Respiratory System

Chapter 12Chapter 12

Chapter illustrations

• Use your textbook pages to become Use your textbook pages to become familiar with the structures of the lungsfamiliar with the structures of the lungs

Upper Respiratory

• NoseNose• MouthMouth• SinusesSinuses• NasopharynxNasopharynx• PharynxPharynx• LarynxLarynx

Nose/Sinuses

• Warm, moisten and filter out large Warm, moisten and filter out large particlesparticles

• Lined with mucous cells that secrete Lined with mucous cells that secrete mucosamucosa

• Cilia filter out particlesCilia filter out particles

Throat

• Lined with mucus cells as wellLined with mucus cells as well• Defends against invaders with mucous, Defends against invaders with mucous,

WBCsWBCs• Lymphatic tissue- pharyngeal tonsils, Lymphatic tissue- pharyngeal tonsils,

oropharyngeal tonsilsoropharyngeal tonsils

Lower Respiratory

• Glottis Glottis • vocal cordsvocal cords• Trachea-Trachea-• BronchialsBronchials• BronchiolesBronchioles• AlveolusAlveolus

Voice Box

• Glottis and vocal cords- speech and Glottis and vocal cords- speech and preventprevent

Trachea

• Trachea- ringed cartilage structure Trachea- ringed cartilage structure responsible for getting gases to and responsible for getting gases to and from the lungsfrom the lungs• Lined with mucous cells and cilia Lined with mucous cells and cilia • Helps to warm and moisten air while Helps to warm and moisten air while

removing dust and other pollutants before removing dust and other pollutants before they reach the alveolithey reach the alveoli

Bronchial Tubes

• Branches that move into the lung tissueBranches that move into the lung tissue• The smallest branches are called The smallest branches are called

bronchioles and dead end into the bronchioles and dead end into the alveoli (site of gas exchange)alveoli (site of gas exchange)

Structures of the Alveoli

• Alveoli are small elastic bags where gas Alveoli are small elastic bags where gas exchange takes placeexchange takes place• The surface is one cell layer thick and The surface is one cell layer thick and

allows gases to move freely across the allows gases to move freely across the surfacesurface

• The outside is covered with a network The outside is covered with a network of capillariesof capillaries

Respiration• Inspiration- breathing in pulls down the Inspiration- breathing in pulls down the

diaphragm and sucks air into the lungsdiaphragm and sucks air into the lungs• Gas exchange occurs carbon dioxide is released Gas exchange occurs carbon dioxide is released

into the alveolus and oxygen is picked upinto the alveolus and oxygen is picked up• Water is also released into the lung tissueWater is also released into the lung tissue• Expiration- the diaphragm relaxes and the rib Expiration- the diaphragm relaxes and the rib

muscles relax and force air out to the lungmuscles relax and force air out to the lung• Rate is regulated by the brain and is determined Rate is regulated by the brain and is determined

by the level of carbon dioxide in the blood by the level of carbon dioxide in the blood streamstream

Respiratory Diseases/Disorders

• Bronchitis- inflammation of the bronchiBronchitis- inflammation of the bronchi• BacterialBacterial• ViralViral• Chemical/pollutionChemical/pollution

Diseases/Disorders

• Tuberculosis- bacterial infection that Tuberculosis- bacterial infection that can affect any organ but easily enters can affect any organ but easily enters the lungs from the environmentthe lungs from the environment

• Causes the development of tubercles – Causes the development of tubercles – pockets of infection within the tissue pockets of infection within the tissue causes scar tissuecauses scar tissue

• Treated with antibiotics and can be Treated with antibiotics and can be curedcured

Diseases/Disorders

• Pulmonary embolism- clot in one of the Pulmonary embolism- clot in one of the vessels of the lungvessels of the lung

• Pneumonia- acute infection and inflammation Pneumonia- acute infection and inflammation of the alveoli- fluid in the lungs bacterial or of the alveoli- fluid in the lungs bacterial or viral in originviral in origin

• Emphysema- alveolar walls weaken and do Emphysema- alveolar walls weaken and do not expand and contractnot expand and contract• Air stays in the lungs making respiration difficultAir stays in the lungs making respiration difficult

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