Renewable energy from anaerobic digestion Comparison of ... · ILT2a-083-001 1/45 Renewable energy...

I LT2a-083-001 1/ 45

Renewable energy from anaerobic digestion

Comparison of different technologies – the road to successDr. Andreas Gronauer, coordinator of Bavarian biogas research network

Content:• motivation• technologies• situation in Bavaria• management of the process • evaluation: technical, biochemical, ecological, economical • key points for success

I LT2a-083-001 2/ 45

What ´ s sustainable in agriculture product ion?

Definit ion of sustainable development :

“development that "meets the needs of the present without com prom ising the abilit y of future generat ions to meet their own needs".

I t relates to the cont inuity of econom ic, social, inst itut ional and environmental aspects of human society, as well as the non-human environment .

UN, Brundt land Report , 1 9 8 7

I LT2a-083-001 3/ 45

mot ivat ion:predict ion of worldwide fossile oil demand

Oil demand:

aviation up to 2050:

2,7 – 9,4 times higher (IPCC)

Road traffic uo to 2030:

2,5 times higher (UPI)

1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

Mill

. Bar

relp

re d

ay

real andTheoretical oil production

Oil demand traffic

??

??

road trafficroad traffic

aviationaviationshippingshipping

I LT2a-083-001 4/ 45

mot ivat ion:CO2 concentrat ion in the atmosphere (IPCC, 2002)

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mot ivat ion:Anaerobic Digest ion in Europe

The European Commission White Paper on Renewable Sources of Energy• Goal of doubling from 6% (1995) to 20% (2030) the

share of renewable energies • Biomass to contribute more than 80% of the total

additional RES contribution by 2010• Biogas (livestock, sewage treatment, landfills) to

contribute an additional 15 Mtoe • Current contribution estimated at 1-2 Mtoe

I LT2a-083-001 6/ 45

mot ivat ion:EC White Paper on Renewable Sources of Energy

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

wind

water

photo

votai

k

biomas

s

geoth

ermie

solar

colle

ctors

sum

Mio

t cru

de o

il eq

u.

(1995)

aim (2010)

necessary gain

~ 15 Mio ha biomass in the EU

=but only 10%of

Energy demand in the EU

0,002

0,26

0,258

I LT2a-083-001 7/ 45

Anzahl der Biogasanlagen in Bayern ( 2 0 0 6 )

1 - 1 5

1 6 - 3 0

3 1 - 4 5

4 6 - 6 0

6 1 - 7 5

7 6 - 9 0

> 9 0

Anzahl Biogasanlagen inAnzahl Biogasanlagen inBayern* :Bayern* :

1 .3 5 41 .3 5 4

Anzahl Biogasanlagen jeAnzahl Biogasanlagen jeLandkreis [ n] * :Landkreis [ n] * :

Anm erkung:Anm erkung:* I n Bet rieb am 3 1 .1 2 .2 0 0 6( ink l. 1 0 % Dunkelziffer )

0

München

Augsburg

Ansbach

Würzburg

Bayreuth

Landshut

Regensburg

Darstellung: Halam a

Quelle: Biogasanlagen-Bet reiberbefragung Bayern 2006.

number of biogas plants in Bavar ia

number of biogas plants per subregion

com ment : operat ing 31.12.2006

situat ion in Bavar ia:num ber of biogas plants in Bavaria (2006)

I LT2a-083-001 8/ 45

0 2.000 4.000 6.000 8.000

Ist-Situation (Schätzung)

Technisches Potential

Ernterückstände und Exkremente NawaroIndustrielle Reststoffe Kommunale Reststoffe

GWhel pro Jahr1.806

7.235

situat ion in Bavar ia:evaluat ion of potent ials for biogas product ion in Bavar ia

LfLArbeits-

schwerpunkt„Biogas“

(Koordination: ILT)

(IPS) (IPS)

(IPZ)

(ITE)(ITE)

(IEM)(IEM)

(ILB) (ILB) (IAB)(IAB)

(AIW)(AIW)

(AQU)(AQU)

externe Partner

(ILT)Tier und Technik

(ILT)Tier und TechnikTier und Technik

LfLkey act iv it y

Biogascoordinator:

Dr. A. Gronauer

I LT2a-083-001 10/ 45

technology: lab scale and half scale experimental setup´ s 300 digester (228 Batch; 72 f low)

Batch-digester

Flow digester

I LT2a-083-001 11/ 45

technology: full scale plants (n= 42 )

I LT2a-083-001 12/ 45

Scient if ic screening of agr icultural biogas plants in Bavaria (Germany)

Object ives:

- Creat ion of a data pool concerning efficiency, funct ionality and reliabilit y of agr icultural biogas plants

- I mprovement of concepts applied in pract ice to increase the biogas yield from renewable pr imary products (RPP) , org. residues, manure

- Evaluat ion of applicability of different technologies for the digest ion of RPP

technology: evaluat ion of biogas plants in pract ice

I LT2a-083-001 13/ 45

technology: configurat ion of five selected biogas plants

Plant Start-up Stages Digester volume Storage capacity Temperature Digestate storage Engine El. capacityNo. year m³ m³ °C type kW1 2005 2 5.100 3.000 mesophilic covered Gas 6252 2004 2 3.400 1.500 mesophilic open Dual-fuel 5803 2004 3 1.960 1.106 thermophilic open 2504 2005 2 1.160 1.570 mesophilic open Gas 3245 2005 2 2.800 2.400 mesophilic covered Gas 347

Dual-fuel

I LT2a-083-001 14/ 45

• Scale for input mater ial• Biogas flow meter• Biogas analyzer (CH4, O2, H2S; possibly CO2, H2)• Elect r ic meter for generated elect r icit y + own

elect r icity demand

+ Regular sam pling for chem ical analysis:• Qualit y cont rol of input : DM, oDM, ( total C, N)• Project ion of methane yield: Weender, van Soest• Digester content : DM, oDM, individual volat ile fat t y

acids (alternat ively: total organic acids + alcalinity) , NH4-N, (pH)

• Digestate: DM, oDM, ( total C, N, total organic acids)

Measuring equipm ent / process m onitoring

I LT2a-083-001 15/ 45

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

1 2 3 4 5Plant ID

Rel

ativ

e sh

are

[% F

M]

Maize silage Liquid manure Solid manureGrass silage Whole crop silage ShredSudan grass silage Corn-cob-mix Mash from maize grainsWater Other

management of the process: m ix of input mater ials

Different fodder causes different biodegradability, m ethane potent ial and nut rit ion qualit y of m icro organism

I LT2a-083-001 16/ 45

f irst key quest ion for success:

? Process stability ?

I LT2a-083-001 17/ 45

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

35001

/06

02/0

6

03/0

6

04/0

6

05/0

6

06/0

6

07/0

6

08/0

6

09/0

6

10/0

6

11/0

6

12/0

6

01/0

7

02/0

7

03/0

7

04/0

7

05/0

7

06/0

7

07/0

7

08/0

7

09/0

7

kWel

.*t-1

bzw

. t*d

-1

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Leistung Leistung (MW 30 d) Methangehalt

BR= 2 ,5 BR= 1 ,0 BR= 2 ,6BR= 2 ,0

me

tha

nco

nte

nt

%

kW

el.

*t-

1;

t d

-1

power power 30 d average methane

management of the process: pract ice exam ple:

stop of feedin (1 weeks)


opt im izat ion of feeding rat io

I LT2a-083-001 18/ 45

management of the process: pract ice exam ple:

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

01/0

6

02/0

6

03/0

6

04/0

6

05/0

6

06/0

6

07/0

6

08/0

6

09/0

6

10/0

6

11/0

6

12/0

6

01/0

7

02/0

7

03/0

7

04/0

7

05/0

7

06/0

7

07/0

7

08/0

7

09/0

7

mg*

l-1

0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1

1,2

1,4

1,6

FFS gesamt Essigsre. Propionsre. iso-Buttersre. FOS/TAC



opt im izat ion of feeding rat io

I LT2a-083-001 19/ 45

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

11/0

6

12/0

6

01/0

7

02/0

7

03/0

7

04/0

7

05/0

7

06/0

7

07/0

7

08/0

7

08/0

7

kWh

el.

09/0

7

cont inous increase of elect r icit y fed into the grid4300 to 5800 and 7150 KWh/ d

~ increase of cash flow 8 0 0 € to 1100 and 1 3 0 0 € per day

management of the process: pract ice exam ple: effect of opt im zat ion

I LT2a-083-001 20/ 45

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

06/06 08/06 10/06 12/06 02/07 04/07

Time

Ele

ctri

c po

wer

out

put [

kW]

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

Aci

d co

ncen

trat

ion

[mg

acet

ic a

cid

equi

v.*l

-1]

Power output Acetic acid F1 Propionic acid F1Volatile fatty acids (cumul.) F1 Acetic acid F2 Propionic acid F2Volatile fatty acids (cumul.) F2

evaluat ion: process monitor ing – plant No. 5

I LT2a-083-001 21/ 45

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

06/06 08/06 10/06 12/06 02/07 04/07

Time

Ele

ctri

c po

wer

out

put [

kW]

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

Aci

d co

ncen

trat

ion

[mg

acet

ic a

cid

equi

v.*l

-1]

Power output Acetic acid F1 Propionic acid F1Volatile fatty acids (cumul.) F1 Acetic acid F2 Propionic acid F2Volatile fatty acids (cumul.) F2

evaluat ion: process monitor ing – plant No. 5

process stabilit y

is one key factor for success !

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Content:• motivation• situation in Bavaria• technologies• management of the process• evaluation: technical, biochemical, ecological, economical• key points for success• summary

I LT2a-083-001 23/ 45

100 200 300 400 m3*t-1 600

2536

Liquid cattle manureLiquid swine manure

93103

Fodder beetsGrass

155171

195 202

Green maize, dough stageMaize silage, dough stage, high-grain

Grass silage, first cutMaize silage, waxy stage, high-grain

3539

Potato mash, freshWhey

68 90

291

Potato peelingsSilage from sugar beet leafs

Brewer`s grain silage

220Food waste400

469486

552600

657

Skimmed greaseMolasses

Waste breadCanola cake, 15 % fat

Waste greaseBaking wastes

evaluation: Biogas product ion of different input mater ials (FM)

I LT2a-083-001 24/ 45



Content:• motivation• situation in Bavaria• technologies• management of the process• evaluation: technical, biochemical, ecological, economical • key points for success• summary

I LT2a-083-001 25/ 45

evaluat ion: history of German renewable energy law

Degression 2%Laufzeit 15 Jahre

Degression 1%Laufzeit 20 Jahre

Degression 1,5%Laufzeit 20 Jahre

0

5

10

15

20

25

1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008

Current Entry Law (StrEG)

Renewable EnergyLaw (EEG)

Renewable Energy Law (EEG) Novelle (150 kW;o.KWK;o. Tec)

ct/kWh

Novel of EEGct/kWh ren. crops CHP Tec

bis 150 kW 11,5 + 6,0 + 2,0 + 2,0bis 500 kW 9,9 + 6,0 + 2,0 + 2,0bis 5 MW 8,9 + 4,0 + 2,0 + 2,0über 5 MW 8,9 - + 2,0 -

NovelNovel of EEGof EEGct/kWh ren. crops CHP Tec

bis 150 kW 11,5 + 6,0 + 2,0 + 2,0bis 500 kW 9,9 + 6,0 + 2,0 + 2,0bis 5 MW 8,9 + 4,0 + 2,0 + 2,0über 5 MW 8,9 - + 2,0 -

I LT2a-083-001 26/ 45

Jun

06

Jul 0

6

Aug

06

Sep

06

Okt

06

Nov

06

Dez

06

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Nov

05

Dez

05

Jan

06

Feb

06

Mrz

06

Apr

06

Mai

06

[€/kWel]

evaluat ion: elect r icity sales during 1st year of operat ion

plant 1plant 2plant 3

9 6 0 € / kW el

1 .2 8 0 € / kW el

1 .3 8 0 € / kW el

source: Röhling, Keymer 2008, LfL- I LB

I LT2a-083-001 27/ 45

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1st month 2nd month 3rd month 4th month 5th month

[€/kWel]

~ 8 4 .0 0 0 .- -€

2 3 0 € / kW el

plant 1plant 2plant 3

evaluat ion: elect r icity sales during start -up phase (5 months)


I LT2a-083-001 28/ 45

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

4.000

Biogas plantintegrated into

farm

Biogas plantas separateenterpr ise

Average

Data base:

10 Bavar ian pilot plants

[€/kWel]

2,400 €/ kWel

Ø 3 6 0 kW el

3,550 €/ kWel

Ø 3 5 4 kW el

3,200 €/ kWel

Ø 3 5 6 kW el

evaluat ion: specif ic investment costs


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1 7 .1 0 Cent / kW hel

Receipts per kWhel: 17,10 Cent

Data base: n= 5, 1st year of operat ion, avg. installed elect r ical capacit y: 324 kW

evaluat ion: calculat ion of revenue


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Receipts per kWhel: 17,10 Cent

Fixed costs per kWhel: - 6,42 Cent

Operat ing costs per kWhel: - 2,98 Cent

7,70 Cent� Labor, costs for input , debt service

7 .7 0 6 .4 2

2 .9 8

Data base: n= 5, 1st year of operat ion, avg. installed elect r ical capacit y: 324 kW

evaluat ion: calculat ion of revenue


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Content:• motivation• situation in Bavaria• technologies• management of the process• evaluation: technical, biochemical, ecological, economical • key points for success• summary

I LT2a-083-001 32/ 45

evaluat ion: GHG em issions: model calculat ions

+ Open digestate storageVariant 5 :

+ Plant elect r icit y dem and supplied from gridVariant 4 :

+ No heat useVariant 3 :

+ 100 % renewable prim ary products (RPP) as inputVariant 2 :

• 1/ 3 of organic dry m at ter input from anim al m anure• Feed- in of surplus elect r icit y only• Gas recovery during digestate storage• 65 % ut ilizat ion rat io for off-heat

Variant 1 :

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evaluat ion: residual biogas (digestate storage)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

ID biogas plant

Bio

gas

[Nm

3B

ioga

s/t o

DM

]

38°C 22°C

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evaluat ion: residual biogas (digestate storage)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

ID biogas plant

Bio

gas

[Nm

3B

ioga

s/t o

DM

]

38°C 22°CLow residual biogas product ion = low CH4-em ission

is one key factor for environmental success !

I LT2a-083-001 35/ 45

evaluat ion: GHG emissions: Balance of GHG em issions

-400

-200

0

200

400

600

GH

Gem

issi

ons

from

ele

ctri

city

pro

duct

ion

[g C

O2-

equ.

per

kWhe

l]

Variant 1 2 3 4 5

206179

277

-204

-13

Errichtung der Anlage Strombezug Nawaro-BereitstellungMethanschlupf Sonstige Methanemissionen Methan aus GärrestlagerMinderemissionen Widü Wärmegutschrift Summe

ConstructionMethane slippageBonus manure dig.

Grid electricityDiff. methane emissionsBonus heat use

Production of RPMMethane from digestate storageSum of GHG emissions

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evaluat ion: balance of GHG em issions of 5 biogas plants

193

-21

-279

335

144

-400

-200

0

200

400

600

GH

Gem

issi

ons

from

ele

ctri

city

pro

duct

ion

[g C

O2-

equ.

per

kWhe

l]2

-400,0

-200,0

0,0

200,0

400,0

600,0

energy production German current mix (616)

average of 5 plants

plant 1 2 3 4 5

Strombezug Nawaro-BereitstellungSonstige Methanemissionen Methan aus GärrestlagerWärmegutschrift Summe

ConstructionMethane slippageBonus manure dig.fossil fuel for engine

Grid electricityDiff. methane emissionsBonus heat use

Production of RPMMethane from digestate storageSum of GHG emissions

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evaluat ion: GHG emissions: summary (GHG em issions)

• Specific GHG em issions of elect r icit y product ion from biogas (RPP + manure) signif icant ly below current German gr id em issions

• Measures to effect ively reduce GHG em issions of agr icultural biogas plants– Reduce leakiness of biogas installat ions– Recover biogas dur ing digestate storage– Feed- in surplus elect r icity only

• Addit ional factors to reduce GHG em issions– Efficient heat use– Anaerobic digest ion of animal manure

• Research demand for N2O-em issions from RPP product ion

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evaluat ion: GHG emissions: sanitary effects of anaerobic digest ion

0.04 - 0.15> 1 (3 CFU →→→→ <0.3 CFU)Thermophilic campylobacters

0.27 - 2.04> 2 (102 →→→→ <100)Yersinia enterocolitica

10629 10629 -- 4000004000000 0 -- --0.50.5Clostridium perfringens

3298 3298 -- 40000040000000Bacillus cereus group

0.48 - 1.2not detectedRotavirus sp.

0.12 - 0.36not detectedEnterovirus sp.

4 - 6.8 (1. phase)

< 0.8 [8.9 (- 121.3121.3)]

n.a.

(ca. 4?)

0.12 - 1.6

T99.99 (h) thermophilicBerbling / literature

scoreReduction (10log)Berbling (8-9h, 55°C)

Parameter

4.8 - 6.0< bathing water directiveFecal coliforms

not detectedNorovirus (Gg1+2)

> 2.5 - 3.0Intestinal enterococci

> 5Cryptosporidium parvum

3.5 - 5.6≤≤≤≤ bathing water directiveColiforms / Serratia marcescens

moresen

sitive at

thermophilic

conditions, to

o:

all relvant a

gentsof vir

al ep

izootic

s

(M. H

oferer

, 2001

)

MGRT: > 4 h (8 - 9 h) at ≥≥≥≥ 55°C







4 - 6.8 (1. phase)

< 0.8 [8.9 (- 121.3121.3)]

n.a.

(ca. 4?)

0.12 - 1.6



Parameter






moresen

sitive at

thermophilic

conditions, to

o:

all relvant a

gentsof vir

al ep

izootic

s

(M. H

oferer

, 2001

)

MGRT: > 4 h (8 - 9 h) at ≥≥≥≥ 55°C

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evaluat ion: GHG emissions: sanitary effects of anaerobic digest ion







4 - 6.8 (1. phase)

< 0.8 [8.9 (- 121.3121.3)]

n.a.

(ca. 4?)

0.12 - 1.6



Parameter






moresen

sitive at

thermophilic

conditions, to

o:

all relvant a

gentsof vir

al ep

izootic

s

(M. H

oferer

, 2001

)

MGRT: > 4 h (8 - 9 h) at ≥≥≥≥ 55°C







4 - 6.8 (1. phase)

< 0.8 [8.9 (- 121.3121.3)]

n.a.

(ca. 4?)

0.12 - 1.6



Parameter






moresen

sitive at

thermophilic

conditions, to

o:

all relvant a

gentsof vir

al ep

izootic

s

(M. H

oferer

, 2001

)

MGRT: > 4 h (8 - 9 h) at ≥≥≥≥ 55°C

reduct ion of pathogenes

9 9 ,9 9 %

or

4 log

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• Realist ic econom ical project ion• Ut ilizat ion of heat energy• Reasonable const ruct ion costs, part icularly for sm aller plants• Flexible design to facilitate extension• Cost , qualit y and m ix of input m aterials• Well-dim ensioned technical installat ions• Well im plem entat ion in the local infrast ructure ( logist ics + heat

usage)• Process m onitoring and cont rol• Biogas t reatm ent (de-watering, de-sulphurizat ion)• High engine ut ilizat ion rat io (aim : 8000 operat ing-h* a-1 = 91 % )• Low residual m ethane potent ial (aim : < 3% of input ) or closed

digestate storage inclusive gas ut ilisat ion• Addit ional ecological benefits like sanitat ion of m anure

key points for succes

I LT2a-083-001 41/ 45

What ´ s sustainable in agriculture product ion?

Definit ion of sustainable development :

“development that "meets the needs of the present without com prom ising the abilit y of future generat ions to meet their own needs".

I t relates to the cont inuity of econom ic, social, inst itut ional and environmental aspects of human society, as well as the non-human environment .

UN, Brundt land Report , 1 9 8 7

I LT2a-083-001 42/ 45

further informat ions:

www.lfl.bayern.de/ilt

Thank You

very mutch

for Your

attendance

Renewable energy from anaerobic digestion Comparison of ... · ILT2a-083-001 1/45 Renewable energy...

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