Retirement and Retirement and DisabilityDisability

Andrew Burr, Ph.D.Andrew Burr, Ph.D.

Ronald Seatter, Ph.D., C. PsychRonald Seatter, Ph.D., C. Psych

Seatter HealthSeatter Health

www.seatterhealth.cawww.seatterhealth.ca

October 1, 2010October 1, 2010

Overall goals for todayOverall goals for today

Major psychological adjustment issues facing Major psychological adjustment issues facing retirees in generalretirees in general

Particular challenges faced by those with a Particular challenges faced by those with a disabilitydisability Especially if disability is the cause for involuntary Especially if disability is the cause for involuntary

retirementretirement

Imagine your retirement ...Imagine your retirement ... What does “not working” look like for you?What does “not working” look like for you?

Picture your busy days that you spend nowPicture your busy days that you spend now Imagine your life without the structure of workImagine your life without the structure of work What kinds of dreams and plans do you have?What kinds of dreams and plans do you have? Who will you be without your job?Who will you be without your job? How long will you live in “retirement?”How long will you live in “retirement?”

Imagine that you must suddenly re-paint that picture in your Imagine that you must suddenly re-paint that picture in your mind because life suddenly changedmind because life suddenly changed

Injury; Illness; Chronic pain; Psychiatric disabilityInjury; Illness; Chronic pain; Psychiatric disability Impact on financesImpact on finances Impact on partnerImpact on partner Impact on social network, family, friendsImpact on social network, family, friends Impact on activitiesImpact on activities Impact on sense of identityImpact on sense of identity

OutlineOutline What is retirement?What is retirement?

How do people respond to retirement in general?How do people respond to retirement in general?

Review of current disability-related retirement researchReview of current disability-related retirement research Involuntary retirementInvoluntary retirement

My research on retirementMy research on retirement Values, health, financesValues, health, finances Subjective well-beingSubjective well-being

Clinical and policy implicationsClinical and policy implications What kind of support is needed for those experiencing involuntary What kind of support is needed for those experiencing involuntary

retirement due to disability?retirement due to disability?

RetirementRetirement Why is it an important issue?Why is it an important issue? 1) Baby boom cohort (born 1946-1964)1) Baby boom cohort (born 1946-1964)

Oldest of the boomers turned 60 in 2006Oldest of the boomers turned 60 in 2006 Proportion of retirees in western society will rise dramatically in coming Proportion of retirees in western society will rise dramatically in coming

years.years. 2) Advances in health and medicine2) Advances in health and medicine

Increased life expectancyIncreased life expectancy Longer time spent in retirement stage than every in historyLonger time spent in retirement stage than every in history

3) Major transition in adult lifespan3) Major transition in adult lifespan Affects social and physical worldsAffects social and physical worlds Changes in roles, relationships, daily routinesChanges in roles, relationships, daily routines Shifts in income, healthShifts in income, health Challenge of detaching from work and establishing new lifestyleChallenge of detaching from work and establishing new lifestyle Navigating a new context for marriage/partnership: a “relational Navigating a new context for marriage/partnership: a “relational

transition”transition”

Defining RetirementDefining Retirement

Not as easy as “the end of work”Not as easy as “the end of work” Policies vary from country to countryPolicies vary from country to country Some degree of withdrawal from the workforce at the tail Some degree of withdrawal from the workforce at the tail

end of a career of workend of a career of work Debatable: Age, length of career, extent of withdrawal (partial or Debatable: Age, length of career, extent of withdrawal (partial or

complete) necessary to be considered “retired”complete) necessary to be considered “retired”

Can be self-defined status (subjective)Can be self-defined status (subjective) Can be based on objective criteria: Can be based on objective criteria:

over specific age, out of labor force specified amount of time; over specific age, out of labor force specified amount of time; receiving certain percentage of total income from retirement-receiving certain percentage of total income from retirement-income sourcesincome sources

Evolving definitionsEvolving definitions Traditional:Traditional:

Idea of retirement as the end of employment and the beginning of Idea of retirement as the end of employment and the beginning of receiving pension benefitsreceiving pension benefits

Current reality: retirement represents a wide range o situationsCurrent reality: retirement represents a wide range o situations ““Blurred” exits from the workforce Blurred” exits from the workforce

• Multiple entrances and exits from workforceMultiple entrances and exits from workforce• Combinations of part-time work and retirementCombinations of part-time work and retirement

Canadian policy: (Stone, 2006)Canadian policy: (Stone, 2006) Policy changes are beginning to give people the choice to work later in Policy changes are beginning to give people the choice to work later in

lifelife No mandatory retirement in Canada (several provinces passed laws No mandatory retirement in Canada (several provinces passed laws

between 2006 - present to eliminate mandatory retirement at age 65: between 2006 - present to eliminate mandatory retirement at age 65: Ontario did this in 2006)Ontario did this in 2006)

Core features of retirementCore features of retirement(Bowlby, 2007)(Bowlby, 2007)

1) Retirement is a 1) Retirement is a process process of withdrawing from of withdrawing from the workplace rather than a discrete eventthe workplace rather than a discrete event

2) retirement does not necessarily mean 2) retirement does not necessarily mean economic inactivityeconomic inactivity

3) people of a relatively young age should not be 3) people of a relatively young age should not be considered “retired”considered “retired”

Canadian Statistics Canadian Statistics

Statistics Canada Survey:Statistics Canada Survey: Defined retirement as over age 50, not having worked Defined retirement as over age 50, not having worked

in past year, and self-reporting retirement as the in past year, and self-reporting retirement as the reason for not workingreason for not working

Median age: 61 Median age: 61 In 1970’s: age 65 was more typicalIn 1970’s: age 65 was more typical In 80’s and 90’s: retirement age began dropping in In 80’s and 90’s: retirement age began dropping in

conjunction with public sector early retirement conjunction with public sector early retirement incentives (Bowlby, 2007).incentives (Bowlby, 2007).

Retirement and well-beingRetirement and well-being Free time without pressure to workFree time without pressure to work

Increase well being? Not necessarily (Kim & Moen, 2002)Increase well being? Not necessarily (Kim & Moen, 2002) On one hand: moving out of demanding and stressful careerOn one hand: moving out of demanding and stressful career On other hand: loss of occupational attachments, loss of social network On other hand: loss of occupational attachments, loss of social network

of co-workers, loss of major anchor for identityof co-workers, loss of major anchor for identity

Early retirement research (Atchley, 1976)Early retirement research (Atchley, 1976) Retirees tend to move through stages of adaptationRetirees tend to move through stages of adaptation Honeymoon phaseHoneymoon phase DisenchantmentDisenchantment Re-orientationRe-orientation New stabilityNew stability

Subsequent research:Subsequent research: But: Complexity and variability in retirement adaptation processBut: Complexity and variability in retirement adaptation process

Types of responses to Types of responses to retirement retirement

(Hanson & Wapner, 1994)(Hanson & Wapner, 1994)

Transition to old age Transition to old age a time to wind down, reflect, rest, put one’s life in ordera time to wind down, reflect, rest, put one’s life in order

A new beginningA new beginning A time to energetically pursue long-awaited goalsA time to energetically pursue long-awaited goals

ContinuationContinuation Continuing with valued activities in less pressured mannerContinuing with valued activities in less pressured manner

Imposed DisruptionImposed Disruption Losing part of the self as a result of forced retirementLosing part of the self as a result of forced retirement

A heterogeneous transitionA heterogeneous transition

Most recent research:Most recent research: No typical response to retirementNo typical response to retirement A non-uniform transitionA non-uniform transition A crisis for some, a relief for othersA crisis for some, a relief for others Adjustment depends on position in the processAdjustment depends on position in the process

Impact of retirement depends on a host of contextual Impact of retirement depends on a host of contextual and psychological factorsand psychological factors

Economic resourcesEconomic resources Personal resourcesPersonal resources Social-relational resourcesSocial-relational resources

Factors impacting well-being Factors impacting well-being in retirementin retirement

Access to key resourcesAccess to key resources Finances, health, and marital relationshipFinances, health, and marital relationship

Characteristics of the transitionCharacteristics of the transition Involuntary or voluntaryInvoluntary or voluntary

Type of job from which people retireType of job from which people retire Physically demanding or intrinsically interestingPhysically demanding or intrinsically interesting

Expectations about retirementExpectations about retirement Age at retirementAge at retirement Duration of retirementDuration of retirement GenderGender Quality of social relationships with spouse and familyQuality of social relationships with spouse and family Personality characteristicsPersonality characteristics Spousal employment statusSpousal employment status

Factors impacting well-being Factors impacting well-being in retirementin retirement

Access to key resourcesAccess to key resources Finances, Finances, healthhealth, and marital relationship, and marital relationship

Characteristics of the transitionCharacteristics of the transition InvoluntaryInvoluntary or voluntary or voluntary

Type of job from which people retireType of job from which people retire Physically demanding or intrinsically interestingPhysically demanding or intrinsically interesting

Expectations about retirementExpectations about retirement Age at retirementAge at retirement Duration of retirementDuration of retirement GenderGender Quality of social relationships with spouse and familyQuality of social relationships with spouse and family Personality characteristicsPersonality characteristics Spousal employment statusSpousal employment status

Involuntary retirementInvoluntary retirement(Shultz, Morton, & Weckerle, 1998)(Shultz, Morton, & Weckerle, 1998)

A substantial portion of retirees view their A substantial portion of retirees view their retirement as forced or involuntary (20-30%)retirement as forced or involuntary (20-30%)

Studied a sample of nearly 1000 Americans of Studied a sample of nearly 1000 Americans of retirement ageretirement age

Compared to those whose retirement was Compared to those whose retirement was voluntary, those who perceive their retirement as voluntary, those who perceive their retirement as forced or involuntary:forced or involuntary: Lower self-ratings of physical and emotional healthLower self-ratings of physical and emotional health Lower satisfaction with life and retirementLower satisfaction with life and retirement (Shultz, Morton, & Weckerle, 1998)(Shultz, Morton, & Weckerle, 1998)

Involuntary retirementInvoluntary retirement(van Solinge & Henkens, 2008)(van Solinge & Henkens, 2008)

Involuntary retirement = loss = more psychological stressInvoluntary retirement = loss = more psychological stress Planned retirement = relief = less stressPlanned retirement = relief = less stress

1600 retired adults in Netherlands1600 retired adults in Netherlands Measured changes in health behaviors (drinking, smoking, Measured changes in health behaviors (drinking, smoking,

physical activity)physical activity) For involuntary retirees: negative changes in health behaviors For involuntary retirees: negative changes in health behaviors

(more drinking and smoking)(more drinking and smoking) For voluntary retirees: positive changes in health behaviors (less For voluntary retirees: positive changes in health behaviors (less

drinking and smoking)drinking and smoking) Good news: both groups increased physical activityGood news: both groups increased physical activity Conclusion: Heightened risk of potentially unhealthy behavior Conclusion: Heightened risk of potentially unhealthy behavior

associated with unplanned retirementassociated with unplanned retirement

Involuntary retirementInvoluntary retirement(Scinovacz & Davies, 2005)(Scinovacz & Davies, 2005)

Studied sample of over 1000 retirees in USAStudied sample of over 1000 retirees in USA Explored perceptions of forced retirementExplored perceptions of forced retirement

1/3 perceived retirement as forced1/3 perceived retirement as forced Explored many possible reasons for “forced” Explored many possible reasons for “forced”

retirement (health, job displacement, care obligations)retirement (health, job displacement, care obligations) Leaving work as a result of illness: primary predictor Leaving work as a result of illness: primary predictor

of perceiving retirement as “involuntary”of perceiving retirement as “involuntary”

Involuntary retirementInvoluntary retirement(Szinovazc & Davies, 2004)(Szinovazc & Davies, 2004)

Investigated types of retirement (forced, early, abrupt) Investigated types of retirement (forced, early, abrupt) and spousal disability on change in depressive and spousal disability on change in depressive symptoms over time in over 2000 US retireessymptoms over time in over 2000 US retirees

When retirement is abrupt and perceived as too early or When retirement is abrupt and perceived as too early or forced:forced:

Generally, increase in depressive symptomsGenerally, increase in depressive symptoms For women who perceived retirement as forced or too early, and For women who perceived retirement as forced or too early, and

who had a disabled spouse:who had a disabled spouse:• Increase in depressive symptomsIncrease in depressive symptoms• No similar effect for men with disabled partnerNo similar effect for men with disabled partner

For those who retired gradually and “on-time” and who had a For those who retired gradually and “on-time” and who had a disabled spouse:disabled spouse:

• Decrease in depressive symptomsDecrease in depressive symptoms

Involuntary retirementInvoluntary retirement(Swan, Dame, & Carmelli, 1991)(Swan, Dame, & Carmelli, 1991)

Explored whether Type A male personalities are more Explored whether Type A male personalities are more prone to involuntary retirementprone to involuntary retirement

Type A: ambitious, aggressive, determined to control the Type A: ambitious, aggressive, determined to control the environmentenvironment

Less likely to retire voluntarily as a result of need for Less likely to retire voluntarily as a result of need for competitiveness in work placecompetitiveness in work place

Sample of over 100 male retirees: Assessed in 1960 and 1986Sample of over 100 male retirees: Assessed in 1960 and 1986 Type A’s in 1960 were more likely to have experienced an Type A’s in 1960 were more likely to have experienced an

“involuntary retirement” by 1986“involuntary retirement” by 1986 Regardless of personality type, those who experienced Regardless of personality type, those who experienced

involuntary retirement tended to:involuntary retirement tended to:• Have poorer adjustment to retirementHave poorer adjustment to retirement• More illness and poorer physical health statusMore illness and poorer physical health status• More depressive symptomsMore depressive symptoms

Disability and depression in Disability and depression in pre-retirement adultspre-retirement adults

Dunlop et al., 2005Dunlop et al., 2005 Disability: limitations in Activities of Daily Living (ADL)Disability: limitations in Activities of Daily Living (ADL)

• Inability to perform functional tasks at personal levelInability to perform functional tasks at personal level• Inability to dress, toilet, bathe, eat, walk across room, get in Inability to dress, toilet, bathe, eat, walk across room, get in

and out of bedand out of bed Over 6000 participants, age 54-65Over 6000 participants, age 54-65 Assessed in 1996 and 1998Assessed in 1996 and 1998 Included only those with no ADL disability in 1996Included only those with no ADL disability in 1996 Examined depression as a predictor of the Examined depression as a predictor of the

development of an ADL disability two years laterdevelopment of an ADL disability two years later

Disability and depression in Disability and depression in pre-retirement adultspre-retirement adults

Dunlop et al., 2005 (cont’d)Dunlop et al., 2005 (cont’d) Results:Results:

Among US adults aged 54-65: Among US adults aged 54-65: • 1 in 10 depressed adults developed an ADL disability over 1 in 10 depressed adults developed an ADL disability over

two yearstwo years• This is a high disability rate among a relatively young This is a high disability rate among a relatively young

populationpopulation• Depression increased the odds of developing an ADL Depression increased the odds of developing an ADL

disability across racial/ethnic groups:disability across racial/ethnic groups: Risk was double for African American compared to WhiteRisk was double for African American compared to White

Dunlop et al., 2005

Dunlop et al., 2005Dunlop et al., 2005

What explains the link between depression and What explains the link between depression and onset of ADL disability in older adults?onset of ADL disability in older adults? Chronic illnessesChronic illnesses

• arthritis, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, lung arthritis, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, lung disease, obesity)disease, obesity)

Functional limitationsFunctional limitations• Difficulty/avoidace of four physical tasks:Difficulty/avoidace of four physical tasks:• walking / lifting / stairs / moving large objectswalking / lifting / stairs / moving large objects

““These results point to the importance of treating These results point to the importance of treating depression in all adults to prevent the depression in all adults to prevent the development of disability” development of disability”

Summary thus farSummary thus far

There is no typical response to retirementThere is no typical response to retirement Adjustment depends on many variablesAdjustment depends on many variables Involuntary retirement:Involuntary retirement:

More depressive symptomsMore depressive symptoms More health problemsMore health problems Poorer adjustment Poorer adjustment Lower satisfaction in retirementLower satisfaction in retirement Illness is the most common reason for involuntary Illness is the most common reason for involuntary

retirementretirement

My researchMy research

Burr, A., Santo, J. B., & Pushkar, D. (2009). Affective well-being in retirement: The influence of values, money, and health across three years. Journal of Happiness Studies. DOI 10.1007/s10902-009-9173-2

Imagine these retirees …Imagine these retirees … A person for whom it is important to help others and care for natureA person for whom it is important to help others and care for nature A person for whom it is important to conform to rules and maintain A person for whom it is important to conform to rules and maintain

religious traditionsreligious traditions A person for whom it is important to seek excitement, novelty, A person for whom it is important to seek excitement, novelty,

creativity, independencecreativity, independence A person for whom it is important to seek status, wealth, admiration, A person for whom it is important to seek status, wealth, admiration,

and successand success

Now ask yourself…Now ask yourself…

Who among them is happy?Who among them is happy? Would their happiness depend on their health?Would their happiness depend on their health? Would their happiness depend on how much Would their happiness depend on how much

money they have?money they have? Would their priorities help them to stay happy Would their priorities help them to stay happy

even if they had health problems or financial even if they had health problems or financial struggles?struggles?

Affective well-being for Affective well-being for retireesretirees

Health and finances are importantHealth and finances are important Lack of research on motivational factorsLack of research on motivational factors

Retirement as a shift from structured to unstructured timeRetirement as a shift from structured to unstructured time Motivation likely important for emotional well-beingMotivation likely important for emotional well-being Shapes attitudes, coping styles, behaviorShapes attitudes, coping styles, behavior

Motivation may interact with contextual variablesMotivation may interact with contextual variables Certain motivational frameworks may promote well-being in the face of Certain motivational frameworks may promote well-being in the face of

health or financial difficulties; others may erode it.health or financial difficulties; others may erode it. Our focus: Personal valuesOur focus: Personal values

Schwartz (1992) Value TheorySchwartz (1992) Value Theory

Self-Direction Universalism

Benevolence

TraditionConformity

Security

Power

Achievement

Hedonism

Stimulation

Openness to change

Conservation

Self-Transcendence-

Self-Enhancement

Personal ValuesPersonal Values Abstract, global aspirations of how to live based on what is most Abstract, global aspirations of how to live based on what is most

important in lifeimportant in life

Goals: more concrete aspirations, particular projectsGoals: more concrete aspirations, particular projects

Values: Unending projects; relatively stable motivational traitsValues: Unending projects; relatively stable motivational traits

““Desirable, trans-situational goals that serve as guiding principles in Desirable, trans-situational goals that serve as guiding principles in peoples’ lives” peoples’ lives” (Schwartz, 1992).(Schwartz, 1992).

Four Higher Order ValuesFour Higher Order Values

1.1. EnhancementEnhancement Pursuit of status, success, dominancePursuit of status, success, dominance Consistent with materialistic values Consistent with materialistic values (Burroughs & Rindfleisch, (Burroughs & Rindfleisch,

2002)2002)

2.2. TranscendenceTranscendence Concern for the welfare of others and the natural Concern for the welfare of others and the natural

worldworld Consistent with community values Consistent with community values (Burroughs & Rindfleisch, (Burroughs & Rindfleisch,

2002)2002)

Four Higher Order ValuesFour Higher Order Values

3.3. ConservationConservation Self-restriction, (security, conformity, tradition), preservation of Self-restriction, (security, conformity, tradition), preservation of

status quostatus quo Consistent with religious and family values Consistent with religious and family values (Burroughs & Rindfleisch, 2002)(Burroughs & Rindfleisch, 2002)

4.4. Openness to changeOpenness to change Active search for stimulation, novelty, change and Active search for stimulation, novelty, change and

emphasizing freedom and independence in thought and emphasizing freedom and independence in thought and behaviorbehavior

Consistent with variety-seeking in other paradigms Consistent with variety-seeking in other paradigms (Burroughs & (Burroughs & Rindfleisch, 2002)Rindfleisch, 2002)

Goals of StudyGoals of Study

1.1. Direct effects of valuesDirect effects of values To examine direct effects of values on affective well-being (PA and To examine direct effects of values on affective well-being (PA and

NA) among recent retireesNA) among recent retirees

2.2. Interactions of values with circumstances Interactions of values with circumstances To examine interaction of values and life circumstances (health and To examine interaction of values and life circumstances (health and

finances) on affective well-beingfinances) on affective well-being

3.3. StabilityStability To explore these associations across three years of retirementTo explore these associations across three years of retirement

Hypotheses: Openness to Hypotheses: Openness to ChangeChange

Flexibility, creativity, independence, pleasureFlexibility, creativity, independence, pleasure

May promote satisfying interactions and activities that in turn May promote satisfying interactions and activities that in turn promote positive emotionspromote positive emotions

Interaction with health / finances Interaction with health / finances • May protect well-being in health or financial difficulty through May protect well-being in health or financial difficulty through

promoting flexibility and resiliencepromoting flexibility and resilience

Hypothesis: Conservation Hypothesis: Conservation ValuesValues

Conformity to social norms, upholding traditions and customs, Conformity to social norms, upholding traditions and customs, maintaining security of the individual person and of society.maintaining security of the individual person and of society.

May promote higher levels of well-being through social connectedness, May promote higher levels of well-being through social connectedness, sense of purpose and meaning, and healthsense of purpose and meaning, and health

Hypotheses: Self-Hypotheses: Self-Enhancement ValuesEnhancement Values

Pursuit of status, control over others, success, admirationPursuit of status, control over others, success, admiration

May cause goal frustration in a post-employment lifestyleMay cause goal frustration in a post-employment lifestyle

Interaction:Interaction:• May erode well-being when combined with health or financial difficulties, as May erode well-being when combined with health or financial difficulties, as

valued goals become increasingly unattainablevalued goals become increasingly unattainable

Hypothesis: Self-Hypothesis: Self-TranscendenceTranscendence

Concern for welfare of others and natural worldConcern for welfare of others and natural world

May promote positive emotions through intrinsically satisfying May promote positive emotions through intrinsically satisfying pro-social behavior and helping future generations (generativity)pro-social behavior and helping future generations (generativity)

ParticipantsParticipants

Concordia’s longitudinal retirement study Concordia’s longitudinal retirement study Retirees associations; newspaper adsRetirees associations; newspaper ads Inclusion criteriaInclusion criteria T1: (2005): N = 433; T3: (2007): N = 371 (85%)T1: (2005): N = 433; T3: (2007): N = 371 (85%) Gender: 47% male; 53% femaleGender: 47% male; 53% female Age: 59.05 yrs Age: 59.05 yrs ((SDSD = 5) = 5) Years worked: 34.02 yrs Years worked: 34.02 yrs ((SDSD = 6.62) = 6.62) Duration of retirement at T1: 1.9 yrs Duration of retirement at T1: 1.9 yrs (SD(SD = 1.81) = 1.81) Income (N = 255): Zero to $250,000 (Income (N = 255): Zero to $250,000 (Median = Median = $41,250$41,250)) Language: 61% French; 39% EnglishLanguage: 61% French; 39% English

MaterialsMaterials

Predictor variablesPredictor variables Values: Portrait Value Questionnaire (PVQ) Values: Portrait Value Questionnaire (PVQ) (Schwartz et al., 2001)(Schwartz et al., 2001)

• Sample item: “It’s very important to him to help the people around him. Sample item: “It’s very important to him to help the people around him. He wants to care for their well-being” He wants to care for their well-being”

6-point scale6-point scale ““Very much like me” to “Not like me at all” Very much like me” to “Not like me at all”

Health: # of illnessesHealth: # of illnesses Finances: 1 itemFinances: 1 item

• Compared to other people your age, how would you rate your financial Compared to other people your age, how would you rate your financial situation? (7 point scale)situation? (7 point scale)

““A lot worse than most” to “A lot better than most”A lot worse than most” to “A lot better than most”

MaterialsMaterials Outcome variablesOutcome variables

Positive and Negative Affect Scales (PANAS: Watson, Clark, & Positive and Negative Affect Scales (PANAS: Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1998)Tellegen, 1998)

• 10 positive emotions (PA)10 positive emotions (PA) interested, excited, strong, enthusiastic proud, alert, inspired, interested, excited, strong, enthusiastic proud, alert, inspired,

determined, attentive, active)determined, attentive, active)

• 10 negative emotions (NA)10 negative emotions (NA) Distressed, upset, guilty, scared, hostile, irritable, ashamed, nervous, Distressed, upset, guilty, scared, hostile, irritable, ashamed, nervous,

jittery, afraid)jittery, afraid) ..

ProcedureProcedure Those interested contacted usThose interested contacted us

Came to lab and completed battery of questionnaires (2-3 hours) in Came to lab and completed battery of questionnaires (2-3 hours) in either English or Frencheither English or French

Paid 50$Paid 50$

Annual follow-up at 1 year intervalAnnual follow-up at 1 year interval

Statistical AnalysesStatistical Analyses SEM models (using M-Plus and Jon Santo)SEM models (using M-Plus and Jon Santo)

Testing a predicted pattern of associations among variables with the Testing a predicted pattern of associations among variables with the actual dataactual data

Looking for variance accounted for, but also goodness of fit of modelsLooking for variance accounted for, but also goodness of fit of models

Two SEM StrategiesTwo SEM Strategies

1.1. look at paths between predictors and outcomes at T1, T2, T3look at paths between predictors and outcomes at T1, T2, T3• Does same pattern emerge?Does same pattern emerge?

2.2. Create one integrated model for all three yearsCreate one integrated model for all three years• Which predictors have additional impact above and beyond initial Which predictors have additional impact above and beyond initial

associations?associations?

Fig 1 Details of separate SEM models for predictors of positive and negative affect at T1, T2, and T3.

Fig. 2 Interaction of financial status with enhancement values for positive affect at T1

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

Low Financial status High Financial status

Positive Affect

Low Self-Enhancement High Self-Enhancement

= .32, p < .01

= .03, p = .60

Fig. 3 Interaction of financial status with openness to change values for positive affect at T1.

31

33

35

37

39

41

Low Financial Status High Financial Status

Positive Affect

Low Openness to Change High Openness to Change

= .06, p = .36

= .29, p < .01

Fig 4 Integrated SEM model details for predictors of positive and negative affect at T1, T2, and T3. Significant associations at T2 and T3 indicate increased effects above and beyond prior associations. Non-significant associations at T2 and T3 indicate stability in effects over time.

SummarySummary Gender, health, finances all play an important role in emotional well-Gender, health, finances all play an important role in emotional well-

beingbeing Consistent with previous researchConsistent with previous research

Values also help to explain emotional well-being, above and beyond Values also help to explain emotional well-being, above and beyond these variablesthese variables

Openness to changeOpenness to change• More positive, less negative emotionsMore positive, less negative emotions

Transcendence, ConservationTranscendence, Conservation• More positive emotionsMore positive emotions

EnhancementEnhancement• More negative emotionsMore negative emotions

Summary: Moderating Role of Summary: Moderating Role of ValuesValues

With low finances:With low finances:

Better to have low enhancement valuesBetter to have low enhancement values• High enhancement values + low finances = fewer positive emotionsHigh enhancement values + low finances = fewer positive emotions

Better to have high openness to change valuesBetter to have high openness to change values• Low openness to change + low finances = fewer positive emotionsLow openness to change + low finances = fewer positive emotions

No interaction of values and healthNo interaction of values and health

Stability and Increasing Stability and Increasing EffectsEffects

Pattern of associations generally consistent across 3 yearsPattern of associations generally consistent across 3 years Finances were a significant but constant predictor of emotional well-Finances were a significant but constant predictor of emotional well-

beingbeing Health and values had increasing effects beyond initial associationsHealth and values had increasing effects beyond initial associations

Speculation for increasing effects:Speculation for increasing effects: Accumulating benefits or deficitsAccumulating benefits or deficits

• E.g.: Openness to change values may lead to healthier activity patterns E.g.: Openness to change values may lead to healthier activity patterns whose effects compound over timewhose effects compound over time

• E.g.: Illnesses may lead to activity restriction and social disengagement, the E.g.: Illnesses may lead to activity restriction and social disengagement, the negative effects of which multiply as years go by.negative effects of which multiply as years go by.

ImplicationsImplications For retireesFor retirees

Gender, health, and money matter in terms of happiness in retirementGender, health, and money matter in terms of happiness in retirement Personal values matter in terms of happinessPersonal values matter in terms of happiness

• Can even protect happiness in financial difficultyCan even protect happiness in financial difficulty• Values don’t protect against the emotional impact of illnessValues don’t protect against the emotional impact of illness

Retirement planning:Retirement planning:• Taking stock of values and how compatible they are with Taking stock of values and how compatible they are with

opportunities in retirementopportunities in retirement

• Look for new ways to express values in activitiesLook for new ways to express values in activities

Future DirectionsFuture Directions

Collect new retirement data during and after global Collect new retirement data during and after global financial crisisfinancial crisis

Pathway from values to well-being in retirementPathway from values to well-being in retirement Mechanism through which values influence well-being?Mechanism through which values influence well-being? Continuity of the self?Continuity of the self?

• Enhancers may experience an inability to express important aspects Enhancers may experience an inability to express important aspects of the self in retirementof the self in retirement

• Those who value openness to change, transcendence, and Those who value openness to change, transcendence, and conservation, sense of self can be preserved in retirementconservation, sense of self can be preserved in retirement

Questions?Questions?

Slides of this presentation will be available on Slides of this presentation will be available on website of Seatter Health:website of Seatter Health:

www.seatterhealth.cawww.seatterhealth.ca