Respiratory Tract Disorders Upper and Lower. Upper Respiratory Infection - URI Localized in the...
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Respiratory Tract Disorders
Upper and Lower
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Upper Respiratory Infection - URI
• Localized in the mucosa of the URT–Nose, Pharynx, Larynx
• Usually named for specific structure
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Epitaxis• Nosebleed• Due to
– Blow– Dry Mucous– High BP
• Pinch the nose• Pack under upper lip• Ice Pack on neck• Twist Cotton up Nose• Do NOT lay Back• > 5” See Doctor
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Rhinitis• Coryza• Inflammation of nasal mucosa• Due to infections
–Bacterial, Viral, Allergen• Discomfort, Swelling, Excessive
Discharge
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Pharyngitis• Sore Throat• Inflammation• Excessive Use• Infection
–Bacterial, Viral, Allergen–Strep Throat
• Pain, Reddness, Difficulty Swallowing, Pus
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Laryngitis• Inflammation of larynx mucous lining• Loss of voice• Infection
–Bacterial, Viral• Irritant
–Allergens, Smoking, Temperature Change
• Under 5–Acute Laryngitis–Dyspnea–Croup
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Lower Respiratory Infections - LRI
• Localized in the Trachea, Bronchial Tree and lungs
• Usually much more severe and Life threatening
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Acute Bronchitis
• Acute inflammation of the bronchi–Usually caused by infections
• Often preceded by a URI• Starts with a nonproductive cough• Progresses to deep cough• Produces sputum
–Mucus & Pus
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Pneumonia• Inflammation of
the lungs • alveoli & bronchi
become plugged with thick fluid– Streptococcus
pneumoniae bacteria
– Others Viral or Fungul
– Oportunistic• Symptoms
– High fever/severe chills
– Headache/cough– chest pain
• Types• Lobar Pneumonia
– Affecting entire lobes
• Bronchopneumonia– Part of the
Bronchial Tree• Aspiration
Pneumonia– Nonifectious– Inhaling vomit or
other foreign matter
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Tuberculosis (TB)• Chronic bacillus
infection caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis
• Highly contagious– Transmitted
through inhalation or swallowing of infected droplets
– When people cough or sneeze
– Affects lungs and possibly spread to other organs
• Early Stages– Fatigue & Wt Loss– Chest Pain &
Pleurisy– Fever
• Later Stages– Lung hemorraging– Dyspnea
• Tuberculosis– Capsules around
bacteria colonies• Extreme in 3rd
World• Rising in US
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Restrictive Pulmonary Disorders
• Affect the Alveoli• Reduces stretch
– Inhibit inspiration• Reduce Lung Volume & Vital Capacity• Caused by
– Scarring of lung tissue• Asbestos, coal, silicon
– Injuries
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Obstructive Pulmonary Disorders
• Obstructions of airways• Caused from exposure to chemicals
– Cigarette Smoke / Pollutants• Cause obstructions with BOTH
Inspiration and Expiration• The total lung capacity may be
normal, but takes time to inhale or exhale
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
• Describes progressive irreversible obstruction of air flow
• Difficulty breathing mainly with expiration
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• Inflammation of Bronchi and Bronchioles– Edema– Mucus
• Cough Deeply trying to dislodge mucus• Major Causes
– Smoking– Second Hand Smoke– Pollution
Chronic Bronchitis
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Emphysema• May result from Chronic Bronchitis• Air becomes trapped in alveoli due to
mucus– Alveoli become enlarged & rupture– Fuse into irregular spaces
• Reduces surface area for gas exchange• Breathing becomes difficult• Develop hypoxia
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Asthma
• Recurring spasms of the smooth muscle walls of air passages
• Narrow the airways• Edema & Mucus accompanies
spasms• Triggered by stress, exercise,
infection, allergens
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Lung Cancer• Malignant
– Affects all parts of lungs– Destroying gas exchange abilities
• May and will Metastasize – Move• Most often develops in damaged or
diseased lungs• Cigarette smoking accounts for 75%• Other Factors
– 2nd Hand Smoke, Asbestos, Coal dust, petroleum Products, Rust,
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