturing process on its energy intensityrdquo ActaMetallurgica Sinica vol 36 no 4 pp 370ndash378 2000 (Chinese)

[10] Q B Yu Z W Lu and J J Cai ldquoCalculating method forinfluence of material flow on energy consumption in steelmanufacturing processrdquo Journal of Iron and Steel ResearchInternational vol 14 no 2 pp 46ndash51 2007

[11] A Xie and Z Lu ldquoInfluence of structure adjustment of Chineseiron and steel industry on energy consumptionrdquo Iron and Steelvol 31 no 11 pp 53ndash70 1996 (Chinese)

[12] G Y Ma J J Cai L H Zhang and W Q Sun ldquoInfluence ofsteam recovery and consumption on energy consumption perton of steelrdquo Energy Procedia vol 14 pp 566ndash571 2012

[13] P Michaelis and T Jackson ldquoMaterial and energy flow throughthe UK iron and steel sectormdashpart 2 1994ndash2019rdquo ResourcesConservation and Recycling vol 29 no 3 pp 209ndash230 2000

[14] Y A Gudim A A Golubev S G Ovchinnikov and I YZinurov ldquoPromising technology for making steel with the useof scrap and a metallized rawmaterialrdquoMetallurgist vol 53 no3-4 pp 196ndash200 2009

[15] H Liu X Zhang M Wu et al ldquoComputational and exper-imental study of cooling process in coke dry Quenchingexperimental shaftrdquo Journal of Thermal Science vol 11 no 2pp 121ndash127 2002

[16] C MMacedo R Schaeffer and EWorrell ldquoExergy accountingof energy and material flows in steel production systemsrdquoEnergy vol 26 no 4 pp 363ndash384 2001

[17] B Lin Y Wu and L Zhang ldquoEstimates of the potential forenergy conservation in the Chinese steel industryrdquo EnergyPolicy vol 39 no 6 pp 3680ndash3689 2011

[18] Z W Lu ldquoAnalysis of the comprehensive energy consumptionper ton of steel of Chinarsquos iron and steel industryrdquo Energy forMetallurgical Industry vol 11 no 1 pp 14ndash20 1992 (Chinese)

[19] Z W Lu ldquoA brief analysis on the steel scrap resources forsteel industryrdquo in CSM Annual Meeting Proceedings pp 70ndash80Metallurgical Industry Press Beijing China 2001

[20] W Q Sun J J Cai T Du and D W Zhang ldquoSpecific energyconsumption analysis model and its application in typical steelmanufacturing processrdquo Journal of Iron and Steel ResearchInternational vol 17 no 10 pp 33ndash37 2010

[21] J J Cai J C He and Z W Lu ldquoAnalysis of energy saving andenergy consumption in Chinese steel industry for last 20 yearsand next 5 yearsrdquo Iron and Steel vol 37 no 11 pp 69ndash73 2002(Chinese)

[22] H X Jin F Z Wu and Y H Li ldquoAnalysis on energy saving forblast furnace-converter processrdquoModern Machinery no 6 pp30ndash35 2008 (Chinese)

[23] J J Cai and W Q Sun ldquoSystems energy conservation andscientific energy utilization of iron and steel industry in ChinardquoIron and Steel vol 47 no 5 pp 1ndash5 2012 (Chinese)

[24] Z W Lu Q G Zhai A G Xie J J Cai and Q S Meng ldquoPre-diction on the energy consumption of Chinese steel industryrdquoIron and Steel vol 32 no 5 pp 69ndash74 1997 (Chinese)

[25] Q C Bu Z W Lu and J J Cai ldquoAnalysis on energy con-sumption of crude steel in the ninth five-year plan in JISCOrdquoEnergy for Metallurgical Industry vol 22 no 1 pp 10ndash13 2003(Chinese)

8 The Scientific World Journal

[26] Z Lu A Xie and D Zhou ldquoMore on direction and energyconservation measures of Chinese iron and steel industryrdquo Ironand Steel vol 31 no 2 pp 54ndash58 1996 (Chinese)

[27] Z Liu J Liu and Y Wang ldquoEnergy consumption in theiron and steel industry in PR Chinardquo Energy for SustainableDevelopment vol 3 no 3 pp 18ndash24 1996

[28] X L Ma C Zhang J G Liu and H J Zhao ldquoPractice anddiscussion about the high-quality burden production inAnyangIampS Cordquo Sintering and Pelletizing vol 30 no 4 pp 56ndash59 2002(Chinese)

[29] O Movshuk ldquoRestructuring productivity and technical effi-ciency in Chinarsquos iron and steel industry 1988ndash2000rdquo Journalof Asian Economics vol 15 no 1 pp 135ndash151 2004

[30] H T Makkonen J Heino L Laitila A Hiltunen E Poylioand J Harkki ldquoOptimisation of steel plant recycling in Finlanddusts scales and sludgerdquo Resources Conservation and Recyclingvol 35 no 1-2 pp 77ndash84 2002

[31] L Song ldquoPractice of increasing power generationwith sinteringwaste heatrdquo Sintering and Pelletizing vol 33 no 2 pp 55ndash582008 (Chinese)

[32] J J Cai J J Wang C X Chen and Z W Lu ldquoRecovery ofresidual-heat integrated steelworksrdquo Iron and Steel vol 42 no6 pp 1ndash7 2007 (Chinese)

[33] J Y Gao R Z Wang and M Zhou ldquoDevelopment andapplication of dry coke quenching technology in Chinardquo Gasamp Heat vol 31 no 1 pp 4ndash7 2011 (Chinese)

[34] D Wang T Yang Z Wen et al ldquoA mathematical model foroptimized operation and control in a CDQ-Boiler systemrdquoJournal of University of Science and Technology Beijing vol 12no 5 pp 390ndash393 2005

[35] G P Ren C J Ren and Y J Wei ldquoWaste heat utilizationtechnologies and applicationrdquo Shanghai Energy Conservationno 5 pp 2ndash6 2009 (Chinese)

[36] J J Cai H Dong T Du C B Xu JW Zhou and K Lin ldquoStudyon grade recovery and cascade utilization of waste heat fromsintering-cooling processrdquo Iron and Steel vol 46 no 4 pp 88ndash92 2011 (Chinese)

[37] J Ma D G Evans R J Fuller and D F Stewart ldquoTechnicalefficiency and productivity change of Chinarsquos iron and steelindustryrdquo International Journal of Production Economics vol 76no 3 pp 293ndash312 2002

[38] Y Q Weng ldquoFurther development of coal injection and chargebeneficiation for BF promotion of energy saving consumptionreduction and structural regulation of ironmaking systemrdquo Ironand Steel vol 33 no 7 pp 1ndash4 1998 (Chinese)

[39] GQ ZhangQ F Zhang andYG Liu ldquoApplication of fluidizedbed type coal moisture control technology with coke oven fluewaste gasrdquo Fuel amp Chemical Processes vol 41 no 6 pp 9ndash112010 (Chinese)

[40] H Deng ldquoApplication of blast furnace dewetting blast technol-ogy and developmentrdquo Metallurgical Power no 4 pp 62ndash642009 (Chinese)

[41] L C Xiao Q Li Z J Ding L Xiao and B Zhu ldquoOverviewof dehydration of coal gasrdquo Journal of Hebei University (NaturalScience Edition) vol 27 no 4 pp 444ndash448 2007 (Chinese)

[42] C L Li ldquoApplication of dry dusting technique in blast furnacerdquoMetallurgical Power no 1 pp 28ndash29 2010 (Chinese)

[43] J L Tian ldquoApplication status of dry dust removal technology forblast furnace gasrdquo Energy for Metallurgical Industry vol 26 no5 pp 3ndash4 2007 (Chinese)

[44] D L Zhang Y L Mao Y L Qu and Z Wang ldquoDry-typededucting technology for converter gasrdquoWorld Steel no 5 pp51ndash59 2012 (Chinese)

[45] T S Su D N Lan R Z Liu S T Qiu L W Liu and XR Zheng ldquoThe developing direction and forecast of Chinarsquoscontinues casting technique in lsquoTenth Five-year Planrsquordquo Journalof East China University of Metallurgy vol 17 no 4 pp 271ndash2812000 (Chinese)

[46] R Y Yin ldquoDiscussion on high efficient and low cost cleansteel production platform one of the key technologies for steelindustry in 21st centuryrdquo China Metallurgy vol 20 no 10 pp1ndash10 2010 (Chinese)

[47] L Tang P B Luh J Liu and L Fang ldquoSteel-making processscheduling using Lagrangian relaxationrdquo International Journalof Production Research vol 40 no 1 pp 55ndash70 2002

[48] A H Wang J J Cai and G W Xie ldquoNumerical study offlame properties and nitrogen oxide formation in high tem-perature air combustionrdquo in Challenges of Power Engineeringand Environment Proceedings of the International Conferenceon Power Engineering 2007 pp 1376ndash1379 Zhejiang UniversityPress Springer Hangzhou China 2007

[49] WDongDesign of Advanced Industrial Furnaces UsingNumeri-cal ModelingMethod Royal Institute of Technology StockholmSweden 1999

[50] W Dong and W Blasiak ldquoStudy on mathematical modellingof highly preheated air combustionrdquo in Proceeding of the 2ndInternational High Temperature Air Combustion Symposium ppC521ndashC528 Kaohsiung Taiwan 1999

[51] N Rafidi and W Blasiak ldquoHeat transfer characteristics ofHiTAC heating furnace using regenerative burnersrdquo AppliedThermal Engineering vol 26 no 16 pp 2027ndash2034 2006

[52] I Glassman Combustion Academic Press Inc London UK1996

[53] K Fan ldquoStructure and function realization of the energymanagement and control center in Jinan Iron amp Steel Co LtdrdquoMetallurgical Industry Automation vol 35 no 2 pp 24ndash28 2011(Chinese)

[54] W M Feng and L Q Cong ldquoEnergy management system ofentire iron and steel plantrdquo Control Engineering of China vol28 no 3 pp 597ndash600 2005 (Chinese)

[55] J H Yang W Q Sun J J Cai H J Mao and R Fang ldquoDevel-opment of supply-demand balance and distribution software ofgas system for iron and steel industryrdquoProcedia Engineering vol15 pp 5143ndash5147 2011

[56] Z C Chen and P Robin ldquoEnergy management and environ-mental awareness in Chinarsquos enterprisesrdquo Energy Policy vol 28no 1 pp 49ndash63 2000

[57] H S Wang ldquoStrengthening productive forces based on infor-mation to create more benefits for enterprisesrdquo MetallurgicalIndustry Automation vol 30 no 1 pp 1ndash5 2006 (Chinese)

[58] J Cai Z Lu and T Du ldquoThe analysis of energy saving and theenergy intensity of steel industry in China for last 20 years andnext 5 yearsrdquo in Proceedings of the International Conference onEnergy and the Environment pp 37ndash42 Shanghai Scientific andTechnical Publishers Shanghai China December 2003

TribologyAdvances in

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

AerospaceEngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

FuelsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal ofPetroleum Engineering

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Industrial EngineeringJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Power ElectronicsHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Advances in

CombustionJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Renewable Energy

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

StructuresJournal of

International Journal of

RotatingMachinery

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

EnergyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom

Journal ofEngineeringVolume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal ofPhotoenergy

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Nuclear InstallationsScience and Technology of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Solar EnergyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Wind EnergyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Nuclear EnergyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

High Energy PhysicsAdvances in

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

The Scientific World Journal 7

consumption per ton of crude steel is influenced by ore scrapsteel coal electricity and other rawmaterials and fuels undermarket economy conditions to research the relationshipsand optimization of different links in production processat temperature composition geometry time and so forthand to study the running rules of energy flow and theconstruction and optimization of energy flownetwork in steelmanufacturing process

(2) According to the quantity quality and user demandCSI should maximize the recovery of waste heat from steelproduction processes It is best for waste heat to be directlyused in steel production processes without conversion orchanged to other kinds of energy or resources For examplesurplus gas and steam could be sent to neighboring citiesor other factories as energy resources self-used for heatingandor cooling or used for implementation of commonthermal power together with the city

(3) It is necessary to establish a new energy use evaluationcriteria evaluationmethod and energy consumption indicessystem by applying the first and second laws of thermody-namics That helps to study theoretical limit energy con-sumption per ton of crude steel which will be used to guideCSI energy conservation in the next 15 years (2011ndash2025) toreach or get close to the minimum energy consumption andbecome the worldrsquos most advanced steel industry

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare they have no conflict of interests

Acknowledgment

This work is supported by the SampT research funds of theLiaoning Provincial Education Department (L2012082)China

References

[1] J R Vehec Technology Roadmap Research Program for the SteelIndustry American Iron and Steel Institute Washington DCUSA 2010

[2] Z W Lu and A G Xie ldquoAnalysis of overall energy intensityof Chinese steel industryrdquo in Proceedings of the InternationalConference on Energy and Environment pp 198ndash202 BegellHouse Inc New York NY USA 1996

[3] Q Zhai andZ Lu ldquoPrediction on the energy intensity of chineseiron and steel enterprisesrdquo in Proceedings of the InternationalConference on Energy and Environment pp 47ndash51 ChinaMachine Press Shanghai China May 1998

[4] Z W Lu Energy Utilization in Metallurgical Industry Metallur-gical Industry Press Beijing China 1986

[5] Z W Lu and J J Cai Foundations of Systems Energy Conserva-tion Northeastern University Press Shenyang China 2010

[6] X P Zhang and Q Y Zhang ldquoDevelopment trend of worldsteel industry and the influence onChinarsquos steel industryrdquoWorldRegional Studies vol 14 no 2 pp 80ndash86 2005

[7] Q Zhang J J Cai G J Duan J J Wang and H Q LiuldquoSystem energy conservation method and technical analyses of

iron and steel industryrdquo Energy Conservation no 1 pp 35ndash372006 (Chinese)

[8] J Zhang and G Wang ldquoEnergy saving technologies and pro-ductive efficiency in the Chinese iron and steel sectorrdquo Energyvol 33 no 4 pp 525ndash537 2008

[9] Z Lu J Cai Q Yu andAXie ldquoThe influences ofmaterials flowsin steel manufacturing process on its energy intensityrdquo ActaMetallurgica Sinica vol 36 no 4 pp 370ndash378 2000 (Chinese)

[10] Q B Yu Z W Lu and J J Cai ldquoCalculating method forinfluence of material flow on energy consumption in steelmanufacturing processrdquo Journal of Iron and Steel ResearchInternational vol 14 no 2 pp 46ndash51 2007

[11] A Xie and Z Lu ldquoInfluence of structure adjustment of Chineseiron and steel industry on energy consumptionrdquo Iron and Steelvol 31 no 11 pp 53ndash70 1996 (Chinese)

[12] G Y Ma J J Cai L H Zhang and W Q Sun ldquoInfluence ofsteam recovery and consumption on energy consumption perton of steelrdquo Energy Procedia vol 14 pp 566ndash571 2012

[13] P Michaelis and T Jackson ldquoMaterial and energy flow throughthe UK iron and steel sectormdashpart 2 1994ndash2019rdquo ResourcesConservation and Recycling vol 29 no 3 pp 209ndash230 2000

[14] Y A Gudim A A Golubev S G Ovchinnikov and I YZinurov ldquoPromising technology for making steel with the useof scrap and a metallized rawmaterialrdquoMetallurgist vol 53 no3-4 pp 196ndash200 2009

[15] H Liu X Zhang M Wu et al ldquoComputational and exper-imental study of cooling process in coke dry Quenchingexperimental shaftrdquo Journal of Thermal Science vol 11 no 2pp 121ndash127 2002

[16] C MMacedo R Schaeffer and EWorrell ldquoExergy accountingof energy and material flows in steel production systemsrdquoEnergy vol 26 no 4 pp 363ndash384 2001

[17] B Lin Y Wu and L Zhang ldquoEstimates of the potential forenergy conservation in the Chinese steel industryrdquo EnergyPolicy vol 39 no 6 pp 3680ndash3689 2011

[18] Z W Lu ldquoAnalysis of the comprehensive energy consumptionper ton of steel of Chinarsquos iron and steel industryrdquo Energy forMetallurgical Industry vol 11 no 1 pp 14ndash20 1992 (Chinese)

[19] Z W Lu ldquoA brief analysis on the steel scrap resources forsteel industryrdquo in CSM Annual Meeting Proceedings pp 70ndash80Metallurgical Industry Press Beijing China 2001

[20] W Q Sun J J Cai T Du and D W Zhang ldquoSpecific energyconsumption analysis model and its application in typical steelmanufacturing processrdquo Journal of Iron and Steel ResearchInternational vol 17 no 10 pp 33ndash37 2010

[21] J J Cai J C He and Z W Lu ldquoAnalysis of energy saving andenergy consumption in Chinese steel industry for last 20 yearsand next 5 yearsrdquo Iron and Steel vol 37 no 11 pp 69ndash73 2002(Chinese)

[22] H X Jin F Z Wu and Y H Li ldquoAnalysis on energy saving forblast furnace-converter processrdquoModern Machinery no 6 pp30ndash35 2008 (Chinese)

[23] J J Cai and W Q Sun ldquoSystems energy conservation andscientific energy utilization of iron and steel industry in ChinardquoIron and Steel vol 47 no 5 pp 1ndash5 2012 (Chinese)

[24] Z W Lu Q G Zhai A G Xie J J Cai and Q S Meng ldquoPre-diction on the energy consumption of Chinese steel industryrdquoIron and Steel vol 32 no 5 pp 69ndash74 1997 (Chinese)

[25] Q C Bu Z W Lu and J J Cai ldquoAnalysis on energy con-sumption of crude steel in the ninth five-year plan in JISCOrdquoEnergy for Metallurgical Industry vol 22 no 1 pp 10ndash13 2003(Chinese)

8 The Scientific World Journal

[26] Z Lu A Xie and D Zhou ldquoMore on direction and energyconservation measures of Chinese iron and steel industryrdquo Ironand Steel vol 31 no 2 pp 54ndash58 1996 (Chinese)

[27] Z Liu J Liu and Y Wang ldquoEnergy consumption in theiron and steel industry in PR Chinardquo Energy for SustainableDevelopment vol 3 no 3 pp 18ndash24 1996

[28] X L Ma C Zhang J G Liu and H J Zhao ldquoPractice anddiscussion about the high-quality burden production inAnyangIampS Cordquo Sintering and Pelletizing vol 30 no 4 pp 56ndash59 2002(Chinese)

[29] O Movshuk ldquoRestructuring productivity and technical effi-ciency in Chinarsquos iron and steel industry 1988ndash2000rdquo Journalof Asian Economics vol 15 no 1 pp 135ndash151 2004

[30] H T Makkonen J Heino L Laitila A Hiltunen E Poylioand J Harkki ldquoOptimisation of steel plant recycling in Finlanddusts scales and sludgerdquo Resources Conservation and Recyclingvol 35 no 1-2 pp 77ndash84 2002

[31] L Song ldquoPractice of increasing power generationwith sinteringwaste heatrdquo Sintering and Pelletizing vol 33 no 2 pp 55ndash582008 (Chinese)

[32] J J Cai J J Wang C X Chen and Z W Lu ldquoRecovery ofresidual-heat integrated steelworksrdquo Iron and Steel vol 42 no6 pp 1ndash7 2007 (Chinese)

[33] J Y Gao R Z Wang and M Zhou ldquoDevelopment andapplication of dry coke quenching technology in Chinardquo Gasamp Heat vol 31 no 1 pp 4ndash7 2011 (Chinese)

[34] D Wang T Yang Z Wen et al ldquoA mathematical model foroptimized operation and control in a CDQ-Boiler systemrdquoJournal of University of Science and Technology Beijing vol 12no 5 pp 390ndash393 2005

[35] G P Ren C J Ren and Y J Wei ldquoWaste heat utilizationtechnologies and applicationrdquo Shanghai Energy Conservationno 5 pp 2ndash6 2009 (Chinese)

[36] J J Cai H Dong T Du C B Xu JW Zhou and K Lin ldquoStudyon grade recovery and cascade utilization of waste heat fromsintering-cooling processrdquo Iron and Steel vol 46 no 4 pp 88ndash92 2011 (Chinese)

[37] J Ma D G Evans R J Fuller and D F Stewart ldquoTechnicalefficiency and productivity change of Chinarsquos iron and steelindustryrdquo International Journal of Production Economics vol 76no 3 pp 293ndash312 2002

[38] Y Q Weng ldquoFurther development of coal injection and chargebeneficiation for BF promotion of energy saving consumptionreduction and structural regulation of ironmaking systemrdquo Ironand Steel vol 33 no 7 pp 1ndash4 1998 (Chinese)

[39] GQ ZhangQ F Zhang andYG Liu ldquoApplication of fluidizedbed type coal moisture control technology with coke oven fluewaste gasrdquo Fuel amp Chemical Processes vol 41 no 6 pp 9ndash112010 (Chinese)

[40] H Deng ldquoApplication of blast furnace dewetting blast technol-ogy and developmentrdquo Metallurgical Power no 4 pp 62ndash642009 (Chinese)

[41] L C Xiao Q Li Z J Ding L Xiao and B Zhu ldquoOverviewof dehydration of coal gasrdquo Journal of Hebei University (NaturalScience Edition) vol 27 no 4 pp 444ndash448 2007 (Chinese)

[42] C L Li ldquoApplication of dry dusting technique in blast furnacerdquoMetallurgical Power no 1 pp 28ndash29 2010 (Chinese)

[43] J L Tian ldquoApplication status of dry dust removal technology forblast furnace gasrdquo Energy for Metallurgical Industry vol 26 no5 pp 3ndash4 2007 (Chinese)

[44] D L Zhang Y L Mao Y L Qu and Z Wang ldquoDry-typededucting technology for converter gasrdquoWorld Steel no 5 pp51ndash59 2012 (Chinese)

[45] T S Su D N Lan R Z Liu S T Qiu L W Liu and XR Zheng ldquoThe developing direction and forecast of Chinarsquoscontinues casting technique in lsquoTenth Five-year Planrsquordquo Journalof East China University of Metallurgy vol 17 no 4 pp 271ndash2812000 (Chinese)

[46] R Y Yin ldquoDiscussion on high efficient and low cost cleansteel production platform one of the key technologies for steelindustry in 21st centuryrdquo China Metallurgy vol 20 no 10 pp1ndash10 2010 (Chinese)

[47] L Tang P B Luh J Liu and L Fang ldquoSteel-making processscheduling using Lagrangian relaxationrdquo International Journalof Production Research vol 40 no 1 pp 55ndash70 2002

[48] A H Wang J J Cai and G W Xie ldquoNumerical study offlame properties and nitrogen oxide formation in high tem-perature air combustionrdquo in Challenges of Power Engineeringand Environment Proceedings of the International Conferenceon Power Engineering 2007 pp 1376ndash1379 Zhejiang UniversityPress Springer Hangzhou China 2007

[49] WDongDesign of Advanced Industrial Furnaces UsingNumeri-cal ModelingMethod Royal Institute of Technology StockholmSweden 1999

[50] W Dong and W Blasiak ldquoStudy on mathematical modellingof highly preheated air combustionrdquo in Proceeding of the 2ndInternational High Temperature Air Combustion Symposium ppC521ndashC528 Kaohsiung Taiwan 1999

[51] N Rafidi and W Blasiak ldquoHeat transfer characteristics ofHiTAC heating furnace using regenerative burnersrdquo AppliedThermal Engineering vol 26 no 16 pp 2027ndash2034 2006

[52] I Glassman Combustion Academic Press Inc London UK1996

[53] K Fan ldquoStructure and function realization of the energymanagement and control center in Jinan Iron amp Steel Co LtdrdquoMetallurgical Industry Automation vol 35 no 2 pp 24ndash28 2011(Chinese)

[54] W M Feng and L Q Cong ldquoEnergy management system ofentire iron and steel plantrdquo Control Engineering of China vol28 no 3 pp 597ndash600 2005 (Chinese)

[55] J H Yang W Q Sun J J Cai H J Mao and R Fang ldquoDevel-opment of supply-demand balance and distribution software ofgas system for iron and steel industryrdquoProcedia Engineering vol15 pp 5143ndash5147 2011

[56] Z C Chen and P Robin ldquoEnergy management and environ-mental awareness in Chinarsquos enterprisesrdquo Energy Policy vol 28no 1 pp 49ndash63 2000

[57] H S Wang ldquoStrengthening productive forces based on infor-mation to create more benefits for enterprisesrdquo MetallurgicalIndustry Automation vol 30 no 1 pp 1ndash5 2006 (Chinese)

[58] J Cai Z Lu and T Du ldquoThe analysis of energy saving and theenergy intensity of steel industry in China for last 20 years andnext 5 yearsrdquo in Proceedings of the International Conference onEnergy and the Environment pp 37ndash42 Shanghai Scientific andTechnical Publishers Shanghai China December 2003

TribologyAdvances in

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

AerospaceEngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

FuelsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal ofPetroleum Engineering

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Industrial EngineeringJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Power ElectronicsHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Advances in

CombustionJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Renewable Energy

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

StructuresJournal of

International Journal of

RotatingMachinery

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

EnergyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom

Journal ofEngineeringVolume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal ofPhotoenergy

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Nuclear InstallationsScience and Technology of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Solar EnergyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Wind EnergyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Nuclear EnergyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

High Energy PhysicsAdvances in

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

8 The Scientific World Journal

[26] Z Lu A Xie and D Zhou ldquoMore on direction and energyconservation measures of Chinese iron and steel industryrdquo Ironand Steel vol 31 no 2 pp 54ndash58 1996 (Chinese)

[27] Z Liu J Liu and Y Wang ldquoEnergy consumption in theiron and steel industry in PR Chinardquo Energy for SustainableDevelopment vol 3 no 3 pp 18ndash24 1996

[28] X L Ma C Zhang J G Liu and H J Zhao ldquoPractice anddiscussion about the high-quality burden production inAnyangIampS Cordquo Sintering and Pelletizing vol 30 no 4 pp 56ndash59 2002(Chinese)

[29] O Movshuk ldquoRestructuring productivity and technical effi-ciency in Chinarsquos iron and steel industry 1988ndash2000rdquo Journalof Asian Economics vol 15 no 1 pp 135ndash151 2004

[30] H T Makkonen J Heino L Laitila A Hiltunen E Poylioand J Harkki ldquoOptimisation of steel plant recycling in Finlanddusts scales and sludgerdquo Resources Conservation and Recyclingvol 35 no 1-2 pp 77ndash84 2002

[31] L Song ldquoPractice of increasing power generationwith sinteringwaste heatrdquo Sintering and Pelletizing vol 33 no 2 pp 55ndash582008 (Chinese)

[32] J J Cai J J Wang C X Chen and Z W Lu ldquoRecovery ofresidual-heat integrated steelworksrdquo Iron and Steel vol 42 no6 pp 1ndash7 2007 (Chinese)

[33] J Y Gao R Z Wang and M Zhou ldquoDevelopment andapplication of dry coke quenching technology in Chinardquo Gasamp Heat vol 31 no 1 pp 4ndash7 2011 (Chinese)

[34] D Wang T Yang Z Wen et al ldquoA mathematical model foroptimized operation and control in a CDQ-Boiler systemrdquoJournal of University of Science and Technology Beijing vol 12no 5 pp 390ndash393 2005

[35] G P Ren C J Ren and Y J Wei ldquoWaste heat utilizationtechnologies and applicationrdquo Shanghai Energy Conservationno 5 pp 2ndash6 2009 (Chinese)

[36] J J Cai H Dong T Du C B Xu JW Zhou and K Lin ldquoStudyon grade recovery and cascade utilization of waste heat fromsintering-cooling processrdquo Iron and Steel vol 46 no 4 pp 88ndash92 2011 (Chinese)

[37] J Ma D G Evans R J Fuller and D F Stewart ldquoTechnicalefficiency and productivity change of Chinarsquos iron and steelindustryrdquo International Journal of Production Economics vol 76no 3 pp 293ndash312 2002

[38] Y Q Weng ldquoFurther development of coal injection and chargebeneficiation for BF promotion of energy saving consumptionreduction and structural regulation of ironmaking systemrdquo Ironand Steel vol 33 no 7 pp 1ndash4 1998 (Chinese)

[39] GQ ZhangQ F Zhang andYG Liu ldquoApplication of fluidizedbed type coal moisture control technology with coke oven fluewaste gasrdquo Fuel amp Chemical Processes vol 41 no 6 pp 9ndash112010 (Chinese)

[40] H Deng ldquoApplication of blast furnace dewetting blast technol-ogy and developmentrdquo Metallurgical Power no 4 pp 62ndash642009 (Chinese)

[41] L C Xiao Q Li Z J Ding L Xiao and B Zhu ldquoOverviewof dehydration of coal gasrdquo Journal of Hebei University (NaturalScience Edition) vol 27 no 4 pp 444ndash448 2007 (Chinese)

[42] C L Li ldquoApplication of dry dusting technique in blast furnacerdquoMetallurgical Power no 1 pp 28ndash29 2010 (Chinese)

[43] J L Tian ldquoApplication status of dry dust removal technology forblast furnace gasrdquo Energy for Metallurgical Industry vol 26 no5 pp 3ndash4 2007 (Chinese)

[44] D L Zhang Y L Mao Y L Qu and Z Wang ldquoDry-typededucting technology for converter gasrdquoWorld Steel no 5 pp51ndash59 2012 (Chinese)

[45] T S Su D N Lan R Z Liu S T Qiu L W Liu and XR Zheng ldquoThe developing direction and forecast of Chinarsquoscontinues casting technique in lsquoTenth Five-year Planrsquordquo Journalof East China University of Metallurgy vol 17 no 4 pp 271ndash2812000 (Chinese)

[46] R Y Yin ldquoDiscussion on high efficient and low cost cleansteel production platform one of the key technologies for steelindustry in 21st centuryrdquo China Metallurgy vol 20 no 10 pp1ndash10 2010 (Chinese)

[47] L Tang P B Luh J Liu and L Fang ldquoSteel-making processscheduling using Lagrangian relaxationrdquo International Journalof Production Research vol 40 no 1 pp 55ndash70 2002

[48] A H Wang J J Cai and G W Xie ldquoNumerical study offlame properties and nitrogen oxide formation in high tem-perature air combustionrdquo in Challenges of Power Engineeringand Environment Proceedings of the International Conferenceon Power Engineering 2007 pp 1376ndash1379 Zhejiang UniversityPress Springer Hangzhou China 2007

[49] WDongDesign of Advanced Industrial Furnaces UsingNumeri-cal ModelingMethod Royal Institute of Technology StockholmSweden 1999

[50] W Dong and W Blasiak ldquoStudy on mathematical modellingof highly preheated air combustionrdquo in Proceeding of the 2ndInternational High Temperature Air Combustion Symposium ppC521ndashC528 Kaohsiung Taiwan 1999

[51] N Rafidi and W Blasiak ldquoHeat transfer characteristics ofHiTAC heating furnace using regenerative burnersrdquo AppliedThermal Engineering vol 26 no 16 pp 2027ndash2034 2006

[52] I Glassman Combustion Academic Press Inc London UK1996

[53] K Fan ldquoStructure and function realization of the energymanagement and control center in Jinan Iron amp Steel Co LtdrdquoMetallurgical Industry Automation vol 35 no 2 pp 24ndash28 2011(Chinese)

[54] W M Feng and L Q Cong ldquoEnergy management system ofentire iron and steel plantrdquo Control Engineering of China vol28 no 3 pp 597ndash600 2005 (Chinese)

[55] J H Yang W Q Sun J J Cai H J Mao and R Fang ldquoDevel-opment of supply-demand balance and distribution software ofgas system for iron and steel industryrdquoProcedia Engineering vol15 pp 5143ndash5147 2011

[56] Z C Chen and P Robin ldquoEnergy management and environ-mental awareness in Chinarsquos enterprisesrdquo Energy Policy vol 28no 1 pp 49ndash63 2000

[57] H S Wang ldquoStrengthening productive forces based on infor-mation to create more benefits for enterprisesrdquo MetallurgicalIndustry Automation vol 30 no 1 pp 1ndash5 2006 (Chinese)

[58] J Cai Z Lu and T Du ldquoThe analysis of energy saving and theenergy intensity of steel industry in China for last 20 years andnext 5 yearsrdquo in Proceedings of the International Conference onEnergy and the Environment pp 37ndash42 Shanghai Scientific andTechnical Publishers Shanghai China December 2003

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Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

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FuelsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal ofPetroleum Engineering

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Industrial EngineeringJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Power ElectronicsHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Advances in

CombustionJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Renewable Energy

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

StructuresJournal of

International Journal of

RotatingMachinery

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

EnergyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom

Journal ofEngineeringVolume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal ofPhotoenergy

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Nuclear InstallationsScience and Technology of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Solar EnergyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Wind EnergyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Nuclear EnergyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

High Energy PhysicsAdvances in

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

TribologyAdvances in

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

AerospaceEngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

FuelsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal ofPetroleum Engineering

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Industrial EngineeringJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Power ElectronicsHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Advances in

CombustionJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Renewable Energy

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

StructuresJournal of

International Journal of

RotatingMachinery

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

EnergyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom

Journal ofEngineeringVolume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal ofPhotoenergy

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Nuclear InstallationsScience and Technology of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Solar EnergyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Wind EnergyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Nuclear EnergyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

High Energy PhysicsAdvances in

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014