Restoring faunal communities – dispersal as a key factor

Restoring faunal communities –dispersal as a key factor

Thomas Fartmann

SER Summer School Restoration EcologyMünster, 29/06−03/07/2009

Outline

Dispersal within and between taxonomic groups

M d l b fli d h ( d lli )Model groups: butterflies and grasshoppers (and allies)

Population structure and colonization capability

Dispersal types

Case studies: Restoration of vineyard slopesCase studies: Restoration of vineyard slopes

Habitat availability

H bi h iHabitat heterogeneity

Reintroduction

Di l d t i C bilit f fli htDispersal and taxonomic groups: Capability of flight

Speight et al., 2008, Ecology of insects

Di l ithi l tiDispersal within populations

Typical dispersal-distance function:Many short-distance dispersers and a few dispersers and a few long-distance dispersers

PhD studentsUniversity, UK

Clobert et al., 2001, Dispersal.

B tt fli d h ( d lli )Butterflies and grasshoppers (and allies)

Butterflies Grasshoppers

Knowledge

Diet

++ +/-

plants plants/animals

Bioindication

p p

++ ++

Population structure: Mainland-island metapopulation

Nickerl’s Fritillary

(M lit li )Eichel & Fartmann, 2008, J. Ins. Cons. 12: 677−688.

(Melitaea aurelia)

Population structure: Mainland-island metapopulation

Patch size +*

Isolation

d

−***

Bare ground

Land-use intensity

n.s.

n.s.y

Host-plant coverage +*Habitat qualityLitter coverage

Moss/litter-layer height

n.s.

+*

Habitat quality

y g

Moss/lichen coverage n.s.

Vegetation density n.s.

Nickerl’s Fritillary

Eichel & Fartmann, 2008, J. Ins. Cons. 12: 677−688.

y

(Melitaea aurelia)

Duke of Burgundy

Population structure: Island-archipelago metapopulation

g y(Hamearis lucina)

Fartmann, 2006, Ann. Zool. Fennici 43: 335−347.

Population structure: Island-archipelago metapopulationPatch size n.s.

Isolation

Land use intensity

−*

n sLand-use intensity

Old woodland

n.s.

+***

Duke of Burgundy(Hamearis lucina)

Fartmann, 2006, Ann. Zool. Fennici 43: 335−347.

Population structure: closed population

Bog bush-cricketg(Metrioptera brachyptera)

Poniatowski & Fartmann submitted

Population structure: closed populationAltitude n.s.

Patch size

Isolation

n.s.

n sIsolation

Precipitation

n.s.

+*

Temperature n.s.

Bog bush-cricket(M t i t b h t )(Metrioptera brachyptera)Poniatowski & Fartmann submitted

P l i d l i i bili Population structure and colonization capability

ButterfliesMetapopulation theory: patch size, patch isolation (connectivity) Metapopulat o t eo y: patc s e, patc solat o (co ect v ty) and habitat quality

Network of habitat patches (metapopulation continuum)

intermediate-distance dispersers

Grasshoppers (and allies)

Habitat quality is more important than patch size and isolation

high persistence even on small patcheshigh persistence even on small patches

poor dispersers

Dispersal: species capable of flightSickle-bearing bush-cricket (Phaneroptera falcata)

Maas pers. comm.

Dispersal: flightless species50 Mobility depends

40 I (N = 158) II (N = 64)

Site on habitat structure and

t h i

y (%

)

30

II (N = 64)

Wart-biter(Decticus verrucivorus)

patch size

Freq

uenc

y

20

(Decticus verrucivorus)

F

10

0

Distance (m)

10 30 50 70 90 >100

Schuhmacher & Fartmann, 2003, Naturschutz und Landschaftsplanung 35 (1): 20−28.

Dispersal: flightless species − hydrochoryStriped Bush-cricket (Leptophyes albovittata)

Maas pers. comm.

Dispersal: flightless species − anthropochorySouthern oak bush-cricket (Meconema meridionale)

Maas pers. comm.

Dispersal: flightless species − anthropochoryHay transfer

Kiehl & Wagner, 2006, Rest. Ecol. 14 (1): 157−166.

Dispersal: flightless species − zoochory

O th t h Warkus et al., 1997, Verh. Ges. Ökol. 27: 71−78.

Orthoptera on sheep

Dispersal: usually flightless species − macropteryConcephalus fuscus Metrioptera roeselii

macroptery

+

Concephalus dorsalis Metrioptera brachyptera

—

Simmons & Thomas, 2004, American Naturalist 164 (3): 378−395.

Dispersal: usually flightless species − macroptery


Dispersal: usually flightless species − macroptery20

M t i t lii M t i t b h t

15

Metrioptera roeselii

***

Metrioptera brachyptera

***

s/10

m²

15

ndiv

idua

ls 10

In

5

0

N = 34 14 74 10

t i di id l

Nplots =

Nindividuals = 159 278 325 216

without without withwith

34 14 74 10


macropterous individuals


Macroptery M roeselii M b h tMacropteryAbundance +***

M. roeselii M. brachyptera+***

Altitude

Precipitation (nyp. P, ad. P PG)

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.

Temperature (nyp. P, ad. P PG)

Cover bare ground

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.g

Cover vegetation

Vegetation height

n.s.

n s

n.s.

n sVegetation height

Vegetation density

E

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.

Eastness

Northness

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.



Abundance M roeselii M b h tAbundancePrecipitation (adult period, PG) −***

M. roeselii M. brachyptera−***

Precipitation (nympahl period)

Temperature (adult period, PG)

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.

Temperature (nympahl period) +*** n.s.


Dispersal: generalists vs. specialistsButterflies: southern species, UK

1970−1982 vs. 1995−1999

mobile generalists

mobile specialistsmobile specialists

sedentary specialists

Warren et al., 2001, Nature 414: 65−69.

Dispersal: generalists vs. specialists

R l’ b h i k (M i lii)Wissmann et al., 2009, Ent. Gen. 31 (4): 317−326.Roesel’s bush-cricket (Metrioptera reoselii)

Restoration of vineyard slopes: Kaiserstuhl area

Möllenbeck et al., 2009, J. Ins. Cons. 13: 77−87.


Fire management

Winter burning was reintroduced in 2000

Aim

Prevent invasion of woody species and maintain open grasslandPrevent invasion of woody species and maintain open grassland

to benefit vinery and nature conservation


Fire management: guidelines

Restriction to late winter (December until February)

Spatial and temporal mosaic

Upslope firep p

Cold and calm weather

Legally protected habitat types (e g Legally protected habitat types (e.g. Meso- and Xerobromion) and protected areas are excluded

H. Friedländer


70random points (n = 52) (a)

Woodland graylingcy 40

50

60random points (n = 52)oviposition sites (n = 31)

(a)(Hipparchia fagi)

frequ

enc

20

30

40

not moderately good yes no0

10

l l t ti (***)b tibilit (**)

60

70 random points (n = 97)larvae sites (n = 43)

(b)

legal protection (***)combustibility (**)

eque

ncy

30

40

50

fre

10

20

30

Möllenbeck et al., 2009, J. Ins. Cons. 13: 77−87.not moderately good yes no

0

legal protection (**)combustibility (n.s.)

Restoration of vineyard slopes: Kaiserstuhl area180

140

160 *

rvae

120

140

Oothecae

atch

ed la

r

80

100

H

40

60

0

20

Praying mantis (Mantis religiosa)

Burnt (N = 20) Reference (N = 5)0

Stärz et al., in press, Arb. Inst. Landschaftssökol.



200 100

160

200

80

100

Oothecae

arva

e

120

ace

[%]

60

Hat

ched

l

80

urnt

sur

fa

40

H

40 Larvae

Bu

20Scorch marks

0 0<3 3-10 >10


Height [cm]



Restoration of vineyard slopes: Kaiserstuhl areaRecolonisation after 35

Burning

000

m²

30burntunburnt

ae p

er 1

.0

20

25

/oot

heca

15

divi

dual

s/

5

10

Larvae Imagines I Imagines II Oothecae

Ind

0

5


Larvae Imagines I Imagines II Oothecae




Hipparchia fagi

L l h bit t l t t d d l ll t t dLarval habitats are sparsely vegetated and legally protected

hibernation habitats are not affected by burning


Mantis religiosa

Hatching successHatching successWinter burning reduces hatching successHatching success is negatively correlated with position height of g g y p goothecae

Habitat restorationHabitat restorationBurning reduces the litter layer and vegetation density above the ground decreasesg

Burning creates preferred structuresEgg loss due to burning can be compensated through gg g p gdispersal


General evaluationFire is a possible management tool

ProblemsFire does not stop expansion of thermophilous forb species (e.g. Fire does not stop expansion of thermophilous forb species (e.g. Clematis vitalba, Solidago gigantea)

P b bl l iProbable solutionsMowing (expensive, technical problems)Low-intensity grazing (goats sheep) Low-intensity grazing (goats, sheep)

Habitat availabilityN

NNW NNEDuke of Burgundy

NNW

NW NE

NNE(Hamearis lucina)

WNW ENECalcareous grasslands Central Germany

W E

Diemel Valley

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

WSW ESEWSW

SE

ESE

no. of eggs/relevés

SW

SSWS

SSE

SE

eggs (n = 416)

relevés

2-56-1011-20>20

Fartmann, 2006, Ann. Zool. Fenn. 43: 335−347.

S relevés (n = 47)1

Habitat availabilityDuke of Burgundy12

(Hamearis lucina)10

Calcareous grasslands Diemel Valley

n [h

]

8

Central Germany

Dur

atio

n

4

6

2

4

S [n = 38] SW [n = 95] W [n = 262] NW [n = 19]0

Aspect


Habitat availabilityDuke of Burgundy(Hamearis lucina)


Habitat heterogeneity: climatic bufferMetrioptera bicolor

Kindvall, 1996, Ecology 77: 207−214.

Habitat heterogeneity: climatic buffer10. Main = 384

1 rs = 0,69***10th MayN = 3841

2345

rs 0,69

26. Main = 394

567

26th MayN 394n = 394

rs = 0,57***N = 394

Bare ground

25. Junin = 134

Anzahl pro Raster

rs = 0,23*

25th JuneN = 134

Individuals

m

Schuhmacher & Fartmann, 2003, Articulata 18 (1): 71−93.

ReintroductionLarge blue(Maculinea arion)

Asher et al., 2001, The Millennium , ,atlas of butterflies in Britain and Ireland

Take-home message I

Rate of colonisation depends on

Population structure (closed populations−metapopulations [metapopulation continuum])

Dispersal ability (active dispersal including macroptery; passive dispersal)

Habitat specialisation (generalist-specialist continuum)

Habitat availability (landscape structure, connectivity)y ( p , y)

Take-home message II

Restoration

Improve habitat quality

Conserve environmental gradients (habitat heterogeneity)Conserve environmental gradients (habitat heterogeneity)

Restore habitats and connectivity

Transfer of organisms

Reintroduction

M h k Many thanks to…

all the grasshoppers and butterflies for their co-operative behaviour

you for your attention! you for your attention!

Restoring faunal communities – dispersal as a key factor

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