Respiratory Respiratory SystemSystem

By Abigail CambaPaulin SlearSokmany Soeum

Functions Functions

Movement of air into & out of the lungsMovement of air into & out of the lungs Gas exchange between the blood & the air in the Gas exchange between the blood & the air in the

lungslungs Gas transport in blood between the lungs & the Gas transport in blood between the lungs & the

body cellsbody cells Gas exchange between the blood & the cellsGas exchange between the blood & the cells

Part of the face Part of the face centered about the centered about the mouth, in and below mouth, in and below space between eyes space between eyes

Has two nostrils that Has two nostrils that are openings where are openings where air can enter and air can enter and leave the nasal cavityleave the nasal cavity

Has many internal Has many internal hairs for protection hairs for protection (filtration of (filtration of incoming hair)incoming hair)

Structures of the Structures of the SystemSystem

Nose

Nasal CavityNasal Cavity

Hollow space Hollow space between behind the between behind the nosenose

The nasal septum The nasal septum divides the nasal divides the nasal cavity to a left and cavity to a left and right portionright portion

Nasal conchae are Nasal conchae are bones that create bones that create walls, making the walls, making the cavities into cavities into passagewayspassageways

Paranasal SinusesParanasal Sinuses

Air filled spaces Air filled spaces located within the located within the maxillary, frontal, maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, and ethmoid, and sphenoid bones of the sphenoid bones of the skullskull

Reduces weight of Reduces weight of skull skull

Resonant chambers Resonant chambers that effect quality of that effect quality of voicevoice

Pharynx Pharynx (aka Throat)(aka Throat)

Located behind the Located behind the oral cavity, the oral cavity, the nasal cavity and the nasal cavity and the larynxlarynx

Passageway for food Passageway for food and air passing and air passing

Produce sounds of Produce sounds of speechspeech

NasopharynxNasopharynx

Passageway for airPassageway for air Auditory tubesAuditory tubes

OropharynxOropharynx

Passageway for Passageway for foodfood

Posterior to soft Posterior to soft palate palate

Inferior to Inferior to nasopharynxnasopharynx

LarypharynxLarypharynx

Passage to Passage to esophagusesophagus

Inferior to Inferior to oropharynx oropharynx

LarynxLarynx

Located at the top Located at the top of the trachea & of the trachea & below the pharynxbelow the pharynx

Contains air in & Contains air in & out of the trachea out of the trachea

Prevents foreign Prevents foreign objects from objects from enteringentering

Houses vocal cordsHouses vocal cords

TracheaTrachea (aka windpipe)(aka windpipe)

Extends downward Extends downward anterior to the anterior to the esophagus and into esophagus and into the thoracic cavitythe thoracic cavity

Flexible tube that Flexible tube that connects larynx with connects larynx with bronchial treebronchial tree

Passageway for air Passageway for air as well as filters itas well as filters it

Contains 20 C-Contains 20 C-shaped pieces of shaped pieces of hyaline cartilagehyaline cartilage

Bronchial TreeBronchial TreeBronchial tree left/right primary bronchi Bronchial tree left/right primary bronchi secondary bronchi tertiary bronchi secondary bronchi tertiary bronchi bronchioles alveolar ducts alveolar sacs bronchioles alveolar ducts alveolar sacs alveoli alveoli Branched tubes that Branched tubes that

lead from the lead from the trachea to alveolitrachea to alveoli

Alveoli are large Alveoli are large surface areas where surface areas where gas can be gas can be exchanged exchanged

Structure is similar Structure is similar to the tracheato the trachea

LungsLungs Soft, cone-shaped Soft, cone-shaped

organs that occupy organs that occupy a large portion of a large portion of the thoracic cavitythe thoracic cavity

Right lung is larger Right lung is larger than the left than the left

Contains air Contains air passageways, passageways, alveoli, blood alveoli, blood vessels, connective vessels, connective tissues, lymphatic tissues, lymphatic vessels and nerves vessels and nerves of the lower of the lower respiratory system respiratory system

Pleural wall Pleural wall

Breathing Mechanism Breathing Mechanism (aka (aka ventilation) ventilation)

Movement of air from outside of the body into and out of the bronchial tree and alveoli

Inspiration Expiration

InspirationInspiration

Atmospheric pressure is the force that Atmospheric pressure is the force that moves air into lungsmoves air into lungs

Occurs when pressure inside alveoli Occurs when pressure inside alveoli decreasesdecreases

Diaphragm contracts and rises as air Diaphragm contracts and rises as air comes into lungscomes into lungs

Pleural membranes play a role in Pleural membranes play a role in expansion of lungsexpansion of lungs

ExpirationExpiration

Force comes from elastic recoil of tissues and Force comes from elastic recoil of tissues and surface tension surface tension

Abdominal organs return to original shapeAbdominal organs return to original shape Decreases diameters of alveolarDecreases diameters of alveolar

Respiratory Air Volumes Respiratory Air Volumes and Capacitiesand Capacities

Respiratory cycle = 1 inspiration + 1 expiration Respiratory cycle = 1 inspiration + 1 expiration 4 distinct respiratory volumes :4 distinct respiratory volumes :

- Tidal/ Resting tidal volume- Tidal/ Resting tidal volume

-Inspiratory reserve volume-Inspiratory reserve volume

-Expiratory reserve volume-Expiratory reserve volume

-Residual volume -Residual volume

Spirometry measures air volumes of different intensities in breathing

Tidal Volume/RestingTidal Volume/RestingEnters/leaves 1 Enters/leaves 1 respiratory cyclerespiratory cycle 500ml of air 500ml of air (normal)(normal)

Residual VolumeResidual Volume Air in lungs after Air in lungs after exhales the tidal exhales the tidal volumevolume Prevents fluctuationPrevents fluctuation 1,200ml of air1,200ml of air

Inspiratory/ Inspiratory/ expiratory Volumeexpiratory Volume Volume of air Volume of air inhaled/exhaled in inhaled/exhaled in addition to addition to tidal/restingtidal/resting 3,000ml of air (I)3,000ml of air (I) 1,100ml of air (E)1,100ml of air (E)

Volumes

CapacitiesCapacities

Vital capacityVital capacity Combination of Combination of inspiratory reserve inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume volume, tidal volume and expiration volumeand expiration volume Maximum amount of Maximum amount of breathe exhaledbreathe exhaled 4,600ml of air4,600ml of air

Inspiratory capacityInspiratory capacity Tidal volume plus Tidal volume plus inspiratory reserve inspiratory reserve volumevolume Maximum amount of Maximum amount of air inhaled air inhaled

Capacities (continued)Capacities (continued)

Functional residual Functional residual capacitycapacity

Expiratory reserve Expiratory reserve volume and residual volume and residual volumevolume Amount of air Amount of air remaining in lungsremaining in lungs 2,300ml of air2,300ml of air

Total Lung CapacityTotal Lung CapacityVital capacity and Vital capacity and the residual volume the residual volume togethertogether(about 5,800ml)(about 5,800ml) Varies in age, sex, Varies in age, sex, and body sizeand body size

Respiratory CenterRespiratory Center

Controls breathing depth and rateControls breathing depth and rate Group of neurons scattered in pons and Group of neurons scattered in pons and

medullamedulla Pons: pneunmotaxic areaPons: pneunmotaxic area Medulla: rhythmicity areaMedulla: rhythmicity area

PonsPons Pneumotaxic areaPneumotaxic area Control breathing Control breathing

raterate Strong = bursts Strong = bursts

short, breathing short, breathing increaseincrease

Weak= long bursts, Weak= long bursts, breathing rate breathing rate decreasedecrease

MedullaMedulla

Dorsal respiration Dorsal respiration group: control group: control rhythmrhythm

Signal diaphragm Signal diaphragm and other musclesand other muscles

Increase volume of Increase volume of air entering air entering

Ventral respiratory Ventral respiratory group: increase group: increase inspiratory inspiratory movementmovement

Alveolar Gas Alveolar Gas ExchangesExchanges

Microscopic air sacs clustered at the distal Microscopic air sacs clustered at the distal ends of alveolar ductsends of alveolar ducts

Respiratory membrane consists of alveolar Respiratory membrane consists of alveolar and capillary wallsand capillary walls

Blood and alveolar air exchange gases across Blood and alveolar air exchange gases across membranemembrane

Diffusion across Diffusion across membranemembrane

Diffuses from Diffuses from regions of higher regions of higher blood pressureblood pressure

21% Oxygen, 78% 21% Oxygen, 78% Nitrogen ,0.04% Nitrogen ,0.04% Carbon Dioxide, Carbon Dioxide, 0.996% other 0.996% other

Oxygen diffuses Oxygen diffuses from alveolar air from alveolar air into bloodinto blood

Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide diffuses from blood diffuses from blood into alveolar airinto alveolar air

Partial pressure of a gas is proportional to the concentration of gas in a mixture or the concentration dissolved in a liquid

Oxygen transportOxygen transport

Gas enters as a liquid Gas enters as a liquid Blood transports O2 and CO2 between the lungs Blood transports O2 and CO2 between the lungs

and cellsand cells Gases enter in blood (98% hemoglobin, 2% Gases enter in blood (98% hemoglobin, 2%

plasma)plasma) Oxyhemoglobin is form when blood and iron Oxyhemoglobin is form when blood and iron

atoms combineatoms combine

Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide transporttransport CO2 transport to lungs in 3 ways:CO2 transport to lungs in 3 ways: dissolved in plasma (7%),dissolved in plasma (7%), compound with hemoglobin (23%)compound with hemoglobin (23%) and a bicarbonate ion (70%)and a bicarbonate ion (70%)

PlasmaPlasma

Determined by Determined by partial pressurepartial pressure

Amount of Pco2 in Amount of Pco2 in the tissues = more the tissues = more Co2Co2

HemoglobinHemoglobin CO2 combines with CO2 combines with

amino group (-NH2) amino group (-NH2) for proteinfor protein

CO2 loosely bonds CO2 loosely bonds with with carbaminohemoglobcarbaminohemoglobin but forms slowly in but forms slowly (most effective)(most effective)

Biocarbonate ionsBiocarbonate ions

CO2 reacts with H2OCO2 reacts with H2O Has carbonic anhydrase that speeds up the Has carbonic anhydrase that speeds up the

processprocess Creates carbonic acidCreates carbonic acid

Factors Affecting Factors Affecting BreathingBreathing

ChemicalsChemicals Stretching of lung Stretching of lung

tissuestissues Emotional statesEmotional states

Chemosensitive areasChemosensitive areas

Sense changes in Sense changes in the cerebrospinal the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) fluid (CSF) concentrations of concentrations of CO2 and hydrogen CO2 and hydrogen ionsions

Stimulation of these Stimulation of these receptors increases receptors increases breathing rate breathing rate

Peripheral Peripheral chemoreceptorschemoreceptors

Sense change in low Sense change in low blood blood concentrationsconcentrations

Located in walls of Located in walls of arteries in the neck arteries in the neck and thoraxand thorax

Oxygen plays small Oxygen plays small rolerole

Inflation reflexInflation reflex

Occurs when lung Occurs when lung tissue stretches tissue stretches

Shortens duration Shortens duration of inspiration of inspiration breathingbreathing

Prevents Prevents overinflation of overinflation of lungs when forceful lungs when forceful breathingbreathing

Emotional factorsEmotional factors

Increase breathing Increase breathing rate rate

Voluntarily stop Voluntarily stop breathing breathing

Hyperventilation, Hyperventilation, resulting in fainting resulting in fainting

Diseases in the Diseases in the Respiratory SystemRespiratory System

AsthmaAsthmaLung disease that Lung disease that inflames and narrows inflames and narrows the airwaysthe airwaysOver 25mil people Over 25mil people have it in the U.S., have it in the U.S., 7mil are children7mil are childrenNo cure, but No cure, but treatments are treatments are available (such as available (such as inhaler)inhaler)

BronchitisBronchitisInflammation of Inflammation of bronchial tubes bronchial tubes Usually caused to Usually caused to sickness (viruses) or sickness (viruses) or smoking smoking Take medications: Take medications: antibiotics, cough or antibiotics, cough or medicinemedicine

Works citedWorks cited

http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/asthma/http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bronchitis/basics/definition/con-20014956http://www.walgreens.com/marketing/library/contents.html?docid=001087&doctype=1http://vectorblog.org/2013/12/the-obesity-asthma-connection-a-link-in-the-innate-immune-system/