Results Graph

User's Guide

Results Graph

Version 2012

By Computer Modelling Group Ltd.

This publication and the application described in it are furnished under license exclusively to the licensee, for internal use only, and are subject to a confidentiality agreement. They may be used only in accordance with the terms and conditions of that agreement. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, or otherwise, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage/retrieval system, to any party other than the licensee, without the written permission of Computer Modelling Group. The information in this publication is believed to be accurate in all respects. However, Computer Modelling Group makes no warranty as to accuracy or suitability, and does not assume responsibility for any consequences resulting from the use thereof. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice.

Copyright 1987-2012 Computer Modelling Group Ltd. All rights reserved.

The license management portion of this program is based on:

Reprise License Manager (RLM) Copyright 2006-2012, Reprise Software, Inc. All rights reserved

Results Graph, CMG, and Computer Modelling Group are registered trademarks of Computer Modelling Group Ltd. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.

Computer Modelling Group Ltd. Office #150, 3553 - 31 Street N.W. Calgary, Alberta Canada T2L 2K7

Tel: (403) 531-1300 Fax: (403) 289-8502 E-mail: [email protected]

User's Guide Results Graph Contents i

Contents

Using Results Graph 1 Overview ....................................................................................................................... 1 Whats New in Results Graph ...................................................................................... 2

Whats New in Results Graph 2012 ................................................................ 2 Whats New in Results Graph 2011 ................................................................ 3 Whats New in Results Graph 2010 ................................................................ 3

Starting Results Graph .................................................................................................. 3 Customizing Toolbars, Menus and Theme ................................................................... 5 Opening Files ................................................................................................................ 5

Opening SR2 Files ........................................................................................... 5 Opening Field History, PA Load, or CHEARS Simulation Results Files ....... 6 Opening/Saving a Workspace File .................................................................. 7

Working with Curves .................................................................................................... 9 Adding Curves ................................................................................................. 9

To add curves to an empty plot .......................................................... 9 To add curves to a plot containing existing curves ............................ 9 To add curves based on formulae ....................................................... 9 To add TimeSeries property curves .................................................. 10 To plot property versus distance ....................................................... 12 To create a special history parameter ............................................... 15 To create a difference property parameter........................................ 16 To create a fluid contact depth parameter ........................................ 17

Editing Curves ............................................................................................... 20 Deleting Curves ............................................................................................. 21

Working with Plots ..................................................................................................... 21 Adding another Plot ....................................................................................... 21 Creating a Flow Property versus Depth (PLT) plot ....................................... 22 Deleting Plots ................................................................................................ 25 Customizing Plots .......................................................................................... 25

To change the page layout ................................................................ 25 To change the page text .................................................................... 26 To change the plot appearance ......................................................... 27 To change the legend appearance ..................................................... 28 To change the axis appearance ......................................................... 29

ii Contents User's Guide Results Graph

To change the curve appearance ...................................................... 31 To change units ................................................................................ 32 To change plot and plot-group tree view displaying name .............. 33

Zooming Plots ............................................................................................... 34 2-D Zooming .................................................................................... 34 1-D Zooming .................................................................................... 36

Renaming Plots and Plot Groups from the Tree View .................................. 38 Reordering Plots and Plot Groups from the Tree View ................................ 39 Setting Results Graph User Preferences ....................................................... 40 Repeating a Plot ............................................................................................ 41 Repeating Curves or Plots for New Data Files ............................................. 43 Exporting History Match Factors .................................................................. 44 Repeating Plots based on Formulae .............................................................. 44

Monitoring Simulation Runs ...................................................................................... 44 Creating TimeSeries Properties for Ad Hoc Groups.................................................. 45

To create a new ad hoc group: ...................................................................... 46 To displaying an existing ad hoc group composition .................................... 50 To copy an existing ad hoc group ................................................................. 51 Notes ............................................................................................................. 51

Printing a Plot ............................................................................................................. 51 Formula Manager ....................................................................................................... 52

Overview ....................................................................................................... 52 Formula Manager Dialog Box ....................................................................... 52 Origin Selection when Creating Formulae .................................................... 55 General Rules and Guidelines ....................................................................... 56

Terms ................................................................................................ 56 Operators .......................................................................................... 56 Syntax ............................................................................................... 57 IF Blocks .......................................................................................... 57 Other ................................................................................................. 57

Using Formula Manager ................................................................................ 58 To create a formula .......................................................................... 58 To view a formula ............................................................................ 62 To edit a formula .............................................................................. 62 To copy a formula ............................................................................ 62 To delete a formula .......................................................................... 64 To repeat plots with curves based on formulae................................ 64 To save and restore formulae and formula-based properties ........... 67

Exporting Plot Data .................................................................................................... 67 To export to a text table ................................................................................ 67 To export to a tab-separated file ................................................................... 67 To export to Meraks PEEP .......................................................................... 68 To export tables of well summary ................................................................. 68

User's Guide Results Graph Contents iii

Comparing Files .......................................................................................................... 69 Copying a Page Image to the Clipboard ..................................................................... 71 Saving a Page as an Image File ................................................................................... 71

Saving a Single Page...................................................................................... 71 Saving Multiple Pages at Once ...................................................................... 71

Saving a Session ......................................................................................................... 72 Opening a Session File ............................................................................................... 72 Exiting Results Graph ................................................................................................. 73

Appendix A: Field History File Formats 75 Overview ..................................................................................................................... 75 Creating a Field History File ...................................................................................... 75 Examples ..................................................................................................................... 80 Notes ........................................................................................................................... 83

Appendix B: Production Analyst Load Format 85 Overview ..................................................................................................................... 85 Creating a PA Load Format File ................................................................................. 85 PA Keywords and Definitions .................................................................................... 85 Examples ..................................................................................................................... 87

User's Guide Results Graph Using Results Graph 1

Using Results Graph

Overview Results Graph is typically used to plot curves of well properties that vary over time (TimeSeries properties). Examples of TimeSeries properties are Cumulative- Oil, Gas and Water; Oil-, Gas- and Water Rates; and so on. These TimeSeries properties are read from a simulation output file. The plot can contain:

As many wells, groups, sectors, leases, or layers that vary with time as you want. Data from several different files. More than one parameter versus time curve. More than one formula-based curve. More than one parameter versus parameter curve. Parameters from all those available in the selected simulation results files (SR2),

field history files (FHF), or PA Load Format files. In addition, you can:

Plot spatial property (for example, oil saturation) versus distance curves. You can specify three types of distances:

- Distance along a well trajectory. - Distance along a well path (perforation-to-perforation, as defined in the

simulation input file). - Distance between two blocks specified by their UBAs (Universal Block

Address, for example, 5,3,2) Create special history parameters by reading spatial property data at the available

time records in the SR2 file. These parameters can then be used just like any other special history parameter that is output in the SR2 file.

Create difference property parameters. A difference property is created from two files with identical property and well names. These parameters can be used just like any other parameters to create curves.

2 Using Results Graph User's Guide Results Graph

A typical Results Graph screen is shown below:

Whats New in Results Graph Whats New in Results Graph 2012

1. A new Formula Manager allows you to: Create, edit and delete a formula. View and interact with all formulas from all open files. Copy a TimeSeries formula within or between Results Graph .ses files. Repeat a Property versus Time plot that contains a TimeSeries formula. Repeat a Property versus Distance plot that contains a Spatial-Property

formula created using Results 3D. Repeat a plot or curve containing a formula (which could be a Spatial-

Property formula) across files, using Add Similar Curves/Plots, as described in Repeating Curves or Plots for New Data Files.

Refer to Formula Manager and To add curves based on formulae for more information.


Whats New in Results Graph 2011 1. Support for selecting wells from sectors when associating wells with Ad Hoc

Groups. See Creating TimeSeries Properties for Ad Hoc Groups. 2. If the data contains a FlexWell, Results Graph will recognize whether the Flex

Well path is the annulus, a tubing string or concentric tubing. See FlexWell Path for more information.

Whats New in Results Graph 2010 1. Multi-selection support has been added to Results Graph. You can multi-select

(using the CTRL or SHIFT key) when adding and deleting curves, deleting plots, and opening files. Multiple files can be opened in the same session file by using multi-selection and the following options under the File menu:

Open CMG Simulation Results Open Field History Open PA Load Format Open CHEARS Simulation Results

2. The Property vs. Distance dialog box has been updated to allow you to use a FlexWell for the data path. This feature is only available for STARS-based simulation results.

3. If sectors exist in the results file you have opened in Results Graph, a Property vs. Distance plot can be created which uses the values in a particular sector for the data path. Based on grid depth, the average property value in the selected sector will be plotted.

4. Curves which plot the fluid contact depth in a reservoir over time can be added. Refer to To create a fluid contact depth parameter for more information.

5. In Results 3D and Results Graph, you have the option of creating a *.tsdata file when opening simulation results (*.irf) files. The purpose of the *.tsdata file is to re-index the *.irf file and save the information in the *.tsdata file, so that any further actions which reference this*.irf will be quicker (for example, re-opening the file, creating plots, and so on). Refer Setting Results Graph User Preferences for more information.

Starting Results Graph To start Results Graph: Click the Results Graph icon in the CMG Technologies Launcher, or drag and drop a Results Graph session file (*.ses) or a simulation results file (*.irf) onto the Results Graph icon:


If you click the Results Graph icon, you will be prompted to Open Sessions or Simulation Results Files. Select a single file to be opened. The Results Graph main window is displayed.

Results Graph toolbar

Move the cursor over the top of a button to open a tool tip that explains its function.


Results Graph tree view As you add plots and curves, you will notice that the tree view, to the left of the main plot window, maintains a list of your repeat groups, origins, plots and plot elements. You can click to view a particular plot or control content, or to display the selected plot:

Click on a tree item to show the selected plot in the page area. Click in a check box to hide or show the selected plot element. Double-click on a tree item to open a dialog box for the item properties. Right-click on a tree item to open a specific context menu.

You can also expand and collapse the tree view by right-clicking anywhere outside the tree items and selecting Expand tree or Collapse tree from the context menu.

Customizing Toolbars, Menus and Theme Results Graph allows you to customize your work environment. You can drag the toolbar and position it anywhere within your working environment. This permits you to have more screen space when viewing your plots. Results Graph will remember the locations of the toolbar between sessions. The next time you open Results Graph, the items will appear in their last position when Results Graph was closed. You can also change the theme used to color the Results Graph main window frame. Select View | Theme in the menu bar and then select the desired theme. The selected theme is remembered between sessions.

Opening Files Opening SR2 Files

To open SR2 files: 1. Select File | Open CMG Simulation Results from the menu bar. The Results

Open CMG Simulation Results Files dialog box appears with the *.irf filter enabled.


2. Specify the file(s) you want to open. You can select multiple files using the CTRL and

SHIFT keys, and you can open as many files as you want within the limits of your computers memory.

To open files you can either: Method 1:

In File name, enter the name of the file you want to open. or

Method 2: 1. In Look in, select the drive and directory you want to access. The files associated

with that directory appear in the file list. 2. In Files of type specify the file types you want to appear in the file list. 3. Select a file from the list by clicking on it, or select multiple files using the CTRL and

SHIFT keys. 4. Click Open to accept your selections, or click Cancel to cancel any selections.

Opening Field History, PA Load, or CHEARS Simulation Results Files Production history can be read into Results Graph for comparison with the simulator output or information on the Field History File format, the PA Load format (see Appendix A: Field History File Formats and Appendix B: Production Analyst Load Format), or the CHEARS Simulation Results format.


To open field history or PA load files or CHEARS Simulation Results Files: 1. Select Open Field History or Open PA Load Format or Open CHEARS

Simulation Results from the File menu. If you select FHF, the Open Field History Files dialog box appears with the filter

*.fhf in place. If you select PA Load, the Open PA Load Format Files dialog box appears with

the filter *.paf in place. If you select CHEARS, the Open CHEARS Simulation Results Files dialog box

appears with the filter *.smspec in place. 2. Specify the file(s) you want to open. You can open as many files as you want,

within the limits of your computers memory. To open files you can either: Method 1:

In File name, enter the name of the file you want to open. or

Method 2: 1. In Look in, select the drive and directory you want to access. The files associated

with that directory appear in the file list. 2. In Files of type, specify the file types that you want to appear in the file list. 3. Select a file from the file list by clicking on it or select multiple files using the

CTRL and SHIFT keys. 4. Click Open to accept your selections, or click Cancel to cancel any selections.

Opening/Saving a Workspace File A Results Graph workspace contains a record of a Results Graph session, as well as the content and format of plots produced during the session or through an invoked Results 3D session (see Opening Results 3D from Results Graph for further information). The use of a workspace is particularly useful when you want to compare files; for example, a side-by-side comparison of a graph produced by Results Graph and a 3D representation produced in Results 3D. You can create a workspace file at any time during the Results Graph session by selecting File | Save Workspace or File | Save Workspace As from the menu bar. The workspace file, which has the extension .rws, will contain all the files that are open in the Results Graph window. Saving the workspace file also saves the session file.


In each instance of Results Graph, only one workspace file can be open at any one time. You have to close the current workspace file before you can open another one. Note: If you try to save a workspace file with multiple Results Graph session files open, a warning will be displayed that only one of the session files will be saved.

Opening Results 3D from Results Graph From Results Graph, you can directly open a Results 3D view of the same simulation output file by selecting File | Open Results 3D. To facilitate working on projects, Results will search the current directory to see if a template file matches the name of the active session. If one exists, you will be presented with the option of loading it. If you choose not to load it, a blank template will be created with a default name based on the simulation results file. If no matching file is found, a blank template with the same base name as the current session will be created. To illustrate, if you are working in a session called MyProject.ses which is based on the CMG Simulation Results file simulation.irf, and then select File | Open Results 3D:

If MyProject.3tp exists and you choose to load it, MyProject.3tp will load. If MyProject.3tp exists and you choose not to load it, a blank simulation00.3tp

will be created If MyProject.3tp does not exist, a blank MyProject.3tp will be created. If

MyProject.ses contains more than one SR2 file, the Select Simulator Results File dialog box appears as shown below, in which case you would select the file that you want to view in Results 3D and then click OK.

You can work independently with the Results 3D view as if you opened it directly. By establishing this link between session and template files, you can create a Spatial-Property formula in Results 3D and plot it as a Property Versus Distance curve in Results Graph. If you then save both the template and the session with the same base name and in the same location, when you reload the session in Results Graph, the associated template will automatically load so that the corresponding spatial-property formula is restored. Alternatively, if you start in Results 3D and select File | Open Results Graph, the associated session file can be loaded when necessary.


Working with Curves Adding Curves Curves can be added to an empty plot or to a plot containing one or more curves. Two dialog boxes are used for adding curves, one for spatial property versus distance curves and the other for the rest of the curves.

To add curves to an empty plot To add a spatial property versus distance curve, select the plot in the tree view, and then select Edit | Curve | Property Vs. Distance from the menu bar. The Property versus Distance Plots dialog box is displayed. For other types of curves, select the plot in the tree view, and then select Edit | Curve | Add from the menu bar, or click the Add Curve button in the toolbar. The Results Graph - Add Curve dialog box is displayed. For further information, refer to To add TimeSeries property curves and To plot property versus distance.

To add curves to a plot containing existing curves Results Graph will determine the type of existing curve (TimeSeries or property-versus-distance) and will open the correct dialog box. The procedure for adding curves to an empty plot is similar to that used for adding curves to a plot containing existing curves. One of the axes (the x-axis or the distance axis) gets specified (and therefore fixed) when the first curve is added to a plot. On subsequent add curve operations, therefore, that axis cannot be re-specified. If you are adding a curve to a plot that is part of a Repeat Plot Group, you cannot change the origin for the plot.

To add curves based on formulae Important Change: The method for accessing formulae when adding curves has changed since they are no longer displayed by selecting Special History in the Origin type box. Formulae are associated with the origin type used by the formulas primary variable. Refer to Primary on page 53 for more information. The procedure for adding curves based on formulae (refer to Formula Manager for information about creating and using formulae) is similar to that outlined in To add curves to an empty plot. If, in the Results Graph Add Curves dialog box, you select a formula in the Parameter list, the dialog box will change, as shown below:


You can select which origin(s) (W-1 in the above example) you want to substitute into the primary independent variable when generating curves. Refer to Independent Variables for information about the use of primary independent variables in formulae. If you click a formula summary will be displayed:

In the above example, if you had set the Formula Manager option to only substitute for the primary variable, you could generate a curve of the Cumulative Oil SC for a particular origin as a percentage of W-16 Cumulative Oil SC.

To add TimeSeries property curves To add a curve(s):

1. Click the plot in the tree view, and then select Edit | Curve | Add in the menu bar, or click on the Add Curve button. The Results Graph - Add Curves dialog box is displayed:


2. Select a file from the File list. All the simulation results files and field history files

that you have opened should appear on the list. 3. Select an Origin Type, one of the following:

4. Specify an X-Axis or Y-Axis. For an empty plot, if you do not specify an X-axis,

the default is Time. 5. Choose one or more parameters from the Parameter list box to plot. If there are

components associated with any of the parameters you selected, they appear in the Component box. Choose one component. If you have chosen more than one parameter with components, this component will apply to each of those. If you select multiple parameters, the number of axes in use will be updated.

6. Choose one or more Origins from the list of origins for which the specified parameter is available.

7. If you choose a single parameter, select a Y-axis from the Choose Y Axis area to force plotting of two parameters with the same unit dimensions on separate Y-axes.

8. Click OK to apply your changes, or click Cancel to cancel your changes. If you click OK, the curves are added to the plot.


To plot property versus distance A property versus distance plot can also be created from Results 3D. Refer to the Results 3D Users Guide for details.

To add a property versus distance curve to an empty plot: 1. Select Edit | Curve | Add Property Vs. Distance from the menu bar. 2. The Property versus Distance dialog box appears. The rest of the discussion is

identical to that under To add a property versus distance curve to an existing property versus distance plot below.

To add a property versus distance curve to an existing property versus distance plot: 1. Select Edit | Curve | Add from the menu bar, or click the Add Curve button. The Property versus Distance Plots dialog box is displayed:

2. Select a file from the Data File list. All the simulation results files and field

history files that you have opened should appear on the list. If a trajectory file is open, then the associated trajectory file will appear in the Trajectory box.


3. Define a data path through the grid. Several options may be available: Trajectory: This option is available if the data and trajectory files are

open. You can select to use measured depth (MD) or true vertical depth (TVD).

Well Path: This option is available if the data file contains well perforations. If LAYERXYZ well data is available, a well path is defined by joining perf block entry and exit points. Alternatively, if LAYERXYZ is not available, a well path is defined by joining each perf from block center to block center. Distances will be relative to depth value of the first perf. The Distance To First Perf can be modified in this dialog box.

Linear Path: When this option is selected, a three-dimensional linear path is defined from the center of the first block to the center of the second block.

FlexWell Path: This option is available if the data file contains one or more FlexWells. You will also need to have STARS version 2011 or later.

If data is available, the FlexWell Path is defined as the distance along all of the perf segments along the wellbore path or tubing string (Stream) inside the FlexWell. Results Graph will recognize whether the path is the annulus, a tubing string or concentric tubing. You can specify the distance to the first well perf so that distances in the graph are relative to the surface.

To define a FlexWell path, first select FlexWell path in the Define Data Path area, then select the FlexWell name and then select the Stream (Annulus, Tubing) name. Once you select the stream name, the identifier above the drop-down menu will change accordingly. If you select a tubing string, the identifier will change to Stream (Regular Tubing) name, as shown below:

If you select the annulus, the identifier will change to Stream (Annulus)

name, as shown below:

If you select concentric outer tubing:


If you select concentric inner tubing:

Average sector property vs. grid depth: This option is available if

sectors exist in the simulation results file. Based on the property selected for the curve, the property value will be averaged within the sector region and plotted against the available grid depth values.

4. There may be three options for selecting the property for the curve. Property (Simulator Data): The reservoir property and property time

must be selected. Note: For spatial-property formulas, a time is available for plotting only if the selected Well Path contains a perforation that exists on or before the earliest time used in the formula.

Flow Property (Production Logging plots): Choose this option to plot simulated flow property values (for example, fluid rates) from individual perforations versus depth along the path selected in step 3 above. For a trajectory path, a value is assigned to each depth in the trajectory file. The assigned value may be the interpolated value between two layers.

Note: This option is enabled only if layer information is available in the simulator output file (SR2 file).

Select the Plot fraction of well flow check box, if you want to view the flow property as a fraction of the total well flow.

Log Data: This option is available if the associated trajectory file contains well log data.

Note: The supported file formats for well log information are described in the Well Log Formats section in the Importing Geological and Well Trajectory Data chapter of the Builder Users Guide.

5. Once the path and property have been chosen, click the Add Curve button to add the curve to the list of curves to be added.

6. Repeat steps 1 through 5 as required to define multiple curves for the plot. 7. Select a curve, and then click the Remove Curve button to remove the curve from

the list of curves for this plot. 8. Select Distance on X to plot distance on the X axis, or select Distance on Y to

plot distance on the Y axis. 9. Select Distance Increasing to plot the distance axis increasing from the origin, or

select Distance Decreasing to plot the distance axis decreasing from the origin.


10. Select the Use Grid Block Center Distance Only check box if you want to use only the grid block center points; otherwise, the grid center points along with the grid enter and exit points will be used.

Click the Note button for a visual explanation, as shown in the following:

11. Click OK to add the list of specified curves to the current plot. Click Cancel to

leave the plot unchanged.

To create a special history parameter Results Graph automatically reads special history parameters from a CMG simulation output file. A special history parameter can also be created in Results Graph and Results 3D. To create these parameters in Results 3D, refer to the Results 3D Users Guide for details.

To create a special history parameter: 1. Select Edit | Curve | Add from the menu bar, or click the Add Curve button.

The Add Curve dialog box appears. Click the Add Block Property Vs. Time button.


The Add Block Property versus Time dialog box appears:

2. Select the property in the top window. Enter the block address in the text box at

the bottom. The block address refers to the i, j and k indices of the grid block. 3. Click OK. You are returned to the Add Curve dialog box. The origin type

displayed has changed to Special History. The special history parameter, for example Oil Saturation: 23,45,4, is added to the list of Special History parameters.

You can use this parameter in the same way as other parameters to create curves.

To create a difference property parameter You can create a property that represents the computed difference in a parameter (for example, Cumulative Oil) in two files. The difference property is calculated for a well at each time record that the selected property is available in the second file. The difference property is calculated for each well with an identical name in both the files.

To create a difference property parameter: 1. Select Edit | Curve | Add from the menu bar, or click on the Add Curve

button. The Add Curve dialog box appears. Click the Add Difference Property button. The Add Difference Property dialog box appears:

2. The first file the one selected in the Add Curves dialog box. Select the second file from the

drop-down list box. Select the property for which the difference is to be computed. Select the type of difference (absolute or relative). Click OK.


3. You are returned to the Add Curves dialog box. The new parameter is added to the list of parameters, for example, Cumulative Gas-Oil Ratio: Difference with d:\datafiles\watfld.fhf.

You can use the parameter in the same way as other parameters to create curves.

To create a fluid contact depth parameter If there is a bounding surface in a reservoir above which predominantly one kind of fluid (that is, gas or oil) exists and below which predominantly another kind of fluid (that is, oil or water) exists, and if there are outputs of Gas, Oil and/or Water Saturation in the CMG simulation output file, Results Graph can create a Fluid Contact Depth property time series.

To create the Fluid Contact Depth parameter: 1. Select Edit | Curve | Add from the Edit menu, or click the Add Curve button.

The Add Curve dialog box appears. Choose origin type Well and click the Create Fluid Contact Depth Vs. Time button. The Define Well Fluid Contact Depth Property dialog box appears:

2. Define a path through the grid, using one of two possible options:

Well Path: This option is available if the data file contains well perforations. If LAYERXYZ well data is available, a well path is defined by joining perf block entry and exit points. Alternatively, if LAYERXYZ is not available, a well path is defined by joining each perf from block center to block center. Distances will be relative to depth value of the first perf.

Trajectory: This option is available if the data file and a trajectory file for the well are open.

You can select true vertical depth (TVD) or measured depth (MD) for either path.


3. Define a property name by entering text in the Property Name box or click the Default Name button for a default name.

4. Define the saturation type by choosing SG, SO or SW from the Saturation type for calculation box. This saturation type will be used by the algorithm to determine when there is a phase transition along the length of the well.

5. Define porosity type by choosing Fracture or Matrix from the Porosity type box.

6. Define the calculation method by choosing from the Calculation method box. Three methods may be available.

Max Derivatives over n-Point Moving Average Period: Click the button for a visual explanation, as shown below:


Max Difference over Prev and Next n-Points Average of Saturation Data: Click the button for a visual explanation, as shown below:

User Predefined Threshold: Click the button for a visual

explanation, as shown below:


7. Define the number of smoothing points. This is available when either the Max

Derivatives over n-Point Moving Average Period or Max Difference over Prev or Next n-Points Average of Saturation Data method is chosen. The value may be 3 or higher.

8. Define the threshold. This is available when the method User Predefined Threshold is used. The possible value is between 0 and 1. The first or last point that meets the criteria can be used as contact depth.

9. Click OK. You are returned to the Add Curve dialog box. The new fluid contact depth property is added to and highlighted in the list of Parameters.

This parameter can be used in the same way as other properties.

Editing Curves Note: Property curves cannot be edited.

To change an existing curve on the Results Graph: 1. In the plot, click the curve you want to edit, or select it in the tree view. If you

have more than one plot displayed, first click on the plot and then click the curve.


2. Select Edit | Curve | Edit from the menu bar, or click the Edit Current Curve button, or right-click the curve in the plot and then select Edit Curve, or right-click the curve in the tree view and then select Edit Curve.

The Results Graph - Edit Curve dialog box (similar to the Add Curve dialog box) is displayed.

3. Select a file from the File list. 4. Select an Origin Type, one of Field, Group, Layer, Lease, Sector, Special History,

or Well. 5. Specify an X Axis or Y Axis. If you do not specify an X axis, the default is Time. 6. Choose one of the parameters from the Parameter box to specify an axis. If there are components associated with the parameter you selected, they will

appear in the Components list box. Choose one component. 7. Choose an Origin from the list of origins for which the specified parameter is

available. To specify another axis, repeat steps 4 and 5. 8. Click OK to apply your changes, or click Cancel to cancel any changes. If you

click OK, the edited curve replaces the one you had selected.

Deleting Curves

To delete a curve: 1. Select the curve you want to delete from the curve list, or click on the curve to be

deleted in the tree view. If multiple plots are displayed, select the plot and then select the curve you want to delete from the curve list for that plot. You can also select multiple curves in the tree view using the CTRL key.

2. Select Edit | Curve | Delete from the menu bar, or click the Delete Curves button. The curve(s) you selected are deleted. If you select all of the curves in a plot, the plot is deleted.

Working with Plots Adding another Plot

To add another plot to the page: 1. Select Edit | Plot | Add from the menu bar, or click the Add Plot button. 2. The existing plot(s) may be resized, and a blank area on the page will be

highlighted. 3. To add a curve to the new plot use the Add Curve button or select

Edit | Curve | Add from the menu bar.


4. Alternatively, to add a property versus distance curve to the new plot, select Edit | Curve | Add Property Vs. Distance from the menu bar.

Creating a Flow Property versus Depth (PLT) plot Note: To use this feature, the simulator output for layers must be enabled. With this feature, you can create the following plots:

1. A plot containing Oil Rate, Water Rate and Total Fluid Rate at reservoir conditions (RC) versus depth.

2. A plot containing Gas Rate RC versus depth. On each plot you can also plot Log values for comparison. You can create plots where:

1. Fluid volumes are accumulated as you travel upwards from the deepest point in the well path.

2. Fluid volumes are accumulated and then normalized with the total value as you travel upwards from the deepest point in the well path.

3. Raw simulated flow rates are plotted along the depth. Note: The log values in the log files are expected to be accumulated along the well path.

SPE5 : SPE5 COMPOSITIONAL RUN 1PCC-SBC-112 gmgro005_CrtRelPerm.irf

Oil Rate RC 1989-01-21 (1116.00 day) Log Data: Rates 1989-01-06 (1101.00 day)

Oil Rate RC - accumulated

Dist

ance

(ft)

0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000

15,000

15,500

16,000

16,500

17,000

In the above plot, volumes are accumulated along the well path.



Oil Rate RC 1989-01-21 (1116.00 day) Log Data: Rates 1989-01-06 (1101.00 day)

Oil Rate RC - Fraction of Well

Dist

ance

(ft)

-0.20 -0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00

15,000

15,500

16,000

16,500

17,000

In the above plot, the volumes are normalized with respect to the total flow.


Oil Rate RC (bbl/day)

Dist

ance

(ft)

0 200 400 600 800 1,000

15,000

15,500

16,000

16,500

17,000

The above plot shows raw simulated values for Oil Rate RC.


To create a PLT plot, select Edit | Plot | Add Flow Property vs. Depth Plot (PLT) from the menu bar. This menu is also available on the context menu (right-click in the plot area). The Select a Well dialog box is displayed:

Select a well to plot in the Select a well dialog box. You can select only one well. Click OK. The PLT (rates) plot dialog box is displayed:


Note: If trajectory and well log files have not yet been opened in the session, you will be prompted to enter them before the PLT (rates) plot dialog box will be displayed. Select the property time and trajectory time. This feature will also work if you do not have trajectory information, in which case Results Graph will use LAYERXYZ information to create a trajectory, if available; otherwise, it will use the model perf (*PERF keyword in the simulator dataset) information to create the trajectory. Select one or more curves in the Simulated property column by selecting the check box. If logs are available, the cells in the Log Property and Log time columns are replaced by drop-down boxes listing the names and times of the Logs. Select the Log name and time if you want to plot logs on the plot. Select the Plot normalized flow check box for normalized volumes. To plot raw simulator data, select the Turn off accumulation of values with depth check box.

Deleting Plots

To delete plots: 1. In the tree view, click the plot you want to delete or select multiple plots using the

CTRL key. Note: You cannot select multiple plots within a repeat group. 2. Select Edit | Plot | Delete from the menu bar, or right-click the selected plot(s)

and then select Delete Plot(s). The plot(s) you selected are deleted.

Customizing Plots Once you create a plot, you can customize the page layout, plot appearance, axis appearance, and curve appearance from the Display Settings tabbed property sheet.

To change the page layout To change the page layout:

1. Select View | Properties from the menu bar, or click the Set/Modify Properties button on the toolbar. Select the Page Layout tab:


2. In Gutter Size, control the space between multiple plots on the same page. 3. In Plots Per Page, specify the number of rows and columns of plots that you want

displayed on each page. This will apply to the current repeat group only. 4. In Page Number specify whether you want the pages numbered, where you want

the numbers to appear, and other options. Type a text string or use the button to enter symbolic names in the Page Number Text box.

5. Click OK to apply your changes, or click Cancel to cancel your changes.

To change the page text You can create or edit the page title and footer with the Page Text tab.

To add or change a page title and edit a page footer: 1. Click the page that you want to change. 2. Select View | Properties from the menu bar, or click the Set/Modify Properties

button on the toolbar. Select the Page Text tab:


3. Add to or change the Title 1 or Title 2. You can change the title text, the

background color, and add a border around the title block. Use the button to enter symbolic names in the Title boxes.

4. If you want to add a footer to your pages, select the Show Footer check box, and enter Footer Text. You can also change the background color and border for the footer area.

5. Check Apply to All Pages to apply these specifications to all plots. 6. Click OK or Apply to apply your changes, or Cancel.

To change the plot appearance You can create, edit and position a plot title and control grid lines within the plot.

To add or change a plot title and control grid lines inside the plot: 1. Click on the plot you want to change. 2. Select View | Properties from the menu bar, or click the Set/Modify Properties

button on the toolbar. Select the Plot tab:


3. Add to or change the Plot Title. Type a text string or use the button to enter

symbolic names in the Plot Title Text box. 4. Click options in the Bounding Box frame to enclose the plot area in a box or in

the Axis Grid frame to display a grid over the plot area. 5. Check Apply to All Plots to apply these specifications to all plots. 6. Click OK to apply your changes, or click Cancel to cancel your changes.

To change the legend appearance You can change the legend position, layout, font and background color.

To customize the plot legend: 1. Click on the plot you want to change. 2. Select View | Properties from the menu bar, or click the Set/Modify Properties

button on the toolbar. Select the Legend tab:


3. Turn the legend on or off by clicking the Show Legend Box check box. 4. You can control the layout of the legend by changing the number of columns of

line samples and curve names in Number of Columns. 5. You can control the background color, border and text font. 6. You can position the legend at one of a number of positions around the plot, or

inside the plots, using custom position. Alternatively, you can click in the legend box and drag the box to the desired position this only works when the Display Settings dialog box is not present.

7. Click OK or Apply to apply your changes, or click Cancel to cancel your changes.

To change the axis appearance To change the appearance of an axis:

1. Click on the plot you want to change. 2. Select View | Properties from the menu bar, or click the Set/Modify Properties

button on the toolbar. Select the Axis tab:


3. Select the axis you want to change from the Axis list. 4. In Label, enter a new label or change the existing label. In Type, select one of these options: Linear, Log, or Date. In Scaling if you select Auto, the Maximum, Minimum and Step boxes are set

automatically for you. If you select Fixed All (min, max and tick), you can specify Maximum, Minimum and Step. If you select Fixed min and max only, you can specify Maximum and Minimum.

To apply the same axis Minimum and Maximum to all repeated plots, select Auto from the Scaling pull-down list, and select Global Scaling in the Repeat Plot dialog box.

If you select Auto from the Scaling drop-down list but do not select Global Scaling from the Repeat Plot dialog box, each repeated plot may have a different scale Minimum and Maximum depending on the data in the curves for the repeated plots.

5. In Step, specify the space between tick marks (if enabled). 6. Select Use Persian Date to display Persian dates along a date axis. 7. In Maximum and Minimum, specify the axis range (if enabled). With a Date type

axis a button (next to the text box) opens a calendar to convert a desired date into a number of days. Select Use Persian Date to display Persian dates along a date axis.


8. Numeric Format, Decimal Places and Use 1000 Separator specify the style of numbers shown in axis annotations. The symbol used for 1000 separator is set in Regional Settings of your computer.

9. You can customize the font of the Axis Label and the font and orientation of the Axis Values.

10. Selecting the Axis Color Coding check box will automatically change color of the axis line to the color of the associated curves. This option does not apply to X-axis.

11. Click OK or Apply to accept your changes. You can then continue to change the axis appearance for another plot. Click Cancel to cancel your changes.

To change the curve appearance To change the appearance of a curve:

1. Click on the curve you want to change in the Curve list selection box. If you have several plots on one page, you will first have to select the correct plot. You can also select the curve by clicking on it in the tree view.

2. Select View | Properties from the menu bar, or click the Set/Modify Properties button on the toolbar. Select the Curve tab:


3. Change the line color and line style. The marker type, size, color, and frequency are controlled in the Markers area.

Note: If you have Axis Color Coding option enabled for an axis, all curves associated with this axis will have the same color as the first curve. Thus, in case of multiple curves associated with one axis and Axis Color Coding option turned on your control of line color and style may be limited.

4. In Legend Text, edit the legend label. Type a text string or use the button to enter symbolic names into the Legend Text box.

5. Check the option Show As a Step Line or Moving Average. Both are optional. If Show As a Step Line is checked, the data points in the curve are joined using a step line instead of a straight line. If Moving Average is checked, the number of points to be used for the averaging can be entered. The purpose of the Moving Average feature is to ensure that the curve has a greater basis on historical data, and it can be used for working with history match plots. For example, if a value of 3 is entered for the number of points, then the average will be based on the previous 2 points plus the current point.

6. Click OK or Apply to apply your changes. You can also click Cancel to close the dialog box without applying changes, if you have not already clicked the Apply button.

To change units By default, Results Graph uses the output unit system specified in the SR2 files.

To change the unit system or any of the individual properties: 1. Select View | Properties from the menu bar, or click the Set/Modify Properties

button on the toolbar. Select the Units tab:


2. In the Predefined Unit Systems drop-down list, select the unit system you want.

This automatically displays the default units for that system. 3. If you want to change an individual unit item, click in the User Defined Unit

System check box. You can then make selections for individual unit items. Note: Starting with the 2005 release, the Molar Mass units can be converted to

equivalent volumes at standard conditions. This is to accommodate the need for special units being used for Coal Bed Methane fields. Essentially, the chemical component is assumed to be in an ideal gas state at 1 atm and 15.555 C/60 F so that the compressibility factor can be assumed to be unity (z=1).

4. Click OK to accept your selections or Cancel to cancel any selections.

To change plot and plot-group tree view displaying name By default, plots are displayed on the tree view as Plot 1, Plot 2, etc. and plot groups as RepeatGroup 1, RepeatGroup 2, etc.

To change plot and plot group displaying name prefixes: 1. Select View | Properties from the menu bar, or click the Set/Modify Properties

button on the toolbar. Select the Tree View tab:


2. In the Tree View tab, select Use custom label prefix and/or Use custom label

prefix, and type the desired name prefixes in the corresponding edit boxes. 3. By default, the custom prefix is applied only on the plots and/or plot groups that

are created after the prefix was entered. You can apply the custom name prefixes to the existing plots and/or plot groups by selecting Apply to all plots and/or Apply to all repeat groups.

4. Click OK to accept your selections or Cancel to cancel any selection.

Zooming Plots

2-D Zooming Once you create a plot, you can zoom in the plot to see the fine details. To do so you just use the mouse select a portion of the plot. For example, after selecting the center portion of the following plot,


you will have the following:


This operation can be repeated to further magnify the plot. Right-click the plot area using the mouse button you will have the context menu popped out. There are 2 useful commands for zooming operations. They are Unzoom and Full View. Unzoom will undo the zooming operation just performed. Full View will undo all the previous zooming operations.

1-D Zooming This feature is supported for linear axis only. To zoom in the horizontal and vertical axes:

Click the linear scale axis, until the cursor appears for the X-axis or the cursor appears for the Y-axis.

Drag the mouse along the axis to expand or to shrink it. The axis point you click is the anchor point. The zooming (or expanding) operation maintains the location of this point.


To illustrate, consider the following example, which shows a plot before 1-D zooming:

After X-axis 1-D zooming at the anchor point of around x = 1915. The cursor is moved in the positive x direction to magnify this plot:


Renaming Plots and Plot Groups from the Tree View From the tree view you can change the name of standalone plots and repeat plot groups; however, you cannot change the name of a plot that belongs to a repeat plot group. The customized names for standalone plots and repeat plot groups are preserved when the session file is saved. The steps for renaming plots and plot groups are as follows:

1. Select then click the standalone plot or repeat plot group in the tree view to enter the label editing mode.

2. Type the desired name. 3. Press ESC or click outside the label to end the editing.

For example, select and then click Plot 1:


Type in the name (My Own Plot No.1 in the example) and then click outside the label. The plot name is updated:

Reordering Plots and Plot Groups from the Tree View Generally, the plots and/or repeat plot groups are displayed in the tree view according to the order of their creation. You can reorder them using a drag-and-drop operation; however, you cannot do this on plots within the same repeat plot group or move a plot from one repeat plot group to another. The new displaying order will be preserved when the session file is saved. To reorder plots and plot groups, click and hold the standalone or repeat plot group you wanted to move, then drag it to the new location, and then release the mouse button. The dragged item will be placed immediately before the item at the place where the mouse button was released.


To illustrate, the following example shows a display before the drag-and-drop operation:

After moving My Plot 15 to be after My Plot_3:

Note: To move an item to the end of the tree view list, move it to before the last item, then move the last item ahead of it.

Setting Results Graph User Preferences Results Graph user preferences can be saved as default values in Windows registry under the current user name. Click File | Graph Preferences in the menu bar to open the Graph Preferences dialog box:


Select the desired plot layout, fonts, lines, colors, and so on, and then click OK to save the preferences to the registry. Click Reset Page to return factory defaults on the current preference page. User preferences apply to newly created plots and do not change the existing ones. In the Time Series Index (tsdata) File area of the General page, you can manage how large files are to be handled when they are opened in Results Graph. When the SR2 file is opened, a file with the same base file name and the extension of tsdata will be created automatically if the file loading time is longer than the default of 10 seconds and Create this file when SR2 file opening takes more than is selected. This file can significantly reduce subsequent loading times of the same SR2 file; however, this will slightly increase the loading time the first time you open the file and it will require additional disk space. If you never have to open the same SR2 twice, then this option is not beneficial and can be disabled through File | Graph Preferences. You can also change the minimum loading time required to trigger the creation of the tsdata file in the same Graph Preferences dialog box.

Repeating a Plot If you create a single column or page of plots with all the data from a single origin (that is, a single well or single group) you can repeat the column or page of plots for a set of origins.

To repeat a plot: 1. Select Edit | Plot | Repeat from the menu bar.


The Repeat Plots dialog box appears:

2. In the left pane, select the plot that you want to repeat. 3. By default, Selected Wells is selected. All Injectors will be enabled if the file(s)

contains injectors. 3. To repeat the plot for all producers in the file(s), select All Producers. All the

producers will be selected from the list of origins. 4. To repeat the plot for all injectors in the file(s), select All Injectors. 5. To repeat the plot for selected wells only, select Selected Wells. Select one or more

origins. Use the CTRL and SHIFT keys to select multiple wells or a range of wells. 6. If you want all the plots to have the same axis maximums and minimums (so you

can more easily compare values for different wells), select Use Global Axis Scaling for the new Repeat Origin Group.

7. Click OK to accept your selections or Cancel to cancel your selections. Note: You can save and restore the plots created in a session file. Refer to Saving a Session and Opening a Session File. When you restore a session file, you will have the option of specifying a file that is different from the one used originally to create the plot. When restoring a repeated plot group, the behavior of Results Graph depends on the option you selected:

If you selected the Selected Wells option, a plot is restored only if the file contains an origin with an identical name.

If you selected the All Producers option, plots for all the producers in a file are restored, even if the origin names do not match.

If you selected the All Injectors option, plots for all the injectors in a file are restored, even if the origin names do not match.


Repeating Curves or Plots for New Data Files Once you have opened an existing session file or created plots with curves based on opened simulation data files, use this feature to add similar curves and/or plots for newly opened simulation data files. Select Edit | Add Similar Curves/Plots from the menu bar. The Add Similar Curves/Plots dialog box is displayed:

The New Data File list may be empty when the dialog box is first opened. Click Add More Files to concurrently open multiple simulation data files. Through the Add Similar Curves/Plots dialog box, you can:

Add new curves to existing plots: Create new curves for the existing plots based on the curves that are plotted using the selected existing data files.

Add new plots: Create new plots based on the existing plots if they have curves that are plotted using the selected existing data files.

The model plots on which the similar curves or plots are created can be: Selected Existing Plots via Treeview: The plots that were selected from the tree

view just before the dialog box was opened. All Existing Plots: All available plots on the dialog box are opened.

The operation can be repeated as many times as necessary.


Note: The repeating operation is best-effort and it is possible that it may not create new curves or plots.

Exporting History Match Factors History match factors are defined as the average log value divided by the average model value for each well block. The output can be used as input to the simulator data file using the *MOD keyword. If you have created a Flow Property versus Depth (PLT) plot, you can export the history match factors to a text file, as follows:

1. Click Tools | Export History Match Factors in the menu bar. The Export History Match Factors dialog box will be displayed:

2. Click Select Wells to open the Advanced Well Selection dialog box, select the

desired wells, and then click OK. 3. In the Export History Match Factors dialog box, enter the desired options. 4. Click to define the destination for the HistoryMartchFactors.txt file, and then

click OK.

Repeating Plots based on Formulae For information about repeating plots with curves that are based on formulae, refer to To repeat plots with curves based on formulae.

Monitoring Simulation Runs Results Graph allows you to monitor the progress of a simulation run. To do this, start the simulation run, and allow the simulation to progress past a point where it has output two or three sets of periodic well data. (By default, well data is output each time step, but you can change this in the simulation data file through the use of the WSRF keyword.) Once there are at least two times with well data, open Results Graph on the simulation results file. You can either use a template file, or open the simulation results file, and build the set of plots that you want to monitor while the simulation is running. After you have set up the plots that you want, select File | Periodically Re-read Simulator Output from the menu bar. A dialog box will be displayed, prompting you to set an interval


time (in minutes) for the re-read. Enter a value, or accept the default. Click OK to start the periodic reading, or Cancel. Note: Periodic update is not available when a session (.ses) and template (.3tp) file are open at the same time.

Creating TimeSeries Properties for Ad Hoc Groups You can create ad hoc groups, which are groups available on-the-fly from simulation results and field history files. You can group:

Full well (all perforations) output and/or Layer output

For example, you can create an ad hoc group from the outputs of wells W-1, W-2 and layer outputs W-3{14,4,5} and W-3{14,4,6}. In this example, the well layer information must have been output by the simulator. Note: Layer output is not available for Field History files. Graph will sum all the available cumulative TimeSeries properties (Cumulative Oil SC, Cumulative Gas SC, and so on) for all the wells and layers in an ad hoc group to create new TimeSeries properties. It will also calculate rates and ratios from these newly created properties. These calculated properties will be available to you just like any other property created from raw data in the files. They will show up in all the dialog boxes under origin type Group, for example, in the Add Curve dialog box:

Time (Date)

Oil

Rate

SC

(bbl

/day

)

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 20010

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1234-PRO test33_NUM_For_3D_Graph_Tests.irfasdf-PRO test33_NUM_For_3D_Graph_Tests.irfsecond_file-PRO test33_NUM_For_3D_Graph_Tests_Modified_Perm.irf


In the above plot, 1234-PRO, asdf-PRO and second_file-PRO are ad hoc groups created from two irf files. They will also show up in the Well Summary dialog box when you select the Groups to be exported:

To create a new ad hoc group:

1. Select Tools | Create Ad Hoc Groups from the menu bar. You will be prompted to select a data file if more than one is open:

2. Click OK. The Input Name dialog box is displayed:


3. Enter a name for the new group in the Input Name dialog box and then click OK. The Create an Ad Hoc Group from Well Outputs dialog box is displayed:

4. In the Create an Ad Hoc Group from Well Outputs dialog box:

a) Specify the type of output in the Output from panel. For layer output, you can either specify consecutive layers by selecting Through K-layers from then entering the range of layers (for example, 4 to 6) or discrete numbers by selecting Through specified K-layers then entering the layer numbers (for example, 1 3 8). You will be limited to All Perforations for Field History files.

b) Select the well or layer origins in the Well Selection panel. You can either manually select the origins (check the boxes in front of the well/layer name) or you can select All, Producers, Injectors or Highlighted with the Add to selection and Remove from selection buttons. You can apply the filters to the names by selecting Match name/wildcard and entering the match name, with wild card as necessary, in the text box. Producers and Injectors will not be available for Field History files.


c) You can also click the Add from sectors button to open the Select sectors for well selection dialog, through which you can add wells from specific sectors:

Select the desired sector(s) and then click OK to return to the Create an

Ad Hoc Group from Well Outputs dialog box. The wells and layers in the sector(s) you selected are now checked in the Well Selection pane.

d) Change the global multiplier to be applied to all the selected origins in the Multiply each output by box.


e) Add your selection to the List of outputs to be added to Ad Hoc Group list by clicking the Add button, as shown in the following example:

f) If required:

Modify one or more of the values in the Multiplier column. Click the Normalize button to normalize the multipliers in the List of

outputs to be added to the Ad Hoc Group table. Remove all the origins from the output list by clicking Delete all. Click the Set time period button to open the Set start and end times

dialog. Click the Calendar button then enter the Start and End times NS then click OK. This option is not available for Field History files.


Select one or more rows (highlight) in the List of outputs table then click

the Delete selected button to remove selected origins from the list. 5. Repeat steps a) through f) to add more wells/layers. 6. Click OK in the Create an Ad Hoc Group from Well Outputs dialog box to

save the group details or Cancel to cancel your entries.

To displaying an existing ad hoc group composition Select Tools | Display Ad Hoc Groups from the menu bar. The Create an Ad Hoc Group from Well Outputs dialog box opens in read-only mode:


The Ad Hoc Group name drop-down box contains all of the existing ad hoc groups. Change the selection in the drop-down box to display the desired group.

To copy an existing ad hoc group Open the Create an Ad Hoc Group from Well Outputs dialog box in read-only mode as described under Displaying an existing ad hoc group composition. Click the button next to the Ad Hoc Group name box and then click the Copy Group button.

You will be prompted to enter a unique name for the new group. From this point on, the steps are the same as those for creating a new group.

Notes 1. Results Graph will attempt to create two groups from the name you entered:

group_name-PRO and group_name-INJ for Producers and Injectors. Layers will be included in the group_name-PRO group.

2. The group name, member well names and the multipliers are saved to the session (.ses) file.

3. When you read in the session file, the TimeSeries properties, if any, are automatically calculated and added to their plots.

4. If you replace the data files on opening the session file, Results Graph will attempt to create these properties.

5. If you open a new file after creating the groups, Results Graph will attempt to create properties from the new file.

Printing a Plot To print a plot:

1. Select Print from the File menu, or click on the Print button. The Print dialog box appears.

2. In Print range, select All or Selection to specify the pages to be printed. 3. In Copies, specify how many copies you want printed and if you want the copies

collated (if your printer supports collation). 4. Click OK to accept your selections and print. Click Cancel to cancel your selections.


Formula Manager Important Change: Formulae are associated with the origin type used by the formulas primary variable. Refer to Primary on page 53 for more information. The method for accessing formulae when adding curves has changed since they are no longer displayed by selecting Special History in the Origin type box. Refer to To add curves based on formulae on page 9 for further information.

Overview Using Formula Manager, you can calculate and display property values derived from other properties within the same session, from different simulation runs and Results Graph sessions, or at different times. The following simulation output formats are supported: CMG Simulation (*.irf), Field History (*.fhf), PA Load Format (*.paf) and CHEARS Simulation Results (*.smspec). Results Graph provides a dialog box (refer to Formula Manager Dialog Box) through which you can input formulae that describe functional relationships. Refer to To create a formula and To edit a formula. If you delete a formula, then all references to the formula will be deleted, including curves based on the formula. Refer to To delete a formula. You can copy formulae from one session to another. In these cases, the formulae are maintained independently. Refer to To copy a formula for more information. You can repeat a plot across multiple origins based on a formula, as outlined in To repeat plots with curves based on formulae.

Formula Manager Dialog Box Open the Formula Manager dialog box through Tools | Formula Manager in the menu bar:


Formula Tree View: Shows the sessions that are currently open and, for each session, the formulae that have been created. A check mark indicates that a formula is ready for use, and a indicates that it is not. Formula Name: The default name is SchemeN (Scheme1, for example), where N is chronologically assigned. The formula name has to be unique within a session, but does not need to be unique across sessions. You can change the formula name to one that is suitable for your analysis. Independent Variables: This table shows a list of the independent variables selected for use in the formula. You can add, edit and delete independent variables from the list. For each independent variable, the table includes the following:

Primary: Indicates the primary independent variable. When copying formulae from one session to another, or repeating a plot, substitution of independent variables depends on whether the variable is primary or not. Replacement rule options are discussed in To copy a formula and in To repeat plots with curves based on formulae.

Name: This name is assigned from the source file containing the independent variable.

Component: If the source file contains components for the independent variable, these will be displayed in the column.

Origin: The entity (well, for example) that defines the data source for the independent variable. For further illustration, refer to Origin Selection when Creating Formulae.

File: This is the folder and name of the file containing the independent variable data used in the formula.

Note: In the above example, the TimeSeries data used for X0, referred to as Oil Cut SC in the source file, is taken from well OIL1 in the defined file. Formula: The formula is entered by typing the formula directly or by using the buttons below the Formula area. Operators: Operators that can be used to define the formula. For further details, refer to General Rules and Guidelines.


The Options tab displays several Formula Manager option settings:

The following options are available:

Default Substitution Behavior: When repeating a plot (refer to To repeat plots with curves based on formulae), the default substitution behavior for TimeSeries formulae is to substitute for all variables that share the same origin as the Primary. The alternative is to only substitute for the Primary variable. To illustrate, consider the following example:

Time Synchronization Tolerance: Enter the tolerance required for time

synchronization of source properties. A new property will be calculated only if all the source properties can be found at a given time. The default value is 1 day. In this case, if a derived property D is a function of independent variables A, B and C, then D will be calculated at time t = tn if and only if there are values for A, B and C within 1 day of tn.

Substituted Error Value: Set the value that will be assigned to calculations that generate mathematical errors, such as division by zero or logarithm arguments less than or equal to zero. The default is 0.


Data Range: This option allows you to enter a range of data values. Click Change time spec to open the Time options for source properties dialog box through which you can set the range.

Is matrix property: This check box is available if you are working on a DUALPOR or DUALPERM model, and it determines whether a MATRIX or FRACTURE property is calculated.

Origin Selection when Creating Formulae When creating formulae, it is important to remember that when plotting the resultant curve via the Add Curves dialog box, the origin selected will, by default, be substituted into not only the Primary Independent Variable but also any independent variable that shares the same origin as the Primary. Note: The default substitution behavior can be turned off in the Options tab of a selected formula. For more information, refer to Default Substitution Behavior. In this way, only one formula needs to be created to provide an accurate calculation for any particular well. For example, assume you have the following formula: F1: X0 + X1 where:

X0 = Cumulative Oil Mass (C2-C4) SC for Well 1(Primary) X1 = Cumulative Oil Mass (CO2) SC for Well 1

As the following graph demonstrates, if you plot this formula for Well 5, the formula would accurately demonstrate (X0 @ Well 5 + X1 @ Well 5). However, if you had set up the formula with X1 for Well 2, then a plot of this formula for Well 5 would be calculated as follows: (X0 @ Well 5 + X1 @ Well 2). While this may be desirable under some circumstances, the effect is essentially meaningless in most cases.

X0 @ Well 5 + X1 @ Well 5(meaningful representation of Well 5)

X0 @ Well 5 + X1 @ Well 2(less useful representation of Wells 5 and 2)


Unless you have a specific reason for picking an origin other than Well 1 for X1, it is highly recommended to keep the origin selected consistent across all independent variables in a formula. If you are using a formula inside another formula, keep the origin selection the same as the parent formula. This facilitates not only an accurate representation of the wells properties, but enables Repeat Plot functionality to quickly provide formula-based curves for any well.

General Rules and Guidelines

Terms Formula: The functional relationship expressed using symbols representing arithmetic, logical and logarithmic operators and other special quantities, and independent variables. Source property: An existing property in the current or other simulation output file. It can be a property previously defined and calculated using Formula Manager. Independent variable: Representation of the source property in the formula, denoted by Xn, n = 0 99 Dependent variable: A calculation which results in the creation of a temporary property with the name you input for the formula.

Operators Arithmetic operators:

+, -, / (divide), * (multiply), ** (power), SQRT (square root) Logarithmic operators:

LOG, LN, EXP10 (10**x), EXP (e**x) Logical operators:

IF, THEN (as a delimiter), ELSE, ENDIF (as a delimiter), AND, OR, =, = =

Other: ( and ) as delimiters for function arguments INT (rounding of floats to ints; values up to and including i.5 will be rounded to i, those greater than i.5 to [i+1]) MAX, MIN, ABS (absolute value) Xn (n = 0 99) for independent variable


Syntax Only enter the right side of an equation as the formula. For example, if the formula is:

PERMK = PERMI * 0.01 enter it as:

X0 * 0.01 where X0 is the independent variable Permeability I. Precedence and order of evaluation Calculations are always carried out from left to right. Precedence is defined as follows: * and / have equal precedence but are higher than + and - which have equal precedence. An expression within parentheses is evaluated completely and the result is treated as the single value in a binary operation. The following have equal precedence

=, = =

IF Blocks A formula can have only one IF block. An IF block completely defines a formula; that is, a formula containing an IF block can only have the IF THEN (ELSEIF THEN) ELSE ( ENDIF) statements. An IF block must have an ELSE statement. An IF statement must be terminated by THEN. An ELSE statement may be terminated by ENDIF. An ELSE, ELSEIF, AND and OR statements cannot be present without an IF statement.

Other The following operators must be followed by an expression enclosed in

parentheses: LOG, LN, EXP10, EXP, SQRT, INT, ABS, IF, ELSE, ELSEIF, AND, and OR.

MAX and MIN operators are followed by two expressions in parentheses, separated by a comma, for example, MAX (A, B).

Spaces can be inserted between operators, functions and parentheses to make the formula easier to read and understand.

A formula can span more than one line.


Using Formula Manager

To create a formula 1. Select Tools | Formula Manager from the menu bar. The Formula Manager

dialog box is displayed for the active session:

2. Click New in the lower left. The controls in the Formula Manager dialog box are

activated and a default Formula Name entered (Scheme1 in the following example):


3. As desired, change the name of the formula in the Formula Name box. 4. Click Add Independent Variables. The Create Independent Variables dialog

box is displayed. Through this dialog box, you add the independent variables that you want to use in the formula:

Specify the independent variable as follows:

Source Files: Select the source file containing the property that you want to assign to the independent variable. Use the button to browse to and select an additional file, if desired.

Origin Type: Select the origin type, one of Well, Group, Layer (Completion), Special History, Lease (Migration), Sector (Region) or Field. The properties displayed in the Select Property area are based on the origin type.

Select Property: Select the property that you want to use as an independent variable. In a single Create Independent Variables session, you can specify multiple independent variables from one source file or from multiple source files.

Select Component: If components are defined for the property in the source file, these will be displayed in the Select Component area. In this case, select the desired component.


Select Origin: The selected property name may appear in multiple wells or groups, depending on the origin type. Select the particular origin, OIL1 in the above example. You can select multiple origins, in which case independent variables will be created for the properties associated with each origin.

5. Once you have selected an independent variable, click Add to add it to the New Independent Variables list at the bottom of the dialog box. Repeat the above steps for all independent variables that you will use in the formula.

To remove an independent variable from the list, select it in the New Independent

Variables area and then click Delete. 6. After you have specified the required independent variables, click OK. Each

independent variable will be assigned a symbol (X0, X1, Xn) and will be displayed in the Independent Variables table of the Formula Manager dialog box as shown in the following example:


7. Select one of the independent variables as Primary. Refer to Primary for an

explanation of the Primary variable. 8. Enter the formula, as shown in the following example:

You can add source properties to the formula any number of times by either typing its variable symbol (X0, X1, and so on) or by selecting the property in the list and clicking Insert Selected into Formula. You cannot delete a source property from the list unless you remove all references to it in the formula. You can edit the source property (change from one property to another) without removing references to it in the formula.

Examples of formulae:

Example 1: 1.23 * ( X0 ** 0.2 ) Example 2: IF ( ( X0 < 0.1 ) AND ( X1 < 623 ) ) THEN ( INT ( X1 / 10) )

ELSEIF ( ( X0 < 0.1 ) AND ( X1 < 1200 ) ) THEN ( INT ( X1/100 ) ) ELSE ( INT ( X0 * X1 ) )

Example 3: MAX ( ( LOG (X0 * X1 *X2 ) ) , ABS ( X0 ( X1 / X2 ) ) ) 9. Click OK or Apply to apply the formula to the session. You will be prompted if

you do not use all of the independent variables in the formula. If you proceed, the unused independent variables will be deleted from the table. You will be prompted with additional messages if criteria for creating the formula are not met.


To view a formula To view a formula select Tools | Formula Manager from the menu bar. The Formula Manager dialog box will be displayed. In the tree view, click the formula name.

To edit a formula To edit a formula select Tools | Formula Manager from the menu bar. The Formula Manager dialog box will be displayed. In the tree view, click the formula name. Make the necessary changes and then click OK or Apply. All variables and graphs in open sessions that use the formula will be updated immediately.

To copy a formula To copy a formula from one session to another, you must have both sessions open in Results Graph. In the following example, sessions watfld00_feb13.ses and watfld00_feb14.ses are open:

Note: During the copy procedure, Formula Manager will attempt to match properties and origins when possible but, if the origin does not exist in the file to which the formula is being copied, the first origin will be used.

1. In the tree view, select the formula that you want to copy, Scheme1 in the above example.

2. Click Copy at the bottom of the tree view. If you are copying between sessions or template files, the Copy TimeSeries Formula dialog box will be displayed:


Configure the dialog box as required:

Destination: Select the open session to which you want to copy the formula.

Select the behavior for copying TimeSeries formulas. If you do

Results Graph

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Transcript of Results Graph