Respiratory System Diane A. Young Adapted from Delmar’s Comprehensive Medical Terminology.
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Transcript of Respiratory System Diane A. Young Adapted from Delmar’s Comprehensive Medical Terminology.
Respiratory System
Diane A. Young
Adapted from Delmar’s
Comprehensive Medical Terminology
Respiratory System
• Responsible for exchange of gases between the body and the air
• Produce sound, assist in the body’s defense against foreign materials
Anatomy & Physiology
• Upper respiratory – Nose
• Nostril
– Nasal Cavity• septum
– Paranasal Sinuses• cilia
Anatomy & Physiology
• Upper Respiratory tract Cont’d– Pharynx
• Nasopharynx
• Oropharynx
• Laryngopharynx
• Adenoids
• Palatine tonsils
• epiglottis
Anatomy & physiology
• Upper Resp. Tract cont’d– Larynx
• Glottis
• Adam’s apple
Anatomy & Physiology
• Lower Respiratory Tract– Trachea– Bronchi
• Bronchioles
• Alveoli
• Pulmonary parenchyma
Anatomy & Physiology
• Lower Respiratory Tract– Lungs
• Apex• Base• Hilum• Pleura• Parietal pleura• Visceral pleura• Pleural space• Mediastinum• Capillaries
•
Breathing Process
• Begins when the phrenic nerve stimulates the diaphragm to contract and flatten (descend), chest cavity enlarges.
• This creates a decrease in pressure within the thorax and draws air into the lungs – inhalation/inspiration
• Diaphragm relaxes and rises back into the thoracic cavity, increasing pressure with the thorax.
• This causes the air to be forced out of the lungs and is called exhalation/expiration.
Physical Examination
• Inspection – visual examination of the external surface of the body as well as of its movement and posture
• Palpation – process of examining by application of the hands or fingers to the external surface of the body to detect evidence of disease or abnormalities in the various regions
Physical Examination
• Auscultation – process of listening for sounds within the body, usually to sounds of thoracic or abdominal viscera, to detect some abnormal condition, or to detect fetal heart sounds.
• Percussion – use of the fingertips to tap the body lightly but sharply to determine position, size and consistency of an underlying structure and the presence of fluid or pus in a cavity.
Common Signs and Symptoms
• Cough – forceful and sometimes violent expiratory effort preceded by a preliminary inspiration. – Non productive/unproductive – not effective in
bringing up sputum “dry cough”– Productive – effective in bringing up sputum
Common Signs and Symptoms
• Sneeze – To expel air forcibly through the the nose and mouth by spasmodic contraction of muscles of expiration due to irritation of nasal mucosa
• Epistaxis – hemorrhage from the nose; nosebleed• Expectoration – the act of spitting out saliva or
coughing up materials from the air passageways leading to the lungs
Common Signs and Symptoms
• Hemoptysis – expectoration of blood arising from the oral cavity, larynx, trachea, bronchi or lungs
• Rhinorrhea – watery discharge from the nose
• Pleural rub – friction rub caused by inflammation of the pleural space
Common Signs and Symptoms• Rales – produced by passage of air through bronchi that
contain secretion or exudates or that are constricted by spasm or a thickening of their walls. (crackles)
• Rhonchi – rales or rattlings in the throat, especially when it resembles snoring
• Stridor – harsh sound during respiration ; high pitched and resembling the blowing of the wind, due to obstruction of passages
• Wheeze – a whistling sound or sighing sound resulting from narrowing of the lumen of a respirator passageway
Common Signs and Symptoms
• Apnea – temporary cessation of breathing• Dyspnea – difficult breathing• Orthopnea – discomfort in breathing in any but
erect, sitting or standing position• Tachypnea – abnormal rapidity of breathing• Bradypnea – abnormally slow breathing• Kussmaul respirations – very deep, gasping type
of respiration associated with severe diabetic acidosis
Common Signs and Symptoms
• Cyanosis – bluish, grayish, slate like, or dark purple discoloration of the skin due to the presence of abnormal amounts of reduced hemoglobin in the blood.
• Hypercapnia – increased amount of carbon dioxide in the blood
• Hypoxemia – insufficient oxygenation of the blood
• Hypoxia – deficiency of oxygen
Disorders
• Pneumonia
• Asthma
• Pulmonary embolism
• Pneumothorax
What are the causes and symptoms of these disorders?
Disorders
• Rhinitis
• Pharyngitis
• Croup
• Pertussis
• Diphtheria
• Bronchitis
• Tuberculosis
Diagnostic Techniques
• Laryngoscopy• Bronchoscopy• Sputum specimen• Chest x-ray• Pulmonary function tests• Thoracentesis
Why would these diagnostic techniques be performed?