REPETITIVE STRESS DISORDERS• Compartment Syndrome:

Compression of nerves and blood vessels d/t swelling w/i the enclosed space inside the fascia • Rotator cuff injuries – Impingement

syndrome: inflamed/swollen tendons are caught in the narrow space between shoulder bones• Sx: discomfort when raising the arm

above the head

• Ganglion cyst – harmless fluid-filled swelling that occurs most commonly on the outer surface of the wrist

CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME• Carpal = pertaining to the wrist• The carpal tunnel is a narrow, bony

passage located about ¼ of an inch below the inner surface of the wrist• Median nerve and tendons that

bend the fingers pass through this tunnel• Tendons that pass though the carpal

tunnel are chronically overused and become inflamed and swollen.

EPICONDYLITIS• Is an inflammation of the

tissues surrounding the elbow• Remember that a

condyle is the round prominence at the end of a bone• Lateral epicondylitis =

tennis elbow• Medial epicondylitis =

golfer’s elbow

ANKLE AND FOOT PROBLEMS

• Heel spur: calcium deposit in the plantar fascia near its attachment to the calcaneus (heel) bone.

• Plantar fasciitis: Inflammation of the plantar fascia on the sole of the foot. • Pain when walking or running• Can be caused by heel spurs

SPORTS INJURIES• Sprain: Injury to a joint which usually occurs when a ligament is wrenched or torn• Strain: Injury to the body of

the muscle or to the attachment of a tendon. Usually are associated with overuse• Shin Splint: tibialis anterior

muscle tearing away from the tibia• Hamstring injury – strain or

tear of any of the three hamstring muscles that straighten the hip and bend the knee

TERMS ASSOCIATED WITH PARALYSIS• Paralysis: Loss of sensation and voluntary muscle movements

in a muscle through disease or injury to its nerve supply. Damage can be either temporary or permanent

•*** -paresis = partial or incomplete paralysis•***-plegia = paralysis• Myoparesis – weakness or slight muscular paralysis• Hemiparesis: Slight paralysis or weakness affecting one side of

the body

MORE PARALYSIS TERMS• Hemiplegia: total paralysis affecting only one side of the

body• Paraplegia: Paralysis of both legs and lower half of the

body• Quadriplegia: Paralysis of all four extremities• Cardioplegia :Paralysis of the heart muscle• Can be caused by trauma, often

intentional in surgery

DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES• Range of Motion testing: evaluates joint mobility and muscle strength• Electromyography: Diagnostic test that measures the electrical activity within muscle fibers in response to nerve stimulation•Muscle biopsy: Removal of a plug of tissue for examination

TREATMENTS• Antispasmotic – AKA anticholinergic – suppresses smooth muscle contractions of the stomach, intestine and bladder. Often given before surgery to relax these muscles

• Ergonomics – study of the human factors that affect the design and operation of tools and the work environment.

• Myofascial release – specialized soft-tissue manipulation technique used to ease pain

• Therapeutic ultrasound – High frequency sound waves to treat muscle injuries

MORE TREATMENTS

• Fasciotomy – surgical incision through the fascia to relieve tension or pressure• Relieves compartment syndrome

• Fascioplasty – surgical repair of the fascia

• Tenodesis (ten-ODD-eh-sis) – surgical suturing a tendon to a bone

• Tenolysis (ten-OL-ih-sis) – release of a tendon from adhesions (-lysis = set free)

• Tenorrhaphy (ten-OR-ah-fee) – suturing together the divided ends of a tendon

• Myorrhaphy (my-OR-ah-fee) – surgical suturing of a muscle