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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY MB 0051

1. Carrying out an organized inquiry is called Research2. Logical reasoning process used in research is important to - Draw

inferences3. Research really begins when the researcher experiences Confusion

4. Observable experience in research is also called as _ Empirical evidence 5. “The assignment of numbers to represent properties” is a definition relatedto - Measurement

6. Stability means - Consistency7. Construct validity will be developed by the researcher based on _

Theoretical reasoning 8. When ranks are assigned to objects based on their properties or

characteristics then the level of measurement is described as - Ordinalmeasurement

9. Delhi’s temperature in the last 2 days was less than 10 degrees compared toChandigarh’s which was 12 degrees. This kind of study uses which level of measurement? Interval

10. Testing of hypothesis means to tell whether or not the hypothesis seemsto be valid.11.From which of these a research problem could be identified?

Advertisements12. When the respondent is given enough time and opportunity to answer

questions given in a questionnaire, then such type of questionnaire is calledas - Unstructured

13. LS design This is used in agricultural research.14. “F” tests and “t” tests are used in which level of measurement? Interval15. Collecting sample units in a ‘hit and miss’ style is applicable in which of the

following sampling methods? Convenience sampling16. Formularize research is also called as Exploratory research

17. In ANOVA, V stands for - Variance18. A distribution of respondents based on their age group is represented in

what type of frequency distribution table? One-way table 19. Length, weight and height are considered as - Physical characteristics 20. The most commonly used statistical average is - Arithmetic average21. When petrol price is increased, inflation rate is expected to rise - this could

be an example depicting Cause and effect relationship 22. Coefficient of correlation is indicated by the letter - ‘r’23. These are the examples of secondary data - Statistical survey reports,

Government publications, trade journals24. When there is correlation between any 2 variable then it is - Simple

correlation

25. To calculate ---- data should be arranged according to ascending order.Median

26. Since Mail surveys are more impersonal they provide more anonymity27. Who introduced standard deviation in statistics? Karl Pearson28. __ Data is readily available. Secondary29.When the characteristic of a measurement level is having no order or

distance or origin, then it is ____________ level of measurement. Nominal30. How many quartiles are there? 331. A value which is most repeated in a distribution is Mode

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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY MB 005132. The mid-point of a particular class interval say 25-35 is - 3033. Null Hypothesis is denoted by - H034. A good measurement scale should follow Straight line model.35. Scatter plots and Stock plots are examples for - Graphs

36) Ethics in a research context refers to “the appropriateness of your behavior in

relation to the rights of those who become the subject of your work, or are affectedby it.” This is applicable to you when you are - Researcher 37) In this type of level of measurement, there is no quantitative value as it

doesn’t have the characteristics of order, distance and origin. This level of measurement is - Nominal38) In Hypothesis testing, the level of significance is usually chosen at 05%39) Which of the following is an example for continuous variable? Temperatureof a city40) Which of these statements is true a measuring instrument that is validis always reliable?41. Following are the bases upon which measurement can be classified -Distance and Origin 42) Identify from the following, the class interval which is considered appropriate ina frequency distribution - 1-10, 11-20, 21-30, and 31-40 43) Which of these could be an example for pure research? Newton’s law andEinstein’s theory of relativity44) The two type of Content Validity are – Face validity and Samplingvalidity 45) Name the two type statistical techniques that are applicable in Ordinal

measurement. Median and Coefficient of rank order correlation46) identify the true and false statements -a. Mail surveys are less expensive than personal interviews. Tb. Mail surveys are subject to interview’s bias. F 47) Type II error occurs when - H0 is false and is accepted 48) If A’s savings is `5000, B’s savings is `10000 and C’s savings is `30000, then

their average savings is - `15000 49) A person having a Critical and imaginative mind and who is also sensitive to

practical problems could easily identify a research problem for study.50) Co-efficient of range is obtained by the following formula - (H – L) / (H + L) 51) Non-parametric tests usually assume __________ data. Original 52) Identify the correct statement from the following – Research design has tobe kept within manageable limits.53) The scientific method involving a systematic step-by-step procedure following

logical processes of reasoning is called Research 54) What are the internal criteria for a female researcher in order to formulate a

problem?1. Her interest2. Her competence3. Her expectations4. Her importance5. Her feasibility6. Her resourcesB. 1, 2, 655) Which are the two most important parametric tests? T-test and z-test

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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY MB 005156) While defining a problem, the next steps in the process after developing a title

are –A. Building a conceptual model and defining the study objectives57) Mention the two rights of respondents with respect to privacy Right not to

participate in any research study and Right to participate beyond a certainlimit

58) When a null hypothesis stating that “Average test score of Gautham Gambhiris 88.25 runs” is accepted, then it is - True 59) A conjectural statement of the relationship between the two or more variables

is defined as –Hypothesis

60) Professor Fisher has enumerated three principles of experimental designs outof which 2 are -

Principle of replication and Principle of randomization61) identify the characteristics of research –1. Systematic 2. Controlled 3. Rigid 4. Empirical 5. ElasticC. 1, 2, 462) Which type of data is described here? Primary

1. It is expensive to obtain2. It is time consuming3. It requires extensive research personnel who are skilled4. It is difficult to administer63) match the following types of research with its example or meaning –1. Applied research - Finds solutions to real-life problems or situations

2. Action research - Type of evaluation study 3. Descriptive research - Provides factual information for investigation 4. Diagnostic research - Tests the relationship between variables 64) match the types of sampling methods with its feature –1. Simple random sampling - Each element has an equal chance of beingselected 2. Stratified random sampling - Increases sample’s statistical efficiency 3. Cluster sampling - Useful in socio-economic surveys 4. Multi-stage sampling - Estimating sampling error is complicate65) identify the characteristics of a good hypothesis -

1. Simplicity 2. Acceptability 3. Objectivity 4. Clarity 5. Durability 6. FlexibilityC. 1, 3, 4

66) Identify and arrange the steps to be followed in research design -1. Designing the methods of data collection 2. Selecting the sample 3. Collectingthe data

4. Formulating the objective of the study 5. Reporting the findings 6. Processingand analyzing the dataB. 4, 1, 2, 3, 6, 567) match the types of reports with its guidelines –

1. Popular report - More headlines and graphs can be used 2. Interim report -Provides what was done so far and its outcome 3. Summary report- Written in non-technical and simple language 4. Technical report - Contains all details as it is comprehensive

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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY MB 005168) Mr. Mukesh had analysed and processed some statistical data which now hewants to put in a tabular format. What should he include in the Heading whilepreparing this table? Designation of units 69) Which type of sampling is discussed here?1. It is used when it is not important to study the sampling units’ overallrepresentativeness to the population

2. It is less costly and more convenient as it guarantees inclusion of relevantelements in the sample3. It requires more prior extensive information and does not lend itself for usinginferential statistics.4. It is also called as purposive samplingB. Judgment sampling 70) match the following research designs with its perspective or through which the

study is viewed –1. Descriptive Nature -of relationship between variables 2. Exploratory Degree- of formulation of the problem 3. Observational Mode -of data collection 4. Case method -Scope of the topic and depth of the study

71) Identify the true and false statements regarding Observation method –1. Observation method poses difficulties in understanding events.2. It is slow and expensive process that needs constant technological inputs.3. Observer has to be present at the scene of the event when it takes place.4. Observer has to wait for the event to happen and be able to tell where and whenexactly it takes place. B. 1 is true and 2, 3, 4 is false 72) identify the correct and incorrect rules for graphical representation of data from

the following -1. Title of the chart should be placed below it.2. Each curve or bar should be numbered.3. Only grey shades to be used in case of more curves or bars4. They should precede the textual content5. Measurements should be indicated from left to right in a horizontal line6. For vertical lines, measurements should be from top to bottom.A. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 is incorrect73) In a research study, it was revealed that 40% of students did not use thelearning resources provided to them while another 28% complained that they didn’tget adequate resources. Based on these results, the researcher cannot assume thatremaining 32% don’t care to use the resources or its availability. What would be the

responsibility of the researcher in this situation?D. Find out the actual opinions and views of the 32% of students74) What are the requisites of a good and successful presentation?

1. Communicate to a specific audience2. Communicate to all respondents2. Structure the presentation3. Advertise research expertise4· Be elaborate on the research complexities5· Address validity and reliability issues

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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY MB 00516. Involve other researchers to carry out the presentationB. 1, 2, 5

75) From the below, identify the criteria for constructing hypothesis –1. It should be specific and precise2. It should describe at least 2 issues3. It must be empirically testable

4. It must have contradictory statements5. It must indicate the relationship between variablesA. 1, 2

Unit: 11. Arbitrary (or unscientific) Method: It’s a method of seeking answers to

question consists of imagination, opinion, blind belief or impression.2. Young defines Research as “a scientific undertaking which, by means of

logical and systematic techniques”.3. Kerlinger defines research as a “systematic, controlled, empirical and

critical investigation of hypothetical propositions about the presumedrelations among natural phenomena”.

4. Research is a scientific Endeavour.5. The scientific method is based on certain “articles of faith.6. Ethical Neutrality: “Science never imposes anything, science states.

Science aims at nothing but making true and adequate statements about itsobject.”

7. Pure Research: It is undertaken for the sake of knowledge without anyintention to apply it in practice, e.g., Einstein’s theory of relativity, Newton’scontributions, Galileo’s contribution, etc

8. Applied Research: It is carried on to find solution to a real-lifeproblem requiring an action or policy decision. It is thus problem-orientedand action-directed. It seeks an immediate and practical result, e.g.,marketing research carried on for developing a news market or for studyingthe post-purchase experience of customers.

9. Exploratory Research: It is also known as formularize research.10. Descriptive Study: It is a fact-finding investigation with adequate

interpretation. It is the simples type of research.11.Diagnostic Study: It is similar to descriptive study but with a different

focus. It is directed towards discovering what is happening, why it ishappening and what can be done about. It aims at identifying the causesof a problem and the possible solutions for it.

12.Evaluation Studies: It is a type of applied research.13.Action Research: It is a type of evaluation study.14.It includes six major steps: diagnosis, sharing of diagnostic information,

planning, developing change programme, initiation of organizational change,implementation of participation and communication process, and postexperimental evaluation.

15.According to a famous Hudson Maxim, “All progress is born of inquiry. Doubt isoften better than overconfidence, for it leads to inquiry, and inquiry leads toinvention”.

16.Research is a repetitive search. T17.Applied research gives a solution to problem. T18.Scientific method is systematic. T

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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY MB 005119.Objectivity is not required for all types of research. F20. Pure research is not fundamental research. F21. The scientific method is based on certain “articles of faith.” These

are:1. Reliance on empirical evidence:2. Use of relevant concepts

3. Commitment of objectivity4. Ethical neutrality5. Generalization6. Verifiability7. Logical reasoning process

UNIT: 21. According to Stevens, measurement is “the assignment of numerals to objects

or events according to rules.”2. Campbell defines measurement as “the assignment of numbers to represent

properties.”3. In the words of Torgerson, measurement is “the assignment of numbers to

objects to represent amounts or degrees of a property possessed by the entireobject.

4. Measurement may be classified into four different levels, based on thecharacteristics of order, distance and origin.

• Nominal measurement• Ordinal measurement• Interval measurement• Ratio measurement

5.

5. There are two dimensions of reliability – stability and equivalence or non-variability.

6. Reliability can be improved in three ways –7. 1) By reducing the external sources of variation. This in turn can be

achieved by standardizing the conditions under which measurement iscarried out, by employing trained investigators and by providing standardinstructions.2) By making the measuring instrument more consistent internally, through an

analysis of the different items3) By adding more number of items to the measuring instrument, in orderto increase the probability of more accurate measurement.

8. Research is concerned with the measurement of objects. F9. A person’s emotions may be directly observed. F

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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY MB 005110. Linearity means that the measuring scale should not measure more than onecharacteristic at a time. F11. The problem of extraneous variables arises in the case of constructvalidity. F12. Validity is determined mainly by predictive validity. F13. the most powerful level of measurement is ratio measurement. T

14. Validity and reliability do not always go together. T 15. Different research situations require different levels of reliability. T

UNIT: 31. R. L. Ackoffs analysis affords considerable guidance in identifying problem for

research.2.five components of a problem:

• Research-consumer• Research-consumer’s Objectives• Alternative Means to Meet the Objectives• Doubt in Regard to Selection of Alternatives•

There must be One or More Environments to which the Difficulty orProblem Pertains.3.Formulating the Problem:

a. internal criteria:

• researchers interest• researchers competence• researchers own resource

b. external criteria:

• research ability of problem• importance and urgency• novelty of the problem• feasibility• facilities• usefulness and social relevance• research personnel

4. The process of defining a problem includes:• Developing title• Building a conceptual model• Define the Objective of the Study

5. Horton and Hunt have given following characteristics of scientificresearch:

a. Verifiable evidenceb. Accuracy

c. Precisiond. Systematizatione. Objectivityf. Recordingg. Controlling conditions

6. Selection of problems is the first step in research.7. Journals are sources of problems of research problems.8. Internal criteria of research problem consist of researcher's interest and

competence.

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UNIT: 41. According to Theodor son and Theodor son, “a hypothesis is a tentative

statement asserting relationship between certain facts. Kerlinger describes itas “a conjectural statement of the relationship between two or morevariables”.

2. Black and Champion have described it as “a tentative statement aboutsomething, the validity of which is usually unknown”.

3. Characteristics of Good Hypothesis :a. Conceptual Clarityb. Specificityc. Testabilityd. Availability of Techniquese. Theoretical relevancef. Consistencyg. Objectivityh. Simplicity

4. Null hypothesis = H0 and Alternative hypothesis = Ha

5.

6. In case we take the significance level at 5%, then this implies that H0 willbe rejected when the sampling result (i.e., observed evidence) has a lessthan 0.05 probability of occurring if H0 is true.

7.

8. A two-tailed test rejects the null hypothesis if, say, the sample mean

is significantly higher or lower than the hypnotized value of the meanof the population.

9. A one-tailed test would be used when we are to10.test, say, whether the population mean in either lower than or higher

than some hypothesized value.11. The factors that affect the level of significance are:

a. The magnitude of the difference between sample ;b. The size of the sample;

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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY MB 0051c. The variability of measurements within samples;d. Whether the hypothesis is directional or non – directional (A directional

hypothesis is one which predicts the direction of the difference between,say, means). In brief, the level of significance must be adequate in thecontext of the purpose and nature of enquiry.

12.Z-test is based on the normal probability distribution and is used for judging

the significance of several statistical measures.13.T-test is based on t-distribution and is considered an appropriate test

for judging the significance of sample mean or for judging significanceof difference between the two means of the two samples in case of samples when population variance is not known (in which case we usevariance of the sample as an estimate the population variance).

14.X2-test is based on chi-square distribution and as a parametric test is usedfor comparing a sample variance to a theoretical population variance isunknown.

15.F-test is based on f-distribution and is used to compare the variance of thetwo-independent samples. This test is also used in the context of variance (ANOVA) for judging the significance of more than two samplemeans at one and the same time.

16.Null is a positive statement.17. Type II error is accepting a statement that is false.18. Hypothesis is tentative statement.

Unit: 51. Jahoda and Destsch and Cook describe, “A research design is the

arrangement of conditions for collection and analysis of data in a manner thataims to combine relevance to the research purpose with economy inprocedure.

2. Extraneous variable: The independent variables which are not directlyrelated to the purpose of the study but affect the dependent variable areknown as extraneous variables.

3. Confounded relationship: The relationship between dependent andindependent variables is said to be confounded by an extraneousvariable, when the dependent variable is not free from its effects.

4. Treatments: Treatments are referred to the different conditions towhich the experimental and control groups are subject to. In theexample considered, the two treatments are the parents with regularearnings and those with no regular earnings.

5. There are a number of crucial research choices, various writers

advance different classification schemes, some of which are:1. Experimental, historical and inferential designs (American MarketingAssociation).2. Exploratory, descriptive and causal designs (Selltiz, Jahoda, Deutsch andCook).3. Experimental and expost fact (Kerlinger)4. Historical method, and case and clinical studies (Goode and Scates)5. Sample surveys, field studies, experiments in field settings, and laboratoryexperiments (Festinger and Katz)

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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY MB 00516. Exploratory, descriptive and experimental studies (Body and Westfall)7. Exploratory, descriptive and casual (Green and Tull)8. Experimental, „quasi-experimental designs‟ (Nachmias and Nachmias)9. True experimental, quasi-experimental and non-experimental designs(Smith).10. Experimental, pre-experimental, quasi-experimental designs and Survey

Research (Kidder and Judd). hose different categorizations exist, because„research design‟ is a complex concept. In fact, there are differentperspectives from which any ven study can be viewed. They are:1. The degree of formulation of the problem (the study may be exploratoryor formalized)2. The topical scope-breadth and depth-of the study (a case or a statisticalstudy)3. The research environment: field setting or laboratory (survey, laboratoryexperiment)4. The time dimension (one-time or longitudinal)5. The mode of data collection (observational or survey)6. The manipulation of the variables under study (experimental or expostfactor)7. The nature of the relationship among variables (descriptive or causal)

6. Three methods in the context of research design for such studies aretalked about:

a. The survey of concerning literatureb. Experience surveyc. Analyses of ‘insight-stimulating’ examples are

7. Research design in case of descriptive and diagnostic research studies:1. Formulating the objective of the study2. Designing the methods of data collection3. Selecting the sample4. Collecting the data5. Processing and analyzing the data6. Reporting the findings.

8. Professor Fisher has enumerated three principles of experimental designs:1. The principle of replication2. The principle of randomization3. Principle of local control

9. Formal Experimental Designs:1. Completely randomized design (CR design): It involves only twoprinciple viz., the principle of replication and randomization.2. Randomized block design (RB design): It is an improvement over the CResearch design. In the RB design the principle of local control can be applied along

with the other two principles.3. Latin square design (LS design): It is used in agricultural research. Thetreatments in a LS design are so allocated among the plots that no treatmentoccurs more than once in any row or column.4. Factorial design: It is used in experiments where the effects of varying morethan one factor are to be determined. They are especially important in severaleconomic and social phenomena where usually a large number of factors affecta particular problem.10. A research design is a logical and systematic plan. T

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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY MB 005111. Exploratory research studies are also called formularize research studies. T12. Descriptive research is concerned with describing the features of a particularindividual or group. T13. A research design is a logical and systematic plan prepared for directing aresearch study.

Unit: 61. Case study is a method of exploring and analyzing the life of a social unit or

entity, be it a person, a family, an institution or a community. Theaim of case study method is to locate or identify the factors thataccount for the behavior patterns of a given unit, and its relationship withthe environment.

2. The major credit for introducing case study method into social investigationgoes to Frederick Leplay. Herbert Spencer was the first socialphilosopher who used case study in comparative studies of differentcultures. William Healey used case study in his study of juveniledelinquency. Anthropologists and ethnologists have liberally utilizedcast study in the systematic description of primitive cultures.

3. Case study of particular value when a complex set of variables maybe at work in generating observed results and intensive study isneeded to unravel the complexities.

4. Blummer points out that independently, the case documents hardly fill thecriteria of reliability, adequacy and representativeness,

5. John Dollard has proposed seven criteria for evaluating suchadequacy as follows:a. The subject must be viewed as a specimen in a cultural seriesb. The organic motto of action must be socially relevant.c. The strategic role of the family group in transmitting the culture

must be recognized.d. The specific method of elaboration of organic material onto social

behavior must be clearly showne. The continuous related character of experience for childhood through

adulthood must be stressedf.Social situation must be carefully and continuously specified as a

factor.g. The life history material itself must be organized according to some

conceptual framework, this in turn would facilitate generalizations at ahigher level.

6. The exploratory investigator is best served by the active curiosityand willingness to deviate from the initial plan, when the findingsuggests new courses of enquiry, might prove more productive.

7. Case study is a method of exploring and analyzing the life of a socialunit. T8. Case study of not particular value when a complex set of variables may be

at work. F 9. In-depth analysis of selected cases is not of particular value to business

research. F

UNIT: 7

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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY MB 00511. Simple random sampling technique( homogeneous) gives each

element an equal and independent chance of being selected. Anequal chance means equal probability of selection.

2. Stratified random sampling is an improved type of random orprobability sampling. In this method, the population is sub-dividedinto homogenous groups or strata, and from each stratum, random

sample is drawn.3. Proportionate stratified sampling involves drawing a sample from

each stratum in proportion to the latter’s share in the total population.4. Disproportionate stratified random sampling does not give proportionate

representation to strata.5. Systematic random sampling method is an alternative to random

selection. It consists of taking k th item in the population after a randomstart with an item from 1 to k. It is also known as fixed interval method.

6. Cluster sampling means random selection of sampling unitsconsisting of population elements.

7. In Area sampling larger field surveys cluster consisting of specificgeographical areas like districts, taluks, villages or blocks in a cityare randomly drawn.

8. Multi-stage sampling is carried out in two or more stages. Thepopulation is regarded as being composed of a number of second stageunits and so forth. That is, at each stage, a sampling unit is acluster of the sampling units of the subsequent stage.

9. Double sampling and multiphase sampling refers to the subsection of the final sample form a pre-selected larger sample that providedinformation for improving the final selection.

10.Replicated or interpenetrating sampling involves selection of acertain number of sub-samples rather than one full sample from apopulation.

11.Non-probability or non random sampling is not based on thetheory of probability. This sampling does not provide a chance of selection to each population element.

12.Purposive (or judgment) sampling method means deliberateselection of sample units that conform to some pre-determinedcriteria. This is also known as judgment sampling.

13.Quota sampling is a form of convenient sampling involvingselection of quota groups of accessible sampling units by traits such assex, age, social class, etc. it is a method of stratified sampling in whichthe selection within strata is non-random.

14.Snow-ball sampling is the colorful name for a technique of Building up alist or a sample of a special population by using an initial set of its

members as informants.15.Probability sampling is based on the theory of probability. It is alsoknown as random sampling. It provides a known non-zero chanceof selection for each population element.

16.A sample must be representative of the population.17. Probability sampling technique yield representative sample.18. accuracy is defined as the degree to which bias is absent from

the sample. An accurate sample is the one which exactly representsthe population.

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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY MB 005119.Precision is measured by standard error.

20. A good sample must be adequate in size in order to be reliable. Apart of the population is known as sample. The method consisting of theselecting for study, a portion of the ‘universe’ with a view to draw

conclusions about the ‘universe’ or ‘population’ is known as sampling.21.Sampling helps in time and cost saving.22.Sampling has the following advantages:a. The size of the populationb. Amount of funds budgeted for the studyc. Facilitiesd. Time

23.The various criteria governing the choice of the samplingtechnique:a. Purpose of the Surveyb. Measurabilityc. Degree of Precisiond. Information about Populatione. The Nature of the Populationf. Geographical Area of the Study and the Size of the Populationg. Financial resourcesh. Time Limitationi. Economy

24.The characteristics of a good samplea. Representativenessb. populationc. Accuracy ad. Precisione. Size25.Sampling techniques or methods may be classified into two

generic types:a. Probability or Random Sampling: Probability sampling is based on the

theory of probability. It is also known as random sampling. It providesa known nonzero chance of selection for each population element.

b. The following are the types of probability sampling:i) Simple Random Samplingii) Stratified Random Sampling: a. Proportionate stratified sampling, b.

Disproportionate stratified random samplingiii) Systematic Random Sampling

26.probability Proportional to size (PPS)

Unit: 81. The search for answers to research questions is called collection

of data. Data are facts, and other relevant materials, past andpresent, serving as bases for study and analyses.

2. The data needed for a social science research may bebroadly classified into(a) Data pertaining to human beings,

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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY MB 0051(b) Data relating to organization and

(c) Data pertaining to territorial areas.

3. Personal data or data related to human beings consist of: a. Demographic and socio-economic characteristics of individuals: Age,sex, race, social class, religion, marital status, education, occupation

income, family size, location of the household life style etc.b. Behavioral variables: Attitudes, opinions, awareness, knowledge,

practice, intentions, etc.c. Organizational data consist of data relating to an organizations

origin, ownership, objectives, resources, functions, performance and growth.d. Territorial data are related to geo-physical characteristics, resource

endowment, population, occupational pattern infrastructure degree of development, etc. of spatial divisions like villages, cities, talluks, districts,state and the nation.

3. The sources of data may be classified into (a) primarysources and (b) secondary sources.

4. knowledge-awareness practice (KAP) studies.5. a schedule is used for interviewing. The important methods

are(a) observation, (b) interviewing, (c) mail survey, (d)

experimentation, (e) simulation and (f) projective technique.6. Secondary sources consist of not only published records and

reports, but also unpublished records.7. Evaluation of Secondary Data

a. Data Pertinenceb. Data Qualityc. Data Completeness

8. The sources of data may be classified into (a) primary sources and(b) secondary sources. T

9. Primary data are first hand information collected through variousmethods such as observation, interviewing, mailing etc. T

10.The secondary sources consist of readily compendia and alreadycomplied statistical statements and reports. T

11.The important methods are observation, (b) interviewing, (c) mail survey,(d) experimentation, (e) simulation and projective technique. T

UNIT: 91. Observation means viewing or seeing. Observation may be

defined as a systematic viewing of a specific phenomenon in its

proper setting for the specific purpose of gathering data for aparticular study. Observation is classical method of scientificstudy.

2. Observation as a method of data collection has certaincharacteristics:a. It is both a physical and a mental activityb. Observation is selectivec. Observation is purposive and not casuald. Observation should be exact and be based on standardized tools

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3. process of observations:a. First, the researcher should carefully examine the relevance of

observation method to the data needs of the selected study.b. Second, he must identify the specific investigative

questions which call for use of observation method

c. Third, he must decide the observation content, viz., specificconditions, events and activities that have to be observed for therequired data. The observation content should include the relevantvariables.

d. Fourth, for each variable chosen, the operational definitionshould be specified.

e. Fifth, the observation setting, the subjects to beobserved, the timing and mode of observation, recording,procedure, recording instruments to be used, and other details of thetask should be determined.

f. Last, observers should be selected and trained .

4. Observations may be classified in different ways. With referenceto investigator’s role, it may be classified into (a) participantobservation and (b) non-participant observation. In terms of mode of observation, it may be classified into (c) direct observation. Withreference to the rigor of the system adopted. Observation isclassified into (e) controlled observation, and (f) uncontrolledobservation.

5. Observations may be classified into (a) participant observation and(b) non-participant observation. T

6. In terms of mode of observation, it may be classified into (c)direct observation. T

7. With reference to the rigor of the system adopted. Observation isclassified into (e) controlled observation, and (f) uncontrolledobservation. T

8. Observation involves standardization of observational techniques andexercises of maximum control over extrinsic and intrinsic variables. T

UNIT: 101. The mail questionnaires should be simple so that the respondents caneasily understand the questions and answer them. It should preferablycontain mostly closed-end and multiple choice questions so that itcould be completed within a few minutes.

2. The distinctive feature of the mail survey is that the questionnaireis self-administered.3. It does not involve face-to-face conversation between theinvestigator and the respondent.4. Questionnaires may be classified as:a. Structured/ Standardized Questionnaireb. Unstructured Questionnaire

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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY MB 00515. A covering letter should accompany a copy of the questionnaire.Exhibit 7.1 is a copy of a covering letter used by the author in aresearch study on ‘corporate planning’.6. some alternative methods of distributing questionnaires tothe respondents. They are: (1) personal delivery, (2) attachingquestionnaire to a product (3) advertising questionnaire in a

newspaper of magazine, and (4) news stand insets.

7. Certain techniques have to be adopted to increase theresponse rate. They are:

a. Quality Printingb. Covering Letterc. Advance Informationd. Incentivese. Follow-up-contactsf. Larger sample size:

8.The disadvantages of mail surveys are:a. The scope for mail surveys is very limited in a country like India where

the percentage of literacy is very low. b. The response rate of mail surveys is low. Hence, the resulting

sample will not be a representative one.9. Mail survey can cover extensive geographical areas.10. Mail surveys, being more impersonal, provide more anonymity than

personal interviews.11. Mail surveys are totally free from the interviewers bias as there is

no personal contact between the respondents and the investigator.

Unit: 111. Greatest drawback of interview method is that it is costly both in money and time.

T2. Greatest value of the interview method is the depth and detail of information that

can be secured. T3. The interviewer cannot do more to improve the percentage of responsesand the quality information received than other method. F4. One limitation of interview method is that it is not possible for interviewer touse special scoring devices, visual materials and the like in order to improve thequality of interviewing. F5. Match the followinga. Advantages of group interview: Respondents comment freely and in

detailb. Disadvantages of group interview: Group can be interviewed in the timerequired for one personal interview.

c. Difficult to get representative sample : Possibility of a group beingdominated by one individual

6. The interview does not require preparation and preplanning. F7. The interviewer should find out the general daily routine of the respondents in

order to determine the suitable timings for interview. T

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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY MB 00518. Before starting the research interview, it is not necessary for the interviewer to

establish a friendly relationship with the respondent. F9. It is essential to record responses as they take place. T10. Choices when personal interview is feasible?

a. When the area covered for survey is compact or when number of interviewee is very large

b. When sufficient number of interviewers are available or when thenumber of interviewee is very large

c. When the area covered for survey is compact or whensufficient number of interviewers is available.

11. Interview results are adversely affected by interviewer's mode of asking questionsand interaction. T

12. Like that of a chemical technician, it is rather a flexible psychological process. f 13. The extent of his success as an interviewer is very largely dependent uponhis insight and skill in dealing with varying socio-physiological situations. f 14. Interview is a conversation with specific purpose, i.e., obtaining informationrelevant to a study. T15. The interaction between the interviewer and the respondent need notnecessarily be on a face-to-face basis, because interview can be conducted overthe telephone also. T16. What is the limitation of Non-directive interview?a. It can closely approximate the spontaneity of natural conversationb. More prone to interviewer's biasc. Provide less opportunity to explore the problem in an unrestricted mannerd. Data obtained from one interview is not comparable to the data from

the next.17. Choices Interview calls for Interviewing skills

18. The semi-structured interview where the investigator attempts to focusthe discussion on the actual effects of a given experience to which therespondents have been exposed is termed as Focused interview

19. What do you understand by Depth interview?a. This is an intensive and searching interview aiming at studying the

respondent's opinion, emotions or convictions on the basis of aninterview guide

20. What is Non-directive interview?a. This is the least structured one where the interviewer encourages

the respondent to talk freely about a give topic with a minimum of prompting or guidance

21.Which of the following is not a requirement for a successful interview? Vastnessof knowledge of the interviewer

22.Which type of interview is similar to focused interview but with a subtle

difference? Clinical interview23. ________ is the only suitable method for gathering information from illiterate orless educated respondents. Interviewing.

24.Interviewing is the one of the prominent methods of data collection.25.Interviewing is the only suitable method for gathering information from

illiterate or less educated respondents.26.Interview can add flesh to statistical information.27.Types of interview: Structured or directive interview, Unstructured or non-

directive interview, Focused interview, Clinical interview, Depth interview.

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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY MB 005128. Types of approaches:

The participants

The relationship the participants is a transitory one

Interview is not a mere casual conversational exchange

Interview is a mode of obtaining verbal answers to questions putverbally

Interview is an inter-actionable process

Interviewing is not a standardized process28. quality of interviews:a. data availabilityb. role perceptionsc. the interviewer should also know his roled. respondent motivation

29. interviewing techniques:a. Preparationb. Introduction

c. Developing Rapportd. Carrying the Interview Forwarde. Recording the Interviewf. Closing the Interviewg. Editing

30.establishing friendly relationship with respondent: rapport31. interviews problems:

a. inadequate response: kahn and cannel five principlesb. interviewers biasc. non- responsed. non-availabilitye. refusal

f. inaccessibilityg. Methods and aims of controlling non- response: kish suggested.

32. This is an interview made with a details standardized schedule. T33. The focus interview is concerned with the effect of specific experience;clinical interview is concerned with broad underlying feelings or motivations orwith the course of the individual life experiences. T

Unit: 121. Which of the following are the important characteristics of a

statistical data?a. Central tendencyb. Dispersion

c. Colord. Odore. Skewnessf. Kurtosis2. Median is the most repeating value of a distribution. F3. Mode is the most typical and frequented value of the distribution. T4. Mode cannot be determined for series with open-ended classes. F5. Mode can be graphically determined. T

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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY MB 00516. When open ended responses have been received, classification is necessary

to code the responses. T7. Classification should be linked to the theory and the aim of the particular

study .T8. The main aim of transition is to minimize the shuffling proceeds between

several responses and several observations. T

9. When the sample size is manageable, the researcher must use anycomputerization process to analyze the data. F

10.Coding need not necessarily be numeric. T11.A mere tabulation or frequency count or graphical representation of the

variable may be given an alphabetic coding. T12.A coding of zero has to be assigned carefully to a variable. T13. What is the main requisite for a transcription process?

A. Preparation of the data sheets where observations are the row of the database and the responses/variables are the columns of thedata sheet

14. How the transcription of data can be used?a. It can be used to summarize and arrange the data in compact

form for further analysis15.What is SPSS? It is an integrated set if programs suitable for analysis

of social science data 16.Social science reach conclusion using -Secondary data 17.Which of the following is not involved in the data preparation –

a. Identification of the data structuresb. Coding of datac. Grouping of data for preliminary research interpretationd. Identification of investigators

18. Data processing is an intermediary stage of work between data collectionsand data interpretation.

19.The various steps in processing of data may be stated as:a. Identifying the data structuresb. Editing the datac. Coding and classifying the datad. Transcription of datae. Tabulation of data.20.The editing step checks for the completeness, accuracy and

uniformity of the data as created by the researcher.21.Coding process assigns numerals or other symbols to the several responses

of the data set.22.Numeric Coding: Coding need not necessarily be numeric. It can also

be alphabetic. Coding has to be compulsorily numeric, when the variable

is subject to further parametric analysis.23.Alphabetic Coding: A mere tabulation or frequency count or graphicalrepresentation of the variable may be given in an alphabetic coding.

24.Zero Coding: A coding of zero has to be assigned carefully to a variable. Inmany instances, when manual analysis is done, a code of 0 would imply a “noresponse” from the respondents.

25.An illustration of the coding process of some of the demographicvariables is given in the following table:

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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY MB 0051Question number Variable observation Response categoryCode1.1 Organization Private Pt

Public PbGovernment

Go

3.4 Owner of Vehicle Yes 2No 1

4.2 Vehicle performs Excellent 5Good 4Adequate 3Bad 2Worst 1

5.1 Age Up to 20 years1

21-40 years 240-60 years 3

5.2 Occupation Salaried SProfessional P

TechnicalBusinessRetiredHousewife,

other=

26.long worksheet:

27.The transcription of data can be used to summarize and arrange the data incompact form for further analysis. The process is called tabulation.

28.Manual Tabulation

29.Computerized tabulation is easy with the help of software packages.30.Frequency tables provide a “shorthand” summary of data.

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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY MB 005131.

32.Central tendency of the data is measured by statistical averages.Averages are classified into two groups.1. Mathematical averages2. Positional averages

30. Merits of Median 1. Median is easy to calculate and simple to understand.2. When the data is very large median is the most convenient measure of central tendency.3. Median is useful finding average for data with open-ended classes.4. The median distributes the values of the data equally to either side of the median.5. Median is not influenced by the extreme values present in the data.6. Value of the median can be graphically determined.

Demerits of Median• To calculate median, data should be arranged according to

ascending order. This is tedious when the number of items in a series isnumerous.

• Since the value of median is determined by observation, it is not a truerepresentative of all the values.

• Median is not amenable to further algebraic treatment.• The value of median is affected by sampling fluctuation.

33.ModeMode is the most repeating value of a distribution. When one item repeatsmore number of times than other or when two items repeat equal number of times, mode is ill defined. Under such case, mode is calculated by theformula (3 median – 2 mean). Mode is a widely used measure of centraltendency in business. We speak of model wage which is the wage earnedby most of the workers. Model shoe size is the mostly demanded shoe.

34.Merits of Mode

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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY MB 0051• Mode is the most typical and frequented value of the distribution.• It is not affected by extreme values.• Mode can be determined even for series with open-ended classes.• Mode can be graphically determined.

35.Demerits of Mode1. It is difficult to calculate mode when one item repeats morenumber of times than others.2. Mode is not capable of further algebraic treatment.

3. Mode is not based on all the items of the series.4. Mode is not rigidly defined. There are several formulae forcalculating mode.

33. Dispersion is the tendency of the individual values in a distribution to spreadaway from the average.34. Dispersion is a statistical measure, which understands the degree of variationof items from the average.35. Properties of a Good Measure of Dispersion

A good measure of dispersion should be simple to understand.1. It should be easy to calculate2. It should be rigidly defined3. It should be based on all the values of a distribution4. It should be amenable to further statistical and algebraic treatment.5. It should have sampling stability6. It should not be unduly affected by extreme values.36. Measures of Dispersion1. Range2. Quartile deviation3. Mean deviation4. Standard deviation

5. Lorenz curve

36.Lorenz curve is a graphical measure of dispersion.37.Quartile deviation is defined as inter quartile range38.

39. Merits of Quartile Deviation1. Quartile Deviation is superior to range as a rough measure of dispersion.2. It has a special merit in measuring dispersion in open-ended series.3. Quartile Deviation is not affected by extreme values.

40. Demerits of Quartile Deviation1. Quartile Deviation ignores the first 25% of the distribution below Q1 and25% of the distribution above the Q3

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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY MB 00512. Quartile Deviation is not amenable to further mathematical treatment.

3. Quartile Deviation is very much affected by sampling fluctuations.41. Range and quartile deviation do not show any scatter ness fromthe average.42. Steps for mean deviation:1. Calculate mean, median or mode of the series

2. Find the deviation of items from the mean, median or mode3. Sum the deviations and obtain ΣD4. Take the average of the deviations ΣD/N, which is the mean deviation.43. Standard deviation is the most important measure of dispersion. It satisfiesmost of the properties of a good measure of dispersion. It was introduced byKarl Pearson in 1893. Standard deviation is defined as the mean of thesquared deviations from the arithmetic mean. Standard deviation is denoted bythe Greek letter.44. Standard deviation can be computed in two methods 1. Taking deviation from actual mean2. Taking deviation from assumed mean.45.

46. According to L.R. Connor, “if two or more quantities vary in sympathy sothat movements in the one tend to be accompanied by correspondingmovements in the other(s) they are said to be correlated”.W.I. King defined “Correlation means that between two series or groups of data, there exists some casual connection”.

47. Types of Correlation Analysis Correlation can be:

• Positive or negative• Linear or non-linear• Simple, multiple or partial

48. Non-linear is called curvilinear correlation because graph of suchcorrelation results in a curve.49. scatter diagram: This is a graphical method of studying correlation betweentwo variables. If the trend is downward sloping, correlation is negative.

50. PROBABLE ERROR: If the coefficient of correlation is less than ProbableError it will not be significant. If the coefficient of correlation r is more thansix times the Probable Error, correlation is definitely significant. If Probable Error is0.5 or more, it is generally considered as significant. Probable Error isestimated by the following formula.

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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY MB 005151. Spearman’s Rank Correlation Method Charles Edward Spearman, a British psychologist devised a method formeasuring correlation between two variables based on ranks givento the observations. This method is adopted when the variables are notcapable of quantitative measurements like intelligence, beauty etc. in suchcases, it is impossible to assign numerical values for change taking place in

such variables. It is in such cases rank correlation is useful. Spearman's rankcorrelation coefficient is given by

52. Concurrent Deviation Method In this method, correlation is calculated between direction of deviations and nottheir magnitudes.

Steps in the Calculation of Concurrent Deviation• Find out the direction of change of x-variable. When a successive figure in

the series increase direction is marked as + and when a successive

figure in the series decrease direction of change is marked as -. It isdenoted as dx.

• Find out the change in direction of y-variable. It is denoted as dy.• Multiply dx and dy and determine the value of C. C is the number of

positive products of dxdy (- X - or + X +).

• 53. The value of Co-Efficient of Correlation always lies between +1and –1. It can be interpreted in the following ways.

• If the value of Co-Efficient of Correlation r is 1 it is interpreted asperfect positive correlation.

• If the value of Co-Efficient of Correlation r is –1, it is interpreted as perfectnegative correlation.

• If the value of Co-Efficient of Correlation r is 0 < r < 0.5, it is interpreted aspoor positive correlation.

• If the value of Co-Efficient of Correlation r is 0.5 < r < 1, it is interpreted asgood positive correlation.

• If the value of Co-Efficient of Correlation r is 0 > r > -0.5, it is interpreted aspoor negative correlation.

• If the value of Co-Efficient of Correlation r is –0.5 > r > -1, it is interpreted asgood negative correlation.

• If the value of Co-Efficient of Correlation r is 0, it is interpreted aszero correlation.

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36.The following are the important characteristics of a statistical data: -a. Central tendencyb. Dispersionc. Skew nessd. Kurtosis

Unit: 131. An interim report narrates what has been done so far and what was its

outcome. T2. Introduction should provide audience interest. T3. Along with the related skill of working with and motivating people, the ability

to communicate effectively is not a must attribute a manager should have. F4. It is important to generate a research report that will be interesting to read.

T5. Mention which of the following items will be included under which category.

a. Prefatory Items : List of tables b. Body of the report : Limitations of the study , Theoretical background of

the topic , Method of data collectionc. Reference Materials : Bibliography, Appendix

6. Under which of the following categories, research report can be classifieda. Technical reportsb. Popular reportsc. Summary reportsd. Technical abstractse. Research articlef. Technical article

7. When there is a time lag between data collection and presentation of theresult, then also there is no chance of loss of significance and usefulness of thestudy. f

8. Summary report is meant for general public. t9. _______ is a short summary of technical report. Research abstract 10._________ is designed for publication in a professional journal. Research article11.In a research report, each piece of presentation should fit into the whole, just as

individual pieces into a jigsaw puzzle. T12. It is better to keep the body of the presentation intact without breaking into

parts to keep the constancy in the report. F13.In a technical report, a comprehensive full report of the research process and its

outcome are included. T14.In popular report the reader is less interested in the methodological details, but

more interested in the findings of the study. T15.Research report is a means for communicating research experience to others. T16.Research report provides highly specific information for a clearly designated

audience. T17.The purpose of the research report is to communicate to interested

persons the methodology and the results of the study. T18.Research report is a narrative and authoritative document. T19.A research report requires clear _______. ORGANIZATION20.Choices Research report is a means for _________. COMMUNICATING

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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY MB 005121.In a research report, the audience should feel that there is __________. A natural

flow from one section to another22.The presentation should help the audience to avoid _______. Misinterpreting

the results23.When the content refers genders, ______ nouns and pronouns should not be

used. masculine

24.Which of the following is not a function of research report?a. It is a means for judging the quality of research projectb. It is a means for evaluating researcherc. It provides a systematic knowledge on problems and issues analyzedd. It provides steps to undertake research.

25.Which of the followings should be used to communicate the content of thematerials discussed?a. Underlined textb. Headings and subheadingsc. Bold textd. Marked text

Unit: 141. Match the following

a. Confidentiality: Not revealing information of a sensitive nature

b. Objectivity : Recording respondentsc. Honesty: Admitting that the research can be done at a lower

costd. Anonymity: Conducting research under a fictitious name

2. Identify the ethical issues in the data collection stagea. Informed consent of participantsb. Time of contacting participantsc. Manner of observation of participantsd. Use of the internet for online surveyse. Manner of recording responsesf. Confidentiality and anonymity

3. Identify the responsibilities of suppliers of research from the followinga. Refraining from stealing information from competitorsb. Projecting a positive image of the research profession to

societyc. Proving truthful answers to questionsd. Hiding the real purpose of the studye. Respecting the rights of respondentsf. Providing truthful estimates of the cost and time needed for

research4. Informed consent means: Revealing information about importantaspects of the study to participants

5. Which of the following is an example of objectivity in data collection?a. Filling in incomplete answers in a questionnaireb. Leading the respondent into giving a particular responsec. Wording questions in a neutral mannerd. Leaving out certain information provided by respondents which you

think may be irrelevant

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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY MB 00516. Which of the following is not an example of honesty in research?

a. Refusing to answer questions of a personal natureb. Overestimating the cost of research to the clientc. Encouraging the researcher to be objective in data collectiond. Revealing the true purpose of a study to respondents

7. Which of the following questions could be perceived by respondents to be

of a sensitive nature?a. Reading habitsb. Occupationc. Lifestyled. Relationship with family members

8. Objectivity is a key issue in which of the following stages of the researchprocess? Data collection

9. Participants need to be informed about all the following, except:a. Purpose of studyb. Method of collecting datac. Use of information gatheredd. Personal details of other participants

10.The bulk of the responsibility for ethical research lies with : Suppliers of research

11.Which of the following is not an ethically questionable research situation?a. Doing a sales pitch in the name of a surveyb. Undertaking research dictated by top managementc. Using jargon in a technical reportd. Doing research under a fictitious name to obtain data that would be

difficult to get otherwise12.Which of the following is not part of respondent rights?

a. Right to refuse to answer questions of a personal natureb. Right to refuse to take part in a surveyc. Right to be untruthfuld. Right to want to keep information confidential

13.Which of the following methods of data collection can lead to greaterinvasion of privacy?a. Face to face interviewsb. Depth interviewsc. Telephone interviewsd. Mail surveys

14.One of the rights of respondents is to refuse to be contacted overthe telephone. F

15. Participants of a study should be informed about the sampling procedurebefore getting their consent. F

16. Filling in incomplete answers in a questionnaire is an example of lack of objectivity. T17. Observation is not an ethical method of data collection. F 18. Confidentiality implies that you may have to change the name of

the organization that was researched when reporting the findings. F19.Using cameras to observe respondent’s reactions to advertisements is

unethical. F20. The bulk of responsibility for ethical research lies with clients or

managers. F

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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY MB 005121. It is ethical for top management to modify the findings of a study

to highlight the strengths of the organization. F

EXTRA1.

Answer: 80

2.

Answer: 29.46

3.

Answer: 99.967

4.

5.

Answer: 11.235

6.

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Answer: 21.834

7.

Answer: 378689

8.

Answer: Q1=15, Q3= 40

9.

ANSWER: Q1 = 120, Q3 =160

QD: 20; CQD: .0714

10.

ANSWER: Q1= 33.33; Q3=69.33

QD= 18;CQD=.3505

11.

ANSWER: Mean=20;MD=10.1 CMD=.505

12.

ANSWER: AM=28.8;MD=10.332

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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY MB 0051 CMD=.3762

13.Answer for median for same question are: ME=17; MD= 7.38; CMD= .434;MDMode= 18.33

MDM= 7.13; CMD= .3912

14.

ANSWER: 7.836

15.

A ANSWER: 13.747

16.

ANSWER: 0.71417.

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