Challenges to Spanish

Authority(1560 – 1820s)

Group Two!! :)

I. Ruins of old Spanish forts, a moro watchtower along the coast, statues of Spanish conquistadores and missionaries.A.Filipino heroes like Lapu-Lapu,

Rajah Sulayman, Sultan Kudarat, mark many Philippine towns.

B.These makers have great stories to tell and lesson to teach.

II. The Spanish colonial government was greatly challenged by its rivals, the Portuguese and the Dutch in Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao.

WHY? :) 1st, the revolts lacked

coordination. 2nd, the Filipinos had no leader

of great ability. 3rd, the Filipinos had insufficient

arms to fight on equal terms the Spaniards and their Filipino soldiers.

4th, there was no feeling of unity and nationalism among the Filipinos.

5th, many Filipinos were more loyal to the Spaniards, especially to the friars, than their countrymen. *The Spanish colonial, have adapted the policy “divide and rule”.

Portuguese and Dutch

Threats

Portuguese believed that Philippines is the island belong to Treaty of Zaragoza.

Gen. Gonzalgo Pereira – the one who command Portuguese ships anchored in Cebu.

Dutch – freedom loving people Independence 1579Thirty year’s war in Europe- Spain was Deeply involved & Recognized by Holland’s

independence w/ Treaty of West Phalia in 1648

Admiral Oliver Van Noort- One who commanded by Holland to send expedition in the East in 1597. Antonio De Morga- One who command to engaged the Dutch in a battle.

Antonio De MorgaOliver Van Noort

Early Resistances

in Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao

Luzon- Early uprising against Spaniards.Manila- The earliest Spanish stronghold to stage an uprising

Lakandula- Friend of Legazpi and the one

helped Legazpi rebuild

the Manila.

Martin De Goiti- The Legazpi’s second master of camp.

Gov. Guido De Lavezares- Successor of Legazpi.

Limahong, Lakan Dula- Led a revolt against the Spaniards.

Juan De Salcedo & Fr. Geronima Marin- Persuated Lakan Dula lay down his arms.

The Tondo “Conspiracy”  Despite the Spanish “Promises of good treatment”The Filipino harbored feelings of hostility towardsThe hostility was ignited by “love of freedom”

 

The Revolt of Magalat”

Disillusionment with Spanish rule may not be national in scope but it spread too many places. In Cagayan, some natives led by Magalat, in revolt against Spanish rule in 1596 and although it was quelled, the Filipino continued the opposition to Spaniards. The Governor-general sent a strong contingent compose of a few Spanish Soldiers and a hundreds of Filipino recruits again in Magalat but the Ilocanos fought bravely. They hired a Filipino assassin to murder Magalat. The plan succeeded and Magalat was killed.

Ladia’s “Conspiracy” Pedro Ladia a native of Bormeo who came to Bulacan to lead an armed uprising against the Spaniards. His plan reach the friar- curate of Malolos who dissuaded the town people from believing Ladia.

The Revolt of Maniago: In 1660, the kapampangans, under the leadership of Francisco Maniago, declared War against the Spaniards. But aside from this purpose the revolt was also caused by the abuses of the Spanish officials who refused to pay for the food they had taken from the Filipinos.

The angry kapampangans set fire to their houses and swore they would continue to fight until they regained their freedom. They issued an appeal to the people of pangasinan and ilocos provinces to join them in their battle for freedom. Fearing other towns might follow Maniago’s example, personally conferred with the chief of Arayat, juan macapagal, who promised to help the Spaniards quell the revolt.

Consequently, Maniago sent an emissary to the governor-general in order to make peace and make the following demands: (1) the governor-general to pardon all those who participated in the revolt (2)the kapampangans to received the sum of P200,000 as payment for the rice which the Spaniards seized from their barangays, of this amount, P14,000 was actually paid (3)the nkapampangans to continue to cut timber as required by the law on forced labor, accepted this demands and Maniago, satisfied laid down his arms.

The Revolt of Malong

The Master-of-Camp

A native of Binalatongan,PangasinanProclaimed himself as “King of PangasinanWas captured on Feb.6,1661 in a hut between Calasiao and Bacnotan

Sequence of the Revolt

The First Stirring of the Revolt Malong started his campaign in a small barangay called Malungue. After the revolt of Maniago in Pampanga, Gov. Gen. Sabiniano Manrique de Lara sent Francisco Amaya and his troops to warn other Spanish leaders in Pangasinan,Ilocos and Cagayan to be ready in case of other revolt rise again.He also ordered Francisco de Quiros (Sargento Mayor of Manila) to sent soldiers to Francisco Gomez Pulido to help him fight the native that will revolt against them.

The Lingayen Massacre On Dec.15,1660,Malong and his 1,000 soldiers raided the house of the Alguacil Mayor of Lingayen (chief of police) Nicolas de Campos. He and his family was killed and the house is set on fire. The force of discontentment increased each

day in each town. Francisco Pulido has no chance against Malong. Pulido and his family together with his soldiers tried to scape by the river through the use of champan. They managed to sail the Lingayen Gulf but they were overtaken and were massacred by the troops of Malong.The only survivors are the two children of Pulido,

one girl that Malong took with him and a new born baby boy that was saved by a servant of Pulido who manage to hide. Only the priest were spared. Pulido, his wife, his sister and de Campos were all beheaded and were put in the middle of Lingayen to prove the downfall of the Spaniards.

The First Mistake of Malong

All houses and offices of the spaniards in Lingayen were all destroyed.They attacked the churches and convent of Juan Camacho (Dominican Friar).But Dagupan (Bocnotan),led by Camacho, refuses to join the revolt.Malong and his army, lead by Pedro Gumapos attacked,destroyed and burned Dagupan.Malong proclaimed himself as “king of Pangasinan” and appointed Pedro Gumapos as “Conde”.

The Second Mistake of Malong

After Malong destroyed Dagupan,he thought that his kingdom is going strong.He sent letter to Maniago but when he did not receive any news about the revolt in Pampanga,he fulfilled his second mistake. Because Malong did not receive any feedback from Ilocos nor Cagayan,he ordered Pedro Gumapos with his 3,000 soldiers to attack Ilocos and kill all the spaniards and punish all the people that will not agree to join them. He also sent Melchor de Vera and his 3,000 soldiers to Pampanga and help Maniago to fight the spaniards. Malong fulfilled his second mistake for seperating and sending his army away from his kingdom and leave few numbers of soldier,not enough to protect his beloved kingdom against the spaniards that might attack.

The Third Mistake of MalongDe Vera arrived at Binalatongan,he reported to Malong that he defeated the spaniards in Pampanga.Malong were delighted about the news and the arrival of Pedro Gumapos from Ilocos.With these two successes,Malong decided to conquer the rest of Ilocos and Cagayan.From the two groups of De Vera and Gumapos,he made one large group and assigned Jacinto Macasiag as the leader.More than 4,000 Zambal and soldiers of Pangasinan were brought by Macasiag to the North to conquer Ilocos. The rest of the soldiers were sent bact to Lingayen. Almost of his soldiers sent to Ilocos,Cagayan and Lingayen.Only few soldiers were left at Binalatongan not enough to protect their fortress.Because of his brutal way of killing and destroying the lives of natives ,the people of Pangasinan thought that he is nodifferent to the spaniards, instead much worse and that there is no use of acknowledginghis reign over Pampanga. Fulfilling his third and last mistake that lead to his downfall.

The RevengeWhen the revolt of Malong started,Sumulay a relative of Malong and one of the leader in Bolinano also revolt against the spaniards in the northeast of Pangasinan which is the encomienda of Admiral Pedro Duran Montforte. There is the place where they killed and beheaded Pedro Saraspe who is a tribute collector. His head was sent to Malong and put in the middle of Lingayen beside other heads of the spaniards who were beheaded at the start of revolt. Juan Blancas, Recollect friar,refused to surrender when Sumulay tried to conquer the whole province of Bolinao. Together with other leaders in Pangasinan,Blancas manage to fight for to weeks until Admiral Ugalde assigned Luis Surriguen,(an ally of Blancas)to be the new leader of Bolinao and left for Lingayen on Jan.6,1661. Gov. De Lara heard the revolt occuring in Pangasinan. Being a veteran soldier, he built a plan to prevent the revolt from spreading to the neighboring towns of Pangasinan. The plan is to attack Pangasinan from its two sides. Gen. Francisco de Esteybar with his 200 soldier will attack from southeastern part of Pangasinan. They will go to Arayat to stop the army of De Vera and then go straight to Pangasinan.

The Revenge Gen. Felipe Ugalde will come from the northwest of Pangasinan at Lingayen to attack the Kingdom of Malong.They reached the Lingayen Gulf but decided to stay at a neighboring barangay of Sauli because of the heavy rain. There is where they came across with the group of Malong. The two groups exchange fires. Jan.9,1661, Gen. Ugalde ordered his soldiers led by Capitan Diego De Lemos and ordered Diego Sanchez de Almazan to attack the soldiers of Malong and incase they got beaten,they have to retreat as what they ordered by Gen. Ugalde. Gen. Ugalde devide his army into three. The first group is led by Capitan Miguel Rendon. The second group is led by Capitan Cristobal Romulo ,one battalion, composed of 200 soldiers and warriors from Pampanga. The last group is under the power of Capitan Juan Diaz Yanes. The group circled around the army of Malong in Lingayen. The army of Malong did not expect the attack of the spaniards from both sides ,of the town and were forced out of Lingayen and sent back to Binalatongan. After the losing the battle in Lingayen, Malong ordered his men to destroy the bridge going into Binalatongan to prevent Spaniards from getting in as wellas to find Melchor de Vera and tell him to go back to Binalatongan to defend the kingdom. There is where the three mistakes of Malong came to play.

The End MalongMalong cannot wait for De Vera’s arrival,so he ordered the rest of his men to attack the spaniards while he retreated to the forest,hoping to get back at their enemy in an ambush, but the wary Spaniards did not fall into the trap. Meanwhile De Vera army was defeated at Magalang . He was captured and hanged in Binalatongan. That of Pedro Gumapos met a similar fate in Ilocos. He was hanged in Vigan. Soon scores of rebels deserted King Malong and disbanded,asking the spaniards for forgiveness. Some of them offered to help the spaniard tack down Malong. Malong was captured on Feb.6,1661 in a hut between Calasiao and Bacnotan. He was with his mother. He was brought to Lingayen for trial and executed there by firing squad (some accounts say it was in Binalatongan that he was executed-shot as he was sitting on a rock.) Most of his ardent followers were hanged-the usual penalty for treason. It is said that Malong died a Christian, implying that despite initiating a revolt against the spaniards,he never renounced the Christian faith.

The Revolt of Bancao:Disillusionment with Spanish rule was not confined to the provinces of Luzon, disturbances in the Visayas were also widespread.In Leyte in 1622 Bancao, a chieftain in Limasawa, led a revolt against the Spaniards because of the intolerance of the friars.Legazpi befriended Bancao who had given him food and other supplies. He became a Catholic and loyal subject of the Spanish king.

Bancao returned to the religion to the religion of his forefathers.The Governor of Cebu to help restore Spanish influence on the Warays in Visayas. The uprising spread from Carigara to other parts of Leyte and endangered the Friar-curate and the Catholic faith in the province Filipino soldiers under Spanish officers and defeated Bancao who died fighting.

The Revolt Of

Sumuroy

In accordance with the law on forced labor, in 1649 the governor general ordered the provincial governors of the Visayan provinces to send workers to the Cavite shipyard. Consequently, the provincial governors recruited workers who were sent to Cavite.The workers resented leaving their homes to be separated from their families. To show the resentment, the people of Palapag, Samar, gathered under the leadership. Agustin Sumuroy revolted against the Spaniards.The friar-curate of Palapag was killed and soon the fire of discontent swept others towns and island. The revolt spread to Mindanao, particularly to Zamboanga, Camiguin, Cebu,Masbate and Camarines Albay.

More Rebellions in

Luzon

The succeeding rebellions mainly in Luzon were clearly economic in nature.Hacienda System had dramatically expanded due to the demand by the galleon trade for agricultural products. Diego and Gabriela Silang led a widespread revolt in Ilocos Sur on the issue of the right to engage in the galleon trade non- Spaniards or Indios. The Basi revolt in Ilocos Norte erupted over the issue of government monopoly on the production, pricing and sale of Basi, a favorite local wine among the Ilocanos.

Resistance in the Interior

and Mountainous

parts.

-In the Cordillera region, for instance people lived in separate and distance tribal communities led by a maingel, a warrior-leader and headhunting.

-Taong bundok- which literally meant “people of the mountains” their ancient beliefs and way of life less exposed to the outside world.

Headhunting/ pangangayao- Expeditions for the lumads, another term Non-Christian or Non-Muslim long after the colonization.

The Moro Wars in the

South

Colonizing and Christianizing of the Muslim was the longest and bloodiest attempt of Spaniards. The Muslim in the country remained unconquered and unconverted until the end of Spanish rule. Moro- Is the term used by Spaniards for the Muslims.

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