Replication & protein synthesis
Transcript of Replication & protein synthesis
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REPLICATION
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1. Before a cell divides, the bonds between the complementary bases break in short sections of the double-stranded DNA molecules, and the complementary strands separate from one another (UNWINDING/ UNZIPPING)
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• Each split in the molecule is called a REPLICATION FORK
2. At the forks, each separated strand serves as a template for the synthesis of a new complementary strand
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3. In a process directed by enzymes, free nucleotide units that are present in the nucleus link to complementary bases on each of the DNA strands
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4. The sugars and phosphates of the new nucleotides bond together to form the backbones of both new strands
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• The process of DNA replication begins with one double-stranded DNA molecule and ends with 2 double stranded DNA molecules
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• Each double strand contains one strand from the parent molecule + a new complementary strand assembled from free nucleotides
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• Each of the new double stranded molecules is identical to the other and is also identical to the original parent molecule
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PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
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TRANSCRIPTION
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1.Protein synthesis begins once the double-stranded DNA molecule unzips
2.Double helix uncoils
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3. Nucleotides from the mRNA find the appropriate pair by using the single stranded DNA as blueprint
* Soon mRNA nucleotides are joined into a long chain
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4. Once the chain has been fused, the mRNA molecule moves away from the parent DNA strand
* The 2 strands of the original DNA rejoins
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• THE PROCESS OF TRANSCRIPTION IS COMPLETE
• ss mRNA molecule moves through the nuclear membrane & carries the nitrogen base code to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm
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TRANSLATION
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1. mRNA attaches itself to the ribosome much like a ribbon
2. An initiator codon turns on the protein synthesis
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3. tRNA picks up amino acids that are circulating within the cytoplasm and shuttles them to the mRNA
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4. The amino acid is held in place against one end of the clover-leaf-shaped molecule
* The other end of the tRNA molecule has a plug-shaped structure with 3 nitrogen bases exposed (ANTICODON)
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• Each kind of tRNA molecule has a specific anticodon
5. The mRNA moves along the ribosome much like a typewriter ribbon
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6. A new codon of mRNA is then exposed for fitting with another tRNA anticodon
7. The amino acid carried by the tRNA molecules are fused into long-chain proteins on the ribosome
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8. The sequencing of the amino acid is determined by the message carried from the nucleus by the mRNA molecule
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9. Once the protein molecule has been built, a terminator codon turns the synthesis off and the process of translation is complete