REVIEW
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REVIEW
Muscular System
What are the 3 types of muscle
tissue?
SkeletalCardiacSmooth
On which type of muscle tissue would
you observe striations?
Skeletal muscle tissueCardiac muscle tissue
What type of tissue is specialized for the
conduction of electrical impulses?
Neural (nervous) tissue
surrounds individual skeletal
muscles.
Epimysium
surrounds individual muscle cells
(fibers)?
Endomysium
surrounds muscle
fascicles.
Perimysium
What is the cell membrane of a skeletal muscle
called?
Sarcolemma
What structure is the storage site for
Ca2+?
Terminal cisternae
Active sites on the actin are blocked by
when a muscle is at rest.
Tropomyosin molecules
What are the contractile units of a
skeletal muscle?
Sarcomeres
In response to the arrival of an from the
transverse tubules, Ca2+ is released from the .
Action potentialSarcoplasmic reticulum
= a single contraction?
Twitch
During contraction, myosin heads interact with actin filaments,
forming what?
Cross-bridges
The arrival of an action potential at the synaptic
terminal releases into the synaptic
cleft.
Acetylcholine (ACh)
Put the following steps of muscle
contraction in order from first to last:
1. Myosin cross-bridges bind to the actin2. Calcium ion is released from the SR 3. The free myosin head splits ATP4. The myosin head pivots toward the center of
the sarcomere5. The myosin head binds an ATP molecule and
detaches from actin 6. Calcium ion binds to troponin
A muscle producing peak tension with rapid cycles
of contraction & relaxation is said to be in .
Incomplete tetanus
What are the 3 phases of a twitch?
Latent periodContraction periodRelaxation operiod
A stair-step increase in twitch tension is
known as…?
Treppe
Repeated stimulations before the end of the
relaxation phase causes increasing tension =
.
Wave summation (summation of twitches)
occurs if stimulation frequency is
high enough that a muscle never begins to relax
Complete tetanus
*produces a continuous contraction
Increasing tension that is produced by increasing the number of motor units =
.
Recruitment
An contraction occurs when the muscle
shortens in length.
Isotonic
A muscle fiber returns to resting length by what 3
mechanisms?
Opposing muscle contractionsElasticGravity
What is the storage molecule for excess
ATP?
Creatine phosphate
CP + ADP C + ATP
contract quickly, have a large diameter & glycogen
reserves, & few mitochondria.
Fast fibers
An contraction occurs when the muscle develops tension, but is
prevented from changing length.
Isometric
What is the primary energy source of resting muscles?
Aerobic metabolism
*breaks down fatty acids; produces 34 ATP molecules
A helps to start motion or
stabilize the origin of the agonist.
Fixator
What can happen to muscles as lactic acid
builds up and they become exhausted?
Fatigue
contract slowly, have a small diameter,
contain myoglobin, & have
more mitochondria
Slow fibers
What is the primary energy source for peak
muscular activity?
Anaerobic glycolysis
*breaks down glucose from glycogenby-product = lactic acid (forms due to
accumulation of pyruvic acid)
Name 4 of the effects of aging on the
muscular system.
1. Skeletal muscle fibers become smaller in diameter
2. Skeletal muscles become less elastic3. Tolerance for exercise decreases4. The ability to recover from muscular
injuries decreases
Center resistance between applied
force and fulcrum
Second-class lever
In which type of muscle would you expect to find
slow fibers?
Red muscle
What is the difference between muscle hypertrophy &
atrophy?
*Hypertrophy increased muscle growth
from heavy training*Atrophy reduction in
muscle size, tone, & power due to lack of use
Center applied force between resistance
and fulcrum
Third-class lever
Moving point of attachment =
.
Insertion
A(n) 1 produces a particular movment, while
a(n) 2 opposes that movement.
1: Agonist (prime mover)2: Antagonist
Center fulcrum between applied force
and resistance
First-class lever
*example: see-saw
Fixed point of attachment =
.
Origin
What is a smaller muscle that assists a larger muscle called?
Synergist
What two points does myosin attach to in a
sarcomere?
M-line and titin
What does actin attach to in the
sarcomere?Z-line
The lengthening of a muscle is what type
of contraction?
eccentric
What is the area where the axon and
the muscle meet called?
Neuromuscular junction
What ezyme removes the neurotransmitter Ach from the synaptic
cleft?
AChE
GOOD LUCK!
UNIT 3 TEST TOMORROW!OVER CHAPTERS 4 and 10
STUDY, STUDY, STUDY!!!