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Romanian Biotechnological Letters Vol. 19, No.6, 2014 Copyright © 2014 University of Bucharest Printed in Romania. All rights reserved

ORIGINAL PAPER

9964 Romanian Biotechnological Letters, Vol. 19, No. 6, 2014

Research on Camelina sativa wintering, by genotype and fertilizer doses used, in the pedo-climatical conditions from the south of Romania

Received for publication, 31 July, 2014

Accepted, 25 November, 2014

PAUL DOBRE*, NICOLAE FARCAŞ*, NICOLETA-ALINA UDROIU*, MIHAI GÎDEA*, ANDRA CECILIA MORARU**

University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Department Soil Sciences, Blvd Marasti nr. 59, sect. 1, 011464 Bucharest, Romania **BIOTEHGEN, 59 Marasti Blvd., Bucharest 1, Romania Corresponding author: Paul Dobre E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

The research, carried out under the project "Sustainable Initiative Towards Aviation Kerosene" - ITAKA, aimed testing resistance the wintering varieties of Camelina sativa (Camelia - Romania, Calenda - Austria, GP 202 - Germany and GP 204 - Germany), under the conditions of soil and climate in southern Romania. Sowing was done in middle October 2013 using a seed rate of 8 kg/ha. Several trials with different fertilization schemes (based on nitrogen and phosphorus) were implemented. Determination of plant population was firstly done in autumn (before frost period) and then in early spring. For all cultivars tested, the minimal losses were recorded for trials fertilized with medium concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus (N80 P60) and the highest losses were recorded for the control trials (without fertilization).

Keywords: Camelina sativa, wintering resistance, plant population 1. Introduction

Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz is an annual plant of Brassicaceae family together with rapeseed, mustard, cabbage, radish (PUTNAM & al.[1]; FROHLICH & RICE [2]). Known as gold-of-pleasure, false-flax, linseed dodder, German sesame, Siberian oilseed, it is native to South-East Europe to South-West Asia (ZOHARY & HOPF [3]). Camelina sativa has a great adaptability, being distributed almost on the whole North American continent and in Europe. Camelina crop has special features: short vegetation period (85-105 days), low inputs requirements, frost resistance (EHRENSING& GUY [4], MARTINELLI& GALASSO [5]). In addition, the seeds have a high oil content characterized by an exceptional fatty-acids profile mainly constituted from polyunsaturated fatty acids (IMBREA & al. [6], TONCEA & al. [7]) Despite the fact that it is drought-resistant (ZUBR [8], GUGEL&FALK [9]), camelina plant is sensitive to droughty periods occurring during flowering period (VOLLMANN& al.[10]). Recently the studies have focused on identifying the most suitable cultivation technology by testing the influence of various agro-technical factors (DOBRE& al. [11], AGEGENEHU&HONERMEIER[12],BUGNARUG&BORCEAN[13],JOHNSON&GESCH[14], SOLIS& al. [15], WYSOCKI& al.[16]. The aim of this study is to assess the impact of different fertilization schemes on camelina crop wintering resistance in the pedological and climatic conditions from the south of Romania.



2. Materials and Method The inputs used for the experimental plots were represented by four camelina cultivars

(Camelia (TONCEA & al.[7]), Calena, GP 202 and GP 204) and chemical fertilizers (urea- 46% Nitrogen and superphosphate- 20% Phosphorus). The seed rate calculated was of 8 kg/ha. Fertilization, differentiated the variants, was done using an universal sowing machine SUP 21.

The experiment took place in 2013 at Moara Domneasca, Ilfov. The experimental farm Moara Domneasca belongs to SDE Belciugatele - the University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest. The farm is located in the North Eastern part of city Bucharest, at a distance of 15 km of it, in the geographic region “Câmpia Română” (coordonates 599700/334100 Stereo 70). The soil type is reddish preluvosoil, with loam-clay texture, a slightly acid pH (5.6 pH) and a low content of Nitrogen and humus, a normal content of Phosphorus and a high content of Potassium. The previous crop was represented by Triticales. The experimental plan included different fertilization schemes and control trials presented in Table 1.

In order to achieve the proposed objectives, a trifactorial experiment type 4x4x3 was designed and put into practice as follows: factor A- cultivar: a1 Camelia, a2 Calena, a3 GP 202, a4 GP 204; factor B- nitrogen fertilization: b1 N0, b2 N80, b3 N120, b4 N160; factor C phosphorus fertilization: c1 P0,c2 P30,c3 P60.

Soil works were done using a stubble-cleaning machine, a plow and a combinator, according to classical methods. Sowing took place in the middle of October 2013. After sowing a roller was used. Row distance was of 12.5 cm and the sowing depth of 1.5- 2cm.

In order to establish wintering resistance, the plant population was determined for each trial in late autumn and then in spring after late defrosting. In order to avoid possible errors, determination points were properly marked. The losses recorded due to low temperatures were calculated by subtraction and expressed as percentages.

Figure 1. Variation of relative air temperature recorded in January 2014 at Moara Domneasca

PAUL DOBRE, NICOLAE FARCAŞ, NICOLETA-ALINA UDROIU, MIHAI GÎDEA, ANDRA CECILIA MORARU

Romanian Biotechnological Letters, Vol. 19, No. 6, 2014 9966

Figure 2. Variation of relative air temperature recorded in February 2014 at Moara

Domneasca

During the experiments, meteorological data were recorded using an automatic weather station, located near tested trials (see fig. 1, fig. 2 and fig.3). It should be noted that extremely low temperatures are very important for testing camelina cultivars wintering resistance.

The diagrams in Figure 1 and Figure 2 shows the temperature variations during January and February. Lowest temperatures ranged from -17.4 ° C (January) and -19.1 ° C (February).

The diagram in Figure 3 shows the rainfall amount variation between October 2013 and March 2014. At the end of January and the beginning of February the snow layer was 10-20 cm thick.

Figure 3. The amount of rainfall recorded between October 2013 and March 2014



The diagram in Figure 4 shows the minimum and maximum temperatures throughout the range of running the experiment. As shown, in February 2014 the camelina crop was subject to high temperature variation, namely from -19,1°C to +18,8 °C.

Figure 4. Minimum and maximum temperature values recorded between October 2013 and March 2014

The results revealed that the plants had a good resistance to extremely low temperatures

and temperature variation recorded during January-February 2014.

3. Results and Discussions Table 1 shows the plant population values (in percent) recorded in November 2013 and

then in March 2014, as well as the losses caused by extremely low temperatures over winter, for the tested trials.

The charts in Figures 5-8 show the losses caused by extremely low temperatures, for the tested trials.

The research showed that camelina wintering resistance is influenced by the genetic features of cultivars and technological factors.

As the data in Table 1 and Figures 5-8 show, the highest losses were recorded in the case of unfertilized variants (control- N0P0 kg/ha) for all cultivars. For these control trials only the genetic features of cultivars had a major impact. As a result, the minimum losses – 20% – were recorded for GP 202 cultivar, and the maximum losses – 23.21% – for Camelia cultivar.

The influence of technological factors on plants resistance to extremely low temperatures was demonstrated by nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization.

Influence of cultivar (A Factor) upon the percent of camelina plants loses over the winter There is no significant difference between the cultivars a1 - Camelia , a2 - Calena , a3- GP 202. The cultivar a4 - GP 204, present a very significant increase of plant losses over the winter.

Influence of nitrogen fertilization (B Factor) upon the percent of camelina plants loses over the winter

Analysing the influence of nitrogen fertilization we constat a very significant decreasing of the percent of camelina plants loses over the winter for all the level of nitrogen fertilisation.



The smallest percent of plant loses is at a1 N80 minimum dose of nitrogen and growing up with increasing the level of nitrogen fertilization.

Influence of phosphorus fertilization (C Factor) upon the percent of camelina plants loses over the winter

Regarding the influence of phosphorus fertilization (C Factor) upon the percent of camelina plants losses over the winter, is seen that the increasing of phosphorus fertilization level determine decreasing of plant losses, statistical assured. Therefore the c2 P30 determine a negative signifiant distinct decrease, and the c2 P60 determine a negative very signifiant decrease of camelina plants over the winter.

Influence of cultivar (A factor) for some level of nitrogen fertilization AxB We see that: for variants non fertilizing with nitrogen b1 N0, between the cultivars studied

was significant difference, reported to a1 - Camelia considered martor (because is obtained in Romania) all the cultivars present a very significant decreasing of plant losses; for variant fertilizing with nitrogen b1 N80, reported to a1 - Camelia, the cultivar a2-Calena presented a difference distinct significant negative and another two cultivars a3 GP 202, a4 GP 204 showed a very signifiant increased percent of plant losses; for variant b2 N120 and b3 N160 raporting to the martor a1 - Camelia we constat all the cultivars studied presented very signifiant decreases of percent of plant losses over the winter

Influence of nitrogen fertilization for some cultivar BxA Influence of nitrogen fertilization for some cultivar (BxA). Analyzing the data from table

1 we found that: the increasing level of nitrogen fertilization determine a very significant decreasing the percent of plant losses over the winter.

Influence of cultivar (A factor) for some level of phosphorus fertilization (C factor) AxC

The studied cultivars answer different for the some level of phosphorus fertilization, so: for c1 phosphorus unfertilized the lowest percent of plant losses was at a1 Camelia, and growing very significant for a3 GP 202, a4 GP 204; for c2-P30 the lowest percent of plant losses was at a2 Calena, and growing very significant for a4 GP 204; for c3-P60 the lowest percent of plant losses was at a2 Calena, and growing significant only for a4 GP 204.

Influence of phosphorus fertilization (C factor) for some cultivar (A factor) CxA For all 4 cultivar studied increased the level of phosphorus fertilization determine a

decreasing a percent of plant loses over the winter. Influence of nitrogen fertilization (B factor) for some level of phosphorus fertilization (C

factor) BxC Reporting to a1 unfertilized nitrogen applying a dose of nitrogen determine a very

significant decreasing the percent of camelina plants losses over the winter for all level of phosphorus fertilization. The lowest percent of plant losses was recorded at b2 N80 for all level of phosphorus fertilization



Table 1 The influence of cultivar, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization upon

the percent of camelina plants loses over the winter

c1-P0 c2-P30 c3-P60 XAxBCXA

A factor

b1 N0 b2 N80 b3 N120 b4 N160 Influence of nitrogen fertilization (factor B)

XB 21.35Mt

7.28-14.07ooo

10.72 -10.63 ooo

14.47 -6.88 ooo

Influence of nitrogen fertilization and cultivar BxA, AxB

AxBBxA a1

Camelia22.77 Mt

Mt 5.99 ooo

Mt 9.3 ooo

Mt 13.56 ooo

Mt a2Calena

21.35 Mt ooo

4.67 ooooo

11.29 ooo ***

13.83 ooo -

a3 GP 202

19.47 Mtooo

8.19 ooo

***10.98 ooo ***

14.68 ooo **

a4 GP 204

21.72 Mt ooo

10.27 ooo ***

11.29 ooo ***

15.81 ooo ***

a1 Camelia a2 Calena a3 GP 202 a4GP 204 Influence of phosphorus fertilization and cultivar AxC, CxA

AxC CxA c1-P0 13.78 Mt

Mt14.01 Mt

15.32*** Mt

16.14*** Mt

c2-P30 13.24

12.83 oo

13.07 ooo

15.58***

c3-P60 11.70 ooo

11.52 ooo

11.66 ooo

12.60*

ooo

b1 N0 b2 N80 b3 N120 b4 N160 Influence of nitrogen and phosphorus f fertilization BxC,

CxB BxC

CxB c1-P0 21.96 Mt Mt

8.54 ooo 11.8 ooo

16.95 ooo

c2-P30 21.54 Mt

7.05 ooo

ooo11.05 ooo o

15.08 ooo ooo

c3-P60 20.55 Mt

6.25 ooo

ooo9.3 ooo ooo

11.38 ooo ooo

a1 - Camelia b1 - N0 23.21 23.02 22.08 22.77 12.91

Mt b2 - N80 6.35 5.88 5.73 5.99 b3 - N120 10.16 9.95 7.78 9.3

b4 - N160 15.38 14.09 11.21 13.56

a2 - Calena b1 - N0 22.41 21.31 20.34 21.35 12.79

-0.12 b2 - N80 5.8 4.21 4 4.67

b3 - N120 11.85 11.53 10.5 11.29

b4 - N160 15.97 14.28 11.24 13.83

a3- GP 202

b1 - N0 20 19.79 18.62 19.47 13.33+0.42

b2 - N80 10.71 7.06 6.8 8.19

b3 - N120 12.5 11.1 9.35 10.98

b4 - N160 18.08 14.09 11.86 14.68

a4 - GP 204

b1 - N0 22.22 21.77 21.16 21.72 14.77 +1.86

***

b2 - N80 11.3 11.06 8.45 10.27

b3 - N120 12.69 11.62 9.55 11.29

b4 - N160 18.36 17.85 11.22 15.81

Influence of phosphorus fertilization (C factor)

c1-P0 c2-P30 c3-P60

14.81 Mt

13.68-1.13 oo

11.87-2.94 ooo

A C B A*B B*A C*A C*B B*C A*C C*AB B*AC A*BC

DL 5% 0.626 0.782 1.032 0.692 1.160 0.732 0.63 0.982 0.637 1.180 1.231 1.426 DL 1% 0.812 1.231 1.731 1.063 1.731 1.173 0.964 1.31 0.987 1.730 2.017 2.368

DL ,1% 1.183 1.412 B 1.668 1.349 1.843 1.463 2.528 2.716 3.327 Influence of phosphorus fertilization (B factor) for some level of nitrogen fertilization (C

factor) CxB



23,21 23,0222,08

6,35 5,88 5,73

10,16 9,957,78

15,3814,09

11,21

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

N0P0

N0P30

N0P60

N80P0

N80P30

N80P60

N120P0

N120 P30

N120 P60

N160P0

N160 P30

N160 P60

(%)

Win

terin

g los

ses

22,4121,31

20,34

5,84,21 4

11,85 11,5310,5

15,9714,28

11,24

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

N0P0N0P3

0N0P6

0N80P

0

N80P30

N80P60

N120P0

N120 P30

N120 P60

N160P0

N160 P30

N160 P60

Win

terin

g lo

sses

(%)

Applying a dose of phosphorus determine a decreasing the percent of plant loses over the winter for all level of nitrogen fertilization. For b2 N80, b3 N120, b4 N160 determine a very significant decreasing to the percent of plant losses over winter.

Figure 5. Wintering lossess- CAMELIA cultivar

Figure 6. Wintering lossess- CALENA cultivar



20 19,7918,62

10,71

7,06 6,8

12,511,1

9,35

18,08

14,09

11,86

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

N0P0

N0P30

N0P60

N80P0

N80P30

N80P6

0

N120P

0

N120 P

30

N120 P6

0

N160P0

N160 P

30

N160 P

60

Win

terin

g lo

sses

(%)

22,22 21,77 21,16

11,3 11,06

8,45

12,6911,62

9,55

18,36 17,85

11,22

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

N0P0N0P

30

N0P60

N80P0

N80P3

0

N80P6

0

N120P

0

N120 P

30

N120 P60

N160P

0

N160 P

30

N160 P

60

Win

terin

g lo

sses

(%)

Figure 7. Wintering lossess- GP202 cultivar

Figure 8. Wintering lossess–GP204 cultivar

The most resistant cultivar over the winter for location Moara Domneasca, in the studied condition, was a2 – Calena.

In the case of nitrogen fertilization the lowest level of plant losses was recorded to b2 N80 for all cultivars tested

Applying a phosphorus fertilization determine a decreasing the percent of plant loses, proportional with increasing level of phosphorus.

All the cultivar studied recorded the lowest percent of plant loses in same conditions b2-N80, c3-P60. This one suggesting the Camelina cultivars are the most resistant to freezing at this conditions b2 - N80, c3-P60.

As regards the nitrogen influence, the charts in Figures 5-8 show that the lowest losses were recorded for the trials fertilized with medium quantities of nitrogen (N80P0 kg/ha). Calena cultivar had the lowest losses (5.8%), and GP 204 had the highest losses (11.3%). When the quantity of nitrogen was higher, the losses were higher, varying between minimum 15.38% for Camelia cultivar and maximum 18.36% for GP 204. In conclusion, medium quantities of nitrogen had a positive influence on plant resistance over winter.



Figure 9 shows that the lack of nitrogen in the case of control trials lowers the resistance to relatively low temperatures (-2 ... -4°C) when the first hoarfrost occurs. For the trials fertilized with nitrogen, at the middle of November 2013 the plants had their first pair of leaves formed. In the case of the control trial (without fertilizers), the plants were in cotyledons phase, being visibly affected by the low temperatures.

The research showed that camelina crop wintering resistance is influenced by phosphorus application. Consequently, the plant losses caused by low temperatures decreased as the amount of phosphorus increased.

a. Control trial b. Fertilized trial

Figure 9. Comparative images regarding Camelia cultivar wintering resistance to negative temperatures (after the first hoarfrost)

For Calena (the cultivar with the lowest losses recorded), for the fertilization scheme

N80P60 the losses were 4.00% and for the fertilization scheme N80 P0 the losses were 5.80%. For GP 204 (the cultivar with the highest losses recorded), for the fertilization scheme

N80P60 the losses were 8.45 % and for the fertilization scheme N80P0 the losses were 11.3%. According to the charts presented in Fig. 5-8, the phosphorus fertilization increases

camelina plants wintering resistance.

4. Conclusions 1. The best genetic resistance of the tested cultivars was observed for GP 202 with 20%

losses, followed by GP 204 with 22% losses, Calena with 22.41% losses and Camelia with 23.21%.

2. In all experimental variants (with and without fertilization) the lowest losses were recorded by variety Calena (min 4%), with an average loss of 12.79%.

3. For all four studied species, there were significant differences between variants b1c1 N0P0 (without fertilization) and b2c3 N80P60 (with 80 kg N / ha and 60 kg P / ha).

4. In order to have minimal plant losses, it is recommended to apply medium quantities of fertilizers 80-100 N kg/ha and, if necessary, an additional fertilization in spring should be applied.

5. Phosphorus fertilization positively influences camelina plants wintering resistance to low temperatures. It is recommended to apply a quantity of 50-60 P kg/ha.

6. We consider that in the south of Romania the Camelina sativa crop should be successfully sown in autumn, efficiently utilizing the amount of precipitation fallen from winter to spring.



7. The plant population recorded in spring over 350 plants/s.m. is sufficient in order to obtain a good yield.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Funding for this research was provided by FP7- no. 308807 project entitled “InitiativeTowards sustAinable Kerosene for Aviation”- ITAKA. References

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