Respiratory tract pathology
-
Upload
kiona-estes -
Category
Documents
-
view
34 -
download
1
description
Transcript of Respiratory tract pathology
![Page 1: Respiratory tract pathology](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56812f48550346895d94d77b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Respiratory tract pathology
Premed 2
Pathophysiology
![Page 2: Respiratory tract pathology](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56812f48550346895d94d77b/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
![Page 3: Respiratory tract pathology](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56812f48550346895d94d77b/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Common Upper respiratory tract Disorders
• Acute rhinitis
-common cold
-adenovirus• Allergic rhinitis
-type I hypersensitivity reaction
-mast cells, basophils• Bacterial infection
-superimposed infection
-common bacteria: Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Hemophilus
![Page 4: Respiratory tract pathology](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56812f48550346895d94d77b/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
• Sinusitis
-inflammation of the paranasal sinuses• Laryngitis
-edema, inflammation, hoarseness• Acute epiglotitis
-severe, children
-Hemophilus influenzae
![Page 5: Respiratory tract pathology](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56812f48550346895d94d77b/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
• Acute laryngotracheobronchitis
-croup
-inflammation of the larynx, trachea and epiglottis
-viral infection
![Page 6: Respiratory tract pathology](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56812f48550346895d94d77b/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Malignancies of the URT
• Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
-SEA and Africa
-Epstein-Barr virus
• Squamous cell carcinoma
-most frequently occurring tumor
![Page 7: Respiratory tract pathology](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56812f48550346895d94d77b/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary disease
• Airflow obstruction• Decrease in 1-minute forced expiratory
volume• Increased/normal forced vital capacity• Bronchial asthma• Chronic bronchitis• Pulmonary emphysema• Bronchiectasis
![Page 8: Respiratory tract pathology](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56812f48550346895d94d77b/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Bronchial asthma
• Episodes of dyspnea
• Wheezing on expiration
• Smooth muscle hypertrophy
• Hyperplasia of the bronchial submucosal glands and goblet cells
• Viscid mucus with Curschmann spirals and Charcot-Leyden crystals
![Page 9: Respiratory tract pathology](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56812f48550346895d94d77b/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Chronic bronchitis
• Productive cough that occurs for 3 consecutive months in 2 consecutive years
• Hyperplasia of the bronchial submucosal glandsincreased Reid index
• Reid index: ratio of the thickness of the gland layer to that of the bronchial wall
• Cigarette smoking• Air pollution• Infection• Complication: cor pulmonale
![Page 10: Respiratory tract pathology](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56812f48550346895d94d77b/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Chronic bronchitis
![Page 11: Respiratory tract pathology](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56812f48550346895d94d77b/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Emphysema
• Dilatation of the air spaces• Destruction of the alveolar walls• Lack of elastic recoil• Increased antero-posterior diameter of the chest
• Hypoxia, cyanosis, respiratory acidosis• Cigarette smoking• Hereditary alpha-antitrypsin deficiency
![Page 12: Respiratory tract pathology](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56812f48550346895d94d77b/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Bronchiectasis
• Permanent abnormal bronchial dilatation
• Chronic infection
• Inflammation and necrosis of the bronchial wall
• Copious pururlent sputum
• Hemoptysis
• Lung abscess
![Page 13: Respiratory tract pathology](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56812f48550346895d94d77b/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
• Predisposing factor:
-bronchial tumor
-Kartagener syndrome: sinusitis, bronchiectasis, situs inversus
![Page 14: Respiratory tract pathology](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56812f48550346895d94d77b/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
• Surfactant– decreases the surface tension of
the alveoli– needed for alveoli to fill with air
and expand (compliance)• Infant respiratory distress syndrome
(hyaline membrane disease)• Adult respiratory distress syndrome
![Page 15: Respiratory tract pathology](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56812f48550346895d94d77b/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome
• Hyaline membrane disease
• Most common cause of death in premature infants
• Dyspnea, cyanosis, tachynea after birth
• Deficiency of surfactant: dipalmitoyl lecithin; from type II pneumocytes
![Page 16: Respiratory tract pathology](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56812f48550346895d94d77b/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
HMD
• Predisposing factors
prematurity
maternal diabetes
caesarean section
![Page 17: Respiratory tract pathology](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56812f48550346895d94d77b/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Pneumoconiosis
• Anthracosis: carbon dust
• Coal worker’s pneumoconiosis: coal dust
• Silicosis: free silica dust
• Asbestosis: asbestos fibers ferruginous bodies
-brochogenic carcinoma
-malignant mesothelioma
![Page 18: Respiratory tract pathology](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56812f48550346895d94d77b/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Bronchogenic carcinoma
• Directly proportional to the number of cigarettes smoked daily and the number of years
• Air pollution
• Radiation: radium, uranium
• Asbestos
• Nickel, chromates
![Page 19: Respiratory tract pathology](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56812f48550346895d94d77b/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Bronchogenic carcinoma
• 5-year survival rate: 10 %
• Cough
hempotysis
bronchial obstruction
• Local extension: pleura, pericardium, ribs
![Page 20: Respiratory tract pathology](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56812f48550346895d94d77b/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Bronchogenic carcinoma