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Transcript of RESPONSE TO TERRORISM Basic Concepts “ Courage is not the absence of fear, but being able to do...
RESPONSE TO TERRORISMRESPONSE TO TERRORISMBasic ConceptsBasic Concepts
““Courage is not the absence of fear, but being Courage is not the absence of fear, but being
able to do what is right in the presence of it.”able to do what is right in the presence of it.”
Adapted from FEMA SS-534 Emergency Response to Terrorism
Self-Study Program
June 1999
OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES
Following this module, Following this module, the participant will be able to:the participant will be able to:
Define terrorism.Define terrorism. Describe risks associated with terroristic Describe risks associated with terroristic
events.events. Identify primary indicators.Identify primary indicators. Identify and use self-protective measures.Identify and use self-protective measures. Assume initial scene control.Assume initial scene control. Initiate notification procedures to begin Initiate notification procedures to begin
response.response.
TERRORISM DEFINEDTERRORISM DEFINED“The unlawful use of force against persons or “The unlawful use of force against persons or
property to intimidate or coerce a government, property to intimidate or coerce a government, civilian population, or any segment thereof, in civilian population, or any segment thereof, in
the furtherance of political or social objectives.”the furtherance of political or social objectives.”
““Kill one, frighten ten thousand.”Kill one, frighten ten thousand.” Sun TzuSun Tzu
SAFETYSAFETY is concern number oneis concern number one
Be alert for suspicious activity. Be alert for suspicious activity. Notify authorities.Notify authorities. Follow instructions.Follow instructions. Don’t add to the problem.Don’t add to the problem. Leave the area when Leave the area when
instructed.instructed. Protect yourself.Protect yourself.
T-D-ST-D-S
The three common elementsThe three common elementsof terrorist acts:of terrorist acts:
Illegal use of forceIllegal use of force Intended to Intended to
intimidate or coerceintimidate or coerce Support of political/Support of political/
socialsocial objectivesobjectives
Government facilities Government facilities Public assembly Public assembly
buildingsbuildings Mass transit systemsMass transit systems Telecommunications Telecommunications Symbolic SitesSymbolic Sites
POTENTIAL TARGETSPOTENTIAL TARGETS
CONSEQUENCE MANAGEMENTCONSEQUENCE MANAGEMENT
You You maymay be asked to assist during be asked to assist during initial evacuation or provide initial evacuation or provide
technical expertise.technical expertise.
CONSEQUENCE MANAGEMENTCONSEQUENCE MANAGEMENTRange of Terrorist IncidentsRange of Terrorist Incidents
Significant threat:Significant threat:
Confirmed presence Confirmed presence ofof
an explosive device oran explosive device or
WMD capable ofWMD capable of
causing a significantcausing a significant
destructive event,destructive event,
prior to any injuryprior to any injury
or property lossor property loss..
CONSEQUENCE MANAGEMENTCONSEQUENCE MANAGEMENTRange of Terrorist IncidentsRange of Terrorist Incidents
Limited consequences:Limited consequences:
detonation of an explo-detonation of an explo-
sive device, use of WMD,sive device, use of WMD,
with or without warning,with or without warning,
that results in limitedthat results in limited
injury or death andinjury or death and
consequences which areconsequences which are
within state and localwithin state and local
capabilities.capabilities.
CONSEQUENCE MANAGEMENTCONSEQUENCE MANAGEMENTRange of Terrorist IncidentsRange of Terrorist Incidents
Major consequences: resulting in substantialMajor consequences: resulting in substantialinjury or death, such that consequences exceedinjury or death, such that consequences exceed
State and local capabilities.State and local capabilities.
CRISIS MANAGEMENTCRISIS MANAGEMENTMilitary/Law Enforcement Response: Measures toMilitary/Law Enforcement Response: Measures to
identify, acquire and plan use of all resources needed toidentify, acquire and plan use of all resources needed to
anticipate, prevent and/or resolve a threat or act of terror.anticipate, prevent and/or resolve a threat or act of terror.
PRESIDENTIAL DECISION PRESIDENTIAL DECISION DIRECTIVE 39DIRECTIVE 39
Reduce vulnerabilityReduce vulnerability Respond to manage consequences of Respond to manage consequences of
terrorism. terrorism. Crisis ManagementCrisis Management
FBI has lead role - focus on criminal aspects.FBI has lead role - focus on criminal aspects. Consequence ManagementConsequence Management
FEMA has lead role, focus on alleviating FEMA has lead role, focus on alleviating damage, loss, hardship and suffering. damage, loss, hardship and suffering.
Emergency Response TeamEmergency Response Team Establishes Disaster Field Office.Establishes Disaster Field Office.
CATEGORIESCATEGORIES Terrorist IncidentsTerrorist Incidents
BBiologicaliological NNuclearuclear IIncendiarncendiar
yy CChemicalhemical EExplosivexplosive
T-D-ST-D-S
Pose a serious threat due to their Pose a serious threat due to their accessibility, potential for rapid spread, accessibility, potential for rapid spread, and ability to cause multiple casualties.and ability to cause multiple casualties.
Routes of EntryRoutes of EntryInhalationInhalation
AbsorptionAbsorption
Ingestion Ingestion
InjectionInjection
BIOLOGICAL AGENTSBIOLOGICAL AGENTS
COMMON BIOLOGICAL COMMON BIOLOGICAL AGENTSAGENTS
Most likely routes of exposure areMost likely routes of exposure are inhalation and ingestion inhalation and ingestion
BacteriaBacteria
RickettsiaRickettsia
VirusesViruses
ToxinsToxins
BACTERIA & RICKETTSIABACTERIA & RICKETTSIA
Bacteria: single-celled organisms Bacteria: single-celled organisms Multiply by cell divisionMultiply by cell division
Rickettsia: smaller than bacteriaRickettsia: smaller than bacteria Live inside individual host cells to cause Live inside individual host cells to cause
diseasedisease
Bacteria examples:Bacteria examples: Anthrax (Anthrax (bacillus anthracisbacillus anthracis)) Cholera (Cholera (Vibrio choleraeVibrio cholerae)) Plague (Plague (Yersinia pestisYersinia pestis))
Rickettsia example:Rickettsia example: Q-fever (Q-fever (coxiella burnetii coxiella burnetii ))
VIRUSESVIRUSES
Simplest type of microorganismsSimplest type of microorganisms Lack a system for their own Lack a system for their own metabolism metabolism Depend on living cells to multiplyDepend on living cells to multiply Won’t live long outside a “host”Won’t live long outside a “host” ExamplesExamples::
SmallpoxSmallpox Equine encephalitisEquine encephalitis Hemorrhagic fevers Hemorrhagic fevers
(Ebola, Marburg, Lassa).(Ebola, Marburg, Lassa).
TOXINSTOXINS
Toxic substances of NATURAL originToxic substances of NATURAL origin Produced by a plant, animal, or microbeProduced by a plant, animal, or microbe Examples:Examples:
Botulism (botulinum)Botulism (botulinum) SEB (staphyloccal enterotoxin B)SEB (staphyloccal enterotoxin B) RicinRicin
TOXINSTOXINS
Differ from “chemical” agentsDiffer from “chemical” agents
because...because... They are not man madeThey are not man made More complex materialsMore complex materials By weight are usually more By weight are usually more
toxic than many chemical toxic than many chemical agentsagents
T-D-ST-D-S
THE NUCLEAR THREATTHE NUCLEAR THREAT
Threatened detonation of a nuclear weaponThreatened detonation of a nuclear weapon Use of a threat as extortionUse of a threat as extortion No known instance of any No known instance of any non-governmentalnon-governmental
group close to obtaining or producing a group close to obtaining or producing a weaponweapon
Radiological Dispersal Device (RDD)Radiological Dispersal Device (RDD) Use of a conventional explosive to disperse Use of a conventional explosive to disperse
nuclear material to contaminate a large areanuclear material to contaminate a large area Example, truck bomb positioned near a Example, truck bomb positioned near a
nuclear power plant or an explosive device nuclear power plant or an explosive device placed near nuclear cargo in transportplaced near nuclear cargo in transport
NUCLEAR RADIATION TYPESNUCLEAR RADIATION TYPES
AlphaAlpha
BetaBeta
GammaGamma
NUCLEAR RADIATION TYPESNUCLEAR RADIATION TYPES AlphaAlpha
Heaviest, most highly chargedHeaviest, most highly charged Won’t penetrate the skinWon’t penetrate the skin Stopped by a sheet of paperStopped by a sheet of paper Internal hazard if radioactive particles Internal hazard if radioactive particles
are ingested by eating, drinking or are ingested by eating, drinking or breathing breathing
NUCLEAR RADIATION TYPESNUCLEAR RADIATION TYPES BetaBeta
Smaller particleSmaller particle Surface tissue penetrationSurface tissue penetration
Generally will not reach inner organsGenerally will not reach inner organs May enter through unprotected open wounds, May enter through unprotected open wounds,
cause skin burnscause skin burns Poses an internal hazard if ingested.Poses an internal hazard if ingested. Disposal of contaminated clothing and thorough Disposal of contaminated clothing and thorough
washing with soap and water as protective washing with soap and water as protective measure. measure.
NUCLEAR RADIATION TYPESNUCLEAR RADIATION TYPES GammaGamma
Most penetratingMost penetrating Produces acute symptomsProduces acute symptoms
Skin burnsSkin burns NauseaNausea VomitingVomiting FeverFever Hair lossHair loss
This is heavy stuff, time for a break..This is heavy stuff, time for a break..
..be back in ten ..be back in ten minutes.minutes.
T-D-ST-D-S
An incendiary device is any An incendiary device is any mechanical, electrical or chemical mechanical, electrical or chemical device used intentionally to initiate device used intentionally to initiate
combustion and start a fire.combustion and start a fire.
INCENDIARY INCIDENTSINCENDIARY INCIDENTS
INCENDIARY DEVICES?INCENDIARY DEVICES?
CHEMICAL INCIDENTSCHEMICAL INCIDENTS
NERVE AGENTSNERVE AGENTS: disrupt the central nervous : disrupt the central nervous systemsystem
BLISTER AGENTSBLISTER AGENTS (VESICANTS): cause severe burns (VESICANTS): cause severe burns BLOOD AGENTSBLOOD AGENTS: interrupts Hemoglobin transport: interrupts Hemoglobin transport CHOKING AGENTSCHOKING AGENTS: stress respiratory system: stress respiratory system IRRITATING AGENTSIRRITATING AGENTS: incapacitates by causing:: incapacitates by causing:
tearing, tearing, respiratory distress, respiratory distress, pain.pain.
ROUTES OF EXPOSUREROUTES OF EXPOSURE
INHALATION (primary)INHALATION (primary)
ABSORPTIONABSORPTION
DIRECT SKIN CONTACT:DIRECT SKIN CONTACT: nerve, nerve,
blisterblister
irritant agentsirritant agents
INJECTION (least likely) INJECTION (least likely)
NERVE AGENTSNERVE AGENTS
Toxic even in small concentrationsToxic even in small concentrations
Effects similar to organophosphate Effects similar to organophosphate
pesticides, but of a pesticides, but of a much higher toxicitymuch higher toxicity
Early outward warning signs and Early outward warning signs and symptoms:symptoms: Runny nose, nasal congestion Runny nose, nasal congestion Profuse tearing, dimmed or blurred visionProfuse tearing, dimmed or blurred vision Pinpoint pupils, eye pain aggravated by sunlightPinpoint pupils, eye pain aggravated by sunlight Excessive salivation, abdominal pain, nausea Excessive salivation, abdominal pain, nausea Involuntary urination and/or defecationInvoluntary urination and/or defecation Chest pressure, cough, difficulty breathingChest pressure, cough, difficulty breathing Excessive sweatingExcessive sweating Muscle tremors, involuntary twitchingMuscle tremors, involuntary twitching Giddiness, anxiety, difficulty in thinking or Giddiness, anxiety, difficulty in thinking or
sleepingsleeping
NERVE AGENTSNERVE AGENTS
Resemble water or light oil in pure formResemble water or light oil in pure form
OdorlessOdorless
Typically dispersed as aerosolTypically dispersed as aerosol Important indicators and clues:Important indicators and clues:
Small explosionsSmall explosions Presence of spray devicesPresence of spray devices Dead insects, birds, animals, people!Dead insects, birds, animals, people!
NERVE AGENTSNERVE AGENTS
Blister AgentsBlister Agents
Readily penetrate clothingReadily penetrate clothing Quickly absorbedQuickly absorbed VeryVery toxic, but less so than nerve agents toxic, but less so than nerve agents
Effects similar to common corrosivesEffects similar to common corrosives ExamplesExamples: :
Mustard Gas (H, HD)Mustard Gas (H, HD) Lewisite (L)Lewisite (L)
Clinical symptoms may not appear for Clinical symptoms may not appear for hours or dayshours or days Eyes (1 hr):Eyes (1 hr): Reddening, tearing, burning, Reddening, tearing, burning,
“gritty”“gritty”
Skin (1-12 hrs):Skin (1-12 hrs): Itching, redness, tenderness, Itching, redness, tenderness, burning pain, blisters,most intense in warm, burning pain, blisters,most intense in warm, moist areas of the groin and armpitsmoist areas of the groin and armpits
Respiratory (2-12 hrs):Respiratory (2-12 hrs): Burning sensation in Burning sensation in nose/throat, hoarseness, profusely running nose/throat, hoarseness, profusely running nose, severe cough, shortness of breathnose, severe cough, shortness of breath
Digestive (2-3 hrs):Digestive (2-3 hrs): Abdominal pain, nausea, Abdominal pain, nausea, bloody vomiting and diarrheabloody vomiting and diarrhea
BLISTER AGENTSBLISTER AGENTS
BLISTER AGENTSBLISTER AGENTS
Are heavy, oily liquidsAre heavy, oily liquids Dispersed by aerosol or evaporationDispersed by aerosol or evaporation Be alert for small explosions, fires or spray Be alert for small explosions, fires or spray
equipment equipment In a pure state are nearly colorless and odorlessIn a pure state are nearly colorless and odorless
Dark color and a garlic or onion odorDark color and a garlic or onion odor Outward signs:Outward signs:
Eye and respiratory irritationEye and respiratory irritation Similar symptoms appearing in many Similar symptoms appearing in many
individualsindividuals
Result in asphyxiation by interfering with Result in asphyxiation by interfering with the ability of blood to transport oxygenthe ability of blood to transport oxygen
Toxic at high concentrations: rapid death Common industrial compounds:
hydrogen cyanide (AC), cyanogen chloride (CK) When under pressure are liquids
In pure form are gases Victims require prompt removal to fresh air
And respiratory therapy in a hospital
BLOOD AGENTSBLOOD AGENTS
BLOOD AGENTSBLOOD AGENTS
Bitter almonds or peach blossomsBitter almonds or peach blossoms
Clinical symptoms:Clinical symptoms: Respiratory distressRespiratory distress Vomiting /diarrheaVomiting /diarrhea Vertigo / headaches Vertigo / headaches
Cause asphyxiation by respiratory edemaCause asphyxiation by respiratory edema (fluid in the lungs, resembling drowning)(fluid in the lungs, resembling drowning)
Common industrial chemicals:Common industrial chemicals: Examples: chlorine, phosgeneExamples: chlorine, phosgene
Clinical symptoms:Clinical symptoms: Severe eye irritation, coughing, Severe eye irritation, coughing,
chokingchoking Phosgene has odor of newly cut Phosgene has odor of newly cut
hayhay
CHOKING AGENTSCHOKING AGENTS
Designed to incapacitate, “riot control” agentsDesigned to incapacitate, “riot control” agents
Generally non-lethal, but can result in asphyxiationGenerally non-lethal, but can result in asphyxiation Confined spaces, high concentrationsConfined spaces, high concentrations
Examples:Examples: Chloropicrin, MACE (CN),Chloropicrin, MACE (CN), Tear gas (CS)Tear gas (CS) Capsicum (pepper spray)Capsicum (pepper spray) Dibenzoxazepine (CR)Dibenzoxazepine (CR)
Clinical symptoms include:Clinical symptoms include: Eyes and throat: burning, irritation, tearingEyes and throat: burning, irritation, tearing Respiratory: distress, coughing, choking, difficulty Respiratory: distress, coughing, choking, difficulty
breathingbreathing Digestive: nausea and vomiting, if in high concentrationsDigestive: nausea and vomiting, if in high concentrations
IRRITATING AGENTSIRRITATING AGENTS
T-D-ST-D-S
EXPLOSIVE INCIDENTSEXPLOSIVE INCIDENTS
Explosives used in 77% of U.S. incidentsExplosives used in 77% of U.S. incidents
Public safety agencies FIND only 20%Public safety agencies FIND only 20%
Residential properties common U.S. targetsResidential properties common U.S. targets
EXPLOSIVE INCIDENTSEXPLOSIVE INCIDENTS
78% of terrorist bombs detonated or ignited78% of terrorist bombs detonated or ignited
22% failed to function as designed22% failed to function as designed
4% were preceded by a warning or threat4% were preceded by a warning or threat
BOMB THREATSBOMB THREATS
Telephone bomb threats are most commonTelephone bomb threats are most common
All bomb threats should be considered All bomb threats should be considered “real.”“real.”
E-mail threats are more difficult to trace.E-mail threats are more difficult to trace.
EVACUATION CRITERIAEVACUATION CRITERIA
Pre-planned evacuation/assembly area Have an alternate assembly point Prior to use check evac area for suspect items If any suspect item or vehicle is present, use
alternate assembly point Use terrain features or solid objects as
shielding If evacuating inside a structure go to farthest
lateral point at least several floors below the device.
EVACUATION CRITERIAEVACUATION CRITERIA
Avoid areas with flammable/hazmat, windowsAvoid areas with flammable/hazmat, windows Take a roll call and account for absenteesTake a roll call and account for absentees 300 ft. from small devices if you have shielding300 ft. from small devices if you have shielding 1000 ft. minimum from large devices in the open1000 ft. minimum from large devices in the open Large device or vehicle bomb is suspected: >1000 Large device or vehicle bomb is suspected: >1000
ft.ft.
EXPLOSIVESEXPLOSIVESDefinitionDefinition
Any substance, article or device designed Any substance, article or device designed to function by an extremely rapid to function by an extremely rapid
release of gas and heat. release of gas and heat.
For our purposes, if it goes “boom”, it’s a For our purposes, if it goes “boom”, it’s a bomb.bomb.
EXPLOSIVES/INCENDIARY EXPLOSIVES/INCENDIARY RecapRecap
IED’s and incendiary devices are designed and IED’s and incendiary devices are designed and assembled to explode and cause firesassembled to explode and cause fires
Explosions cause fires, and fires cause Explosions cause fires, and fires cause explosions!explosions!
Explosions release gas and heatExplosions release gas and heat IED’s are designed to kill and terrorizeIED’s are designed to kill and terrorize IED’s affect both structures and peopleIED’s affect both structures and people Bombings are the most likely terrorist attacks Bombings are the most likely terrorist attacks Bombs usually work as designedBombs usually work as designed Always Evacuate after any explosionAlways Evacuate after any explosion The potential for secondary devices is real!The potential for secondary devices is real!
T-D-ST-D-S
SCENE CONTROLSCENE CONTROL
Public safety will coordinate incident responsePublic safety will coordinate incident response Take control until “cavalry’s” arrival Take control until “cavalry’s” arrival Assist individuals in harm’s way to safetyAssist individuals in harm’s way to safety Deny entry to unauthorized personnelDeny entry to unauthorized personnel Establish perimeters and operational zonesEstablish perimeters and operational zones Learn and initiate Incident Command SystemLearn and initiate Incident Command System Establish a safe refuge for the publicEstablish a safe refuge for the public
Begin media controlBegin media control
If you witness suspicious activity or eventsIf you witness suspicious activity or events::
Touch nothingTouch nothing Evacuate the area immediately Evacuate the area immediately Leave emergency response to Leave emergency response to
the professionalsthe professionals Be alertBe alert Don’t become a victim!Don’t become a victim!
FEMA Rapid Response Information SystemFEMA Rapid Response Information Systemhttp://www.rris.fema.govhttp://www.rris.fema.gov
ERT-Independent StudyERT-Independent Study http://www.fema.gov/ishome.htmhttp://www.fema.gov/ishome.htm
Red Cross Disaster Counseling MaterialsRed Cross Disaster Counseling Materialshttp://www.redcross.org/services/disaster/keepsafe/unhttp://www.redcross.org/services/disaster/keepsafe/un
expected.htmlexpected.html
VDEM Terrorism Preparedness PageVDEM Terrorism Preparedness Pagehttp://www.state.va.us/prepare/terrorism.cfmhttp://www.state.va.us/prepare/terrorism.cfm
Information on the Information on the WebWeb
AcknowledgementsAcknowledgementsAssociated PressAssociated Press
Fairfax County Emergency ManagementFairfax County Emergency Management
Federal Bureau of InvestigationFederal Bureau of Investigation
Federal Emergency Management AgencyFederal Emergency Management Agency
National Broadcasting CompanyNational Broadcasting Company
ReutersReuters
Texas A&M University Domestic Preparedness CampusTexas A&M University Domestic Preparedness Campus
U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense (USAMRICD)U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense (USAMRICD)
U.S. Navy Bureau of Medicine and SurgeryU.S. Navy Bureau of Medicine and Surgery
United States Postal Inspection ServiceUnited States Postal Inspection Service
VA Department of Emergency Management VA Department of Emergency Management
Virginia Task Force OneVirginia Task Force One
Washington PostWashington Post
RESPONSE TO TERRORISMRESPONSE TO TERRORISM
““Courage is not the absence of fear, but being Courage is not the absence of fear, but being
able to do what is right in the presence of it.”able to do what is right in the presence of it.”