1. The carotid bodies:

a) have a low blood flow per gram of tissueb) contain baroreceptorsc) respond to changes in pHd) respond to small changes in PaO2 e) are located on the external carotid arteries

2. The following are examples of active transport:

a) sodium extrusion from cellsb) water reabsorption from the proximal convoluted tubulec) potassium excretion in the distal convoluted tubuled) glucose absorption from the gutc) water reabsorption in the loop of Henle

3. Growth hormone and insulin have opposite effects on:

a) carbohydrate uptake by muscleb) catabolism of fatc) synthesis of fatd) synthesis of proteine) somatic growth

4. Stimulation of the tenth cranial nerve causes:

a) slowing of A-V conductionb) constriction of coronary vesselsc) increased secretion of gastric acidd) miosise) relaxation of the pylorus

5. An increase in sympathetic stimulation to the heart causes:

a) a fall in diastolic timeb) a fall in dP/dtc) an increase in stroke volumed) dilation of the coronary vasculaturee) an increase in myocardial oxygen consumption

6. If oxygen is added to inspired air to increase its partial pressure from 20 kPa (150 mmHg) to 60 kPa (450 mmHg):

a) dissolved oxygen will increase approximately three-foldb) the oxygen content of the blood will increase approximately three-foldc) the PaN2 will remain the samed) the PaO2 will increase approximately three-folde) hypercarbia will be prevented

7. Pulmonary vascular resistance is increased by:

a) serotoninb) hypocarbiac) hypoxiad) a fall in pHe) adrenaline

8. On changing from the upright to the supine position:

a) baroreceptor activity decreasesb) leg vein pressure is reducedc) the blood volume in the pulmonary circulation fallsd) stroke volume increasese) renin activity increases

9. The fall in urine output associated with major trauma may be caused by:

a) haemorrhageb) a rise in antidiuretic hormone activityc) a fall in aldosterone activityd) an increase in the level of circulating catecholaminese) a rise in corticosteroid output

10. In the foetal circulation before birth:

a) the PO2 is higher in the ductus venosus than in the ductus arteriosusb) blood can go from the right atrium to the aorta without passing

through the left atrium and ventriclec) the PO2 in the aortic arch is higher than in the descending aortad) blood flowing through the foramen ovale comes principally from the superior vena cavae) blood passes through the ductus arteriosus because of the high pulmonary vascular resistance

11. In the central venous pressure waveform:

a) the a wave occurs after ventricular systoleb) the v wave is caused by atrial contractionc) the a wave is absent in atrial fibrillationd) the a wave corresponds with closure of the aortic valvee) the v wave occurs during diastole

12. Renin activity is increased by:

a) an increase in circulating adrenalineb) hypotensionc) increased sodium ingestiond) an increase in aldosterone outpute) hypovolaemia

13. Acute antagonism of beta adrenergic receptors causes:

a) hyperglycaemiab) peripheral vasodilatationc) suppression of uterine contractilityd) pupillary dilatatione) a reduction in cardiac output

14. Unilateral transection of dorsal nerve roots C3-T2 produces:

a) motor paralysisb) loss of sensation

c) loss of reflexesd) loss of sympathetic and sudomotor tonee) hypotonia

15. The rate of gastric emptying is:

a) delayed by fat in the duodenumb) delayed by secretinc) delayed by fat in the oesophagusd) enhanced by alcohole) independent of volume and type of food ingested

16. An increase in aldosterone production occurs in response to:

a) ingestion of sodium chlorideb) an increase in blood volumec) an increased intake of potassiumd) angiotensin IIe) trauma

17. Cerebrospinal fluid:

a) is the main source of brain nutritionb) is mainly produced by active secretion from the choroid plexusc) contains virtually no glucosed) pH changes rapidly in response to changes in plasma pHe) pressure increases with jugular venous obstruction

18. Carbonic anhydrase is found at high concentration in:

a) plasmab) red blood cellsc) renal tubular cellsd) gastric parietal cellse) cardiac muscle cells

19. The Hb-oxygen dissociation curve shifts to the right in:

a) acute hypoxiab) stored bloodc) metabolic acidosis

d) respiratory alkalosise) hypothermia

20. The functional residual capacity:

a) is increased in the obeseb) is approximately 10% higher in men than in womenc) falls with general anaesthesiad) increases on changing from the supine to the standing positione) falls with increasing age

ANSWERS

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1.  In calculating the shunt fraction, the following need to be measured or estimated: a) mixed venous oxygen content b) pulmonary end-capillary oxygen content c) arterial oxygen content d) alveolar partial pressure of oxygen e) haemoglobin concentration

  2. Pulse pressure increases with an increase in:   a) stroke volume b) left ventricular end-diastolic volume c) arterial partial pressure of oxygen d) systemic vascular resistance e) blood viscosity   3. Acute untreated haemorrhagic shock in a patient will lead to:   a) an increase in physiological dead-space b) an increase in the arterio-venous PCO2 difference c) a fall in the pulmonary vascular volume d) an increase in antidiuretic hormone secretion e) an increase in plasma bicarbonate concentration   4. An increase in aldosterone secretion follows:  a) a sodium chloride load b) a rise in blood volume c) an increase in oral potassium absorption d) trauma c) an increase in production of angiotensin II   5. Stimulation of alpha-adrenergic receptors will cause:   a) vasoconstriction of the coronary arteries b) increased tone in the bladder neck muscle c) increased platelet aggregation d) lipolysis e) bronchodilation 

ANSWERS

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6. In the normal adult heart:

a) mitral valve closure occurs before tricuspid valve closureb) pulmonary valve closure occurs before aortic valve closurec) there is isometric contraction of the left ventricle after the aortic valve opensd) atrial contraction is of more importance to ventricular filling if the heart rate increasese) the aortic valve cusps are immobile during ventricular filling

7. Resistance to laminar flow in a vessel is:

a) proportional to wall thicknessb) inversely proportional to the fourth power of the radiusc) proportional to lengthd) independent of haematocrite) proportional to the pressure drop

8. Autoregulatory mechanisms used in hypovolaemia include:

a) an increase in precapillary sphincter toneb) an increase in capillary hydrostatic pressurec) a decrease in baroreceptor activityd) stimulation of the juxtaglomerular apparatuse) an increase in angiotensin II

9. Myocardial contractility is increased by:

a) catecholaminesb) an increase in heart ratec) an increase in fibre lengthd) an increase in parasympathetic nervous system activitye) calcium ions

10. The carotid sinuses:

a) have stretch receptors in their wallsb) give afferent impulses via the glossopharyngeal nervec) stimulate the respiratory centred) contain chemoreceptorse) stimulate the vasomotor centre

ANSWERS

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11. The following cause a decrease in the arterial partial pressure of oxygen:

a) anaemiab) carbon monoxidec) hyperventilationd) a rise in physiological dead-spacee) old age

12. Iron absorption is dependent on:

a) total body vitamin Cb) HCl in the stomachc) an intact colonic mucosad) total body irone) erythropoietin levels in the blood

13. If a normal person hyperventilates for 2 hours to an arterial PCO2 of 4 kPa:

a) the cerebral blood flow decreasesb) the standard bicarbonate decreasesc) the Hb-oxygen dissociation curve shifts to the leftd) the ionised calcium concentration decreasese) the plasma bicarbonate increases

14. Hypoglycaemia may result from:

a) excessive insulin secretionb) alpha-adrenergic stimulationc) beta-adrenergic stimulationd) glucagon secretione) hypothermia

15. Ingested lipid:

a) is important in prostaglandin synthesisb) increases in the faeces with a decrease in bile secretionc) is absorbed via the intestinal lymphatics

d) is mainly in the form of triglyceridese) can be used as a source of ATP production

ANSWERS

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16. The following may be found in normal adult venous blood:

a) 3% carboxyhaemoglobinb) 5% methaemoglobinc) 70% oxyhaemoglobind) 2% free haemoglobine) 2% fetal haemoglobin

17. In normal human lungs:

a) a low PO2 produces pulmonary vasodilatationb) beta-2 agonists cause bronchoconstrictionc) pulmonary vascular resistance is increased by serotonind) pulmonary vascular resistance is decreased by histaminee) pulmonary vascular resistance is decreased by noradrenaline

18. The normal response to surgery includes:

a) a decrease in urine volumeb) a decrease in the urinary excretion of sodiumc) a decrease in plasma cortisol leveld) an increase in the urinary excretion of nitrogene) an increase in the urinary excretion of potassium

19. Capillary permeability is increased by:

a) bradykininb) adrenalinec) calciumd) vasopressinc) histamine

20. Expected changes in a patient with a phaeochromocytoma include:

a) a decreased haematocritb) a decreased total blood volumec) a decreased serum sodium concentrationd) an abnormal glucose tolerance teste) a reduced metabolic rate

ANSWERS

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1. In the electrocardiogram at a heart rate of 80 per minute:

a) the PR interval should be less than 0.2 s and greater than 0.12 sb) the QRS complex should last less than 0.02 sc) the T wave is normally greater than 1 mVd) there will be an interval of 0.75 s between the end of one complex and the beginning of the nexte) the T wave is ventricular repolarisation

2. Fibrinogen degradation products are natural anticoagulants interfering with:

a) polymerisation of the fibrin monomerb) platelet aggregationc) thrombin activityd) serum calcium concentrationse) intrinsic pathway activation

3. Atropine:

a) has no effect on acetylcholine production or destructionb) dilates cutaneous blood vesselsc) is a parasympathetic depressantd) stimulates the respiratory centree) increases intraocular pressure

4. In the cardiac cycle:

a) left ventricular volume is maximal at the end of atrial systoleb) the mitral valve closes by contraction of the papillary musclesc) the left ventricular pressure is maximal just before the aortic valve opensd) the ejection fraction is about 85%e) the dicrotic notch is due to rebound of the aortic valve

5. Pulmonary vascular resistance:

a) is increased in chronic hypoxiab) has a value approximately one-sixth that of the systemic circulationc) can be measured using a flow-directed balloon catheter with a thermistor tipd) is increased by isoprenalinee) is decreased by 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)

6. Dopamine:

a) increases cardiac outputb) in high doses causes peripheral vasodilatationc) increases renal blood flowd) increases ventricular excitabilitye) increases splanchnic blood flow

7. The following are true of alpha-adrenoceptor blocking agents:

a) they increase blood flow in normal skin and muscleb) they cause drowsinessc) the clinically useful drugs are competitive antagonistsd) they have only alpha 1- blocking activitye) they are chronotropic agents

8. In the normal cardiac cycle:

a) the period of ventricular systole is equal to the Q-T intervalb) the duration of the QRS complex depends on the heart ratec) the PR interval is less than 0.22 sd) ejection occurs throughout systolec) the R-R interval may vary

9. The oxygen carrying capacity of the blood is:

a) the maximum quantity of oxygen that will combine with 100 ml of whole bloodb) the ratio between oxygen uptake and oxygen usagec) independent of the haemoglobin concentrationd) the oxygen physically dissolved in bloodc) normally of the order of 15 ml per 100 ml whole blood

10. Captropril:

a) increases the rate of breakdown of angiotensin IIb) inhibits the breakdown of bradykininc) may cause an increase in plasma potassiumd) can safely be given in large doses in hypertensive crisise) urine should be checked regularly for proteinuria

11. The following are isotonic with plasma:

a) 1.2% sodium bicarbonateb) 5% dextrosec) 0.9 molar NaCld) Hartmann's solution (Ringer-Lactate)e) human plasma protein fraction (5% human albumin solution)

12. When measuring arterial blood pressure using a sphygmomanometer cuff:

a) if the cuff is too small for the arm, the pressure will tend to read highb) accuracy is increased by leaving the cuff slightly inflated between readingsc) the slower the deflation, the more accurate the readingd) a mercury column has a low frequency responsee) diastolic pressure agrees more accurately with direct measurement than will systolic pressure

13. Sympathetic innervation of blood vessels:

a) is mediated by alpha-adrenoceptorsb) is mediated locally by noradrenalinec) implies that sympathectomy induces vasodilationd) increases flow independent of vessel diametere) induces vasodilation in response to cold and haemorrhage

14. Venous return to the heart is decreased by:

a) the Valsalva manoeuvreb) exercisec) paralysis of skeletal musclesd) femoral arteriovenous fistulac) rapid infusion of blood

15. The following are important in physiological limitation of blood clotting:

a) removal of activated clotting factors by the liverb) prostacyclinc) protein Cd) a factor released from the endothelial cellse) fibrinogen

16. Heart rate is slowed by:

a) amphetamineb) atropinec) propranalold) dobutaminee) nifedipine

17. Using propranolol to treat hypertension:

a) may exacerbate asthmab) often produces postural hypotensionc) is contraindicated in patients with high plasma renin levelsd) may precipitate cardiac failure in susceptible patientse) should be avoided in a patient with Raynaud's phenomenon

18. Cardiac output may be measured by:

a) thermodilutionb) electromagnetic flow meterc) Doppler ultrasoundd) limb plethysmographye) ballistocardiography

19. In pulse oximetry:

a) the theoretical basis is Stefan's lawb) calibration is against known in vitro standardsc) carboxyhaemoglobin does not affect readingsd) accuracy at readings above 90% saturation is to within 0.1%e) pulse amplitude is a good indicator of cardiac output

20. The coronary blood flow:

a) is about 500 ml/min at restb) supplies muscle that takes up 40 ml oxygen per minute at restc) is altered directly by vagal activityd) ceases in systolee) is autoregulated

 

ANSWERS

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1. The liver:

a) receives most of its oxygen supply from the portal veinb) has its highest oxygen tension at the centre of a lobulec) produces heparind) has a normal portal venous pressure of greater than 20 mmHge) receives approximately 25% of the cardiac output

2. Skeletal muscle blood flow:

a) increases with noradrenalineb) receives 50% of the cardiac output at restc) may cease during isometric contractiond) increases with rhythmic contraction e) increases with adrenaline

3. In thermoregulation:

a) respiratory heat loss is insignificant under normal conditionsb) brown fat is an important source of heat production in neonatesc) shivering is due to impulses conducted via autonomic efferentsd) peripheral vasoconstriction increases heat production e) sweating is mediated by sympathetic cholinergic neurones

4. Adrenaline:

a) is synthesized by demethylation of noradrenalineb) increases coronary blood flowc) increases free fatty acids in the bloodd) mobilizes glycogen stores from the livere) is metabolized in the plasma by monoamine oxidase

5. Glucagon:

a) is a positive inotropeb) is produced by the beta cells of the pancreasc) stimulates production of free fatty acids in the blood

d) release is increased in starvatione) stimulates glycogen synthesis

 ANSWERS

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6. Surfactant:

a) is a mucopolypeptideb) causes a decrease in surface tensionc) results in the same surface tension for different sized alveolid) causes an increase in compliancee) production is reduced after a prolonged reduction in pulmonary blood flow

7. Sinus arrhythmia:

a) produces a lengthening of the P-R intervalb) produces a lengthening of the R-R intervalc) is maximal with breath holdingd) is more marked during exercisee) is more marked in 70 year olds than in 20 year olds

8. A pressure-volume curve can be used for measuring:

a) the work of breathingb) functional residual capacityc) anatomical dead spaced) compliancee) respiratory quotient

9. The absolute refractory period for cardiac muscle is:

a) as long as the entire action potentialb) the period when no further action potential can be stimulatedc) twice the length of the S-T intervald) as long as the mechanical contractione) shorter for pacemaker tissue than for normal cardiac muscle

10. In a young normal adult:

a) the glomerular filtration rate is approximately 125 ml/minb) the 24 hour urine creatinine content is approximately 800 mgc) urine specific gravity is always less than 1000d) renal blood flow is approximately 20% of cardiac outpute) over 50% of water reabsorption from the glomerular filtrate occurs in the collecting ducts  

ANSWERS

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11. Total plasma calcium:

a) increases with phosphateb) increases with a rise in albumin,c) changes its degree of ionisation with pH changesd) is decreased in osteoporosise) is affected by vitamin D

12. There is increased intestinal motility with:

a) increased intraluminal pressureb) anticholinesterase drugsc) sympathetic block to T4d) stimulation of the splanchnic nervese) increased circulating adrenaline

13. A healthy adult breathing an FIO2 of 0.1 will:

a) have a decreased cardiac outputb) have a normal PaO2

c) have a changed alveolar PCO2

d) have an unchanged respiratory ratee) initially have a fall in pH

14. Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter at:

a) sweat glands b) the adrenal medullac) the parotid glandd) parasympathetic gangliae) the neuromuscular junction

15. Insulin:

a) has the same effect on blood sugar as growth hormoneb) inhibits entry of potassium into cellsc) facilitates protein anabolismd) increases deposition of fatse) secretion is affected by catecholamines  

ANSWERS

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16. In a normal resting subject, a bradycardia would be expected following:

a) an increase in carotid sinus pressureb) an increase in right atrial pressurec) application of pressure to the eyeballd) the release of a Valsalva manoevree) inspiration

17. The velocity of conduction of a nerve action potential:

a) is inversely related to the cross-sectional area of the axonb) is faster in a myelinated fibre than in an unmyelinated onec) is decreased by cooling the nerved) can exceed 100 m/s in humanse) is highest in pre-ganglionic autonomic fibres

18. The placenta:

a) transports glucose from maternal to foetal blood by facilitated diffusionb) can synthesize glycogenc) actively transports oxygen from maternal to foetal bloodd) allows protein molecules to pass from maternal to foetal blood by pinocytosise) secretes oestradiol

19. Oxytocin:

a) stimulates production of milkb) stimulates ejection of milkc) release is stimulated by dilatation of the cervixd) is synthesized in the anterior pituitarye) produces more powerful uterine contraction in the presence of progesterone

20. Aldosterone:

a) production increases with a fall in plasma osmolalityb) production decreases with a fall in blood volumec) production decreases with a rise in plasma renin leveld) increases urinary potassium excretione) may be produced by tumours of the adrenal cortex  

ANSWERS

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1. Adrenaline

a) is secreted by the adrenal cortexb) decreases systemic vascular resistance at low dosesc) decreases pulmonary vascular resistanced) constricts the pupile) acts only at beta-1 receptors

2. A typical mammalian motor neurone:

a) innervates only one skeletal muscle cellb) is myelinatedc) has its cell body in the ventral (anterior) horn of the spinal cordd) might receive an input directly from Group Ia afferent fibres in the spinal corde) would be stimulated by application of glycine to its cell body

3. The vagus nerve:

a) has little direct effect on the strength of ventricular contractionb) contains afferent and efferent fibresc) contains parasympathetic post-ganglionic fibresd) contains fibres which regulate gastric acid secretione) has a role in bladder emptying

4. Vital capacity:

a) is the volume of air expired from full inspiration to full expirationb) increases gradually with age in adults

c) is greater in men than in women of similar age and heightd) is equal to the sum of the inspiratory and expiratory reserve volumese) may be measured by spirometry

5. Hyperventilation in a normal subject for 24 hours will produce a:

a) fall in PaCO2

b) rise in PaCO2

c) rise in ionised calciumd) fall in cerebrospinal fluid bicarbonatee) rise in plasma bicarbonate  

ANSWERS

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6. The blood-brain barrier:

a) results in certain molecules in the blood taking longer to equilibrate with tissue fluid in the brain than with tissue fluid elsewhereb) permits CO2 to pass freelyc) is more permeable to water-soluble substances than fat-soluble substancesd) is more permeable in neonates than in adults e) is readily crossed by dopamine

7. A reflex action:

a) may be carried out by skeletal, smooth or cardiac muscle or by glandsb) is not influenced by higher centres in the brain c) results from activity in at least two central nervous synapses in seriesd) may involve simultaneous contraction of some skeletal muscles and relaxation of otherse) can be monosynaptic or polysynaptic

8. Platelets:

a) are produced in the bone marrowb) increase in number after tissue damagec) have a small nucleusd) alter their shape when they make contact with collagene) are activated by ADP and thrombin

9. The pressure:

a) drop across the major veins is similar to that across the major arteriesb) drop across the hepatic portal bed is similar to that across the splenic vascular bedc) in the hepatic portal vein is higher than that in the inferior vena cavad) drop across the vascular bed in the foot is greater when standing than when lying downe) drop across the pulmonary circulation is the same as across the systemic circulation

10. Athletes differ from normal individuals in having:

a) a higher resting cardiac outputb) a higher resting heart ratec) a decreased muscle massd) a higher maximum oxygen consumptione) increased muscular efficiency at high blood lactate levels

ANSWERS

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1. Stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system:

a) increases the heart rateb) decreases the rate of gastric emptyingc) dilates the pupild) causes vasoconstrictione) causes contraction of the detrusor muscle in the bladder

2. Pregnancy at term is associated with a:

a) 20% decrease in red cell massb) rise in cardiac output c) fall in PaCO2

d) fall in haematocrite) low protein-bound iodine

3. The P5O is:

a) the oxygen saturation when the arterial partial pressure of oxygen is 50 mmHgb) the arterial oxygen tension when haemoglobin is 50% saturatedc) an indicator of the position of the oxygen dissociation curve d) raised in foetal blood e) lowered in chronic anaemia

4. In a healthy adult human heart the:

a) left ventricular end-systolic volume is approximately 30 ml b) first heart sound coincides with the onset of ventricular systolec) stroke volume is approximately 70 mld) left ventricular end-diastolic pressure is about 50 mmHge) second heart sound is caused by closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves

5. Renin:

a) is released from granules in the juxtaglomerular cells of the afferent arterioleb) levels in the blood increase in response to a fall in plasma sodium concentrationc) levels in the blood decrease when renal perfusion is decreasedd) release is enhanced by angiotensin IIe) release is inhibited by antidiuretic hormone

 

ANSWERS

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1. The following are secreted from the adrenal cortex:

a) testosterone b) aldosterone c) angiotensin d) noradrenaline e) deoxycorticosterone

2. Aldosterone:

a) secretion increases in response to a fall in blood volumeb) is a polypeptide c) produces an increase in renal arterial pressured) produces a fall in urine volumee) increases the reabsorption of sodium

3. Cerebrospinal fluid:

a) is actively secreted by the choroid plexusb) is the major nutrition source of the brainc) has the same pH as arterial bloodd) contains virtually no glucosee) has a higher chloride level than plasma

4. Red blood cell production:

a) increases during acclimatisation to altitudeb) can occur in the spleenc) is dependent on normal gastric secretory activityd) is stimulated by hypercarbiae) is dependent on ervthropoietin

5. Bile:

a) salts contribute to the solubility of cholesterol in the bile b) contains bilirubin mainly in the unconjugated formc) contributes more than pancreatic secretion to the neutralisation of acid from the stomachd) becomes more alkaline following concentration in the gall bladdere) is produced at a rate of approximately 2000 ml/day

ANSWERS

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1. Carbonic anhydrase plays a role in the:

a) production of HCl by the parietal cells of the stomachb) secretion of hydrogen ions from the fluid in the renal tubulesc) passage of CO2 from the pulmonary capillaries to the alveolid) secretion of bicarbonate by the pancrease) production of red blood cells

2. In a patient with severe hypovolaemia, the:

a) physiological dead-space increasesb) arterio-venous oxygen difference decreasesc) alveolar-arterial oxygen difference increasesd) minute volume increasese) arterial PCO2 increases

3. The group A antigen:

a) is present on the red cells of a group A patientb) may occur in the saliva of a group A patientc) is transmitted as an autosomal recessive characteristicd) is more common than the group B antigene) is the most common cause of haemolytic disease of the newborn

4. The action of noradrenaline maybe terminated by:

a) monoamine oxidase in the nerve terminalb) catechol-O-methyltransferase in the liver c) catechol-O-methyltransferase in the nerve terminald) dopa decarboxylase in the nerve terminale) neuronal reuptake

5. An increase in the 2.3-DPG concentration in red blood cells occurs in:

a) anaemiab) acclimatisation to altitudec) stored bloodd) trained athletese) cyanotic heart disease

ANSWERS

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1. In normal cerebrospinal fluid, the:

a) chloride concentration is higher than in bloodb) glucose concentration is the same as in plasmac) PCO2 is higher than in mixed venous bloodd) pH is the same as in arterial bloode) bicarbonate concentration is the same as in arterial blood

2. When breathing out against a closed glottis, the:

a) intratracheal pressure risesb) heart rate slows transientlyc) right ventricular output increasesd) left ventricular output has a sustained increase

e) systolic arterial pressure falls then rises

3. Changing position from standing to supine:

a) increases stroke volumeb) increases baroreceptor activityc) increases the pulmonary blood volumed) decreases leg vein pressuree) decreases the heart rate

4. Vagal stimulation produces:

a) a fall in heart rateb) an increase in atrial contractilityc) an increase in ventricular contractilityd) slowing of A-V conductione) a fall in stroke volume

5. The following are representative of myocardial afterload:

a) mean aortic pressureb) mean pulmonary artery pressurec) left ventricular end-diastolic volumed) left ventricular end-diastolic pressuree) the rate of rise of left ventricular pressure

ANSWERS

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1. On ascending to an altitude of 6000m, changes include:

a) an increase in minute volumeb) an initial increase in plasma pHc) a rise in urine pHd) a fall in arterial PO2

e) an increase in cerebral blood flow

2. Transferrin is:

a) involved in iron uptake by the gut mucosab) involved in iron transport across the gut mucosac) involved in iron transport to muscled) involved in iron transport to storage sitese) normally only 35% saturated with iron

3. Breathing 100% oxygen at atmospheric pressure for a prolonged period causes:

a) retrosternal painb) dizziness c) auditory disturbances d) convulsionse) atelectasis

4. The following transfusions will lead to agglutination: 

  DonorRecipient

a) B Ob) AB Ac) B ABd) O ABe) AB O

5. Chemoreceptors in the arterial system:

a) have a higher rate of oxygen consumption per gram than brain tissueb) respond to changes in oxygen tension and not contentc) respond to changes in pHd) conduct afferent information via the glossopharyngeal and vagus nervese) are found in the carotid sinus

ANSWERS

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1. In the healthy heart, an increase in stroke volume is seen with an increase in:

a) dP/dTb) aortic systolic pressurec) left ventricular end-diastolic volume d) left ventricular end-systolic pressure e) heart rate

2. The a-wave of the central venous pressure waveform:

a) is caused by atrial contractionb) is not seen in atrial fibrillationc) is caused by atrial filling during ventricular contractiond) decreases with inspiratione) is followed by the v-wave

3. In the electrocardiogram, the:

a) P-R interval is equivalent to the A-V nodal conduction timeb) T-wave is equivalent to ventricular repolarisationc) Q-T interval is equivalent to the duration of ventricular contractiond) U-wave represents sinoatrial node repolarisatione) duration of a normal P-wave is 0.2 seconds

4. Ptosis results from:

a) parasympathetic blockb) sympathetic blockc) facial nerve blockd) trigeminal nerve blocke) oculomotor nerve block

5. The following are precursors of adrenaline:

a) tyrosine b) phenylalanine c) noradrenaline d) dopamine e) isoprenaline

 

ANSWERS

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1. The following lead to an increase in insulin secretion:

a) glucagon b) adrenaline c) growth hormone d) starvatione) major trauma

2. Adenyl cyclase:

a) increases the conversion of ATP to cyclic AMPb) is closely linked to alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptorsc) is inhibited by aminophyllined) release is triggered by cyclic AMPe) acts at a mitochondrial level

3. Surfactant:

a) contains phospholipids b) prevents oedema formation in the alveolar wallc) reduces surface tension by approximately 30%d) produces a monomolecular layere) stabilises the size of an alveolus

4. The oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve is shifted to the left by:

a) an increase in arterial PCO2

b) acidosisc) chronic anaemia

d) carbon monoxidee) a fall in temperature

5. In the adult, growth hormone stimulates:

a) glucose uptake into cellsb) calcium absorption from the gutc) protein synthesisd) fat synthesise) bone growth

ANSWERS

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