Research Highlights CIAT Asia

Asia Team

Research Highlights CIAT AsiaAnnual Program Review 2011

Nairobi, Kenya10 May 2011

Current Activities in Asia

Activities / Projects

• Cassava

• Forages

• Linking Farmers to Markets (LFM)

• Land Use & Climate Change

+ GTZ/GIZSida

Cassava in Asia

• Current production and prices as a driver

• Activities in Asiao Projectso Outcomeso Focus

Cassava projects in the region• The Nippon Foundation (Cassava-based farming systems)

Laos and Cambodia, plus Burma and VietnamVarieties and production systems

• IFAD Asia Pacific Division (4FGF)

Laos, Cambodia, and VietnamProduction systems, links to markets and processing, “waste” management and utilization

• IFAD Technical Division (Biofuels: sweet sorghum, jatropha, and cassava)

Breeding (Cali): conversion to ethanol (waxy, SGC, etc.)CLAYUCA: smallscale processing, utilization, & wastesVietnam & China: best varieties & agronomy for bioethanol

• Pests and Diseases (more later)

Increased ProductionInfluence of new varieties?• High and stable yields and high starch content

o Major impact on the growth of cassava production in SE Asiao ↑ starch yield per ha

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100.000.501.001.502.002.503.003.504.004.505.00

Relative Change in Area, Yield, and Production for Asia

Production Index Area Index Yield Index

Yield increase:• Mostly genetics• Only partly agronomy/ fertilizers

Demand and prices are driving increased production by farmers – and interest by governments and donors

Mar/06 Oct/06 Apr/07 Nov/07 Jun/08 Dec/08 Jul/09 Jan/10 Aug/10 Feb/11 Sep/11 -

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

4,000

Domestic root price (THB/t)

Mar/06 Oct/06 Apr/07 Nov/07 Jun/08 Dec/08 Jul/09 Jan/10 Aug/10 Feb/11 Sep/110

50

100

150

200

250

300

Tapioca chips export price (USD/t)

Mar/06 Oct/06 Apr/07 Nov/07 Jun/08 Dec/08 Jul/09 Jan/10 Aug/10 Feb/11 Sep/110

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

Tapioca starch (Premium grade) export price (USD/t)

Prices in Thailand Source: TTDI

Cassava in Vietnam

2009 production in agroecological zones in Vietnam

Each dot represents 1000 ha

2000 to 2010• Area:

237,600 to 560,400 ha

• Yield:8.36 t/ha to 16.90 t/ ha

• Production:1.99 to 9.45 million t

• Currently:70% exported; 30% used domestically

• Processing capacity: 2.4-3.8 mill. t roots/year

• 6 ethanol refineries soon: 550 million L/year Will require: ≈34% production

≈ 50% exports

Cassava Varieties in Vietnam

Variety Area1000 ha %

Fresh root production

(1000 t)

KM94 420 75.5 7,098

KM140 30 5.4 600

KM98-5 25 4.5 515

KM98-1 18 3.2 365

SM937-26 15 2.7 297

KM98-7 8 1.4 136

HL23 6 1.1 81

XVP 15 2.7 180

Others 19 3.4 124

Total 556 100 9,396

Production focus• Selection of most suitable varieties

o Yield and starch contento Dual purpose (eating and processing)o Suitability to higher altitudes

• Agronomyo Fertilizer rates (returns on investment x 6)o Intercropping for income and erosion controlo Direct erosion control (contours, etc.)o Seasonality (time of planting & harvest) to ↑ feedstock

• Processing and utilizationo On farm feeding systemso Local pre-processing: chips, wet starch, etc.o “Waste” utilization (Liquid: biogas; Solid: feed, fertilizer, etc.)o Life Cycle Analysis

Crop utilization, waste management and efficiency

P deficiency in Xieng Khouang, Laos

Agronomy / Soil Fertility:Identify the soil nutrient constraintsImprove the efficiency of fertilizer applicationsImprove recommendations

• Long-term NPK trials• Multi-location trials with different varieties

K deficiency in Kampong Cham, Cambodia

Effect of applications of various levels of N, P and K fertilizers on the root yields of two cassava varieties

Treatments1)

Root Yield (t/ha)2005/07

Root Yield (t/ha)2007/09

Root Yield (t/ha)Average

KU 50 Local KU 50 Local KU 50 Local 1. N0P0K0 12.4 3.0 13.9 4.1 13.2 3.6 2. N0P2K2 28.1 15.7 47.9 26.3 38.0 21.0 3. N1P2K2 33.2 17.5 52.4 35.6 42.8 26.6 4. N2P2K2 24.0 15.0 43.6 24.1 33.8 19.6 5. N3P2K2 25.0 18.2 46.8 24.9 35.9 21.6 6. N2P0K2 12.0 3.0 20.8 9.3 16.4 6.2 7. N2P1K2 23.4 16.3 48.4 38.1 35.9 27.2 8. N2P3K2 25.3 19.4 49.2 44.8 37.3 32.1 9. N2P2K0 11.6 8.4 13.4 8.7 12.5 8.610. N2P2K1 24.9 19.9 31.8 23.4 28.4 21.711. N2P2K3 28.5 20.7 53.4 39.1 41.0 29.912. N3P3K3 31.7 18.6 56.1 39.5 43.9 29.1

Average 23.3 14.6 39.8 26.5 31.6 20.6

1) N0 = 0N P0 = 0P K0 = 0K N1 = 25 kg N/ha P1 = 50 kg P2O5/ha K1 = 50 kg K2O/ha N2 = 50 kg N/ha P2 = 100 kg P2O5/ha K2 = 100 kg K2O/ha N3 = 100 kg N/ha P3 = 200 kg P2O5/ha K3 = 200 kg K2O/ha all plots received 500 kg/ha of dolomitic lime in June 2005.

Intercropping Systems

Cassava / Soybean Intercropping at YAAS

Sowing model

Density (plants/mu)Cassava

row spacing

yield（ kg） Net income（ rmb/mu）

Soybean Cassava Soybean Cassava Soybean Cassava Sum

Three lines soybean 17,123 782 1.2m 202.1 2,001 613 206 819

Two lines soybean 14,520 958 1.0m 115.0 2168 265 253 518

One line soybean 7,652 1046 0.9m 96.0 1800 189 150 339

Pure cassava --- 1242 0.9m -- 2223 --- 271 271

note： 4 RMB/kg for soybean， 380 RMB/ton for cassava

Pest and Disease Management in Asia• CIAT role in Mealybug response

o Helped identify the cassava mealybug problem initiallyo Tony Bellotti confirmed the pest, identified the control, provided

protocols on mass-rearing, and links to IITA for wasp populationo DOA, TTDI, & DOAE did the mass-rearing and release

• Proposals for pest and disease R, D, & Io FAO-TCP only on mealybug in GMS

- with “links” to CIAT, but limited capacity for roll outo EC/CGIAR/IFAD funds on cassava pests and diseases

- need to modify due to FAO-TCP

• Statuso A. lopezi appears to control the mealybug in Thailand, but needs

verification and no roll out in other countries (esp. Cambodia)o Mites and whitefly causing concerno CBB and CWB present, but not rampant

Cassava: Focus and Challenges• Pests and diseases: R, D, & I

o Research on (relatively) unknown problems – mainly diseaseso Development and Implementation of control measureso Propagation systems: petiole, micro-stake, tissue culture

• Breedingo More integrated: CIAT & Region and within the Region: Vn, Ch, Th …o For starch quality – waxy, SGC … bioplastics (sago-like)o For pest and disease tolerance / resistanceo Other: branchless, reduced PPD, cold tolerance … herbicide-tolerance

• Agronomyo Fertilizer DSS

(“AfSIS” approach in Vietnam??)o Intercropping and erosion control (possible DSS..)o Seasonality / bulking … crop growth model

• 9th Triennial Regional Cassava Workshop, Nanning, China: 26/11- 3/12

Tropical Forages in Asia• Forages, livestock and livelihoods

• High Value Opportunities o From keepers to producers of

livestock

• Environment serviceso Component of farming systems

for the uplands

• Focus countries:

Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, and Thailand

Forage Activities in the RegionProjects

• ACIAR

o L4PP: Legumes and pigs in Lao uplandso F4B: Quality grasses for cattle in Cambodia

o World Vision: Feed for cattle in rice-based NE Thailando RSLP: Post-rice + upland forages in southern Laoo SPSP: Pig production and marketing, linked to animal and

human health issues (CSIRO), in northern Lao

• IFAD

o FAP: Forages, production systems, and markets C. Vietnamo CLVDT: Improved production and marketing in Cambodia,

Lao, Vietnam Development Triangle: South-South linkages

Forage Impacts and Entry Points(Reported in the Tropical Forages Program)

Main factors/impacts• Small areas of high quality forages that

o Save labouro Increase growth rate

• Market linkages and incomeo Secure livelihoodso Enable better production and health management

• Institutional changeo Scaling out mechanisms

(govt, NGOs, etc. in Learning Alliances)• Systems change

o Both production and marketing systems

Cambodia, F4B• Forage fodder banks significantly reduced the amount of

time needed to feed and manage cattle in all seasons• Greatest benefit in the early wet and flooding seasons• Main beneficiaries: children and men (who care for cattle)

Adopters Non adopters

Seasons Same villages Other villages

Dry 5.4a 7.3b 6.6b

Early wet 4.2a 6.0b 5.8b

Flooding 1.7a 3.7b 4.6b

Units: (hrs/day)

Central Highlands Vietnam, FAP• Increased productivity through forages introduced by CIAT

• Higher productivity lead to use of more demanding cattle breeds in Ea Kar District, Dak Lak Province, Vietnam

2000 2004 2007 20100

102030405060708090

8070

4540

2023.5

40 37

0 7.5

1523

Native breed Laisind breedCrossbred (Laisind x Exotic breeds)

Bree

d us

ed [%

]

Forages: Focus and Challenges• Germplasm

o Improved suitability for specific agroecologies:- intermittent waterlogged and post-rice- low soil fertility

o New forage legumeso Perennialso Seed production and multiplication

• Market linkages and systems changeo Step-wise systems change: feeding, health, management, herd

management, sales planning …… land use planningo Critical driver for changing livestock keepers to livestock producers

- driver for farming systems change => greater resilience• Scaling up

o Developing new approaches for scaling-up and systems change (LA …)o Impact assessment

Linking Farmers to Markets in AsiaSDC-funded SADU Project: Review just completed

Agro-Enterprise Development Process:Area Based Approach

Product selection

Market chain studies

Action plan / interventions

Area based and Smallholder focus => Risk of being seen as supply driven

Supply Chains and Stakeholders• SADU works in very different supply chains (currently 14)

o Roots, tubers, and cerealso Fruits & vegetables o Livestocko Non-timber forest products

• All supply chains important for poor and ethnic minorities

• SADU works witho Farming householdso Collectors/traderso Local extension services o Processing firmso Policy-makerso Experts (universities and research institutes)

Types of interventions• Wide range & vary across supply chains

o Stakeholder awarenesso Collective actiono Technology adoption

profitable & competitive farming enterprises profitable & competitive processing enterprises

o Enabling Business Development Serviceso Policy and regulationso Contract farming o Testing of supermarket chainso Product branding

Level of Focus / Intervention• Individual village level

o No allowance for scaled impacts

• Cluster of villages o More potential for impact

• Commune (Vn) or Sub-District (La)o “Structure” helps the expansion / scaling out

• Provinceo Capacity to facilitate or drive interventions

• Multi-province or nationalo If policy or regulations are driverso If volume is an issue

(e.g. medium- and large-scale agribusiness)

Research Studies & Policy BriefsStudies (with and by partners)

• The role of women in farmer groups: case study on corn production groups in Luang Nam Tha Province

• Models for Contract Farming: case study on corn production in Pak Xeng district, Luang Prabang Province

• Case study on contract Farming Model for Pig Production in Vientiane capital, Savannakhet and Champasack Provinces

• The linkage between farmers organizations and agricultural markets in Vientiane and Oudomxay Provinces

Draft Policy Briefs

• Contract Farming

• Producer Groups

• Open versus Regulated Trade

Land Use and Climate Change“Study on Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Land Use in the Lao PDR”

• Implemented by DAPA and CIAT Asia for GTZ

• Included

o Climate: 1900-2000 & 2050 (A1B)o Crop suitability: Now & 2050o Land Use Change: 2000-2009 o Resilience / adaptation of local farming systems

• Small study, but generated a lot of interest

“Managing water in rainfed agriculture: the key to food security in the GMS”

• Implemented by IWMI, with CIAT and National Partners

• Commissioned by Sida

• Develop into land, water, and farming system management project for the GMS

Current Activities match New Strategy

Research Highlights CIAT Asia

Technology

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