Repaso College Board- Ingles

7/27/2019 Repaso College Board- Ingles

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Talent Search Program

UPR- Rio Piedras

English(Ingls)

College Board Review


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Affirmative Statements

An affirmative statement states something that is true, or that it will happen. In an affirmative

statement, the verb follows the subject.

Example:o I am awake. (Correct)o They are ready. (Correct)o He are going (Incorrect. The helping verb should be is).o They is going (Incorrect. The helping verb should be are).

In the first example, the verb am follows the subject I. In the second example, the verb are follows the

subject they. In written English, statements are always followed by a period. Statements and questions

must begin with a capital letter.

INSTRUCTIONS: Use the words below to make these sentences as affirmative statements.

1. I / to read a book -

2. it / to rain -

3. he / to drive the car -

4. they / to buy a computer -

5. the cat / to sleep on the chair-

6. Jane and Emily / to do their homework-____________________________________________

7. Bill / to wait at the bus stop-____________________________________________________

8. we / to listen to the radio-______________________________________________________

9. the children / to play a game-____________________________________________________

10. Laura / to walk the dog-_______________________________________________________

Practice Exercises


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Negative Statements

In the Simple Present of the verb to be, negative statements are formed by adding the word not after

the verb.

e.g. I am not awake. (Correct)

They are not ready. (Correct)

He arenot going (Incorrect, the helping verb should be is)

In the first example, not follows the verb am. In the second example, not follows the verb are.

INSTRUCTIONS: Use the words below to make sentences as negative statements.

1. I / to read a book -

2. it / to rain -

3. he / to drive the car -

4. they / to buy a computer -

5. the cat / to sleep on the chair-

6. Jane and Emily / to do their homework-___________________________________________

7. Bill / to wait at the bus stop-_________________________________________________

8. we / to listen to the radio-___________________________________________________

9. the children / to play a game-_________________________________________________

10. Laura / to walk the dog-____________________________________________________

Practice Exercises


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Tag Questions

A tag question is a question added at the end of a sentence. A tag question following an affirmative

statement generally has the form of a negative question, with the meaning: Isnt that true? (In Spanish:

Fuistes a la clase, verdad?) In some languages, such tag questions are invariable. However, in English,

tag questions vary, depending on the verbs and subjects of the preceding statements.

In spoken English, contractions are usually used in negative questions. In the contracted form ofa negative question, the contraction of not follows immediately after the verb.

For example:

Without contractions With contractions

To one person Are you not awake? Arent you awake?

To one person Is he not awake? Isnt he awake?

To more than one person Are we not awake? Arent we awake?

To more than one person Are they not awake? Arent they awake?

In the following examples, the tag questions are underlined. Contractions are usually used in negative

tag questions. For example:

Affirmative statement Affirmative statement with tag question

I am awake. I am awake, am I not?

He plays today. He plays today, doesnt he?

I (do) work tomorrow. I work tomorrow, dont I?

He played. He played, didnt he?

You are awake. You are awake, arent you?

She is awake. She is awake, isnt she?

We are awake. We are awake, arent we?

They are awake. They are awake, arent they?


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These examples illustrate how subjects and verbs of the preceding statements are repeated in tag

questions. For instance, in the first example, the subject I and the verb am are repeated in the tag

question. In the second example, the subject you and the verb are are repeated in the tag question.

In spoken English, the expression arent I? (incorrect) is often used as a tag question. However, this isnot considered to be grammatically correct in formal, written English.

INSTRUCTIONS: Put in the correct question tags.

Example: Peter works in the shop, Answer: Peter works in the shop, doesnt he?

1. She is collecting stickers,____________________?

2. We often watch TV in the afternoon,____________________?

3. You have brushed your teeth,____________________?

4. John and Max dont like Math,____________________?

5. Peter played handball yesterday,____________________?

6. They are going home from school,____________________?

7. Mary didnt do her homework last Monday,____________________?

8. He could have passed the exam,____________________?

9. Kevin will arrive tonight,____________________?

10. Im clever,____________________?

Modifiers

In grammar, a modifier is an optional element in phrase structure or clause structure; the removal of

the modifier typically doesnt affect the grammaticality of the sentence.

In English, adverbs and adjectives prototypically function as modifiers, but they also have other

functions. Moreover, others can function as modifiers as the following examples show:

Practice Exercises


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[Put itgentlyin the drawer]. (adverb in verb phrase) Spanish: [Coloque eso cuidadosamente en la gaveta]. She set it down [verygently]. (adverb in adverb phrase) He was [verygentle]. (adverb in adjective phrase) Spanish: El fue [bien cuidadoso]. [Even more]people were there. (adverb in determiner phrase) It ran [rightup the tree]. (adverb in prepositional phrase) It was [a nice house]. (adjective in noun phrase) His desk was in [thefacultyoffice]. (noun in noun phrase) [The swiftly flowing waters] carried it away. (verb phrase in noun phrase) I saw[the man whom we met yesterday]. (clause in noun phrase) She's [the woman with the hat]. (preposition phrase in noun phrase) It's not[thatimportant]. (determiner in adjective phrase) [A fewmore] workers are needed. (determiner in determiner phrase) We've already[gone twelve miles]. (noun phrase in verb phrase) She is [two inches taller than I]. (noun phrase in verb adjective phrase) landmines (pre-modifier) mines in wartime (post-modifier) time immemorial(post-modifier)

Determiners

Determiners are words placed in front of a noun to

make it clear what the noun refers to. For example: the word peopleby itself is a general reference to

Note:

A pre-modifier is a modifier placed before

the head (the modified component).

A post-modifier is a modifier placed after

the head, for example:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determiner_(class)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prepositionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prepositionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determiner_(class)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verb


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some group of human beings. If someone says thesepeople(esas personas), we know which group

they are talking about, and if they say a lot ofpeople, we know how big the group is.

Classes of determiners

Definite and indefinite articles: the, a, an Demonstrative: this, that, these, those Possessives: my, your, his, her, its, our, their Quantifiers: a few, a little, much, many a lot of, most, some, any, enough, etc. Numbers: one, ten, thirty, etc. Distributives: all, both, half, either, neither, each, every Difference words: other, another Question words: which, what, whose Defining words: which, whose

Modifier placement

Since a modifier is a word or a phrase that describes something else, you should place it as close as

possible to what it describes. If you dont, your intended meaning may not be clear.

Check the unintentional meanings in the following sentences:

El joven buscaba su mascota con la guitarra. The young girl was walking the dog in a short skirt. The dog was chasing the boy with the spiked collar.

You can see whats wrong. The dog isnt in a short skirtand the boy doesnt have a spiked collar.

Because the modifieris misplaced, we have to think for a minute before we get the intended meaning.

The correct versions are:

El joven con la guitarra buscaba su mascota. The young girl in a short skirtwas walking the dog. The dog with the spiked collarwas chasing the boy.


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INSTRUCTIONS: Select the correctly written sentence in each group with emphasis in the placement of

modifiers.

1. Select the correctly written sentence in this group.

a. Spending way too much money on his old car, Freds salary just wasnt enough.

b. Spending way too much money on his old car, Fred soon found he used more than his salary.


a. To become a respected politician, one must administer campaign funds carefully

b. To become a respected politician, campaign funds must be carefully administered.


a. I like to listen to rock music doing my homework.

b. I like to listen to rock music while I do my homework.


a. The soccer team only won four games in the last three years.

b. The soccer team won only four games in the last three years.


a. Without a plan for the weekend, we decided to take in a Saturday matinee.

b. Without a plan for the weekend, a Saturday matinee seemed a good idea at the time.


a. The children were delighted by the monkeys swinging wildly through the trees.

b. Swinging wildly through the trees, the children were delighted by the monkeys.

Practice Exercises


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Direct and Indirect Object Phrases

A direct objectis a noun or pronoun that receives the action of a transitive verbin an active sentence

or shows the result of the action. It answers the question What? or Whom? after an action verb.

For example: Mary burnt the toast. (What did Mary burn? The toast. toast is the direct object.

An indirect objectprecedes the direct object and tells to whom or for whom the action of the verb is

done and who is receiving the direct object. There must be a direct object to have an indirect object.

Indirect objects are usually found with verbs giving or communicating like give, bring, tell, show, take, or

offer.

An indirect object is always a noun or pronoun which is not part of a prepositional phrase.

For example: She gave me the report. (Who received the report? Me.)

INSTRUCTIONS: Read the sentence provided and choose whether the underlined phrase presents an

example of a direct or an indirect object.

1. My boss speech caused a great amount of relief.

a. Direct object

b. Indirect object

2. The teacher is giving students a set of pencils.

a. Direct object

b. Indirect object

3. Give me your glasses.

a. Direct object

b. Indirect object

4. Ill call youa taxi.

a. Direct object

b. Indirect object

Practice Exercises


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5. They owe the landlord a small amount.

a. Direct object

b. Indirect object

Parallelism (Phrases in Series)

Phrases in a series need to be in the same form in order to make sense easily in a sentence. That is, if

you have a series of coordinate (equally important) phrases in a sentence, you need to put them into the

same grammatical form (all ing words, all past tense, all starting with nouns, etc.) in order to make

sense. The form itself doesnt matter; the consistency does.

For example, the phrases in the following sentences do not agree in form, and have to be readover in order to make sense:

Incorrect sense: Henry James Sr. liked reading and writing philosophy, discussing hisideas with his sons William and Henry and to offer opportunities to his children to

pursue whatever interests developed.

o Most phrases start with ing-words, so, to offer should be changed to offeringto make sense.

Correct sense: Henry James Sr. liked reading and writing philosophy, discussing his ideaswith his sons William and Henry and offering opportunities to his children to pursue

whatever interests developed.

INSTRUCTIONS: Rewrite each sentence to fix all parallelism errors.

1. An actor knows how to memorize his lines and getting into character.________________________________________________________________________

Practice Exercises


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2. Tell me where you were, what you were doing, and your reasons for doing it.________________________________________________________________________

3. Clarks daily experiences include running, swimming, and to lift weights.________________________________________________________________________

4. To donate money to the homeless shelter is helping people stay warm in the winter.

________________________________________________________________________

5. Jim likes to work outside and to help people.

________________________________________________________________________

6. We followed the path through the forest, over the hill, and we went across the river.________________________________________________________________________

7. The writer was brilliant and was talented.________________________________________________________________________

8. After the party, we want to either go to a movie or to a diner.________________________________________________________________________

9. She told Jake to take out the trash, to mow the lawn, and be listening for the phone call.________________________________________________________________________


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10.Marcie studied for the test by reviewing her class notes and she read her textbook.

________________________________________________________________________

Prepositions

A preposition linksnouns, pronouns and phrases to other words in a sentence. The word or

phrase that the preposition introduces is called the object of the preposition.

A preposition usually indicates the temporal, spatial or logical relationship of its object to therest of the sentence as in the following examples:

The book is on the table. The book is beneath the table. The book is leaning against the table. The book is beside the table. She held the book over the table. She read the book during class.

Prepositions Time

English Usage Example

on days of the week on Monday

in

months / seasons time of day year after a certain period of time(when?)

in August / in winter

in the morning

in 2006

in an hour


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at

for night for weekend a certain point of time (when?)

at night

at the weekend

at half past nine

since

from a certain point of time (past till now) since 1980

for over a certain period of time (past till now) for 2 yearsago a certain time in the past 2 years ago

before earlier than a certain point of time before 2004to telling the time ten to six (5:50)

past telling the time ten past six (6:10)

to / till / until

marking the beginning and end of a period oftime from Monday to/till Friday

till / until in the sense ofhow long something is going

to lastHe is on holiday until Friday.

by in the sense ofat the latest up to a certain time

I will be back by 6 oclock.

By 11 o'clock, I had read five

pages.

Prepositions Place (Position and Direction)


in

room, building, town, country book, paper etc. car, taxi picture, world

in the kitchen, in London

in the book

in the car, in a taxi

in the picture, in the world

at meaning next to, by an object for table

at the door, at the station

at the table


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for events place where you are to do something typical

(watch a film, study, work)

at a concert, at the party

at the cinema, at school, at work

on

attached a street for a place with a river being on a surface for a certain side (left, right) for a floor in a house for public transport for television, radio

the picture on the wall

I am on Cristina Street.

London lies on the Thames.

on the table

on the left

on the first floor

on the bus, on a plane

on TV, on the radio

by, next to, beside left or right of somebody or something Jane is standing by / next to /beside the car.

under on the ground, lower than (or covered by)

something elsethe bag is under the table

below lower than something else but above ground the fish are below the surface

over

covered by something else meaning more than getting to the other side (alsoacross) overcoming an obstacle

put a jacket over your shirt

over 16 years of age

walk over the bridge

climb over the wall

above higher than something else, but not directly

over ita path above the lake

across getting to the other side (alsoover) getting to the other side

walk across the bridge

swim across the lake

through something with limits on top, bottom and the

sidesdrive through the tunnel

to

movement to person or building movement to a place or country for bed

go to the cinema

go to London / Ireland

go to bed

into enter a room / a building go into the kitchen / the housetowards

movement in the direction of something (butnot directly to it)

go 5 steps towards the house

onto movement to the top of something jump onto the table


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from in the sense ofwhere from a flower from the garden

Other important Prepositions


from who gave it a present from Jane

Of who/what does it belong to what does it show

a page of the book

the picture of a palace

By who made it a book by Mark TwainOn

walking or riding on horseback entering a public transport vehicle

on foot, on horseback

get on the bus

In entering a car / Taxi get in the carOff leaving a public transport vehicle get off the train

out of leaving a car / Taxi get out of the taxiBy

rise or fall of something travelling (other than walking or horseriding)

prices have risen by 10 percent

by car, by bus

At for age she learned Russian at 45about for topics, meaning what about we were talking about you


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INSTRUCTIONS: Complete the exercise according to the picture.

1. __________ the picture, I can see a woman.

a) Atb) Inc) On

2. The woman is sitting __________ a table.

a) Atb) In front ofc) On

3. She is sitting __________ a chair.

a) Atb)

It

c) On4. There is another chair __________ the woman.

a) Acrossb) Besidec) Opposite

Practice Exercises


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5. Her feet are __________ the table

a) Besideb) Onc) Under

INSTRUCTIONS: Complete the following sentences by writing the correct time-related

preposition.

1. Peter is playing tennis ___________ Sunday.

2. My brother's birthday is ___________ the 5th of November.

3. My birthday is ___________ May.

4. We are going to see my parents ___________ the weekend.

5. ___________ 1666, a great fire broke out in London.

6. I don't like walking alone in the streets ___________ night.

7. What are you doing ___________ the afternoon?

8. My friend has been living in Canada ___________ two years.

9. I have been waiting for you ___________ seven o'clock.

10.I will have finished this essay ___________ Friday.

Pronouns

Pronouns are small words that take place of a noun. We can use a pronoun instead of a noun. Pronouns

are words like: he, you, ours, themselves, some, each, etc. If we didnt have pronouns, we would have to

repeat a lot of nouns.

Withoutpronouns, we would say:

Do you like the president? I dont like the president. The president is too pompous.


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With pronouns, we can say:

Do you like the president? I dont like him. He is too pompous.

Types of Pronouns

Personal pronouns:I, me, you, he, him, she Demonstrative pronouns:this, that, these, those Possessive pronouns:mine, yours, his Interrogative pronouns: who, what, which Reflexive pronouns:myself, yourself, himself Reciprocal pronouns: each other, one another Indefinite pronouns:another, much, nobody, few, such Relative pronouns:who, whom, which Pronoun case:subjective, objective, possessive


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INSTRUCTIONS: Use the correct personal pronouns. Watch the words in brackets.

Example: ___often reads books. (Lisa)Answer: She often reads books.

1. __________ is dreaming. (George)2. __________ is green. (the blackboard)3. __________ are on the wall. (the posters)4. __________ is running. (the dog)5. __________ are watching TV. (my mother and I)6. __________ are in the garden. (the flowers)7. __________ is riding the bike. (Tom)8. __________ is from Bristol. (Victoria)9. __________ has got a brother. (Diana)10.Have __________ got a computer, Mandy?

Connectives

A connective, or a conjunction as it is more formally known, is a part of speech that connects two words,

phrases, or clauses together.

Examples of connectives

Connective Translation Connective Translation

Whoever Quien quiera Although Aunque

Whatever Lo que sea Besides Adems

If Si (si vieve) But Pero

Practice Exercises


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Meanwhile Mientras tanto Since Desde

Moreover Adems Consequently Consecuentemente

Nonetheless Sin embargo Alternatively Alternativamente

For Para Henceforward De aqu en adelante

While Mientras Until Hasta

When Cuando Notwithstanding Con todo y que

As Si, como, cmo, cuan Whereas Considerando que

Furthermore En adicin Then Entonces

Therefore Por ende Because Porque

However Sin embargo Whenever Cuando sea

So Lo que significa que After Despus

And Y Nevertheless No obstante

With Con Yet Todava

INSTRUCTIONS: Choose the correct connective to use in the sentence provided.

1. Karen is rich; ___, her cousin Kate is poor.a) thereforeb) howeverc) otherwise

Practice Exercises


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2. Youd better take a taxi. ___, youll arrive late.a) moreoverb) furthermorec) otherwise

3. I enjoy reading this new magazine. ___, it has good articles.a) moreoverb) neverthelessc) however

4. Jack wasnt tired. ____, he took a nap.a) otherwiseb) hencec) nevertheless

5. Phil was not thirsty; ___, he drank five glasses of water.a) howeverb) moreoverc) furthermore

6. The kids didnt study. ___, they failed the course.a) thereforeb) nonethelessc) otherwise

7. The weather was terrible. ___, we decided to delay our trip.a) furthermoreb) besidesc) therefore

8. You must buy the tickets; ___, we wont be able to see that play.a) otherwiseb) althoughc) besides

9. The neighborhood isnt very interesting. I like the house, ___.a) moreoverb) thusc) though


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10.We live in the same building; ___, we hardly see each other.a) howeverb) thereforec) furthermore

Subject-Verb Agreement

The subject and verb must agree in number: both must be singular, or both must be plural. Problems

occur in the present tense because one must add ans ores at the end of the verb when the subject or

the entity performing the action is a singular third person: he, she, it, or words for which these

pronouns could substitute.

Notice the difference between singular and plural forms in the following examples:Singular Plural

The student sings. (He or she sings) Your children sing. (They sing)

The bird does migrate. (It does) Those birds do migrate. (They do)

INSTRUCTIONS: Select one answer from the choices provided after each sentence. The word

you choose should fit the blank in the sentence.

1. Either the physicians in this hospital or the chief administrator ____ going to have to

make a decision.

a. is

b. are

2. ______ my boss or my sisters in the union going to win this grievance?

a. Is

b. Are

Practice Exercises


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3. Some of the votes __________ to have been miscounted.

a. seem

b. Seems

4. The tornadoes that tear through this county every spring _____ more than just a

nuisance.

a. are

b. is

5. Everyone selected to serve on this jury _____ to be willing to give up a lot of time.

a. have

b. has

6. Kara Wolters, together with her teammates, _________ a formidable opponent on the

basketball court.

a. presents

b. present

7. He seems to forget that there __________ things to be done before he can graduate.

a. are

b. is

8. There _______ to be some people left in that town after yesterday's flood.

a. have

b. has

9. Some of the grain __________ to be contaminated.

a. appear

b. appears


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10.Three-quarters of the students __________ against the tuition hike.

a. is

b. are

Active and Passive Voice

In grammar, the voice (also called diathesis) of a verb describes the relationship between the

action (or state) that the verb expresses and the participants identified by its

arguments (subject, object, etc.). When the subject is the agent or doer of the action, the verb

is in the active voice. When the subject is the patient, target or undergoer of the action, it is

said to be in the passive voice.

For example, in the sentence: The catate the mouse.o The verb "ate" is in the active voice.

However, in the sentence: The mouse was eaten by the cat.o The verb phrase "was eaten" is passive.

In: The hunterkilledthe bear.o the verb "killed" is in the active voice

To make it passive: The bearwas killedby the hunter.o Change to the receiving action instead of the active action.

INSTRUCTIONS: Decide whether the sentences are written in Active or Passive.

1. They listen to music.

a. Active

b. Passive

Practice Exercises


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2. She is reading an e-mail.

a. Active

b. Passive

3. These cars are produced in Japan.

a. Active

b. Passive

4. Alan teaches Geography.

a. Active

b. Passive

5. German is spoken in Austria.

a. Active

b. Passive

6. Lots of houses were destroyed by the earthquake.a. Active

b. Passive

7. Henry Ford invented the assembly line.

a. Active

b. Passive

8. The bus driver was hurt.

a. Active

b. Passive


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9. You should open your workbooks.

a. Active

b. Passive

10.Houses have been built.

a. Active

b. Passive

Verb Phrases

Verb phrases consist of one main verb and one or more helping verbs (also called auxiliary

verbs).

Example:

Sometimes they are separated:


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Another Important Detail

Verb Phrases Act as Verbs. This seems obvious, right? They are made up of verbs. But, the point

here is that although they are made up of different words, all of the words come together

to act as one part of speech, a verb. Here are a few examples.

The cheesecake might be exploding. Did you call Owen? Owen has become a great cook.

INSTRUCTIONS: Identify the Verb Phrase in each sentence by underlining or circling it.

1. I am arriving in the morning.

2. I arrived as soon as possible.

3. She comes by every day.

4. Send me the package in the mail.

5. The new part was sent to me.

6. I am sending Jeff with the neighbors.

7. He should have tried again.

Reminder

When we ask questions, the auxiliary verb comes at the beginning of the

sentence, and the main verb comes later.

Words like never, not, and n'tcontraction are not part of the verb.

Practice Exercises


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8. The dog had suddenly come into the yard.

9. Has anyone taken out the trash?

10.Could they have been pointing at our car?

Comparative and Superlative Adjectives

Comparative adjectives compare the qualities of an object with another object.

Example: This sandwich is tastier than the one I ate yesterday.o (it is comparing the sandwich with the other one)

Superlative adjectives compare the qualities of an object with the rest of the objects with

relatively similar qualities.

Example:This sandwich is the tastiest of all the sandwiches Ive ever tasted.o (it is comparing the sandwich with all the sandwiches he/she has ever tasted)

Even though the concept may seem easy to understand, there are specific rules to change

words from the normal form to comparative/ superlative form.

One-syllable adjectives: Form the comparative and superlative forms of a one-syllableadjective by addinger for the comparative form andest for the superlative.

One-Syllable Adjective Comparative Form Superlative Form

tall taller tallest

old older oldest


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One-Syllable Adjective Comparative Form Superlative Form

long longer longest

Example:o Mary is tallerthan Max.o Mary is the tallestofall the students.o Max is olderthan John.o Ofthe three students, Max is the oldest.o My hair is longerthan your hair.o Max's story is the longeststory I've ever heard.

Also, If the one-syllable adjective ends with a single consonant with a vowel before it,double the consonant and adder for the comparative form; and double the consonant

and addest for the superlative form.

Adjective Comparative Form Superlative Form

Big bigger biggest

Thin thinner thinnest

Fat fatter fattest

Example:o My dog is biggerthan your dog.o My dog is the biggestofall the dogs in the neighborhood.o Max is thinnerthan John.o Ofall the students in the class, Max is the thinnest.

Note:

If the one-syllable adjective ends

with an e, just addr for the

comparative form andst for the


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o My mother is fatterthan your mother.o Mary is the fattestperson I've ever seen.

Two-syllable adjectives.

With most two-syllable adjectives, you form the comparative with more and the superlative

with most.

Two-Syllable

Adjective

Comparative Form Superlative Form

peaceful more peaceful most peaceful

pleasant more pleasant most pleasant

careful more careful most careful

thoughtful more thoughtful most thoughtful

Exampleo This morning is more peacefulthan yesterday morning.o Max's house in the mountains is the most peacefulin the world.o Max is more carefulthan Mike.o Ofall the taxi drivers, Jack is the most careful.o Jill is more thoughtfulthan your sister.o Mary is the most thoughtfulperson I've ever met.

Adjectives with three or more syllables

For adjectives with three syllables or more, you form the comparative with more and the

superlative with most.


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Example:o John is more generousthan Jack.o John is the most generousofall the people I know.o Health is more importantthan money.o Ofall the people I know, Max is the most important.o Women are more intelligentthan meno Mary is the most intelligentperson I've ever met.

Adjective with Three or

More Syllables

Comparative Form Superlative Form

generous more generous most generous

important more important most important

intelligent more intelligent most intelligent

Note:

Even though these rules apply to almost every word, there are some

exceptions to these rules. These are:

Irregular Adjective Comparative Form Superlative Form

Good better best

Bad worse worst

Far farther farthest

Little less least

Many more most


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INSTRUCTIONS: Write the correct comparative or superlative adjective depending on what

the sentence needs.

1. My suitcase is ________________ (+ large) than your suitcase.

2. This scarf is ________________ (+ beautiful) than the one in the window.

3. The palace Hotel was ________________ (+ expensive) than the Grosvenor.

4. John is a ________________ (+ good) gardener than Stuart.

5. They are not going to the ________________ (+ bad) hotel.

6. The palace is the ________________ (+ expensive) hotel.

7. John is the ________________ (+ good) gardener.

8. These are the ________________ (+ beautiful) colors.

9. Mr.Smith is ________________ (+ bad) today than yesterday.

10.I will go to the ________________ (+ amazing) air balloon ride ever.

Adverbs

Adverbs are words that modify verbs, adjectives, nouns and other adverbs by answering the

questions when, where, why, or under which conditions something happens or happened.

For Example

a verb = He drove slowly. How did he drive? an adjective = He drove a very fast car. How fast was his car. another adverb = She moved quite slowly down the aisle. How slowly did she move?

Practice Exercises


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Adverbs frequently end in -ly; however, many words and phrases not ending in -ly serve an

adverbial function and an -ly ending is not a guarantee that a word is an adverb. The

words lovely, lonely, motherly, friendly, neighborly, for instance, are adjectives:

Example: That lovely woman lives in a friendly neighborhood.

Practice Exercises

INSTRUCTIONS: Find the adjective in the first sentence and fill the gap with the adverb.

1. Joanne is happy. She smiles ____________________.

2. The boy is loud. He shouts ____________________.

3. Her English is fluent. She speaks English ____________________.

4. Our mum was angry. She spoke to us ____________________.

5. My neighbor is a careless driver. He drives ____________________.

6. The painter is awful. He paints ____________________.

7. Jim is a wonderful piano player. He plays the piano ____________________.

8. This girl is very quiet. She often sneaks out of the house ____________________.

9. She is a good dancer. She dances really ____________________.

10.This exercise is simple. You have to put one word in each space ___________________.


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Inference

Inference is when you use clues from a story to figure out something that the author doesnt

directly tell you.

Example:Jimmy pulled hard on Sarahs braids. Poor Jimmy, he never saw the bananapeel on the floor. Thats how he broke his arm.

o (It doesnt tell us that he fell. However, we can infer that that was whathappened to him because of the comment Thats how he broke his arm.)

INSTRUCTIONS: See if you can infer an implied or hidden message in each of the following

selections.

Turner almost wished that he hadnt listened to the radio. He went to the closet and grabbed

his umbrella. He would feel silly carrying it to the bus stop on such a sunny morning.

1. Which probably happened?

a. Turner realized that he had an unnatural fear of falling radio parts.b. Turner had promised himself to do something silly that morning.c. Turner had heard a weather forecast that predicted rain.d. Turner planned to trade his umbrella for a bus ride.

Practice Exercises


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Larry, as your boss, I must say its been very interesting working with you, Miss Valdez said.

However, it seems that our companys needs and your performance style are not well

matched. Therefore, it makes me very sad to have to ask you to resign your position effective

today.

2. What was Miss Valdez telling Larry?

a. She would feel really bad if he decided to quit.b. He was being fired.c. He was getting a raise in pay.d. She really enjoyed having him in the office.

No, Honey, I dont want you to spend a lotof money on my birthday present. Just having you

for a husband is the only gift I need. In fact, Ill just drive my old rusty bucket of bolts down to

the mall and buy myself a little present. And if the poor old car doesn't break down, Ill be

back soon.

3. What is the message?

a. I dont want a gift.b. Buy me a new car.c. The mall is fun.d. Ill carry a bucket for you.


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Bill and Jessica were almost done taking turns choosing the players for their teams. It was

Jessicas turn to choose, and only Kurt was left. Jessica said, Kurt.

4. We can infer that ________

a. Kurt is not a very good player.b. Jessica was pleased to have Kurt on her team.c. Kurt was the best player on either team.d. Jessica was inconsiderate of Kurts feelings.

Using Context Clues To Derive Meaning

When we use context clues to derive meaning, we use whatever else is written in the sentence

to know what a word or phrase really means.

Example: We wore his glasses to improve his ocular perception.There are two words in this sentence that could present a problem: the word ocular and the

word perception. If we dont know what the words ocular or perception mean, we can derive

their meaning by using the words glasses and improve as context clues. We know that glasses

improve our sight. Therefore, the word ocular could mean eyes and perception, what we

perceive.

INSTRUCTIONS: Use the context to help you define the term in bold.

1. Your anecdote was so funny. Please tell another one.

a. A short account, usually personal

b. anything owned that has value

Practice Exercises


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c. a personal letter

d. act of helping

2. If you dont want to alienate people, you must be kind.

a. to divide

b. having an abundance of goods

c. a foreigner

d. to estrange

3. Sometimes people wont understand your abbreviations. You might want to spell them

out.

a. to set apart for a special purpose

b. a shortened form or a word or phrase

c. referring to beauty

d. highly skilled; proficient

4. The farmer has a great deal ofacreage. He will be planting for many weeks.

a. Animalsb. Tractors

c. collection of acres

d. barns

5. The pianist is quite adept. He plays beautifully.

a. Wealthy

b. highly skilledc. few skills

d. poor


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6. Know who your enemies are. If you know your adversaries, you can strike early.

a. Families

b. Friends

c. one who opposes another

d. pets

7. Do you really mean that? I would like you to affirm your position.

a. declare or state positively

b. enemies

c. friends

d. contradict

8. One can find a collection of newer cars in the affluent section of the city.

a. Poor

b. Wealthy

c. Business

d. Rundown

9. We should give everyone an equal amount. I will see that funds are allocated properly.

a. to act upon

b. to divide and distribute

c. to be wealthy

d. to not care

10. You can either stay here or go to the store. Those are your alternatives.a. two meanings

a. choicesb. back and forthc. none of the above


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Authors Purpose

An author writes for many reasons. An author may give you facts or true information about a

subject. Some authors write fiction stories or stories that are not true. They write these stories

to entertain you. Other authors may write to persuade or to try to get you to do something.

The general purpose of an author in its composition is often either to persuade, to inform, or to

entertain. Below are a few examples of what compositions with certain purposes might be.

Informative: News article, essay Persuasive: Essay Entertainment: Novel, short story, essay.

INSTRUCTIONS: Read the descriptions of each item and determine the authors purpose in

writing it (to entertain, persuade, or inform). Then, in a sentence or two, explain your

answer.

1. A story about a family trying to stick together and survive through the Great

depression in the Midwest in the 1930s

Authors Purpose: _____________________________

2. A section in a history book describing the conditions and causes of the Great

depression in the Midwest in the 1930s

Authors Purpose: _____________________________

Practice Exercises


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3. An instructional booklet describing how to operate an MP3 player

Authors Purpose: _____________________________

4. An article where the author argues that an IPOD music player is better than a ZUNE

Authors Purpose: _____________________________

5. A poem about why the IPOD is the greatest consumer electronic device ever made

Authors Purpose:_____________________________

6. The story of a young athlete who takes steroids and his life and future fall apart

Authors Purpose: _____________________________


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7. A medical report describing the effects of steroids on the human body

Authors Purpose: _____________________________

8. A speech written by Jose Canseco listing the negative effects of steroids and urging

young athletes to not use steroids

Authors Purpose: _____________________________

9. A booklet containing the school rules and the consequences for violating those rules

Authors Purpose: _____________________________

10.A story written about a young boy who moves to a new school and is bullied, but he

gains self-confidence by joining a sports team and learns to stand up for himself.

Authors Purpose: ___________________________


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Goals are the fuel in the

furnace of achievement

Repaso College Board- Ingles

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