Reporting HC - Typhoid and Malaria
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Transcript of Reporting HC - Typhoid and Malaria
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8/14/2019 Reporting HC - Typhoid and Malaria
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Typhoid fever
Alternative NamesEnteric fever
Causes
The bacteria that cause typhoid fever -- S. typhi -- spread through contaminated food,
drink, or water. If you eat or drink something that is contaminated, the bacteria enter your
body. They travel into your intestines, and then into your bloodstream, where they can
get to your lymph nodes, gallbladder, liver, spleen, and other parts of your body.
A few people can become carriers of S. typhi and continue to release the bacteria in their
stools for years, spreading the disease.
Typhoid fever is common in developing countries, but fewer than 4 cases are reported
in the !.S. each year. "ost cases in the !.S. are brought in from other countries where
typhoid fever is common.
Symptoms
#arly symptoms include fever, general ill-feeling, and abdominal pain. A high $typically
over %& degrees 'ahrenheit( fever and severe diarrhea occur as the disease gets worse.
Some people with typhoid fever develop a rash called )rose spots,) which are small red
spots on the abdomen and chest.
*ther symptoms that occur include+ Abdominal tenderness
Agitation
loody stools
hills
onfusion
ifficulty paying attention
$attention deficit(
elirium
'luctuating mood
/allucinations
0osebleeds
Severe fatigue
Slow, sluggish, lethargic feeling
1eakness
Exams and Tests
A complete blood count $( will show a high number of white blood cells.
A blood culture during the first week of the fever can show S. typhi bacteria.*ther tests that can help diagnose this condition include+
'luorescent antibody study to look for substances that are specific to Typhoid bacteria
Stool culture
Treatment
'luids and electrolytes may be given through a vein $intravenously(, or you may be asked
to drink uncontaminated water with electrolyte packets.
Appropriate antibiotics are given to kill the bacteria. There are increasing rates of
antibiotic resistance throughout the world, so your health care provider will check current
recommendations before choosing an antibiotic.
Prevention
Wash hands frequently2 It is important to wash your hands often with warm water and
soap, especially before eating and after using the bathroom.
3 Refrain from drinking untreated water 2 rinking contaminated water is one of theprimary causes linked to typhoid fever. It is advisable to boil water before drinking it.
Avoid swallowing contaminated water.2 Aside from drinking, contaminated water can be
ingested when brushing your teeth or taking a bath.
Avoid eating raw fruits and vegetables. 2 If there is a possibility that the water is
contaminated then it is advisable to avoid eating raw fruits and vegetables.
3 /eat food before eating. 2 It is not advisable to serve or eat food that has been stored at
room temperature.
Avoid eating street food. 2 efrain from buying food from street vendors.
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8/14/2019 Reporting HC - Typhoid and Malaria
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MalariaCause
"alaria is caused by 5lasmodium parasites.
There are four parasite species that cause malaria in humans+
5lasmodium falciparum
5lasmodium viva6
5lasmodium malariae
5lasmodium ovale.
5lasmodium falciparum and5lasmodium viva6 are the most
common. 5lasmodium
falciparum is the most deadly.
In recent years, some human
cases of malaria have also
occurred with 5lasmodiumknowlesi 2
Transmission
"alaria is transmitted e6clusively through the bites of Anopheles mos7uitoes.
Symptoms
"alaria is an acute febrile illness. In a non-immune individual, symptoms appear seven
days or more $usually %2%8 days( after the infective mos7uito bite. The first symptoms 2
fever, headache, chills and vomiting 2 may be mild and difficult to recogni9e as malaria.
If not treated within :4 hours, 5. falciparum malaria can progress to severe illness often
leading to death. hildren with severe malaria fre7uently develop one or more of the
following symptoms+ severe anaemia, respiratory distress in relation to metabolicacidosis, or cerebral malaria. In adults, multi-organ involvement is also fre7uent. In
malaria endemic areas, persons may develop partial immunity, allowing asymptomatic
infections to occur.
'or both 5. viva6 and 5. ovale, clinical relapses may occur weeks to months after the first
infection, even if the patient has left the malarious area. These new episodes arise fromdormant liver forms known as hypno9oites $absent in 5. falciparum and 5. malariae(;
special treatment 2 targeted at these liver stages 2 is re7uired for a complete cure.
Who is at risk?
young childrenin stable transmission areas who have not yet developed protective
immunity against the most severe forms of the disease;
non-immune pregnant womenas malaria causes high rates of miscarriage and can lead
to maternal death;
semi-immune pregnant womenin areas of high transmission. "alaria can result in
miscarriage and low birth weight, especially during first and second pregnancies;
semi-immune !"-in#ected pregnant womenin stable transmission areas, during all
pregnancies. 1omen with malaria infection of the placenta also have a higher risk ofpassing /I< infection to their newborns;
people with !"$%!&S;
international travellers #rom non-endemic areasbecause they lack immunity;
immigrants #rom endemic areas and their children
Diagnosis and treatment
The best available treatment, particularly for 5. falciparum malaria, is artemisinin-based
combination therapy $AT(.
Prevention