Ethics slides for Ethical Decioin Making ,Theories in Business Ethics
RESERECH ETHICS : Ethical Committes and Guidelines. …
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Transcript of RESERECH ETHICS : Ethical Committes and Guidelines. …
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Why is research ethics important?
History
New knowledge/technology creates new ethical problems
Science (and scientific reasoning) plays a significant role in public policy and has a powerful impact on society
Worries about scientific misconduct
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Research Ethics: Three areas of responsibility
Scientific community: research norms, misconduct, publication
Research subjects: humans, animals
Society: the public, environment, patents, technological risk
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A brief history of Research Ethics - I
Hippocratic Oath
Charles Babbage (1830) ”Reflections on the decline of science in England” – Cooking, Trimming, Forging of data
Nüremberg Trials (1945-1946)– Helsinki-deklarasjon (1964)
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Scientific Norms:
RobertMerton
July 4, 1910 – February 23, 2003
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Scientific Norms (Robert Merton)
Communalism: knowledge produced by science should be available to all; that scientific results are the common property of the entire scientific community
Universalism: claims to truth are evaluated in terms of universal or impersonal criteria, and not on the basis of race, class, gender, religion, or nationality; all scientists can contribute to science regardless of race, nationality, culture, or gender
Disinterestedness: Objectivity; Non-biased, free from ideology
Originality: Research should be novel and add something to our knowledge and understanding.
Scepticism: Results should be vigorously tested
CUDOS
Ziman, Is Science losing its objectivity? Nature
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A Brief History of Research Ethics - II
1945 First Atomic bomb test1960-1970s Reports of ethical
mistreatment of research subjects and research fraud
1962 Rachel Carson Silent Spring
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A Brief History of Research Ethics - III
1970-1990 Environmentalism, Animal rights, Bhopal, Chernobyl, Scientific fraud
1990s- Biotechnology, genetic engineering, nanotechnology,
2000s- Synthetic Life, Fukushima
Dolly, library.thinkquest.org
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Research Ethics: Three areas of responsibility
Scientific community: research norms, misconduct, publication
Research subjects: humans, animals
Society: the public, environment, patents, technological risk
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Misconduct and Fraud in Norway
Jon Sudbø
– Paper published in the Lancet October 2005 - Sudbø admitted fabrication of data January 2006
– Independent commission appointed January 2006 to investigate all papers, including PhD and co-authors (60)
– Report in June 2006 found that 13 articles needed to be withdrawn
– UiO withrew PhD in December 2006
– Authorisation as a doctor and dentist withdrew in November 2006
– Now working as assistant dentist in Seljord
21112005
11 mistenkt for juks
SKUFFET: Dekan Finn Georg B. Wisløff tar mistanken om eksamensfusk blant doktorgradsstipendiatene alvorlig. OTO: Brian Olguin
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Ethics – The philosophical study of right and wrong conduct
and the rules and principles that ought to guide it (“the oughts and the shoulds”).
Scientific Research – The conduct of scientists
Ethics of Scientific Research
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Research Fraud and Misconduct
What is research fraud?
Why does it happen?
How often does it happen?
How is it controlled?
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Dutch psychologist Diederik Stapel www.guardian.co.uk/science/2012/sep/13/scientific-research-fraud-bad-practice
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The Patchwork Mouse (1974)
William T. Summerlin
Chief of transplantation immunology at Sloan-Kettering
Claimed he could transplant onto animals corneas, glands, and skin that would normally be rejected — sometimes even across species.
The fraud discovered after three years when a lab assistant noticed that the black “skin graphs” were drawn on with a marker.
“my error was not in knowingly promulgating false data, but rather in succumbing
to extreme pressure placed on me by the institute director to publish information".
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Famous Frauds in Science
The Piltdown Man (1908-12)
Cyril Burt (twin study 1943)
Hwang Woo-Suk (cloning)
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Case study: “The Baltimore Affair”
A case of data manipulation and fraud accusations between scientists that shocked America; damaged the reputation of a Nobel prize-winner and the prestigious Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); and sparked a governmental level investigation.
Daniel Kevles. 1998. The Baltimore Case: A Trial of Politics, Science and Character
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Aftermath Baltimore and Imanshi-Kari cleared in 1996 (not
fraud but sloppy science and bad practice) Both still working as scientists Repercussions in ”interference” of government in
research Disquiet about the role of industry funding and
whether it promotes fraud and bias What is fraud; what is personal conflict; what is
scientific disagreement?
It’s hard to tell the jerks from the cheats
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Scientific Fraud and Misconduct
1. Fabrication and construction of data (forgery)2. Data manipulation (selection, substitution, misleading statistical
methods)3. Deliberate distortion of results or conclusions4. Plagiarism of results, publications or ideas5. Proposal applications containing incorrect information6. Inappropriate author credit (omission or honorary author credit) 7. Negligent filing and storage of data
NENT: Den nasjonale forskningsetiske komité for naturvitenskap og teknologi www.etikkom.no
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Group Discussions
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•The two discussion cases are to «warm you up». Consider what the correct procedure would be as a follow-up to the case• Draw also on your own experience; your own concerns; use the #overlyhonestmethod examples as pointers for when methodology might «slide» towards misconduct
Discussions 1415-1500
Plenary 1515– 1. Discussion cases
– 2. #overlyhonestmethod examples
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Trimming the data ?
Gregor Mendel (1866)
Milikan’s Oil Drop Experiment (1916)
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Famous Plagiarists
Vijay Soman, an assistant professor at Yale, was asked to peer review a paper by Helena Wachslicht-Rodbard. He sent back a negative review, delaying publication, then turned around and submitted the same paper to another journal.
Guess who got the paper to review?
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•The two discussion cases are to «warm you up». Consider what the correct procedure would be as a follow-up to the case• Draw also on your own experience; your own concerns; use the #overlyhonestmethod examples as pointers for when methodology might «slide» towards misconduct
Discussions 1415-1500
Plenary 1515– 1. Discussion cases
– 2. #overlyhonestmethod examples
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Harming Research Subjects: Milgram’s Obedience Studies
Stanley Milgram: Psychologist at Yale UniversityExperiment: “Obedience to Authority” 1974
Research volunteers, “teachers”, were told to give electric shocks to what they thought were research subjects, “learners”, as part of a study on the effect of punishment on learning. Even though many showed unease and asked questions, 65% followed the orders “all the way”, to 450 Volt
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Obedience to Authority, 1974
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Milgram’s Results
10%
20%
22%
30%
40%
48%
65%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%
Two Confederates rebel
Non-professor in charge
Teacher experimenterapart
Teacher touches learner
Teacher, learner together
Low prestige setting
Initial study
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Tuskegee ”Experiments”
Time and place: Alabama 1932-1972Aim: To investigate the long-term effect of untreated
syphilis Studies: 400 poor, black American men (200
controls) were led to believe that they were receiving free medical treatment for syphilis from doctors
The studies lasted until 1972 when Jean Heller broke the story. By then,100 of the research subjects were already dead, even though penicillin was a long established treatment
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Presidential apology in 1997
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Research involving humans: Take home messages
Research Subjects. Need to be aware of potential conflicts and adress the issues of:– Free informed consent
– Transparency vs. privacy and confidentiality
– Objectivity vs. Involvement of the research subject
– Data storage (NDS)
Ethical and Societal Consequences of Research– Harm means more than ”ouch”
– Need to consider not only risks to research subjects, but also how they might benefit from research
PHI400 Reserach Ethics 2 –
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•The two discussion cases are to «warm you up». Consider what the correct procedure would be as a follow-up to the case• Draw also on your own experience; your own concerns; use the #overlyhonestmethod examples as pointers for when methodology might «slide» towards misconduct
Discussions 1415-1500
Plenary 1515– 1. Discussion cases
– 2. #overlyhonestmethod examples
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Research Ethics Committees and Boards
National Research Ethics Committees (www.etikkom.no)
– Science and Technology (NENT)
– Humanities and Social Research (NESH)
– Medicine (NEM)
Nasjonal Granskingsutvalget (The National Committe for investigations into misconduct in research)
Biotechnology Advisory Board (www.bion.no)
Technology Advisory Board (www.teknologirådet.no)
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UiO
UiO Forskningsetikk http://www.uio.no/forskning/om-forskningen/ etikk/
– UiOs 10 bud for god forskningsskikk
– Håndbok for god forskningsskikk
– Forskningsetisk utvalg
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Ethical Guidelines
General guidelines – NENT (www.etikkom.no)
Guidelines for publication and review – The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) – “Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals” (the Vancouver Convention) www.icmje.org
Data Protection Official for Research/ Personvernombud for forsking/NSD www.nsd.uib.no/personvern/
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Research Ethics Guidelines
General guidelines – NENT and NESH (www.etikkom.no)- Research Ethics Guidelines for Natural Science and Technology (NENT)
- Research Ethics Guidelines for Social Sciences, Humanites, Law and Theology
- Both available in Norwegian and English
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Trimming the data ?
Gregor Mendel (1866)
Milikan’s Oil Drop Experiment (1916)
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Famous Plagiarists
Vijay Soman, an assistant professor at Yale, was asked to peer review a paper by Helena Wachslicht-Rodbard. He sent back a negative review, delaying publication, then turned around and submitted the same paper to another journal.
Guess who got the paper to review?
UiB Plagiarism Video
