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VIRUSVIRUS
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STRUKTUR VIRUS
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Klasifikasi
1. Morfologi : ukuran, bentuk, tipe simetri, peplomer dan envelope
2. Genom virus3. Sifat fisika kimia : BM, stabilitas pH, suhu dan sensitifitas thd
agen fisika kimia dll.4. Sifat-sifat protein virus ( jumlah, ukuran, fungsi dll.)5. Replikasi dan organisasi genom virus6. Antigen7. Karakteristik biologi (jenis inang, transmisi, vektor dll.)
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Ukuran virus
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VIRUS
• Berdasarkan jenis inangnya :
1. Virus hewan2. Virus tumbuhan3. Virus baterial/
bakteriofage
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• ADA TIDAKNYA “ENVELOPE” :- BERAMPLOP (ENVELOPE)- TELANJANG (NAKED)
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Tipe simetri virusTipe polihedral (ikosahedral)
Tipe helix
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Virus berdasarkan asam nukleat : DNA dan RNA
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Taksonomi Virus
• Famili : berdasarkan morfologi virion, struktur genom dan cara replikasi.
• Famili : suffix –viridae : orthomyxoviridae• Subdivisi famili : genus suffix – virus :
orthomyxovirus
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REPRODUKSI/REPLIKASI VIRUS• Adsorpsi/ pelekatan• Penetrasi dan uncoating• Replikasi genom virus dan sintesis komponen Virus• Perakitan/maturasi• Pelepasan virus baru
http://encarta.msn.com/media_461520267/viral_replication.html
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• 1. Pelekatan/ adsorbsi/ attachment interaksi virus - reseptor permukaan sel
Sifat : reseptor spesifik
Contoh : - HIV dengan reseptor molekul CD4
- Poliovirus reseptor sel syaraf pusat sel intestin pada Primata
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Adsorpsi/ attachment/ pelekatan (virus beramplop)
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Adsorpsi/ attachment/ pelekatan virus telanjang ( naked)
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Adsorpsi/attachment/pelekatan
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2. Penetrasi dan uncoatingPenetrasi masuknya partikel virus ke dalam sel inang
cara : - endositosis - fusi membran
- penetrasi langsung Uncoating pemisahan fisik asam nukleat virus dari komponen struktural luar virus
terjadi seiring dengan / sesaat setelah penetrasi
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PENETRASI ( ENDOSITOSIS) dan UNCOATING
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PENETRASI (FUSI) dan UNCOATING
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Adsorption-penetration-uncoating
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3. Replikasi genom Virus dan sintesis komponen Virus
Replikasi genom virusSintesis komponan virus :
- Pembentukan mRNA (transkripsi)- Sintesis makromolekul virus (translasi)
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Ekspresi genom viral dan sintesis komponen viral
ds DNAHerpesvirus
+ssRNA ds DNA ds DNA +ssDNARetroviridae Bakteriofag
mRNA
+ssRNA ds RNA ds RNA -ssRNATogavirus Reoviridae RhabdovirusFlavivirus Paramyxovirus
Orthomyxovirus
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4. Perakitan/morfogenesis/maturasiKomponen-komponen virus yang diperoleh : asam nukleat dan kapsid.Hasil : virion atau virus defektifvirus defektif : virus yang tidak memiliki satu / lebih gen fungsional yang dibutuhkan untuk replikasinya
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REPLIKASI, SINTESIS PROTEIN DAN PERAKITAN
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• 5. Pelepasan virus
Terjadi dalam dua bentuk : ► pembentukan budding/ tunas (virus yg dihasilkan
biasanya memiliki amplop ---- berasal dari membran sel inang)
► lisis
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PELEPASAN (budding)
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Replikasi virus
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Replikasi virus RNA
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Figure 6-13 Replication of picornaviruses: a simple (+) RNA virus. 1, Interaction of the picornaviruses with receptors on the cell surface defines the target cell and weakens the capsid. 2, The genome is injected through the virion and across the cell membrane. 2', The virion is endocytosed, and then the genome is released. 3,
Alternatively, the genome is used as mRNA for protein synthesis. One large polyprotein is translated from the virion genome. 4, Then the polyprotein is proteolytically cleaved into individual proteins, including an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. 5, The polymerase makes a (-) strand template from the genome and replicates the
genome. A protein (VPg) is covalently attached to the 5' end of the viral genome. 6, The structural proteins associate into the capsid structure, the genome is inserted, and the virions are released on cell lysis.
Downloaded from: StudentConsult (on 13 October 2008 05:33 AM)
© 2005 Elsevier
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Figure 6-14 Replication of rhabdoviruses: a simple enveloped (-) RNA virus. 1, Rhabdoviruses bind to the cell surface and are (2) endocytosed. The envelope fuses with the endosome vesicle membrane to deliver the nucleocapsid to the cytoplasm. The virion must carry a polymerase, which (3) produces five individual messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and a full-length (+) RNA template. 4, Proteins are translated from the mRNAs, including one glycoprotein (G), which is co-translationally glycosylated in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), processed in the Golgi apparatus, and delivered to the cell membrane. 5, The genome is replicated from the (+) RNA template, and N, L,
and NS proteins associate with the genome to form the nucleocapsid. 6, The matrix protein associates with the G protein-modified membrane, which is followed by assembly of the nucleocapsid. 7, The virus buds from the cell in a bullet-shaped virion.
Downloaded from: StudentConsult (on 13 October 2008 05:33 AM)
© 2005 Elsevier
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REPRODUKSI BakteriofagaJalur litik dan lisogenik
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REPRODUKSI VIRUS BAKTERIAL (BACTERIOPHAGE) JALUR LITIK
1. Adsorpsi/ attachment/ pelekatan2. Penetrasi3. Replikasi dan sintesis makromolekul virus4. Perakitan/maturasi5. Pelepasan
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Bacteriophage binding to the cell wall of a bacterium
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Bacteriophage injecting its genetic material into the bacterium
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Bacteriophage injecting its genetic material into the bacterium
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The bacteriophage genome replicates
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The bacteriophage components and enzymes continue to be produced and start assemble
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The components of the bacteriophage assemble completed
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Bacteriophage enzyme breaks down the bacterial cell wall causing the bacterium to split
open.
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LISOGENIK
1. ADSORPSI2. PENETRASI3. INTEGRASI4. BEREPRODUKSI SEIRING DENGAN
PEMBELAHAN SEL INANG
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Bacteriophage binding to the cell wall of a bacterium
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Bacteriophage injecting its genetic material into the bacterium
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INTEGRASI GENOM VIRUS DENGAN KROMOSOM SEL INANG
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Pembelahan sel inang
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• Jenis-jenis infeksi virus :1. Infeksi produktif :
virus – virus baru yg virulen (virion)2. Infeksi abortif (gagal) : sel non permisif3. Infeksi laten : genom virus
terintegrasi dgn kromosom sel inang
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• Efek infeksi virus :1. Efek Letal Adanya kerusakan dan kematian selPenyebab :
► produksi enzim degradatif oleh virus --- toxic bagi sel ► akumulasi komponen-komponen virus :
- perubahan struktur dan fungsi sel - kerusakan enzim lisosom menyebabkan autolisis
► produksi protein-protein virus akan menghalangi sintesis protein seluler
2. Efek non-letalTidak menyebabkan kematian sel inang
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Transmisi virus :1. Tansmisi langsung : orang per orang• droplet/infeksi aerosol (influenza)• Jalur fecal-oral (enterovirus)• Kontak seksual (HIV)• Tangan-mulut, tangan-mata, mulut-mulut (herpes
simplex)• Donor darah (HIV)2. Transmisi hewan ke hewan dengan manusia
sebagai perantara aksidental• Gigitan (rabies)• Droplet/aerosol (arenavirus, hantavirus)3. Transmisi vektor Arthropoda (togavirus dll)
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Media Pertumbuhan Bakteri
Berdasarkan konsistensi :Berdasarkan konsistensi :• Cair / Kaldu / BrothCair / Kaldu / Broth• Padat / AgarPadat / Agar• SemisolidSemisolid
Berdasarkan fungsi :1. Media Umum : media yang digunakan untuk menumbuhkan
bakteri atau jamur secara umum (tidak ditujukan untuk spesies atau jenis tertentu)- Nutrien kaldu / agar (NB / NA) : bakteri- Potato Dextrose agar (PDA) : jamur
2. Media Selektif : media yang digunakan untuk menumbuhkan jenis-jenis bakteri tertentu saja- Salmonella Shigella agar (SS agar) : salmonella- Fenil etil alkohol agar darah : coccus gram positif- Infusion agar : Corynebacterium
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3. 3. Diferensial : menumbuhkan jenis bakteri tertentu dengan Diferensial : menumbuhkan jenis bakteri tertentu dengan ditandai oleh ciri khusus (tiap media menunjukkan ciri yang ditandai oleh ciri khusus (tiap media menunjukkan ciri yang berbeda-beda) :berbeda-beda) :
- Eosin Methylene Blue agar (EMB agar) - Eosin Methylene Blue agar (EMB agar)E.coliE.coli : hijau metalik : hijau metalik
- MacConkey agar - MacConkey agarE.coliE.coli : merah : merah
- CLED agar - CLED agarE.coliE.coli : kuning, : kuning, KlebsiellaKlebsiella : kuning : kuning putih, putih, ProteusProteus : biru : biru
4. Enrichment / Pengaya (kaldu) : media yang digunakan untuk 4. Enrichment / Pengaya (kaldu) : media yang digunakan untuk memperbanyak jumlah sel bakterimemperbanyak jumlah sel bakteri
- Tetrationat- Tetrationat- Selenit- Selenit- Thioglycolate- Thioglycolate
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REAKSI BIOKIMIA
1. TSIA (Triple Sugar Iron Agar)• Inokulasi dengan cara ditusuk (butt) dan distreak (gores) pada
permukaan agar miring (lereng/slant) :• - = basa (alkaline) warna media berubah menjadi merah• + = asam media berubah warna menjadi kuning• Gas = gas yang dihasilkan (media pecah atau terangkat)• -/- : slant basa(merah) & bagian tusukan basa(merah) • -/+ : slant basa(merah) & bagian tusukan atau butt (kuning) asam • +/+ : slant asam (kuning) & bagian tusukan asam (kuning) • +/+ gas : slant asam & bagian tusukan asam & ada gas yang
dihasilkan (media pecah atau terangkat) • Tusukan berwarna hitam berarti H2S yang dihasilkan ditangkap
oleh Fe sehingga terbentuk FeS (hitam)
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TSIA
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2. Uji penggunaan sitrat• Untuk mendeteksi apakah bakteri tersebut
menggunakan sitrat sebagai sumber karbon untuk metabolismenya dengan indikator biru bromtimol :
• Kontrol : media berwarna hijau• Hasil positif : biru karena pH naik (basa)
3. Uji Fermentasi karbohidrat :• Kontrol : ungu• Hasil - : ungu
+ : kuning (asam) ± gas dalam tabung durham
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sitrat
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4. Uji motilitas• Inokulasi dengan cara ditusuk, amati pergerakkan
dari koloni bakteri yang tumbuh
5. Produksi Indol• Kuman tertentu dapat menghasilkan indol dari
triptofan• Reagen yang digunakan : Erlich• Hasil positif ditandai dengan ternbentuknya cincin
merah• Hasil negatif tidak terbentuk cincin merah
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Motilitas dan Indol
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