Renderers a Guide

7/30/2019 Renderers a Guide

1/4

3dworldmag.com

ew other parts o the 3D market oer quitethe thrilling and oten bemusing diversityas rendering sotware. While most artists

are content to use the tools built into their primaryapplication or one o a small number o specialistpackages or modelling, texturing and animation,rendering solutions multiply like rabbits. In thepreliminary research or this article, we countedover 40 currently in use and thats beore you getto the CAD industry. Sometimes, you suspect thatdevelopers are writing them just or the un o it

So or anyone overwhelmed by the sheer range o

systems available, weve put together this guide orthe perplexed. But rst, a ew basic questions.

Do you need a third-party renderer?The rst question to ask when choosing a renderer iswhether you actually need a third-party solution. Formodo and Cinema 4D users, the answer is probablyno. Artists we spoke to commented that Cinemasbase engine is adequate or many jobs, althoughmost proessionals also use Maxons AdvancedRender 3 module. Similarly, NewTek evangelist WilliamVaughan estimates that 90 per cent o LightWaveusers work with the built-in renderer.

Over in the 3ds Max and Maya communities,things are rather dierent, with most mid-to-largeVFX houses opting or a RenderMan-compliantsystem such as RenderMan, 3Delight or AIR;while most visualisation studios opt or one othe big three 3ds Max renderers, V-Ray, Brazil r/sand nalRender, or their GI capabilities and highraytracing speed. Houdinis built-in Mantra rendereroers a hybrid o the two approaches: its singlebiggest underestimated eature, according to Black

Mountain VFXs Abdelkareem Abonamous.

Does VFX have to mean RenderMan?In serious visual eects work, its easy to assumethat there is only one renderer in town: PixarsRenderMan. But that isnt necessarily the case.RenderMan is great i you have enough o a teamto support it, says VFX supervisor Allan McKay, aveteran o ILM, Blur Studio and Prime Focus. A loto small and mid-sized studios just automaticallyassume their work is going to look as good as thebig boys i they use it. Its like buying a Flame suitebecause you hear its good or compositing.

For smaller studios, RenderMan-compliant systemslike 3Delight, AIR or even the open-source Aqsis

and Pixie oer many o the benets without suchheavy technical overheads, while McKay notes thatmental ray is also worth considering. RenderMan is

much more fexible and open, so its very ast whenoptimised. But mental ray is really solid or certainthings like water and glass.

Do you need a physically based system?O all o the issues raised here, the pros and conso physically based rendering have probablybeen responsible or the most fame wars overthe past ve years. While conventional renderers

use mathematical shortcuts to approximate thebehaviour o light, sacricing absolute realism orspeed and controllability, newer systems such asMaxwell Render, ryrender and Indigo Renderer usealgorithms that closely replicate the real world. Suchpackages progressively rene the rendered resultover time, resulting in a trade-o between speedand image quality. They oer potentially unparalleledresults, but many artists nd them agonisingly slow.

So which is better? While most visualisationstudios we spoke to used V-Ray or most o theirwork, physically based renderers also had staunchsupporters; while some used both, either on a per-jobbasis, or employing a physically based renderer to getan idea o what overall lighting levels should be.This one really does come down to personal taste.

The right renderer or the jobOver the next six pages, you can nd proles oten o the most important renderers currently onthe market and what their users eel are theirstrengths and weaknesses. For reasons o space,we havent included renderers intended primarily

or industrial design tools or SketchUp. Nor havewe covered renderers still awaiting a 1.0 release,such as LuxRender or FurryBall; or those on whichdevelopment has been discontinued, such as Gelatoor BMRT. And, with the exception o mental ray, weelt that it was unnecessary to review the built-inrender engines o the main 3D packages in detail,since most people are already amiliar with them.

The summary table at the end o the article listsother key third-party renderers and built-in renderengines, and you can nd a more inormation on ourwebsite, including an extended version o this article.But or now, happy render hunting!

More information online: tinyurl.com/renderers

The making o 2012

F

048 | | February 2010

GLOSSARYKey technical termsused in this article

Biased rendering

>Any rendering system thatdoes not converge on thecorrect solution when manyrenders o the same sceneare averaged. Bias otenoccurs when an algorithmignores or misrepresents thecontribution o a particularlighting eect or example,reected or reracted light or the sake o computationalspeed. Many standardalgorithms, including mostradiosity methods and photonmapping, are biased.

RenderMan-compliant renderer

>A renderer that conorms toPixars RenderMan InteraceSpecifcation protocol. Otenknown as RIB renderersater RenderMans native

RIB fle ormat. The Pixarsotware commonly knownas RenderMan used tobe more strictly known asPhotoRealistic RenderManor PRMan, to distinguish itrom this protocol.

Unbiased rendering

> Any rendering system thatconverges on the correctsolution on average. The termis oten used interchangeablywith physically basedrendering, although this isnot actually accurate: a resultthat is physically correctis one that matches nature,whereas unbiased is purely amathematical concept.

01V-RayMany 3ds Max artists renderer o choice,

and especially ubiquitous in visualisation

> TYPE Biased/unbiased (depends on settings),non-RenderMan-compliant> PRIMARY USES VFX, visualisation> HOST APPLICATIONSNative support or: 3ds Max, Maya. Via thirdparty: Blender, Cinema 4D, Rhino, SketchUp> PRICE $999> DEVELOPER Chaos Group

At times, the presence o V-Ray in the sotwareused lists in online galleries seems so ubiquitousthat youd be orgiven or thinking that it camebuilt in to 3ds Max: just one measure o how muchthe speed and power o this Bulgarian-developedrenderer have endeared it to artists, both orvisualisation and personal work, and to a lesserextent, VFX. Although interviewees noted thatrecent updates to mental ray are encouragingsome studios to switch back, V-Rays all-roundstrengths, good orum support and large pool oreelance artists make it dicult to dislodge rom

its position o dominance in the industry.

EXPERT OPINIONGus Capote, art director, Neoscape

STRENGTHS

Great speed-to-render-quality ratio

Very stable on large scenes

Multiple calculation options, including brute

orce, irradiance maps and light cacheWEAKNESSES

Limited antialiasing on channel passes

Distributed rendering can create issues

with 3ds Maxs Backburner system

An industry standard:our o the fve previouswinning entries in theArchitectural 3D Awards,including this 2006 imageby Gustavo Capote, listV-Ray as the renderer used

Rendering sotware Rendering sotware

Text:JimThacker

Renderers:a guide

or the perplexedRenderMan or RenderMan-compliant? V-Ray or mental ray?Our guide to todays expanding rendering sotware market cutsthrough the conusion to help you fnd the renderer you really need

February 2010 | | 049


2/4

050 | | February 2010 3dworldmag.com

Rendering sotware

February 2010 | | 051

Rendering sotware

FPrime oers LightWave 3Dusers ast, intuitive interactiverendering on jobs such as thisprint ad rom Splashlight

04

HyperShotA little renderer rom the world o designvisualisation thats starting to make it big in DCC

> TYPE Biased, non-RenderMan-compliant> PRIMARY USES Visualisation> HOST APPLICATIONSNative support or: Pro/Engineer, Rhino, SketchUp,SolidWorks, SpaceClaim. Supports most DCCpackages via 3DS, Collada, FBX and OBJ ormats> PRICE $995 (HD edition: see website or others)> DEVELOPER Bunkspeed

With a development team including technicalAcademy Award winner Henrik Wann Jensen, therewas little doubt that HyperShot would turn out to bea bit special. Marketed as The rst digital cameraor your 3D data, ease o use was a priority romthe outset, with the renderer quickly nding avourwith industrial designers wanting to visualise theirown models, but put o by the complexities o Mayaor Showcase. Recently, however, DCC proessionalshave begun to realise the power concealed beneath

HyperShots deceptively simple exterior. Its a littlerenderer but it can kick ass, says Escape Studiostraining development director Lee Danskin.

EXPERT OPINION Mark Pritchard,design manager, Drive Design

STRENGTHS Extreme ease o use Very rapid results Deceptively fexible material systemWEAKNESSES Manipulation tools can be awkward

03

fnalRenderA ast, versatile raytracing render enginethat perorms strongly on complex scenes

> TYPE Biased, non-RenderMan compliant> PRIMARY USES VFX, visualisation> HOST APPLICATIONS 3ds Max, Cinema 4D, Maya> PRICE 6951,295($1,050-1,950: varies according to edition)> DEVELOPER cebas Visual Technology

Speed and perormance on complex scenes werethe key eatures cited by our interviewees inchoosing nalRender, one o the three big 3ds Maxrenderers: both selling points that seem to havebeen amplied in the recent R3 release. While asmaller user base makes it more dicult or studiosto call upon a pool o reelancers while scaling upor projects than with V-Ray, the product maintainsa strong ollowing while its visibility in the worldo visual eects has been recently raised by itsuse at Uncharted Territory, lead acility on RolandEmmerichs 2012. Native versions or Maya and

Cinema 4D urther widen nalRenders appeal.

EXPERT OPINION Ari Sachter-Zeltzer, owner, Shadowplay Studio

STRENGTHS

Extensive, customisable feature set

Good render elements system, including option

to include/exclude objects

Powerful new layered EXR exporter

WEAKNESSES

Hardcoded defaults not ideal for speed or quality

Needs a proxy system

02

Brazil r/sA third-party renderer or 3ds Max thatstraddles the worlds o VFX and visualisation

> TYPE Biased, non-RenderMan-compliant> PRIMARY USES VFX, visualisation> HOST APPLICATIONSNative support or: 3ds MaxVia third party: Rhino> PRICE $995 (includes 10 render nodes)> DEVELOPER Caustic Graphics

O the three main third-party 3ds Max renderers,Brazil r/s has arguably the strongest pedigree in VFX.Scott Kirvan and Steve Blackmon, co-ounders ooriginal developer SplutterFish, both worked at BlurStudio in the 1990s: a background borne out byBrazils raytracing and antialiasing capabilities. Whileit has not achieved the same ubiquity in visualisationas V-Ray and lacks a physical sky system and GIcache or animations it maintains a dedicated userbase, though announcements have slowed sinceBrazil was acquired by hardware rendering rm

Caustic Graphics earlier this year. It will be interestingto see where Caustic takes this much-loved tool.

EXPERT OPINIONMichiel Quist, ounder, 3idee

STRENGTHS High stability Very ast raytracing and 3D motion blur Quality and speed o image samplingWEAKNESSES

Small user base

No SDK

05FPrimeThe interactive renderer that changedthe way many people work with LightWave 3D

> TYPE Biased, non-RenderMan-compliant> PRIMARY USES General> HOST APPLICATIONS LightWave 3D> PRICE $399> DEVELOPER Worley Laboratories

When Steve Worley rst released FPrime backin 2004, some people jokingly suggested thathe should put in an oer to buy LightWave

itsel, such was the developers standing inthe host apps user community. While themarket has caught up to some extent, withsome interviewees reporting that they nowuse FPrime mainly or setting up lights andsuracing, its still remarkable how quicklythis ultra-ast interactive renderer made itselindispensable in so many peoples workfows.Real-time previews make set-up more intuitive,while the progressive rendering engine allowsusers to stop and start renders without havingto wait to the end to see results.

EXPERT OPINION Joe Ze,Creative director, Splashlight

STRENGTHS Ultra-ast rendering on complex scenes Handles area lights and transparency

without signicant time penalty Intuitive, ecient progressive render engineWEAKNESSES

Lacks ability to use LightWaves volumetrics Struggles with some new material nodes

Its origins may lie inVFX, but Brazil r/s alsoremains a workhorse ovisualisation studios suchas Utrechts 3idee

Used in both VFX andvisualisation, recent

high-profle fnalRenderprojects include theseshots rom Uncharted

Territorys work onthe movie 2012

While its frst audience camerom automotive visualisation,DCC studios are startingto realise the power andsimplicity o HyperShot

Image3idee

ImagesColumbiaPictures

ImageDriveDesign

ImageSplashlight


3/4

3dworldmag.com052 | | February 2010 3dworldmag.com February 2010 | | 053

Rendering sotware

07

MachStudio ProCan this GPU-accelerated production rendererand compositing system live up to its early hype?

> TYPE Biased, non-RenderMan-compliant> PRIMARY USES Animation, visualisation> HOST APPLICATIONS Native support or:ArchiCAD, 3ds Max, Maya, Rhino, SketchUp.Supports most DCC applications via FBX ormat> PRICE $3,995> DEVELOPER StudioGPU

With the advent o a new generation o tools thatactively harness a workstations GPU to calculateresults, the goal o production-quality renders inseconds rather than minutes or hours may nallybe approaching. The rst o this wave o applicationsto hit the market, GPU-accelerated rendering,compositing and grading system MachStudio Propromises not merely dramatically reduced rendertimes but the potential to open up entirely newproduction workfows. While its still too early to tellwhether the sotware really lives up to the hype,sources tell us that major London VFX houses are indetailed discussions with developer StudioGPU.

EXPERT OPINIONChris Edwards, CEO, The Third Floor

STRENGTHS

Intuitive interactive workow

Empowers directors and cinematographers

WEAKNESSES

Export process from Maya is time-consuming

and not straightorward

Artists require training in unique workow

10

TurtleRobust global illumination and advanced bakingeatures make or an indispensable games tool

> TYPE Biased, non-RenderMan-compliant> PRIMARY USES Games> HOST APPLICATIONS Maya> PRICE $1,499> DEVELOPER Illuminate Labs

Initially perceived as a more general-purpose globalillumination renderer, Turtle quickly ound its nichein games, where it developed a reputation as aast, fexible system or baking lighting inormation.Employed on such distinctly dierent-looking recentproductions as Dragon Age: Origins (pictured above),Killzone 2 and Mirrors Edge, users praise its eatureset, the fexibility oered by Lua scripting, and thetechnical support oered by developer IlluminateLabs. There may be other ways to solve the problemo creating lighting assets or games, but or itspower to enable a studio to quickly iterate the lookand eel o a level, Turtle is largely unchallenged inthis sector o the market at the minute.

EXPERT OPINIONAndreas Papathanasis, seniorgraphics programmer, BioWare

STRENGTHS

High-quality results

Extensive render optimisation options

Large range of map types and output f ormats

WEAKNESSES

Difcult to integrate into baking pipeli nei not using Maya or level editing unlikeTurtles sister application, Beast

06Maxwell RenderThe application that introduced most artiststo the idea o physically based rendering

> TYPE Unbiased, non-RenderMan-compliant> PRIMARY USES VFX, visualisation> HOST APPLICATIONSNative support or: 3ds Max, ArchiCAD, orm.Z,Cinema 4D, LightWave 3D, Maya, modo, Rhino,SketchUp, SolidWorks, SotimageVia third party: Allplan, Houdini, MicroStation,solidThinking> PRICE $995

> DEVELOPER Next Limit Technologies

At the time o its original alpha release in2004, physically based system Maxwell Renderbecame one o the most talked-about productsin the 3D industry. Five years on, it remains thede acto benchmark or other renderers o itstype. Version 2.0, released in late 2009, boasts agreatly improved speed-to-noise ratio and greaterprocessor scalability one interviewee reportedit perorms 4-15 times aster than 1.7, dependingon the scene and while its core market remainsvisualisation, Maxwell is also being adopted orsome visual eects tasks, including matte workon The Curious Case o Benjamin Button.

EXPERT OPINIONTim Ellis, head o unbiasedlighting and texturing,Cityscape Digital

STRENGTHS Unparalleled render quality

Intuitive network rendering,including resume render

Powerful Multilight system

WEAKNESSES Render times can still

be very long, particularlyor larger scenes

Oering extremerealism, and now withan improved speed-to-noise ratio, Maxwellremains a benchmarkor unbiased renderers

Early users o GPU-accelerated rendering andcompositing system MachStudio Pro include pre-vizhouse The Third Floor. Will VFX studios ollow suit?

Turtle bakes all thecomponents neededor modern games suchas Dragon Age: Origins,including normal maps,ambient occlusion andpolynomial textures

In

setimage:AketoshiTada,a

taKikakuco(info@atakikaku,com)

09

RenderManPixars production workhorse retains its positionas the big name in rendering or visual eects

> TYPE Biased, RenderMan-compliant> PRIMARY USES VFX> HOST APPLICATIONS Native support or: MayaVia third party: Blender, Cinema 4D, Sotimage> PRICE $3,500 (Pro Server edition)> DEVELOPER Pixar Animation Studios

For large animation houses, RenderMan remainsthe renderer to beat. Developed and used by Pixarsince the late 1980s, our interviewees noted that itrequires a large technical support team to harnessully, and that reliance on third-party exportersto get les into its RIB ormat can be an issueor smaller studios, but that its reputation as aproduction workhorse remains unchallenged. AsILM VFX supervisor John Knoll notes: RenderManswidespread use among acilities whose reputationdepends on creating consistently excellent imagery istelling. Its extreme fexibility, quality, robustness andscalability have made it the standard that it is today.

EXPERT OPINION John Knoll,VFX supervisor, Industrial Light & Magic

STRENGTHS

Extremely robust, production-proven renderer

High-quality output

Flexible and scalable

WEAKNESSES

More costly than other RenderMan-compliantrendering solutions

RenderMan remains thetool o choice or largestudios such as ILM andDigital Domain on projectssuch as Transormers:

Revenge o the Fallen

ImageDreamWorksPictures/ParamountPictures.CourtesyofIndustrialLight&Magic

ImageTheThirdFloor

ImagescourtesyofBioWare

08

mental rayThe frst port o call or artists working in Max, Mayaor Sotimage, enjoying a resurgence in popularity

> TYPE Biased, non-RenderMan-compliant> PRIMARY USES General> HOST APPLICATIONS 3ds Max, AutoCAD,Inventor, Maya, Revit, Sotimage> PRICE Integrated into host application> DEVELOPER mental images

Built into 3ds Max, Maya and Sotimage, mental rayremains the rst port o call or many smaller studios,both in VFX and visualisation, with intervieweesreporting a return to the platorm rom third-partytools in recent years. As well as the price or lack oit users cite its wide range o physically accuratepreset shaders and ease o set-up as key sellingpoints. Jamie Cardoso, co-author o the bookRealistic Architectural Visualization with 3ds Max andmental ray, notes the ew drawbacks as the natureo its proxy system, and the act that the new irayinteractive rendering engine, while more powerulthan alternatives, is not yet part o Max or Maya.

EXPERT OPINION Jamie Cardoso,senior 3D visualiser and consultant

STRENGTHS

Free, and fully integrated into host packages

Wide range of physically accurate preset shaders

Rapid results on complex scenes

WEAKNESSES

Proxy system does not enable retrieval of the

original mesh as in V-Ray

iray not yet part of host applications

A shot rendered in 3ds Max and mentalray at GMJ Design. The renderer oers anattractive mix o power and accessibility

ImageGMJDesign(www.gmj.co.u

k)

Image

GlassCanvasProductions(www.g

lass-canvas.co.u

k)

Rendering sotware

Mainimage:7-t(www.7-t.co.u

k)

A retail unit in Oxord Street, Londonrendered with 3ds Max and mental ray

at Glass Canvas Productions


4/4

3dworldmag.com054 | | February 2010 3dworldmag.com

Selected built-in render engines Selected third-party renderers

Developer

Current release

Price

Annual maintenance

Other pricing notes

RenderMan-compliant?

Unbiased?

Fully GPU-accelerated?

Includes shader compiler?

Key market sectors

Applications supported

3ds Max

Blender

Cinema 4D

Houdini

Lightwave 3D

Maya

Sotimage

Other (selected applications only)

Platorms

Features

64-bit compatible

SDK

Network rendering

InstancesProxy system

Render layers/passes

Interactive render preview

Material system

Layered materials

Bump and normal mapping

Micropoly displacement/MTD

Subsurface scattering

BRDF support

Raytracing

Global illumination

Ambient occlusion

Colour bleeding

HDRI

Caustics

Camera controls

Depth of eld

3D motion blur

f stop controls

Bokeh effects

Tonemapping

Hair and ur

Particle rendering

Points

Spheres

Implicit surface/blobbies

Baking tools

Texture baking

Vertex baking

Point cloud baking

Radiosity normal maps

Physical sky

Photometric lights

EXR support

Other key eatures

BlenderFoundation

2.5

Free

N/A

Python only

Any

N/A

Win/Mac/Linux

Indevelopment

Indevelopment

Indevelopment

Built-incompositor

Built-invideoeditor

Audioplayback/sync

MaxonComputer

11.5

$3,695

N/A

PriceorStudiobundle

Any

N/A

Win/Mac

Built-intexturepainting

Unlimitedrendernodes

Truemulti-threading

SideEectsSotware

10.0

$1,995

$800


Any

N/A

Win/Mac/Linux

Volumerendering

Amazoncloudsupport

Multi-segmentblur

NewTek

9.6

$895

N/A


Any

N/A

Win/Mac

Linuxduein CORE

Due in CORE

Anim.radiositycache


EXIFsupport

Luxology

401

$995

N/A

Inc.50render nodes

Any

N/A

Win/Mac

Internal

Volumetriclights

Anisotropiceects

Fresneleects

DnAResearch

9.0

$900 - $2,150

$190 - $450

Firsttwothreadsree

VFX

Viathird-partyplug-in


Native

Native

Native

Rhino

Win/Mac/Linux

Via RSL

Bent normals

Point-basedGI

Stereorendering

Proceduralgeometry

SiTexGraphics

9.0

$450

$150

Priceorourthreads

VFX



Native


Inprogress

Rhino

Win/Linux

Programmableshading

Instancershaders

CausticGraphics

2.0

$995

N/A

Inc.10render nodes

VFX, visualisation

Native

Rhino

Win

Quasi-MonteCarlocore

Unlimitednumbero

renderpresets

cebasVisualTech.

3.0 (3dsMaxed.)

$1,050 - 1,950*

See website

*695-1,295

VFX, visualisation

Native

Native

Native

Win

Unlimitedrenderelems.

Truehybridscanline/

raytracing

WorleyLaboratories

3.0

$399

N/A


Any

Native

Win/Mac

Windows only

Via LightWave

Via LightWave

Hybrid 2D/3D

Via LightWave

Imagezoomsupport

Supportsmultiple

cameras/windows

RandomControl

1.0

795 ($1,190)

N/A

Inc.2 rendernodes

Visualisation

Native

Native

Native

Native

Native

modo,Rhino,SketchUp

Win

Not public

Lighting only

Present

Bunkspeed

1.9

$995

N/A

PriceorHD edition

Visualisation

Via OBJ, FBX

Rhino,SketchUp

Win/Mac

Turntableanimation

Renderqueue

(BothProeditiononly)

GlareTechnologies

2.2

295 ($440)

N/A

Inc.2render nodes

Visualisation

Native

Native

Native

Native

Native

SketchUp

Win/Mac/Linux

Bump only

Via other settings

Shadinglanguage

Fullspectralrendering

Cameraaperturedir.

IoannisPantazopoulos

2008

Free

N/A

Hybrid

Visualisation

Native

Native

SketchUp

Win/Mac/Linux

Instancingbrush

Easyclay/depth/mask

rendermodes

StudioGPU

1.2

$3,995

N/A

In development

Any

Via FBX

Indevelopment

Native

Indevelopment

Rhino,SketchUp

Win

In development

In development

In development

In development

Stereoscopicrendering

Real-timesubpixel

displacement

NextLimitTech.

2.0

$995

N/A

VFX, visualisation

Native

Native


Native

Native

Native

modo,Rhino,SketchUp

Win/Mac/Linux

Lighting only

Multi-lightsystem

3,500+reematerials

NativeRealFlowsupport

mentalimages

3.8

As host app.

N/A

Standalone:$745

Optional

Optional

VFX, visualisation

Native

Supported

Supported

Native

Native

Win/Mac/Linux

Via extension

Via extension

Via extension

Progr.IBLrendering

Fastblurrasterisation

MetaSLlanguage

PixarAnim.Studios

15.0

$3,500

$700

PriceorPro Servered.

Animation, VFX



Native

Native


Win/Mac/Linux

Via custom code

Via image shaders

Viacustomshader

Viacustomshader

Via custom code

Deepshadows

Point-basedcolour

bleedingandSSS

IlluminateLabs

5.0

$1,499

$899

Games

Native

Win/Mac/Linux

Optimisedbaking

ScriptableviaLua

Hardwarevis.oresults

ChaosGroup

1.5

$999

N/A

Inc.networkrendering

Optional

VFX, visualisation

Native



Native

Indevelopment

Rhino,SketchUp

Win/Mac/Linux

Via V-Ray RT

3ds Max only

Varies with ed.

Via plug-ins

VRayFur

VRayEnvironmentFog

Blender Cinema 4D Houdini Escape LightWave 3D modo 3Delight AIR Brazil r/s fnalRender FPrime ryrender HyperShot Indigo Renderer Kerkythea MachStudio Pro Maxwell Render mental ray RenderMan Turtle V-Ray

February 2010 | | 055

Sources:Alldatawassupplieddirectlybytherelevantso

ftwaredeveloper,withtheexceptionofFPrime

Rendering sotware Rendering sotware

In brie| Key renderers compared

Renderers a Guide

Documents

Transcript of Renderers a Guide