RESEARCH METHODOLOGY - Shodhgangashodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/6731/7/07_chapter...

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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

As the research design is the plan, structure and strategy of

investigation of answering the research questions and it is the overall

plan or blue print of the researcher (Basavathappa, 2005). This

chapter deals with the Objectives of the Study, Hypothesis, Research

Design, Area of Study, Selection of sample frame and size, Collection

of data and Limitations of the study.

The present study seeks to examine the role of Financial

Institutions for Economic Empowerment of Women in

Visakhapatnam District of Andhra Pradesh.

3.1 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Role of Financial Institutions for Economic Empowerment of

Women: A Study in Visakhapatanam District of Andhra Pradesh.

3.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The following objectives have been identified for the purpose of

the study:

1. To identify the role of financial institutions for the

empowerment of women entrepreneurship development.

2. To study the socio-economic dimensions of women

entrepreneurs.

3. To find out the motivational and facilitating factors of women

entrepreneurs.

4. To assess the dual role conflict between work and home among

women entrepreneurs.

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5. To identify the problems being faced by women entrepreneurs

in undertaking economic enterprises.

6. To suggest the relevant measures to improve performance of

women entrepreneurs.

3.3 HYPOTHESES OF THE STUDY

The following are hypotheses formulated for testing.

1. Higher the socio-economic status of women entrepreneurs

higher will be their empowerment.

2. Level of motivational and facilitating factors differs from one

family to other family.

3. Dual role conflict among the women entrepreneurs will have

a negative influence on their development.

4. Family support, financial position, training and awareness

will solve entrepreneur’s problems.

3.4 SAMPLING

Application of appropriate methods and adoption of scientific

frame of mind is a sine-qua-non of a systematic inquiry. Collection of

reliable and accurate information is vital to draw valid conclusions.

The present study is based on both primary and secondary data.

The study entailed a good deal of preparation and planning in

order to secure the necessary up date data and information.

Considerable time has been invested to identify the respondents and

to establish personal contact with them. The fieldwork for the study

was staggered over more than a year. The inquiry process involved

the following three broad phases:

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3.4.1 Collection of Primary Data

The primary data for the study are collected by using one

elaborate questionnaire for women entrepreneurs. The aspects on

which the data are sought to be collected from the sample

respondents include socio-economic status, migratory character,

household income, motivation and facilitating factors, performance,

role conflict and problems.

The tools used in exploration of the women entrepreneur’s

questionnaires were finalized on the basis of the experiences of the

pilot study, Thirty five women entrepreneurs of the selected sample

were covered during the pilot survey. In the light of the observations

and experiences of the pilot survey, necessary changes were

incorporated in the questionnaire. This phase of the research process

has helped a great deal in enhancing the contents of the schedules in

tune with objectives set out for the study.

3.4.2 Collection of Secondary Data

The process of gathering reliable and meaningful information is

the cardinal aspect of the enquiry and forms a central link in the

operational plan for the entire research design. City Industrial Center

and Andhra Pradesh State Financial Corporation Visakhapatnam is

of a great source to obtain a list of women entrepreneurs. The

secondary data are drawn from research reports published books,

journals, bulletins and internet. The libraries of Andhra University

(Dr.V.S. Krishna Library), Center for Women Studies, Center for

Population Studies, School of Economics, Andhra University,

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Visakhapatnam, Osmania University Libraries, Hyderabad and the

Library and Center for Women’s Studies, Sri Padmavati Mahila Visva

Vidhyalayam, Tirupati are immensely used for the collection of

secondary data.

3.4.3 Selection of Sample

The study has taken into consideration women entrepreneurs

in Visakhapatnam city. The study covered various areas of

Visakhapatnam city. The sample is drawn from the firms, which are

spread in Visakhapatnam city. In total 250 sample women

entrepreneurs have been chosen on purposive basis.

In the second stage the researcher has selected the respondent

women entrepreneurs by using random sampling technique. Thus

total sample of 250 women entrepreneur respondents are surveyed.

SAMPLE DESIGN

S.No Particulars No. of Respondents

(Women Entrepreneurs)

1. Beauty Parlours 42 (16.8%)

2. Fancy stores 60 (24.0%)

3. Hardware/Electrical 38 (15.2%)

4. Readymade/cloths 32 (12.8%)

5. Food processing/Paper products 53 (21.2%)

6. Others 25 (10.0%)

Total 250 (100.0%)

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3.5 METHOD ADOPTED FOR STATISTICAL DATA ANALYSIS

Primary data were entered using Statistical Package for Social

Sciences (SPSS), software and STATISTICA, chi-square test, and

F-tests were carried out for testing the hypothesis.

A. The ² test

The Chi-square (²) test is one of the simplest and most widely

used non-parametric tests in statistical work. The symbol ² is the

Greek letter chi. the ² test was first used by Karl person in the year

1900. The quantity ² describes the magnitude of discrepancy

between theory and observation.

It is defined as:

E

EO2

2

Where O refers to the observed frequencies and E refers to

expected frequencies.

The F–test or the Variance Ratio Test

The F– test is named in honor of the great statistician R.A.

Fisher. The object of the F- test is to find out whether the two

independent estimates of population variance differ significantly, or

whether the two samples may be regarded as drawn from the normal

populations having the same variance. For carrying out the test of

significance, the F is calculated. F is defined as

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2

2

2

1

S

SF where

11

2

112

1

n

XXS

and

12

2

222

1

n

XXS

It should be noted that S12 is always the larger estimate of

variance, i.e., S12 > S2

2

ianceofestimateSmaller

ianceoferestimateLF

var

vararg

V1 = n1 – 1 and V2 = n2 – 1

V1 = Degrees of freedom for sample having larger variance.

V2 = Degree of freedom for sample having smaller variance.

The calculated value of F is compared with the table value for

V1 and V2 at 5% or 1% level of significance. If the calculated value of

F is greater than the table value, then the F ratio is considered

significant and the null hypothesis is rejected. On the other hand, if

the calculated value of F is less than the table value the null

hypothesis is accepted and it is inferred that both the samples have

come from the population having the same variance.

Since F test is based on the ratio of two variances, it is also

known as the variance ratio test. The ratio of two variances follows a

distribution called the F distribution named after the famous

statistician R.A. Fisher.

Analysis of data means studying the tabulated material in

order to determine inherent facts or meanings. The acquired data

was given simple statistical treatment and presented in the form of

cross tables.

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The interpretations of tables are given under each table with

Chi-square values. The following chapters of the study contain the

tabulations of data, analysis and their interpretation.

3.6 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

1. The present study will be confined to Visakhapatnam city

only.

2. The present work will be limited to few types of economic

enterprises which are managed by Women Entrepreneurs.

3. Out of many factors influencing the Women Entrepreneurs

in the area of study factors considered in the study are :

a) Social

b) Economical

c) Financial and

d) Environmental.

4. With regard to managerial and organizational performance

of the women entrepreneurs in their selected line of activity

have been taken into consideration.

5. In this study the weightage, marks obtained by the women

entrepreneurs in their performance relating to financial

factors will be taken as index of achievement.

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3.7 PRESENTATION OF THE STUDY

CHAPTERIZATION

The total study consists of nine chapters with appendices.

Chapter-I : Presents about the women’s economic status for

women empowerment in India.

Chapter-II : Outlines of a brief review of literature viability to the

study purpose.

Chapter-III : Explains the Methodology of present study and

portrays the profile of Visakhapatnam District of

Andhra Pradesh.

Chapter-IV : Presents the socio-economic status of women

entrepreneurs.

Chapter-V : Deals with Perception, Motivation and Facilitating

Factors for women entrepreneurs.

Chapter-VI : Discusses the role conflict among women

entrepreneurs.

Chapter-VII : Outlines problems faced by women entrepreneurs.

Chapter-VIII : Presents testing of the Hypothesis.

Chapter-IX : Deals with major findings and suggestions emanating

from the present study. Apart from the nine chapters,

the Appendix contains a copy of the Interview

Questionnaire and the references made for the study

purpose were given in the Bibliography.

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3.8 VISAKHAPATNAM DISTRICT HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

Geographic divisions. 1. Plains division which is a strip of

land along the Coast and interior. 2. Hilly area of the Eastern

Ghats flanking on North and West called Agency Division.

Inscriptions indicate that the District was originally a part of

Kalinga Kingdom subsequently conquered by the Eastern

Chalukyas in the 7th Century, A.D. who ruled over it with their

Head Quarters at Vengi. This District was also under the

occupation of various rulers such as the Reddy Rajahs of

Kondaveedu, the Gajapathis of Orissa, the Nawabs of Golkonda,

the Moghal Emperor Aurangazeb through a Subedar. This

territory passed on to French occupation in view of succession

dispute among Andhra Kings and finally it came under the

British Reign.

There were no geographical grafting till 1936 in which year,

consequent on the formation of Orissa State the Taluks namely

Bissiom, Cuttack, Jayapore, Koraput, Malkanagiri, Naurangapur,

Pottangi and Rayagad. Parvathipur Taluks were transferred to

Orissa State.

Geographical Description: Visakhapatnam District is one of

the North Eastern Coastal Districts of Andhra Pradesh and it lies

between 17° - 15° and 18°-32°, Northern Latitude and 18° -54°

and 83° - 30° in Eastern Longitude. It is bounded on the North

partly by the Orissa State and partly by Vizianagaram District, on

the South by East Godavari District, on the West by Orissa State

and on the East by Bay of Bengal.

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3.9 PROFILE OF VISAKHAPATNAM

3.9.1 Location

Visakhapatnam is a coastal district of Andhra Pradesh with

two regions of contrasting ecological and topographical characteristic

distinct features. One which plain landscape extending from the sea

coast up to the foothills of Eastern Ghats with moderate

temperature and the other covered by the thick forests stop elevated

Eastern Ghats with cool temperature inhabited by the tribal people.

It lies between 17°-6’ and 18°-37’ of northern latitude and 81°-6’ and

83°-30’-57” of eastern longitude. It is bounded on the North by

Orissa State and Viziangaram district, East Godavari district on the

South Koraput district of Orissa on the West and the Bay of Bengal

on the East. The total geographical area of the district is 11161 sq.

km which is only 4.1 per cent of the area of the whole State. This is

one of the most industrialized districts of Andhra Pradesh where

important establishments of the State as well as of the country are

located.

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Fig

ure

3.1

Vis

akhapatn

am

Dis

tric

t M

ap

90

Figure 3.2

Visakhapatnam City Map

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Table No: 3.1

Facts and Figures

Area 11161 sq. km

Latitude 17° - 15' and 18° -32' N

Longitude 18° - 54' and 83° - 30'

Temperature Max : 37.4° C; Min : 18.8° C

Average Rainfall 1202 mm

Population 38.32 lakhs (2001 census)

Population Density 343 per sq. km

Literacy Rate 52.25%

Sex Ratio 985 females per 1000 males

No. of Villages 3082

Source: a.p.online.gov.in

Table No: 3.2

Figures at a Glance – 2001

Area in Sq . kms. 11,161

Density of Population(Per Sq. km. 343

Total No. of Households 887,003

Sex Ratio (Total Population) 985

Child Sex Ratio (0-6) 976

No. of Mandals 43

No. of Mandal Parishads 39

No. of Villages 3,294

No. of inhabited 3,108

No. of Un-inhabited 186

No. of Urban Agglomerations 2

No. of Towns 9

Statutory 4

Non- statutory 5

No. of Out Growths 8

Source: http://census.ap.nic.in

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Table No.3.3

Percentage of Total Population

(In percentages)

Persons Males Females

Scheduled Castes 7.60 7.61 7.59

Scheduled Tribes 14.55 14.42 14.68

0-6 Age Group 12.87 12.93 12.81

Literacy Rate 59.96 69.68 50.12

Work Participation Rate

41.82 55.41 28.03

Source: http://Census.ap.nic.in

Table No.3.4

Percentage of Total Workers

(In percentages)


Main Workers 81.46 87.12 70.10

Marginal Workers 18.54 12.88 29.90


Table No: 3.5

Categories of Total Workers

(In percentages)


Cultivators 27.06 24.25 32.72

Agricultural Labourers 26.31 19.57 39.81

Household Industry Workers 3.52 2.86 4.83

Other Workers 43.11 53.32 22.64


http://census.ap.nic.in/

93

3.9.2 Area and Population

The district was reorganized in the year 1979 in the wake of

which six panchayat samithi blocks were separated to the

Vizianagaram district. The geographical area of the present

Visakhapatnam district is 11,161 square kilometers of which the

hilly regions i.e. the agency track cover 6298 kilometers. The total

population of the district as per 2001 Census is 25.76 lakhs. The

district has a density of population of 231 per square kilometers. Of

the total population, 68.7 per cent are living in rural areas, schedule

caste constitute 7.85 per cent of the population, while scheduled

tribes account for 13.74 per cent of the population of the district.

The literacy rate for the district is 27.72 per cent against the State

average of 29.70 per cent. The level of literacy is lower among

females being 19.40 per cent against 36.00 per cent of males.

3.9.3 Occupational Structure

The district has a working force of 9.91 lakhs constituting

about 39.29 per cent of the population. Among workers, the

cultivators constitute 41.85 per cent; agricultural labourers form 63

per cent. The high proportion of workers engaged in cultivation

which reveals the predominance of agriculture sector in the economy

of the district.

3.9.4 Administration

The district is divided into three revenue divisions which have

been further divided into 14 taluks consisting of 19 blocks. The

district has 3665 inhabited villages and 684 uninhabited villages.

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These are grouped into three municipalities and 943 village

panchayats. Visakhapatnam is the most thickly populated taluk

(152 persons per square kilometer) while Chintapalli is the least

populated taluk (43 persons per square kilometer).

3.9.5. Infrastructure Facilities

The total road length in the district at the end of March 2001

was 4338 kilometers of which 134 kilometers was of national

highways, 1130 kilometers was of Public Works Department (PWD),

1166 kilometers was of Zilla Parishad and the remaining was of

Panchayat Samithi roads. The total railway length of the district is

177 kilometers which is completely covered under Broad gauge. The

number of railway stations located is 23. The district is blessed with

a natural harbour at Visakhapatnam. It is one of the major ports in

India and occupies significant place for marine trade and defense.

The recent additions of outer harbour, dry dock and fishing harbour

have enhanced its commercial prospects. Besides this, there is an

airport at Visakhapatnam. Other communication facilities available

include 653 post offices. 44 telegraph offices and 46 telephone

exchanges. The number of towns and villages and towns electrified

to the total is 19.9 per cent.

As on 31st December 1983, 28 commercial banks are operating

in the district with a network of 186 branches apart from 22 co-

operative banks. The population per bank office works out to 13,560,

18127 and 7919 for rural, semi – urban areas respectively as per

2001 Census. Sri Visakha Grameena Bank with its 42 branches in

the district occupied second place next to the State Bank of India.

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Figure 3.3

Infrastructure Facilities Air transport

Source: www.google.co.in/search-source/visakhapatnam/dist2011

Figure 3.4 Railway Division of Visakhapatnam


http://www.google.co.in/search-source/visakhapatnam/dist2011

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Figure 3.5

Imports Exports Port of Visakhapatnam


Figure 3.6

Rail Transport Connectivity to other States


http://www.google.co.in/search-source/visakhapatnam/dist2011

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Figure 3.7

Road transport runs NH 5


Figure 3.8

Steel Plant of Visakhapatnam


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Figure 3.9

Natural Harbour of Visakhapatnam


3.9.6 Distribution of Area

The total geographical area of the district is 14.16 lakh

hectares of which 34.5 per cent alone is arable area while 41.4 per

cent is forest area. The rest is distributed among “Barren and

uncultivable land” (about 17 per cent). Out of the arable area, the

net area sowed forms 73 per cent while cultivable waste and fallow

lands constitute about 24 per cent.

3.9.7 Irrigation

There is no major irrigation system in the district to cushion

the vagaries of the monsoon. There are only small rivers like Sarada,

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Varsha and Thandava apart from 29 PWD tanks and 3695 MT tanks

irrigating an extent of 100000 hectares. Another 10000 hectares of

land is served by wells. In the agency area about 13000 hectares is

irrigated by spring channels and other hill streams. Altogether about

123000 hectares of land is irrigated out of the net area sown of

285900 hectares. Thus, about 64 per cent of the cultivated area is

irrigated, while the rest of the area depends upon the monsoon. The

Geo-Engineering Research Laboratory of Andhra University and the

State Ground Water Department prepared preliminary reports which

reveals that there is large potential for the construction of dug wells/

dug-cum-bore wells, filter points and shallow tube wells and tube

wells over 50 meters depth.

3.9.8 Cropping Pattern

The net area sown in this district is 2.82 lakh hectares which

works out to 25.18 per cent of the geographical area. Food grains

account for 70.4 per cent of the total cropped area showing the

subsistence type of agriculture obtaining in the district. Among

principal crops grown, paddy constitutes 26.68 per cent of cropped

area followed by Bajra, Ragi, Groundnut, Ginger and Sugarcane.

3.9.9 Industries

Industrial development is conspicuous in Visakhapatnam with

the large scale industries like Hindustan Shipyard, Bharat Petroleum

Corporation, Coromandel Fertilizers, Bharat Heavy Plate and Vessels

Limited, Hindustan Polymers, Hindustan Zinc Plant, Giant Visakha

Steel Project and a host of ancillary industries. On countryside, the

agro based industries like sugar factories, jute mills and rice mills

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are there besides brick and tile units sporadically. The district has

521 registered factories under Factories Act, The large scale

industries employ about 29,928 persons, while the small and cottage

industries engage a work force of 10,403.

3.9.10 Animal Husbandry

This is an important allied economic activity to agriculture

sector. Animals are main source of energy for agriculture, Milch

animals, sheep and goat are important for income generation of the

rural households. A sizeable number of households earn subsidiary

income by selling milk to Visakha dairy and in local markets. The

total livestock of this district is 10.00 lakhs of which draught

animals account for 4.13 lakhs while milch animals account for 1.93

lakhs. Goats and sheep totaling upto 3.48 lakh are important for the

livelihood of the considerable population. The Indo-Swiss project has

been functioning from 1978 with its headquarters at Visakhapatnam

looking after mainly livestock improvement, fodder production and

dairy development in the district. One chilling center at Narsipatnam

with a capacity of 12000 liters and other small chilling centers at

Paderu, Araku and Chintapalli were commissioned during 1979.

3.9.11 Fishing

Visakhapatnam district is one of the important marine

districts in Andhra Pradesh. There are 78 fisheries villages spread

over to length of 140 kilometers coastline covering the block of

Bhemunipatnam, Pendurthi, Kasimkota, Yelamanchili and

Nakkapalli. About 15000 fishermen families eke out their livelihood

from marine fishing. There is sample scope for the development of

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marine fishing in the district. In addition 1117 fishing tanks are

existing in the district and 57 fishermen cooperative societies with a

membership of 8017 are functioning in the district. A fishing

harbour was carved out of the outer harbour water basically facilities

to accommodate 300 mechanized boats and 70 deep sea fishing

trawlers. At present 49 Mexican travelers and 250 mechanized boats

are operating from this harbour.

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