He said, “ I have lost my umbrella”

Direct speech

Inverted commas Exact words

Reporting verb

+ ,

He said (that) he had lost his umbrellaReporting verb + (that) Changes: same meaning without

exact words

Reportedspeech

PRONOUNS AND

ADJECTIVES

EXPRESSIONS OF TIME AND PLACE

VERBS

DIRECT INDIRECT/REPORTED

I / MY / MEHE, SHE / HIS, HER / HIM,

HER

YOU / YOUR I / MY

WE / OUR / US Don’t change or THEY / THEIR / THEM

HE, SHE, IT / HIS, HER, ITS / HIM, HER, ITS

Don’t change

THIS, THAT THEHe said, “ I want to apply for this job” He said that he wanted to apply for the job

She told me, “ You have to do some exercise” She told me I had to do some exercise

He said to me, “ he came through the window” He said that he ( the thief) had come through the window

DIRECT INDIRECT/REPORTED

TODAY, TONIGHT THAT DAY / THAT NIGHT

YESTERDAY THE DAY BEFORE/ THE PREVIOUS DAY

TOMORROW THE NEXT DAY/ THE FOLLOWING DAY

NOW THEN

LAST WEEK, YEAR.. THE WEEK BEFORE/ THE PREVIOUS WEEK

NEXT WEEK, YEAR… THE FOLLOWING WEEK

A YEAR AGO A YEAR BEFORE/ THE PREVIOUS YEAR

HERE THERE

TENSE DIRECT INDIRECT/REPORTEDSimple present

He said, ”I never eat meat”Simple past

He said that he never ate meat

Pres. ContShe said, “ I’m waiting for

Ann”Past. Cont.

She said she was waiting for Ann

Pres. Perf.He explained, “I have found a

flat”Past. Perf.

He explained that he had found a flat.

Pres. Perf. Cont

He said, “I’ve been waiting for ages”

Past. Perf.Co

nt

He said that he had been waiting for ages.

Simple Past

She said, “ I took it home with me”

Past. Perf.

She said she had taken it home with her

Future He said, “ We will be in Paris

on Monday”.Conditi

onalHe said they would be in Paris on

Monday.

Fut. Cont.She said, “ I will be using the

car myself on the 24th”Cond. Cont.

She said that she would be using the car herself on the 24th

CanHe said, “ You can do it

yourself” Could He said I could do it myself

MayHe said, “ She may be at

home tonight”Might

He said she might be at home that day.

Must/ Have to

She said, “ You must go to the doctor”

Had toShe said that I had to go to the

doctor.

STATEMENTS

We can report:

QUESTIONS

SPEAKER’S INTENTION

S

We usually use the verbs SAY and TELL, but other possible verbs are EXPLAIN, POINT OUT, COMPLAIN

THAT can be omitted after SAY or TELL, but it should be kept with other verbs.

Construction:SAY + ( TO + indirect complement ) + ( THAT ) She said to me that she was looking for a job She said she was looking for a job

TELL + indirect complement + ( THAT ) She told me that she was looking for a job She told me she was looking for a job

STATEMENTS

STATEMENTS

He said, “ She is coming this week to stay with us”

He said that she was coming that week to stay with them.

She said, “ I bought these pearls for my mother a year ago”

She told me that she had bought the pearls for her mother the previous year/ the year before.

John said, “I couldn’t get on time because I lost the bus”

John explained that he couldn’t get on time because he had lost the bus

Hadn’t been able to get

Christine said, “ we will pay you back next month”

Christine told me they would pay me back the following week

The main introductory verbs are ASK, WONDER, WANT TO KNOW, INQUIRE…

Apart from the general changes there are other important changes: - The interrogative form changes to affirmative form - The question mark is omitted

QUESTIONS

QUESTIONS

He said, “ Where is she going ?”

He asked where she was going

“ Do you want to go to the cinema with me today?” he asked.

He asked me IF I wanted to go to the cinema with him that day

He asked, “have you seen my cousin at school today?”

He wanted to know IF I had seen his cousin at school that day

Mark asked, “Why are you wearing my new shoes, Peter?”

Mark asked Peter WHY he was wearing his new shoes.

SPEAKER‘SINTENTIONS

We will study them in groups depending on their behaviour when we apply the necessary changes. They don’t follow the changes in the verb form. Some of them will be followed by INFINITIVE, while others will be followed by GERUND.

INFINITIVE GERUND

ORDERSCOMANDS

TELL +someone + TO INF / NOT TO INF

“Don’t make too much noise, children” he said.

He told the children not to make too much noise

PETITIONS

ASK+ someone+ TO INF / NOT TO INF

“You might post some letters for me” said my boss.

My boss asked me to post some letters for him

WARNINGSWARN+ someone+ TO INF / NOT TO INF

“Don’t go alone” Her father warned herHer father warned her not to go alone

ADVICES

ADVISE + someone +TO INF / NOT TO INF

“You must see this exhibition” said all my friends.

All my friends advised me to see that exhibition

REMINDS

REMIND + SOMEONE + TO INF / NOT TO INF

“Don’t forget to buy the wine” said Mrs Pitt.Mrs Pitt reminded her husband to buy

the wine

(I)

OFFERS

OFFER + TO INF / NOT TO INF

“I can look after the child while you are working” he said.

He offered to look after the child while she was working

PROMISESPROMISE + TO INF / NOT TO INF

“ I will give you a raise ” my boss promised.My boss promised to give me a raise

REFUSALS

REFUSE + TO INF / NOT TO INF

“I won’t lend you any more money” his sister said.

His sister refused to lend him any more money.

THREATENS

THREATEN + TO INF / NOT TO INF “I will call the police if you don’t stop making noise” said

my neighbourMy neighbour threatened to call the police if we

didn’t stop making noise.

( II)

APOLOGIESAPOLOGISE FOR + GERUND

“I’m sorry I’m late” he said.He apologised for being late

THANKS

THANK FOR + GERUND

“You have worked till late, thank you” said my boss.

My boss thanked for having work till late

SUGGESTIONS

SUGGEST + ING

“Let’s go for a walk, it’s a wonderful afternoon” she said

She suggested going for a walk because it was a wonderful afternoon.

DENIALDENY + ING

“I didn’t steal the money” said the employee.The employee denied stealing the money

ADMISSIONS

ADMITT + GERUND

“All right, I took the money” the secretary said.

The secretary admitted taking the money

STATEMENTS

QUESTIONS ( I )

QUESTIONS ( II )

REQUEST AND ORDERS