Resilient cities project

RESILIENT CITIES

7 Feb 2016 OECD

Public Governance and Territorial Development Head of Division

Setsuko Saya [email protected]

2014

• 26 Nov Project proposal

2015

• 17 March “Risk Governance and Resilient Cities” at Sendai UN WCDRR

• Q3-Q4 contacting case study cities

– Q3 Send the questionnaire from the OECD to the case study cities

– Q4 Response back to the OECD

• November: Interim paper (Paris, OECD) = Concept + Kyoto Study

• Discussion with case study cities – Dec 2015 – Feb 2016 Discussion with case study cities based on the OECD’s draft assessment via

conference call, e mail or visiting the cities by the OECD team

• 5-6 November : Cities’ workshop by case study cities (Paris, OECD) – Discuss the draft key messages from the Interim Paper

2016

• 18- April: Final draft presentation (Paris, OECD) ---case study cities are invited

• Late June: International Roundtable (Lisbon) ---case study cities are invited

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Time frame

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Background of the Project

OECD Ministerial Council Meeting 2014 Overview paper on resilient economies and societies “Resilience is a broad concept, centered on the ability not only to resist and recover from adverse shocks, but also to “bounce back” stronger than before, and to learn from the experience.”

Economies

Environment

Drivers of resilience

- Link with global /regional economy - Integration to global value chain - Specialisation (diversification of local

industries) etc….

Societies

- Education - Skills - Intergenerational solidarity - Ageing , population decline etc…

Institutions

- Open government -empowering people - Restoring trust - Fairer and transparent governance etc….

- Climate change - Managing risk to natural disaster etc….

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The OECD “Resilient Cities” Project structure

Chapter 1 : What are “resilient cities”? • What are the drivers of resilience for cities?

Chapter 2: How to measure resilience

• What are the indicators to measure resilience? • How to use the result of indicators?

Chapter 3: How to enhance drivers of resilience? • City’s approach • National government’s approach

Chapter 4: Case study • Antalya (Turkey) • Belo Horizonte (Brazil) • Bursa (Turkey) • Cardiff (UK) • Kobe (Japan) • Kyoto (Japan) • Lisbon (Portugal) • Oslo (Norway) • Ottawa (Canada) • Tampere (Finland)

Resilient cities are those able to absorb, recover (or bounce back), adapt to and be prepared for the past and future impact of economic, environmental, social and institutional shocks or chronic pressure in order to promote sustainable development, well-being and inclusive growth.

(OECD’s working definition)

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Resilience is about the process and ability of cities how they can manage the changes.

Resilience is a spectrum : “How much risk is the city willing to take”.

Public sector (government) is not always perfect in resilience.

Chapter 1: What are “resilient cities”?

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Cities’ challenges on resilience What are “Shocks and Chronic pressure” for cities?

Economy • Financial crisis • Industrial structure change • One big firm’s withdrawal • Investment strategy’s change

Society • Constant out-migration, ageing • Weak community ties (e.g.

immigration, poverty etc)

• Population increase (immigration) and ageing

• Pandemic

• Lack of economic resource for growth (e.g. innovation capacity, high skilled workers etc…)

Environment • Climate change • Old and ageing infrastructure • Urban sprawl or physically isolated

• Natural disaster • Accident

Shock Chronic pressure

Institution • Leadership change • Fragmented cities’ boundary • Lack of adequate skill set/capacity • Fragile leadership

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Drivers lead the process


Output after the process

What drives the cities for growth?

Shock/Chronic pressure

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How “resilience” is positioned in recent key international frameworks

SDGs (September 2015) 1. Poverty 2. Hunger 3. Health 4. Education 5. Gender 6. Water 7. Energy 8. Employment 9. Resilient infrastructure 10. Inequality 11. Cities (inclusive, safe, resilient

and sustainable) 12. Consumption & production 13. Climate change 14. Ocean 15. Ecosystem 16. Justice 17. Partnership

Goal 1.5 By 2030, build the resilience of the poor and those in vulnerable situations and reduce their exposure and vulnerability to climate-related extreme events and other economic, social and environmental shocks and disasters.

Goal 2.4 By 2030, […] implement resilient agricultural practices […] that help maintain ecosystems [and] that strengthen capacity for adaptation to climate change [and] extreme weather.

Goal 9.1 Develop quality, reliable, sustainable and resilient infrastructure, including regional and transborder infrastructure, to support economic development and human well-being, with a focus on affordable and equitable access for all.

Goal 11.b By 2020, substantially increase the number of cities […] implementing integrated policies and plans towards inclusion, resource efficiency, mitigation and adaptation to climate change and resilience to disasters […].

Goal 13.1 Strengthening resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related hazards and natural disasters in all countries.

General vision: Shifting the world to a sustainable and resilient path

Sendai Framework for DRR (March 2015)

1: Understanding disaster risk 2: Strengthening disaster risk governance 3: Investing in disaster risk reduction for resilience 4: Enhancing disaster preparedness

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Priority 1: Developing global and regional campaigns as instruments for public awareness to promote a culture of disaster prevention, resilience and responsible citizenship.

Priority 2 : Adopting and implementing national and local disaster risk reduction strategies […] aimed at strengthening economic, social, health and environmental resilience.

Priority 3:

• Strengthening disaster-resilient public and private investments, […] taking into account economic, social, structural, technological and environmental impact assessments.

• Promoting the disaster risk resilience of workplaces through structural and non-structural measures.

• Enhancing the resilience of national health systems.

• Encouraging the adoption of policies and programmes addressing disaster-induced human mobility to strengthen the resilience of affected people.

• Increasing business resilience and the protection of productive assets, [by] promoting collaboration among relevant public and private stakeholders.

• Supporting the development of social safety nets […] to ensure resilience to shocks at the household and community levels.

Priority 4:

• Promoting the resilience of new and existing critical infrastructure […] to ensure that they remain safe, effective and operational during and after disasters.


Paris Agreement (COP21) Combatting climate change

and unleashing actions and investments towards a low-carbon, resilient and sustainable future.

Strengthening the ability to

deal with the impacts of climate change.

Article 2 • Increasing the ability to adapt to the adverse impacts of

climate change and fostering climate resilience and low greenhouse gas emissions development, in the context of the temperature goal (2°C/1.5°C).

• Making finance flows consistent with a pathway towards low greenhouse gas emissions and climate-resilient development.

Article 7 • Each Party shall engage in relevant plans to build

resilience of socioeconomic and ecological systems, including through economic diversification and sustainable management of natural resources.

Article 8 • Parties should enhance understanding, action and support

on cooperation about, inter alia, resilience building of communities, livelihoods and ecosystems.

Article 10 • Parties share a long-term vision on the importance of fully

realizing technology development and transfer in order to improve resilience to climate change and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

1. Industries are diverse 2. Economy is dynamic to generate

growth 3. Innovation takes place

1. Society is inclusive and cohesive

2. Citizens’ networks in communities are active 3. People have access to opportunities

1. Leadership and long term vision 2. Public sector has the right skills 3. Collaboration with other levels

of governments takes place 4. Government is open. Citizens’

participation takes place.

2. Urban development is sustainable

3. Adequate natural resources are available

4. Cities are able to cope with natural disasters

1. Adequate infrastructure is available

Economy

Institution (Governance)

Environment

Society

The Framework of Resilience in Cities: What drives resilience

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Drivers lead the process


Output after the process

Drivers

Shock/Chronic pressure

Economy

Institution (Governance)

Environment

Society

What to measure? : Indicators of Resilience in Cities

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• GDP growth rate • Unemployment rate • GDP and the # of employment by industry • Employment by age and gender • # of start-up businesses by

sector, business mortality rates

• Revenues by source • #of Community service organisations • # of public sector officials • # of sub-national government

• Migration by age and gender • Poverty levels (e.g. households

below the poverty line) • Household disposable income • Access to services • Employment by education level • Working population by age and

gender

• %of built-up areas • % of new development built,

near transit locations and on greenfield.

• Population density • Area of accessible green space • Access to public open space • % of brownfield sites

Chapter 2: How to measure “resilience”

• 27 national policy frameworks on resilience mention the role of cities or sub-national governments (out of 30 frameworks.)

Role of cities and local governments in national policy frameworks on resilience

Country Framework Role of cities

United States Strong Cities, Strong Communities (2011)

The programme involves 13 cities and promotes a new bottom-up approach to federal-local financial and technical collaboration.

Israel Sustainability Outlook (2012) This policy framework promotes intense co-operation and best practices sharing through all levels of government.

Denmark Action Plan for a Climate-Proof Denmark (2012)

The strategic framework makes mandatory for municipalities to assess risk at the local level and to prepare local action plans.

United Kingdom Climate Resilient Infrastructure: Preparing for a Changing Climate (2011)

This programme plans that cities upgrade and adapt infrastructure to boost local resilience and minimise economic risks.

Australia Industry Innovation and Competitiveness Agenda (2011)

This policy framework encourages the reduction of the regulatory burden at local levels to enable more effective actions in the field of resilience.

Hungary Convergence Programme (2015) This programme plans for changes in the state-financing system of municipalities to improve their economic resilience.

Policy recommendations

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Introduction and overview of the city

Challenges to resilience (shocks and persistent pressures) • What are the challenges for resilience? • What shocks have cities faced? • What are the chronic pressures?

Assessment and building a resilience profile • Challenges outlined in chapter two are assessed according to four dimensions and

considering the policy approaches in each:

(Kyoto’s example)

Case study structure (Kyoto’s example)

Sect

ion

. 1

Sect

ion

2 Se

ctio

n 3

Sect

ion

. 4

Economy • Diverse industrial

base • Lack to fully realize

benefits associated with innovation

Society • Strong

awareness of the need to build community

Environment • Infrastructure a

key factor for a resilient built environment

Institutions • Kyoto Alliance

approach

(Kyoto’s example) 1. Population decline primarily through migration to the prefecture’s southern districts 2. Declining SME sector with sluggish performance.

Driver Qualities

Characteristics Adaptive: Robust: Redundant: Flexible: Resourceful: Inclusive: Integrated:

Economy:

Diversified • Cities should enhance innovation capacity to generate a more active economy. (Kyoto, Kobe)

• Cities should diversify industrial mix or industrial restructuring make the economy more active. (Cardiff, Tampere, Antalya)

• Cities should consider if their increase of investment in city centres might not cause gentrificatin. (Lisbon)

Active Innovative

Opportunity

Society:

Cohesive • Community engagement must be enhanced. (Kyoto,

Lisbon, Cardiff) Sense of community Safe Healthy

Environment: (built and natural)

Diverse and protected ecosystem

• Cities should pursue compact urban form improve housing affordability and well-being while the population in the city increases? (Oslo, Cardiff, Antalya, Bursa)

• Cities should well manage “old and existing infrastructure” in preparation for natural disasters? (Lisbon, Kobe)

• Cities should increase resilience against natural disasters (Belo Horizonte, Kobe)

Coherent land use planning Renewable resources

Adequate and reliable infrastructure

Institutions:

Clear stewardship • Cities should develop “Alliance” of municipalities and local actors (universities) improve capacities of institutions. (Kyoto, Oslo, Cardiff)

Strategic and integrated Capacitated Open Government supported by CSO

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Cities practices to respond to shocks/chronic pressures

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Thank you!

Resilient cities project

Government & Nonprofit

Transcript of Resilient cities project