Weitang Song

China Agricultural University (CAU),Professor

Technology Advances in Protected Horticulture

1. Introduction

2. Chinese Solar Greenhouse

3. Conclusion

Contents

1. Introduction

Areas of Protected Horticulture in China （ 104 ha）

Year Sum Small

Arch ShedBig and

Middle Shed

Energy-saving Solar

Greenhouse

General Solar Greenhouse

Heating Greenhouse

Multi-span Greenhouse

1978 0.53 0.37 0.13 0.03 / / /

1982 1.04 0.71 0.18 0.11 0.04 / / 1984 3.16 2.17 0.55 0.01 0.31 0.12 /

1986 7.92 5.39 1.37 0.06 0.85 0.25 / 1988 12.00 7.87 2.15 0.22 1.43 0.33 /

1990 15.67 9.66 3.34 0.75 1.53 0.40 / 1992 24.35 14.33 5.73 2.22 1.57 0.51 /

1994 43.46 22.31 10.67 6.29 3.63 0.55 / 1996 83.81 37.57 25.59 12.53 7.16 0.97 0.01

1998 138.80 54.66 52.26 20.71 8.71 2.52 0.07 2000 183.27 69.12 71.27 28.35 11.68 2.85 0.13

2002 210.63 75.81 82.46 38.31 11.67 2.38 0.11 2004 257.70 98.87 106.65 39.19 10.78 1.47 0.73

2006 274.15 107.62 109.07 45.38 9.55 1.77 0.77

2008 334.67 127.88 130.21 61.77 11.57 1.93 1.31 2010 362.7 131.5 145.5 69.9 11.7 2.3 1.8

2012 379.1 132.3 148.3 80.5 12.3 3.5 2.1

35%

39%

21%

3% 1%1%

小拱棚 大中棚 节能日光温室 普通日光温室 加温温室 连栋温室

1 2 3 4 5 6

Small Arch Shed

Big and MiddleShed

Energy-saving Solar Greenhouse

General Solar Greenhouse

Heating Greenhouse

Multi-span Greenhouse

Crop Distribution of Protected Horticulture(104 ha)

Year Sum Percen-

-tage(%)

Small Arch Shed

Big and Middle Shed

Energy-saving Solar Greenhouse

General Solar

Greenhouse

Heating Greenhouse

Multi-span Greenhouse

2008 350 　 130 139 64 12 2.4 1.7

Vegetables 335 95.6 127 130 62 10 1.9 1.3

Orchards 9 2.6 7 5 1 1.6 0.1 　

Flowers 6 1.8 3 4 1 0.4 0.4 　

2010 363 　 131 145 70 12 2.3 1.8

Vegetables 344 94.9 128 134 66 11 1.8 1.3

Orchards 10 2.6 7 5 2 0.7 0.2 　

Flowers 9 2.5 3 6 2 0.3 0.3 　

2012 379 　 132 148 80 12 3.5 2

Vegetables 359 94.5 129 136 77 11 2 1.5

Orchards 11 2.9 7 8 2 0.6 0.9 　

Flowers 9 2.6 3 4 1 0.4 0.6 　

Regional distribution of Protected Vegetables

Bohai Bay and Huang-Huai Area

The middle and lower reaches of Changjiang River

Northwest Region Other

Achievement

Ensure whole-year vegetable supply:National output of protected vegetable is 2.5 hundred

million, with per capita 185.66 kg. Promote employment and increase farmer income: Incept 27 million employees directly and 15 million

employees in related industry. Net output of protected

vegetable was more than 580 billion RMB in 2010. Improve the status of protected vegetable industry: Utilizing 3.1% farmland, protected vegetable industry

accounts for 25% of output.

Features Low-carbon and energy-saving:Eight hundred hectares of Energy-saving Solar Greenhouse can save

300 million tons of coal every year, which is equivalent to reduction of 800

million tons CO2, 2.6 million tons SO2 and 2.2 million tons NOx emissions.

Low cost and simple facilities:Shed with bamboo-wood frame accounts for more than 60%, and Energy-

saving Solar Greenhouse with bamboo-wood and mud wall frame

accounts for 60%.

Mainly located in area with the lowest tepm.0~-25 oC：Bohai Bay, Huang Huai Area, The middle and lower reaches of

Changjiang River, Northwest Region accounts for 88%, Solar

Greenhouse is located mainly in north.

Fruit vegetable as primary vegetables: Value the exploitation and utilization of low-yielding

fields and non-arable land:

2. Chinese Solar Greenhouse (CSG)

W

ECover on South Surface

Thermal Quilt

N S

North Wall

Back Roof Cover (plastic film) on South

Surface

Structure of CSG

2.1 Charicteristics of CSG

Main components of CSG

SN

Cover on South Surface

Thermal Quilt

Span

Back Roof

North Wall

Roof HeightHorizontal

Width of Back Roof

Wall Height

2.2 Property of CSG

① Low cost for construction (1/10 ～ 1/3 of Multi-span

Greenhouse )。 ② Low running cost (no heating cost)。 ③ Ample light in CSG during day: Light intensity in CSG on

sunny days during winter in Beijing(40o N) is more than

400mmol/(m2∙s)(25,000lx) ， which is higher Multi-span

Greenhouse.

④ CSG warms quickly in day ， an hour earlier than no-heating

Multi-span Greenhouse; good thermal insulation 。 Indoor

temp. is well above than outdoor’s in both day and night.

⑤ Production of warm-season vegetable during winter is

capable under no-heating condition in 32°N~43°N.

Sunny days: In day highest indoor temperature is 25~30 oC higher

than outdoor’s; In night lowest indoor temperature is 18~20 oC

higher than outdoor’s

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

0 4 8 12 16 20 0 4 8

( )时刻 时

(℃)

气温

室外气温

室内气温

25 ~30℃

18 ~ 20℃

Time(h)

Outdoor Temperature

Indoor Temperature

Air

Tem

pera

ture

(oC

)

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

0 4 8 12 16 20 0 4 8

( )时刻 时

(℃)

气温

室外气温

室内气温

18 ~22℃

15 ~ 18℃

Cloud days: In day highest indoor temperature is 18~22

oC higher than outdoor’s; In night lowest indoor

temperature is 15~18 oC higher than outdoor’s

As for common Multi-span Greenhouse, even with good insulation

measures such as multilayer coverage ， in night lowest indoor

temperature is only 6~8 oC higher than outdoor’s without heating.

Indoor Temperature

Outdoor Temperature Time(h)

Air

Tem

pera

ture

(o C)

2.3 The recent development of CSG

1) Diversification of

Mode and Structure

Brick Wall CSG in Liaoning Province

Cob Wall CSG in Liaoning Province

Cob Wall CSG in Liaoning Province under construction

CSG in Beijing

Typical Brick Wall CSG

SN

8~10m0.5~0.8m

3~4m1~1.5m

Cover on South Surface

Back Roof

Thermal Quilt

North Wall

Insulation Material

Clay Brick

Thick Cob Wall Long-span Sinking CSG in Shandong Province

Thickness of the top of wall d2=1.5~3m

SN

Ridge Height Hj=4~5m

Thickness of the bottom of wall d1=4~8m Net Span

L=10~14m

Sinking depth of flooringHc=0.5~1.5m

Incline of Interior Wall

dq=0.2~1m

Wall Height Hq=3.5~4.5m

Thick Cob Wall Long-span Sinking CSG in Shandong Province

Thick Cob Wall Long-span Sinking CSG in Shandong Province

Thick Cob Wall Long-span Sinking CSG

in Shandong Province

Double-span CSG

Multi-span CSG

South and North double-span(sunny and shady type) CSG Sunny shed serves same purpose as common CSG. Shady shed has warming effect on the back wall. Due to the poor light conditions and low temp.(still higher than open field),shady shed is used to cultivate crops like edible mushroom, shade-loving leafy vegetable and flowers. Increase land use efficiency.

Sunny Shed

Shady Shed

South and North double-span

(sunny and shady type) CSG

Mountain (sloping field) CSG

Located in the south of slopes,

where is sunny and leeward.

(south by east or west <15o)

Advantages:

High land use efficiency.

Long sunlight time and good light

condition

Good heat insulation.

Mountain (sloping field) CSG in Ansai County, Shaanxi Province

2 ） Improve synthetical control ability of

CSG environment

Mechanical ventilation and cooling system

Sun-shading device

Vent opening control system

CO2 enrichment technology (straw biological

reactor et al.)

Soilless cultivation

Application of internet technology

Add mechanical ventilation , cooling and shading systems to lower indoor temperature in summer.

Electric vent opening device could improve the effect of environmental regulation and working efficiency.

Circulating Sponge Substrate Cultivation

Soilless cultivation in CSG

Organic Substrates Cultivation

3. Conclusion

Ministry of Agriculture

Academic board Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering in Structure and Environment

China Agriculture University

Key Laboratory of Farm building in Structure and Construction

Key Laboratory of Energy Conservation and waste Treatment of Agriculture Structure

Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture Facility and intelligent control

Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture Engineering in Northwest

Observation experiment stations of Protected Horticulture Engineering in NorthEast

Observation experiment stations of Protected Horticulture Engineering in Huanghuaihai

Observation experiment stations of Facility Cultivation Enginnering in South west

Professional (Regional) Key Laboratory Scientific observation experiment stations

Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering in Structure and Environment

Main Researches:Main Researches:1. Development strategy and planning of protected

agriculture regional characteristic industry

2. Production technology mode innovation and

environmental control technology of protected agriculture

3. Security and standardization of agricultural facilities

structure

4. Production equipment and intelligent control technology of

protected agriculture

5. Energy Conservation and waste treatment of protected

agriculture

6. Protected horticulture engineering technology in northwest

area

Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering

in Structure and Environment has been

committed to the development of protected

agriculture and industrial upgrading in China

, especially vegetable industry. Hope we

could work together for the rapid

development of China blueberry industry in

the future.

谢 谢Thanks