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Religious Strata to Remedy the Phenomenon of

Takfeer

Dr. Ismail Muhammad Ali Abdurrahman

In this paper, the researcher addresses the concept of

Takfeer, its origin and Islamic ruling in light of Islam.

Then, he goes further to demonstrate the religious strata

to remedy this phenomenon, its preventive and

protective remedy. The paper ends with a number of

results and recommendations.

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while when they are well used and benefit is derived from their piles of knowledge, they become an indispensable treasure for every family. Thus, the responsibility of parents gains greater importance with the introduction of these new elements into every household.

The researcher asserts that although a child can be protected and cared for by other social institutions, the protection and care of the family are more effective, because the family is a social institution that combines both intimate personal responses and firm social care.

Next, the researcher discusses the importance of the mosque in Islam as a social upbringing institution. He asserts that the mosque is the source of moderation. He explains the role of imams in the Friday sermon, pointing out their responsibility to firmly implant, in the young people, the principles of social unity, sound belief, and the values of the middle way and moderation.

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shore, it has to provide a quiet, settled environment, rich with cultural stimulants – an environment that encourages the child to ask, try, and correct himself and that is exempt from all forms of bias, discrimination, and authoritarianism and free from the cruelty and severe punishment that impair the child’s character.”

The researcher points out that the uprightness of family members will guarantee that the whole society will tend to be upright and will minimize the causes of violence, as well as the ailments that undermine certain societies and contribute to the terrorism and intellectual extremism.

Naturally, it is a widely-accepted fact that there are other causes contributing to the rise of the religious extremism phenomenon in various societies although the family structure had remained the same for hundreds, of years. The family contribution, however, gains significance when family members are exposed to a number of alien ideas that have not been there before. The emergence of satellite stations and the worldwide net are a flagrant invasion of the privacy of the Muslim family. Although we believe in the importance and usefulness of these media, the researcher maintains, they have proved right away that they were two-edged weapons. When they are misused, they will lead to harmful consequences,

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The Responsibility of Social Upbringing Institutions

(the Family and the Mosque) in Protecting Young

Prosperity from Takfeeri Thought

Prof. Dawood Bourqaiba

In his study, the researcher discusses the responsibility of

one of the social upbringing institutions, the family, and points out that it is the foundation and source of shaping the human being spiritually, mentally, ideologically, physically, sentimentally, emotionally, and socially. The family, he maintains, is the first educational institution and environment in which an individual lives and learns many forms of behavior. In it, the individual is shaped and trained to be a member in the society where he lives. If the training is proper and positive, based on sound foundations, the outcome will be good and beneficial for the society; while if the training has flaws and is based on disorder, negligence, and carelessness, the outcome will be evil and threatening to society as a whole.

“In order for the family to perform its educational role properly, avoid mistakes, and carry its children to the safe

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The Desirable Methods for Treating Takfeer

Dr. Sa’idah Yasin Anwar Rizq

The author addressed the most significant methods for

treating Takfeer. She highlighted the family role in

immunizing their children against extremism, stressing the

tolerance and moderateness of Islam, adopting leniency

and ease in treating those who are deluded with takfeer,

establishing belief and correcting the way of knowledge

receive. On the other hand, the state should take

preemptive measures to protect the people from eruption of

takfeer.

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Quran Tools and Methods in Addressing the Takfeer

Phenomenon

Dr. Iqbal Abdurrahman Ibdah

In his study, the researcher discussed Quran tools as major

religious foundations that organize the different cases of interpersonal relations. Then he discussed his generalizations at length, detailing the Quran tools, be them oratory or instructional, in warning against the trap of Takfeer, or any statements or actions that may lead to it. The researcher followed an objective approach in drawing out the directly relevant Quran verses, as well as the Prophet’s traditions that supported them, uncovered their significance, and explained them. The researcher relied on authentic Hadiths, restricted himself to the Five Books, and offered full citations for all the Hadiths with objective and sensible interpretation. He reviewed a collection of interpretation volumes, quoted the scholars opinions, discussed those quotations, and documented the supporting evidence.

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Moderation in Islam:

Its Impact on Preventing Extremism

and Takfeer

Dr. Nouraddeen Buhamzah The author argues that one of the major issues of Islamic

law that were subject to deviation from the moderate path is the issue of extremism and takfeer. This made appropriating others’ property, shedding their blood and slandering them justifiable.

The researcher ends by offering the most important solution to such a phenomenon, notably, that which lies on emphasizing the path of moderation in education, disseminating the correct teachings of Islam through wisdom and good preaching, preserving the legal rights of individuals and society, along with other principles that would enable us dry up the resources of such negative phenomenon.

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The Responsibility of Advocacy Institutions to Remedy the Takfeer Phenomenon

Prof. Abdurraheem Muhammad Al-Magthawi

In this study, the researcher addressed the responsibility of

advocacy institutions to remedy the Takfeer phenomenon and get things back to the right course, through many tools and steps that illustrated the great responsibility shouldered by those institutions. He offered several ideas: theoretical, practical, and field-applied to diagnose all aspects of the Takfeer phenomenon and to make advocacy institutions aware of their ability to train advocates and provide them with useful contemporary tools, methods, and technologies. He pointed out the importance of emphasizing the discussion of the Takfeer misconceptions, refuting them by using clear Islamic legislative arguments, based on sound and objective methodology and derived from the Quran, sunnah, and the biographies of righteous ancestors. He concluded his research with a number of useful findings and recommendations.

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second was the injunction of reconciling the parties in a conflict. The third issue was an emphasis of their brotherhood in faith.

The third topic was forbidding excess and the ascribing things to God without knowledge, and it had two issues. The first was forbidding religious excess and inflexibility, and the second was forbidding ascribing things to God without knowledge.

The fourth topic was the encouragement of pursuing sound learning and of benevolent dealings with others. This topic had three issues. The first issue was the encouragement of pursuing sound learning, the second was kindness and gentleness in conversing with others, and the third was the recourse to dialogue and persuasion through logical reasoning.

The fifth and last topic was the injunction to seek shelter with God and avoid division. This topic had two issues; the first was the injunction to seek shelter with God and avoid division, and the second was obedience to rulers.

The conclusion contained the most important findings of the study.

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The Remedy of the Takfeer Phenomenon by Quran

Treatment

Dr. Saliha Hussein Al-Hajri

In this study, the researcher undertook to illustrate Quran

treatment to remedy the Takfeer phenomenon. The research paper consisted of an introduction, a prologue, five topics, and a conclusion.

The introduction pointed out the importance of the study., and the prologue offered a definition of Takfeer and a discussion of the threats it posed.

The first topic was on verification and avoidance of questioning the faith of others. This topic had three issues. The first was verification before judging others. The second issue was avoidance of questioning the faith of others. The third issue was the discouragement of following worldly pursuits and neglecting the Hereafter.

The second topic was the attribution of belief and the emphasis of brotherhood in faith. It also had three issues. The first was the attribution of belief to fighting factions. The

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Doctrinal Security Approximation: An Approach to a

Preventive Course Adopting a Middle Path to

Confront the Takfeeri Thought

Abdulqader S. Abeekshi

This study tries to introduce treatment mechanisms of Takfeer to all community institutions and encourage them to adopt a uniform opinion towards Takfeer maintaining that it is an abnormal practice and has nothing to do with Islam and its teachings. This treatment is based on the "approximation of doctrinal security " meaning that true faith fundamentals should not only foster the rules and basics of monotheism in the mind of the Muslim but also enroot a new broader doctrinal vision based on the monotheistic sense of faith guiding him to civilized actions and helping him to reach doctrinal safety approximation based on moderate Islam. This should be combined with fostering these concepts in the minds of the young propsperity and those who have been misled by the Takfeeri thoughts. The study takes a middle path, and follows the Heavenly Revelation and the Prophet's Sunnah. To activate this proposed approximation policy, we should provide a preventive course that helps the Muslim community avoid the dangers of the Takfeeri thinking.

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should extend outside the Islamic societies. The phenomenon also deserves confrontation and treatment on the national level. Saudi Arabia has an essential role in this confrontation since it has suffered from this evil phenomenon more than any other country. It is the first and foremost patron of Shari'ah and faith taking Holy Quran as its constitution, the land of the Islamic revelation, the destination of all Muslims and the custodian of the Two Holy Mosques. There is a need for starting a strategic national plan, a balanced and untraditional one. Similarly, we also need a comprehensive plan to face this phenomenon outside the Islamic communities. This strategy should fully explain the real Islamic teachings for the non-Muslims, focus on the cognitive and cultural sides of the dialogue with them. Furthermore, there is a need to start a cognitive and cultural project based a tolerant approach and presents the true and positive face of Islam. Such a strategic project draws attention to highlighting the importance of spreading the Arabic language teaching worldwide and investing it in confronting and treating the Takfeer phenomenon.

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The Phenomenon of Takfeer and Terrorism Inside

and Outside the Islamic Communities: A Treatment

and Confrontation Strategy

Prof. Mohammed Hassen AlZeer

Takfeer is a serious phenomenon facing Muslims and the

Islamic world; the seriousness of this phenomenon lies in the Islamic appearance and behavior behind which it hides. Takfeer is an intellectual, dogmatic deviation; it is an attack on Islam and a cause of terror. The phenomenon has two facets: 1) the intellectual, cognitive and soci-cultural face comprises misconceptions based on misunderstanding of the Islamic rulings and deviant fatwaas leading to deviant behaviors far from the real intentions of our tolerant Shari'ah, and 2) the tangible face which is the criminal behavior that destroys the individuals and societies. The Takfeer phenomenon should be confronted, and treated in the kingdom and the other Islamic communities as a multi-faceted and multi-dimension problem. It needs intellectual, social as well as security-based treatment. Moreover, the treatment of the phenomenon and its effects

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The Phenomenon of Takfeer: Techniques and

Methods of Treatment

Hissah M. Alkhater

The paper focuses on the treatment of Takfeer

phenomenon and the methods and techniques that can be used in such treatment. The paper begins with an explanation of the direct methods of treatment such as scientific lessons, scholastic curricula and courses, speeches, awareness programs, activity programs, seminars and conferences. Then it moves to clarifying the preventive methods that can be incorporated in the treatment such as teaching young men the correct belief, adherence to Quran and Sunnah, honoring the fatwaas, adopting an approach based on clarification, explanation, preaching, reminding, persuasion and intimidation. The paper suggests other treatment techniques such as giving advice, dialogue, debate, clarifying misconceptions and firmness. The paper concludes with some findings and recommendation.

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Takfeer: Its Reality, Causes, Stipulations, Conditions

and Remedy

Prof. Abdul-Rahman bin Abul-Aziz Al-Sudais

In this paper, the researcher addresses Takfeer and its

abominable consequences, illustrating the religious

evidence from the Holy Quran or Sunnah, methodology

followed by al-salaf al-salih (i.e., the venerable ancestors)

and sayings of scholars regarding this issue. Then, he goes

further to discuss the most important causes of this

phenomenon, whether social, ideological, etc. Afterwards,

he mentions a remedy for this phenomenon in the form of

methodology and ways. The paper ends with the most

important results and recommendations.

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The Treatment of the Takfeer Phenomenon on the

Basis of Some Rules and Controls of Islamic Law

Bitbighour Abdulqader

In this study, the researcher pointed out that enjoying life

and what it offered was a genuine principle of Islamic Law, and that, as many texts indicated, Islamic Law was introduced to serve the interests of people. However, he added, people differed in their attitude towards life. He asserted that dealing with the specific details of Islamic Law could only be within the framework of the general rules, and it was a great mistake to deal with texts out of their contexts and away from their general purposes. He affirmed that Islam called for moderation in worship and that the basis of extremism was religious excess, which contradicted the middle way, i.e. the very heart of Islamic Law. He said that the refinement and rational control of a sharp disposition could be achieved through legislative instructions. He concluded his study with the statement that fatwas and sermons should only be given by those who were qualified, and that no legislative rulings could be admitted unless they were made by those who mastered the study of legal sources, since they were the ones who comprehended their meanings and purposes.

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educational curriculum, as far as its content and values are concerned.

Then the paper sheds light on how to employ the teacher's conduct inside the classroom to immune students against the influential factors of this deviant thought.

The paper concludes by proposing a specific role of the educational institution, namely the constant interaction with learners. This interaction achieves the intellectual objectives of the educational course.

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Teaching Arabic as a Foreign Language and

the Prevention of Takfeer:

Intellectual Dimensions and Mechanisms of

Implementation

Prof. Tarek Saad Shalaby This work paper focuses on making use of teaching Arabic

to Muslim peoples to protect them from Takfeer. The paper begins with clarifying the role of language

teaching in shaping thought. It also points out the most important challenges of culture and civilization, which the institutions of teaching Arabic to non-native speakers face at present.

Then the paper clarifies the nature of the target group in need of protection from Takfeer through Arabic teaching. It stresses the idea that such a group might embrace the Takfeer thought due to their language illiteracy.

Then the paper proposes practical steps to achieve Tkafeer prevention through specifying the characteristics of the

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Treatment of the Takfeer Phenomenon: A

Jurisprudence View Establishing Its Origin

Dr. Abdussattar Ibraheem Al-Heeti

In this study, the researcher offered a summary on the

emergence of Takfeeri thought in old and modern times. Then he discussed establishing the jurisprudence origin of Takfeer and the attitudes of Islamic scholars towards it. He concluded his paper by an account on the treatment of contemporary Takfeer, focusing on a number of intellectual and practical treatments through which an Islamic legislative formula can be worked out through a middle-way view based on legislative texts. This formula, he said, should avoid neglecting the general purposes of Islamic Law, and should not resort to the cursing, swearing, and discrediting that others had resorted to and that would lead to an outcome contrary to the desired one.

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works of the renowned Imams in various languages to promote the youths’ proper understanding.

3- To inculcate in the youths’ minds the sound creeds through the curriculum during schooling stages, and in particular in their adolescence and its subsequent years.

4- Holding specialized scholarly courses for the improvement of dialogue with the proponents of imputing infidelity to others.

5- Launching a dialogue with the proponents of this ideology. Developing some meaningful programs for the mass-media

to exterminate such ideology.

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Means of Treating Takfeer Phenomenon

Dr. Aasim A. Al-Qaryuti

The author addresses the methods for treating takfeer

represented as follows: dissemination of knowledge derived from the Holy Qur’an, authentic Sunnah and the early Muslims deeds; demonstrating the status of God-fearing scholars; caution from the knowledge of illiterate; caution from forsaking the Muslim community; and the necessity of publishing the works of the early Muslim scholars. The author concluded that scholars have to play a major role in conversing and advising those who follow this ideology. The rulers also have to do their part in planning and confronting this deviant ideology through collaboration with scholars to achieve ideological security for the land and people. Finally, the people voiced the following recommendations: 1- Establishing research centers to afford the proper

instruction in issues of takfeer, extremism, and refuting the confusing issues of its proponents in various languages.

2- Publishing the early Muslims’ works along with selective

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minds. The paper concludes with a suggestion of

establishing specialized and effective worldwide societies

and foundations that can combat this phenomenon and

defend Islam against the devastating Takfeeri thought that

has been allegedly ascribed to It. The paper also emphasizes

the role of the private and charity organizations in spreading

moderate middle-path Islam concepts and the role of the

Islamic scholars and callers in clarifying the dangers of this

deviant phenomenon.

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Takfeer Phenomenon: A Proposed Treatment Based

on Theoretical and Applied Methods and Techniques

Dr. Mohammed AbdelDaim AlGendee

The researcher proposes a visionary treatment for

Takfeer phenomenon using theoretical and applied methods

and techniques derived from the Holy Quran and the

Sunnah. The paper attempts uncovering this dangerous

phenomenon which has violently disturbed the Muslim

countries, defaced Islam and brought heavy consequences on

both the Muslim individual and the community. The paper

proposes a societal partnership as an effective treatment to

put an end to this phenomenon. The findings of the paper

maintain that Takfeer is an illegal phenomenon that is very

dangerous, inflexible, and far from the tolerant moderate

bath of Islam. The paper maintains that Takfeer can be

definitely treated, but it should be studied carefully first. The

paper suggests a careful and thorough study of the Takfeeri

minds so as to come up with effective treatments for those ill

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Theme : 9 Treatment of the Phenomenon

of Takfeer : Means and Methods

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designing training suitcases to train those heading educational institutions so that they could provide complete intellectual protection for themselves and their students.

Therefore, a team work has been formed to meet this end. This team has adopted a certain deep vision in designing the training suitcase, which can be summarized in concentration on the misconceptions of Takfeer and the skills required to deal with them for the danger this phenomenon incurs. Also, the team casts much light on the negligence of those dealing with this deviant ideology and the weakness of their skills in this field.

The members of the team have focused on the basic skills required to achieve intellectual protection as skills for dialogue. Also, they focused on the critical thinking skills originating from the right and accurate religious evidence, something that will contribute in achieving intellectual protection for educational environment at the hands of those working in the educational field.

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Training Portfolio

Dr. Abdullah Nasser Al-Sulieman Praise be to Allah, Lord of the two worlds, and peace and

blessings be upon his Seal Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). Now then, educational institutions have to introduce programmes that help reinforce intellectual protection for those working in the educational environment. In so doing, all people will enjoy intellectual protection, and the coming generation would be turn into good members able to take their society towards progress and success in both life and the hereafter. It is a truism that reformation, progress and prosperity of societies depend on achievement of security with its thorough sense amongst the members of these societies, something can be achieved actually through dissemination of awareness between the institutions of civil society.

In order to achieve this noble aim, educational institutions have to perform the duties and tasks assigned to them which inevitably make them address minds through what is logical. Doubtless, such tasks and duties are various, including

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religious curricula have to stress the importance of obeying the ruler, since the nation's obedience of its ruler will ensure its unity and success. Similarly, the religious curricula have to emphasize the unity and stability of the community, which can be achieved through fixing the meaning of unity into the members of society and strengthening the ties of love between them. Such curricula have to stress that brotherhood is a great pillar of Muslim society, so it does not legalize establishing parties or groups that may lead up to the disunity and disintegration of society; nor weaken its strength; nor disperse its word; nor incur the dissemination of dispute that causes clashes which is an abominable evil leading to disastrous incidents and terrifying tragedies. Likewise, the religious curricula have to stress the call for moderateness. The researcher is of the view that the religious curricula have to play a great part in helping people know the firm security conditions put by Islamic legislation to protect society from crime, delinquency, terrorist activities, and any irresponsible act that may threaten public order, spread chaos, shed blood, usurp people of their money, sabotage public properties, spread plots and disintegrate Muslim society. Also, they have to show the good qualities of Islam, like the attitude of Islam to the non-Muslims living in the Muslim society, and the coexistence of Muslims and different groups and sects of non-Muslims within the Muslim society, which is an indication of the phenomenon of permissiveness in Islam.

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Influence of Religious Curricula on Eradicating the

Phenomenon of Takfeer Dr. Abd-Allah bin Muhammad Al-Sem'ael

The researcher here addresses the great part played by the

educational curricula on forming the intellect and thought of people, as they [i.e., religious curricula] determine to a great extent the way people should deal with society, their reaction to what is new globally around them. This is done in accordance with the conceptions and images inculcated in the mind and psyche of people during their different stages of lifetime. Out of the importance of these curricula, lots of scholars, thinkers and intellectuals throughout the world have included in those curricula some certain concepts they want the individuals of their societies to adopt. The researcher here deals with the characteristics of religious courses, the part they play in the process of reform and the necessity of activating such curricula so as to eradicate the phenomenon of Takfeer.

According to the researcher, of the most important things stressed in the religious curricula from time to time is to focus on reinforcing one's religious belief. Once the religious curricula strengthen one's faith, this feeling results in watching Allah the Almighty, straightening behavior, correcting positions, benefiting from the good of both life and the hereafter, fighting evils and ills, refining souls, purifying hearts and psychological stability. The

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The Role of Educational Institutions in Fencing off the Phenomenon of Takfeer

Dr. Rana Abdul Hamid Said

The author thinks that takfeer ideology and intrigues appealed to young people who are impetuous and follow their whims and desires. Such youths are misled by the slogans raised to protect Islam and religion, where in fact only have we innocent blood of children and women is spilt. In fact, it is our community that becomes the victim of takfeer, though it can also be considered the sole responsible, when it left the youths at loose. This situations could resemble some passengers boarding a ship, if they remained silent, they will all drown, but if they start reformation, everyone will be safe. The role of the educational institutions is not that easy; they should lay the building blocks and work effectively in bringing up a generation that loves life, work, respect of humanity, sanctity of human blood, among other principles that challenge the takfeer ideology. We have to understand the importance of dialogue with others regardless of his identity, be he an extremist or unbeliever, and we should establish the idea that thinking must overcome takfeer.

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that approach is followed in enjoining good and censuring evil, and stress the tolerant teachings of Islam and its opposition to Takfeer.

Advocacy institutions, the researcher continues, should furthermore highlight the role of the rulers and scholars and remind the audiences of their rights which are observed by obeying the Muslim rulers, and avoiding division and disobedience to them, and by respecting, honoring, and following scholars. Another obligation of those institutions, the researcher points out, is to implant the concept of good citizenship in the minds of the young.

All this, she argues, could be achieved by using advocacy methods in coping with the Takfeer phenomenon, such as the methods of advice, wisdom, benign preaching, dialog, and persuasion.

The researcher concludes her research by stressing the importance of influencing the character of young people, by shaping their minds through education and guidance, and by acquainting them with the hazards of Takfeer and religious extremism and fortifying their minds and thoughts against any misleading perversion delivered by contemporary mass media.

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The Responsibility of Advocacy Institutions in the

Treatment of the Takfeer Phenomenon

Dr. Lamyaa Bint Suleiman Al-Taweel

In her study, the researcher discusses the role of advocacy

institutions in the treatment of the Takfeer phenomenon that would allow them to remain a beneficial destination and be the optimal solution and provide the remedy and effective medication to eliminate this phenomenon. This can be achieved when advocacy institutions shoulder their responsibility to spread the doctrine of righteous ancestors by stating clearly the controls and principles of Takfeer according to the sunnah and the Muslim community, making the legal purposes of the Islamic religion known, addressing the misconceptions in the minds of young people, and citing the evidence on the sanctity of Muslim blood and the inviolability of killing infidels who are in treaty with Muslims or who were granted security.

The researcher maintains that advocacy institutions should promote the middle path and adopt a moderate approach, by pointing out that the middle way is one of Islam’s characteristics. They should also, the researcher adds, make the middle way approach deep rooted in the souls of young people, ensure that

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Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in protecting the Islamic faith.

Topic 3: The efforts of Islamic legal institutions in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in treating the phenomenon of hasty Takfeer.

Topic 4: The efforts of Islamic legal institutions in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in warning against accusing rulers of apostasy.

Topic 5: The efforts of Islamic legal institutions in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in dealing with the excessive Takfeeri thought.

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The Efforts of Islamic Legal Institutions in the

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to Remedy the Takfeer

Phenomenon

Dr. Hamed Maddah Humaidan Al-Jadaani

In its main themes, this research paper took as a starting

point the status within the Islamic World of the Islamic legal institutions in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, gained by their pioneering role in the reawakening and progress of the nation. These institutions, explained the researcher, were active contributors to the promotion of Islam’s tolerance among social groups, the reinforcement of the culture of the middle way and moderation, and the building of a firm barricade against Takfeer, excess, extremism, and terrorism.

The paper included the following topic. A Foreword: definition of Takfeer. Topic 1: The efforts of Islamic legal institutions in the

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in establishing the origins of the middle-way-and-moderation approach.

Topic 2: The efforts of Islamic legal institutions in the

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that reinforced the role of the Islamic education teacher in

order to improve his ability to play his role, thus allowing

optimal benefit from the Islamic education curricula. The

teacher would thus be well qualified to communicate the

practical and theoretical experience that would curb the

Takfeer phenomenon inside educational institutions and in

society at large. The researcher highlighted the role of

educational institutions in activating Islamic education

curricula through an untraditional presentation of their

content, whether it was the practice of activities, evaluation,

proper phrasing, or other aspects; all of which would curb

the embracing of the Takfeer phenomenon.

The researcher concluded his paper with an attempt to

underscore the great role played by Islamic education

curricula in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia as preventive and

obstructive tools and methods for treating and curbing the

Takfeer phenomenon.

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The Role of Islamic Education Curricula in Curbing

the Takfeer Phenomenon: An Applied Vision of the

Secondary School Islamic Education Curricula in

the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Marwan Saleh Abdulaziz Assagabi

In this study, the researcher highlighted the role of

Islamic education curricula as an academic, instructional,

and educational base that guided to the middle path and

moderation. He explained the role of those curricula in

developing the individual mentality that is based on

adherence to the Quran, the Almighty and Most Sublime,

and the sunnah of His noble prophet, Muhammad (PBUH).

The researcher then cited a collection of practical

educational applications that coped with the Takfeer

phenomenon, either directly or indirectly, through the

promotion of rules which reinforced moderation and kept

away from Takfeer. He suggested some important methods

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Social Institutions’ Responsibility in Treating

Takfeer Epidemic

A Preliminary Constructive Approach from a

Qur'anic Perspective

Prof. Assayed Omar

This paper is a preliminary effort on the way to design an

institutional paradigm for treating Takfeer Epidemic from a Qur'anic perspective. It draws on the Qur'anic contextual analysis that deals with the Holy Quran as a single sentence or even one word, to reconstruct the concept of al- kufr and its conceptual network that includes takfeer. Based on an Islamic perspective, the paper defines the concept of social Institutions’ responsibility in confronting that Epidemic, highlighting the essential Institutional roles (potential, actual, expected, imagined, normative, realistic and idealistic). It analyses the defects of most of contemporary social institutions’ diagnoses and treatment and suggests a prescription of a suitable remedy for that epidemic.

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Awareness of Takfeer from a Pedagogical Perspective: A

Case Study on a Sample of Ta’if University Students

Dr. Iman Ibraheem AlEmreeti This study aimed at identifying the youth/students awareness of

Takfeer phenomenon at Taif University. The sample of the study

consisted of (200) students of the College of Education, whose age

ranges from 21 to 25 years (Mean= 22). A questionnaire that

assesses those students' awareness was prepared by the researcher.

The results of the study revealed that: Lack of the students’ awareness of Takfeer phenomenon

and its Islamic rulings. Lack of the students` awareness of the reasons of that

phenomenon in Saudi society. Lack of the students’ awareness of the most important

institutions that are responsible for raising people’s awareness about that phenomenon.

Lack of the students’ awareness of the social and economic effects of this phenomenon.

Lack of the students’ awareness of the ways for treating the phenomenon of Takfeer.

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circumstances, infer relationships from the existing phenomena and analyze data providing educators with practical information of immediate benefit and permit setting more intelligent plans for future programs.”

The researchers reviewed the origin of the phenomenon and focused on its reasons since they are the main basis of the research. Next, they addressed the educational institutions, the media, and the mosques, and highlighted their relation to the phenomenon, as well as the role they should play to curb it. They introduced and analyzed each institution and pointed out its functions and role, and the elements that impeded playing the role hoped for by society. Then they offered a suggested conceptualization to upgrade the efficiency of educational institutions, through an idea for the remedy of some of their defects. The researchers concluded by analyzing their findings, stating these findings together with some recommendations.

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The Role of Certain Social Institutions in

Confronting the Takfeer Phenomenon

Dr. Ahmad Mukhtar Makki

Dr. Maryam Taher Talibi Madkhali

In this paper, the researchers tried to study the educational

institutions mobilized by society to educate its members and maintain its safety and security; the study of institutions is the correct method of confronting the Takfeer phenomenon. Had institution been performing their functions properly, no such ideological perversion would have taken place, the researchers maintained. Thus, this research work was undertaken to clarify and uncover the reasons for the perversion in order to remedy the situation. The paper did not only investigate the reasons but also aimed at offering solutions through presenting a conceptualization for the development of those institutions and the increase of their efficacy in addressing social problems. The researchers followed a descriptive approach since it best suits the nature of the study. The descriptive research papers normally obtain precise facts about the current

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The Teacher's Responsibility towards Security

Dr. Mohammed Yahya Gillan This paper adopts an applied inductive approach to research the

significance of the teacher's role in education and social guidance. It draws attention to how the teacher can help his students clarify the religious misconceptions and problematic issues through the power of his knowledge and expertise. The paper maintains that the model instructor is the one that leaves an impact on his students and be valued and appreciated by them. The paper concludes with some recommendations. The government should take part in treating this evil phenomenon which is alien to our faith, country and home. Similarly, the paper recommends that teachers and officials in charge carry out their responsibilities honestly, and guide and encourage their students to work earnestly to achieve excellence. To do so, they need to start a dialogue with the young youth, recognize the religious misconceptions that mislead them and create solutions for them.

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can minimize the Takfeer phenomenon. Furthermore, it

clarifies the deviant ideas and their effects on the

educational policy, and the possible ways to develop the

teachers' expertise in the legal domain to help them develop

a sound doctrine and deliver their message properly without

aligning to a specific point of view over the others. Finally,

the paper discusses the ethics of teaching and learning, and

the importance communication between the call institutions

and the educational ones on the academic level.

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Intellectual Reform and Takfeer Phenomenon in the

Educational Institutions

Bin Na’imah AbdelGhafar

The paper discuses the concept of reform in educational

institutions and how it is, in some of its aspects, related to

the intellectual security and considered a safe guard and a

controller of it. Reform becomes extremely successful if it

touches upon the intellectual aspect. Moreover, it becomes

a perfect call message if it primarily focuses on fighting this

evil phenomenon on all levels by guarding the educational

community against all causes of intellectual and behavioral

deviations, minimizing the intellectual chaos or

disturbances, and depending on the Islamic legal

provisions, the Sunnah and the teachings of the righteous

forebears in this regard. The paper explains the concepts of

reform in educational institutions, the causes of intellectual

deviation on the educational level, the causes of Takfeer in

the educational institutions, and the methods of reform that

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the caller should be, among other qualities, distinguished in his field, well aware of the surrounding world, patient, modest and merciful to others. 4) Those institutions should inform their callers and the whole world that the goal of the call is to achieve both secular and hereafter gains for all humanity. 5) In view of the importance and efficacy of media, the media institutions should prepare daily audio/video programs illustrating the negative effects of the Takfeer phenomenon on both the individual and the community levels.

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The Responsibilities of Community Institutions for

Creating Solutions to the Phenomenon of Takfeer

Dr. Mohammed Hamed Kan'an Megha

This paper aims at emphasizing the role the educational

institutions, the calling centers and the media play in creating solutions to the phenomenon of Takfeer. The findings of the study highlight this goal. They are as follow: 1) The role played by the educational institutions in finding solutions to the phenomenon of Takfeer should be focused on following the ethical standards, achieving a reasonable level of quality, providing decent sources of living for their graduates throughout the collaborative communication with the other productive and developmental institutions. 2) Islamic education stems from and is based on Islamic teachings; therefore, focusing on the truthful faith, useful knowledge and good deeds should be the most and foremost important goal of educational institutions. 3) Since calling to Allah is the inheritance of prophethood, institutions supervising Islamic Call should behold the Islamic standards on selecting callers;

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educational institutions can contribute to such development.

It suggests teaching students those skills and developing the

teaching strategies. Moreover, the paper recommends

practical solutions for dealing with Takfeer that can be

usefully incorporated by educational institutions. This study

attempts answering the following question: What is the role

that educational institutions play in treating the Takfeer

phenomenon and the similar negative intellectual

deviations? The study analyzes the sub-components that

contribute to the efficacy of that role, specifically the

educational goals, the teacher, the curricula and

psychological and social advising.

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The Role of the Educational Institutions in Treating

the Takfeer Phenomenon

Dr. Ruqaya Taha AlAlwani

The paper analyzes Takfeer phenomenon so as to reach

a solution for it. It highlights the role of the educational

institutions, the role which the teacher plays in those

organizations, and social and academic guidance which

those institutions provide to their students. The paper also

proposes a role for the universities to help produce a good

enlightened citizen who values his cultural values and

national identity, realizes both his rights and duties, and

believes in communication, dialogue, tolerance, justice and

responsible freedom. The paper focuses on the role which

educational institutions play in acquiring their students the

critical thinking skills that enable them to make informed

decisions based on legally and culturally acceptable

evidence. Furthermore, the paper reviews the possible ways

for developing those critical thinking skills and how

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The Requirements of Ensuring Intellectual Security

through Educational Curricula

Assaeed Awashriyah

Educational curricula are considered one of the effective

ways in protecting intellectual security from extremism; this may only be achieved through designing sound educational curricula that build up healthy thinking.

The author starts by identifying the foundations in designing the educational curricula, philosophically, cognitively, socially, psychologically, and educationally, in an attempt to protect the intellectual security from extremism, achieve this in practice across the contents of the curricula, and define the requirements of each level. He tries to prove how easy the process of interpreting the theoretical contents of such data and information that aim to enhance the intellectual security of the learners at all study levels into reality and show how to put this in practice.

Before taking this step, the paper defines the basic concepts used in it and identifies the most significant reasons of extremism and impact of educational curricula in confronting it and achieving and enhancing intellectual security. Finally he gives some relevant recommendations.

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Theme : 8 Responsibility of Civil

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Muslim communities, exploit their dire needs for the bare life necessities.

The effect of Takfeer on the political future of Islam lied in the collapse of all the international foundations and relations built by Islamic countries. This effect was also evident in the organized campaigns of certain forces in the political, media, and security fields to tarnish the image of Islam and Muslims; in the restrictions against Muslims abroad; in the justification of aggression against any Islamic countries under the pretext of fighting terrorism; in the antipathy towards international Islamic issues; and in the ebb of international conventions, which might lead to the loss of mutual benefits.

As for the negative effects of Takfeer on the economic future, they included the destruction of economic potentials; international isolation; the suspension of many essential public service projects due to the economic recession; the withdrawal of foreign investment capitals; the suspension, reduction, or undermining of import and export activities; the deterioration of economic development rates; the reduction of investment rates; the high expenditure on defense, incurred by fighting Takfeer, at the expense of other development sectors; the fluctuation in foreign exchange rates; and foreign intervention in the economic affairs of Muslims.

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intention, the causes of differences, dubious and analogous cases, rules, principles, jurisprudence variations, variations of rules, education, and small details. Such charges are made so that no one from the general public of Muslims would accept the pronouncements of those scholars and of anyone who followed their example, listened to them, or read their writings. Once the nation becomes devoid of diligent scholars, perverse thought will take over, be it because of misconceptions or passion, leading to blunder in everything until evident destruction occurs.

In Islamic society, Takfeeri thought’s influence has corrupted and stopped social solidarity when people realized that some individuals had exploited that solidarity to collect charity for the poor, wretched and needy while they are actually using those collected funds to consolidate that perverse thought through any means, even murder.

Such a crime had a negative effect. It deprived entitled people from solidarity since trust in some institutions was lost, making people apprehensive about their donation until the trustworthiness of the receiving party was proven. Restrictions were made against Islamic charity organizations all over the world due to that misleading approach, thus depriving poor Muslims and orphans from the charity and zakah of their brother Muslims, and opening the opportunity for Christian missionaries and for the misguided to tamper with poor

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The Effect of Takfeer on the Future of Islam

Saud Farhan Muhammad Al-Hablani

In this study, the researcher discussed the hazards of

Takfeer and its negative effects on the future of Islam and Muslims from the religious, educational, social, security-based, political, and economic points of view.

The effect of Takfeer on advocacy was generally abroad and was due to the great apprehension aroused by this perverse thinking that aimed at recruiting individuals, after a brainwashing process, for blood shedding and destruction. This resulted in exploiting this approach and spreading it among all advocates who had been characterized by moderation and had followed the correct Islamic approach.

Its influence on scholarship and scholars was in that such perverse thought aimed at creating a lack of trust between Muslims and their scholars, which would negatively affect the educational process and the middle way stand. Universities and schools would be accused of apostasy, and charges of flattery and hypocrisy would be directed at diligent scholars of the Islamic nation, who had made profound studies of Islamic legislative disciplines and comprehended the Lawmaker’s

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Excessive Takfeer and Its Impact on the Future of

Islam

Dr. Ibrahim Tolba Hussein Abdrabb-Alnabiy

The author shows that excessiveness in takfeer leads to a wide range of enmity and hatred, disunity and differences among Muslims that undermine the Muslims’ strength and affect the future of Islam.

The consequences of takfeer and legitimizing blood-shedding establishes in the Western minds that Islam is a menace that must be confronted.

He concluded that the erroneous applications of Islam prevent others to enter this religion, which in turn might impede the universality of this religion.

He also states that extremism in Takfeer gives birth to a wide range of terror and ultimately will make terrorism and Islam double-faceted. This will negatively affect the present and future of islam.

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Takfeer and Its Role in Perceiving the Identity in the

Contemporary Islamic Discourse

Muhammad Bin Jama’ah

This paper presents a framework for the concept of

"multidimensional identity" through the various forms of

accumulation and rivalries between affiliations, and the

factors affecting it. This paper also exposes the errors

behind the adoption of a single identity, and especially

"religious identity", in the classification of individuals and

groups. Special focus is afforded to this "religious identity"

by chronicling its formation stages and how it was

influenced by the "takfeer" concept, its relationship with the

national identity and its role in forming a certain

"worldview", and in many instances its role in creating a

climate of violence.

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diverse and multiple strategies to confront it. The study has three sections: Section 1 investigates the cultural determinants of the Takfeer phenomenon, section 2 studies the levels on which the Takfeer phenomenon can affect the future of Islam and section 3 studies the confrontation strategies employed to face the consequences that the Takfeer phenomenon has on the future of Islam. The study concluded that Takfeer is a complex phenomenon for its internal factors that interfere with other complex phenomena such as extremism, intolerance, fanaticism, aggression and violence. Hence, in-depth and cumulative efforts are needed to create conceptual frameworks and explanatory models of this phenomenon in its contemporary contexts so as to understand, interpret and develop appropriate solutions to it.

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The Takfeer Phenomenon and the Future of Islam:

Varying Consequences, and Strategies of

Confrontation

Dr. Essam Muhammad AbdulShafi

Islam has been faced with challenges since its beginning

and until now; yet, during the last two decades, specifically from the early 1990s after the fall of the Soviet Union which used to be the second world power facing the American liberal capitalist model, those challenges took various shapes and had varying levels of effect. The Soviets' downfall brought with it a number of movements looking at Islam as the forthcoming danger standing in face of that model. Therefore, they started marketing false allegations against Islam to justify their attack on it. They falsely alleged that Islam is the greatest threat to their alleged model of civilized communities in the post cold war era and found in Takfeer allegations a priceless chance to do so. This study came in response to the serious, multiple-level and varying consequences that the Takfeer phenomenon can have on the future of Islam, which necessitates creating

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Theme: 7 The Effect of Takfeer on the

Future of Islam

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Issues of Takfeer and Their Impact on the Political

and Social Advances in the Malayan Society

Prof. Ashraf M. Hashim

Dr. Sayuti Bin Abdulmanas

The researcher tries right here to illustrate the meaning

of Takfeer as mentioned in the Holy Quran, and how it is related with the plots and intrigues that turned up in the Muslim society. He shows how the scholars have been warning people against charging others with disbelief, since something like this does touch the core of people's faith and triggers conflicts and disunity amongst Muslims, more particularly in the Malayan society. The researcher shows how some have made use of this phenomenon in the Malayan society to achieve some political and religious ends of their own. Therefore, to preserve unity amongst Muslims, the researcher here calls for moderateness amongst Muslims in general and the Malaysian society in particular.

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Economy and Belief: A study on Takfeer & Its

Economic Impacts.

Dr. Yassir Abdulkarim Al Horani Takfeer unearths a huge gap in the community. This gap

expands and narrows due to several factors. Of these factors are the

level of social interaction, the role of the state, the nature of the

bodies that support this phenomenon, their mechanisms and goals.

This may conduce disunity and disintegration of the community

manifested in serious consequences, amongst which are the

economic impacts. The importance of the research stems from

focusing on these economic impacts that have not historically

employed. Above all, they did not focus on the relation between the

ruler and the ruled. In economy, the phenomenon of takfeer

influences contemporary markets such as stock and electronic

markets. The research methodology is based on descriptive analysis

with an attempt to survey the phenomenon and its economic,

historical and modern impacts .The research aims at unraveling the

economic loss resulting from takfeer; loss of human resources, the

vital economic sectors and the levels of prices as well as the

financial and commodity exchange.

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Tourism : Economic Risks of the Phenomenon of Takfeer – Groups of Takfeer in Egypt as a Case

Study Dr. Abdul-Azim Ahmed Abdul-Azim

In the second half of the 20th century, a number of factions

adopting Takfeer as a practical method turned up in Egypt. These factions legalized shedding the blood of Muslims. As long as they shed the blood of Muslims, it was actually easy for them to justify the murder of non-Muslims. Tourists, who are an important source of the Egyptian national income, were the ones most targeted. The death toll amongst tourists in Egypt reached around 100 deaths, something that led to % 33 reduction of tourism in Egypt as early as the 1990s till its end. The Egyptian national income lost about 15 billion American dollars during that time. On its part, Al-Azhar issued fatwas that incriminated killing tourists, regarding them "covenanted" by the Muslim society. However, those deviant groups charged Al-Azhar scholars with disbelief, calling them "tailless" as well as "scholars of the authority".

Thus, the present research paper illustrates the attitude of the Islamic law to tourism, correcting the misconceptions of factions of Takfeer regarding shedding the blood of tourists and the influence of this on the Egyptian economy in general and the tourism sector in particular.

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Takfeer and Its Impacts on the Individual and Public

Security

Abdulhameed Muhammad Ali Zaroum

The paper addresses the phenomenon of Takfeer, and its role in the lack of security of individuals and instability of societies, affecting economy, business, tourism, politics, belief, thought, social and psychological aspects, sports, etc. Insecurity means lack of stable life in every sense of the word. Economic prosperity, political stability, social solidarity and scientific progress are tied to secutiy.

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during the eighties and the nineties of the last century, their ideas found in Algeria a ripe, fertile soil that made the Takfeer phenomenon take serious dimensions and dangerously spread affecting all aspects of the state and the community. This paper evaluates the success of the Takfeeri thought in arising troubles in those countries with a special focus on Algeria. Using scientific methodology, the paper investigates the most effective ways to confront this phenomenon and explains the mechanisms used by the Algerian government to face the devastating consequences that Takfeer has caused.

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The Security-based Reflections of the Takfeer

Phenomenon in Muslim Communities: The Algerian

Model

Dr. Faridah Belfraq

Takfeer is a social evil that is as old as the Muslim nation.

It has long been a common aspect in all Muslim struggles, conflicts and turmoils, especially the security-based ones. This widespread of the Takfeeri thought in its religious, political, economic and cultural forms has generated very strange and extremist ideas that society used to follow them for long time. Although the Takfeeri thought originally goes back to the Kharijites, many recent movements took the responsibility of disseminating its ideas in Muslim countries. The spiritual void amongst the young youth and the social and educational circumstances that failed to satisfy the aspirations and needs of the new forthcoming generations helped to spread those ideas, too. The most famous of all those groups is the group of ElTakfeer Wa AlHijrah that has spread in the East –later on west- of the Arab world countries. Recently, specifically

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Security Effects of the Takfeer Phenomenon and

Confronting It at the International Level

Mukhtar Hussein Shbaili

In this study, the researcher offered a general view of the

Takfeer phenomenon and its development. Next, he addressed the security effects of Takfeeri activities at the local level, mentioning some of these effects, which are destructive propaganda, the influence on young people, creating an atmosphere of fear, and armed militant activities. He turned next to the security effects of Takfeeri activities at the world level, mentioning, as some of these effects, the disruption of world peace and the effects on international relations. He concluded by reviewing the means to confront Takfeeri activities, discussing preventive measures, field combating, international cooperation to confront terrorism, and global efforts to fight violence and terrorism. He cited the most important world agreements to confront terrorism and the major principles that regulate cooperation in fighting terrorism.

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Security Consequences of Takfeer

Dr. Abdullah M. Almutlaq

The researcher addresses here the dangerous concequences

of Takfeer: Making fatwas that stigmatize the ruler and those working with him as infidels drives the groups of Takfeer into fighting the ruler and dismissing him as out of faith, along with making fatwas that permit murdering the ruler and his police force. In so doing, blood is shed, policemen and officials are murderd, and buildings and vehicles are exploded. The groups of Takfeer do not care about the sources through which they get their weapons or money. So, they smuggle weapons. Such acts end in great corruption that leads to shedding blood, injuring people’s honour, and attaking their property, as well as endless civil wars that shake the stability of society.

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The spread of the heresy of accusing others of disbelief in the Islamic nation is a reason for some Muslims' renouncing their religion and losing confidence in it. Then, this unlawful heresy is considered as a barefaced infringement on the maxims of religion and its basic elements and an obstruction of the religion of Allah, which affects the performance of the religious rituals in groups, and because of that, shedding infallible blood is permitted and Muslim models are mocked. Furthermore, pressure is exerted on voluntary Islamic centers and Muslims living in Western countries suffer from restrictions.

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The Effects of the Phenomenon of Takfeer

Dr. Asmaa' Sulaiman Asswailem

The author argues that takfeer has serious effects on individuals, community and the state. In the first place, it incurs the stern warning from Allah for the individual who practices it leading to his separation from the Muslim community. Secondly, accusing others of disbelief without proper justification takes away intimacy and affection from the members of the society, undermines family security, and ravages the powers of the society and distracts the society from what is beneficial and useful.

This leads to chaos in the Muslim community and weakens its power. Then, civil wars and sectarian conflicts break out from within. Enemies from abroad take the advantage of the heresy of accusing others of disbelief to control the Muslim country and diminish its resources.

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Takfeer

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Doubtful Cases in the Takfeeri Thought Relevant to Allegiance and Disavowal and a Discussion of Them

in Accordance with Islamic Law Controls

Prof. Karam Helmy Farahat Ahmad

In this study, the researcher discussed doubtful cases in Takfeeri thought, namely the cases related to allegiance and disavowal. The study discussed first the cases related to allegiance, such as the doubtful case of allegiance to the Takfeeri community as being the community of Muslims, the case of allegiance to the Takfeeri community to the extent of intolerance and partiality, the case of allegiance to the Takfeeri community as the one and only source of truth, and the case of allegiance to the Takfeeri community leader as the Imam. Next the study discussed the doubtful cases related to disavowal, such as the case of disavowal of Muslim communities and accusing them of apostasy through pretended loyalty, the case of disavowal of infidels and forbidding any dealings with them, and the case of disavowal of Islamic scholars and accusing them of apostasy.

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emphasizing that the dilemma that we experience could be a stimulus to activate our will and regain power so that we would be able to draw a farsighted flexible strategy of faith where the pitfalls of the past do not find their way to the present and future. If we do not plan for our present and future, someone else will do the job and break asunder everything. Undoubtedly, this strategy is not voluntary or supererogatory, it is rather a binding trust until the Doomsday.

The study has a number of recommendations, saying at the end of the day that the acute crisis experienced by the nation's alarm clock to activate the will and the restoration of vigor; to draw a strategy of faith educational flexible court long-term taken into account should not be present, and the following extension of the failures of the past, although we did not plan for our present and our future, there will come of the scheme imposed on us, we Vivsd immediate and delayed, and this strategy is without a doubt, is not such as the Voluntary and volunteering, but the secretariat and the message never stops for a nation to God inherits the earth and them.

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The second section includes the following: Renovation in interpretation of the Qur’an; there is a dire

need of new interpretations of the Qur’an as long as the Qur’an itself is not static. The revival of this nation is tightly connected to how good our relationship is with the Qur’an.

Renovation of Islamic discourse in consistent with the spirit and language of this age, governed by its balanced Islamic framework and formulated in a message that is clear to understand.

Some premises related to the jurisprudence of emigration, since emigrants are the closest to the other and the most competent to sell the practical and tolerant image of Islam.

The continuing education to instill faith in their hearts The continuing scientific education Revisiting our Jurisprudential discourse, giving more

weight to the Jurisprudence of Muslim Minorities, the Jurisprudence of Reality, and the jurisprudence of the Higher objectives of Islamic Law, and Priority Jurisprudence, and opening the door for independent reasoning for today’s novelties such as: the jurisprudence of Islamic mass communication, to rationalize the revival and identify the shortcomings to correct the course.

Finally, the paper put forward some suggestions,

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Functional Roles of Mass Media in Preparing an

Elite Generation to Challenge Takfeer

Inssaf Ayoub Al-Momani

This study tackles the most prominent features of the functional roles of mass media in preparing an elite generation to confront takfeer. Although these features with their intrinsic (values) and extrinsic (Da’wah) nature overlap, yet they altogether represent a brief glimpse that paves the way for building up and provides a healthy climate for the betterment of this generation. Therefore, this study addresses these premises through the following sections.

The first section includes two subsections: The important role of mass media in building up the elite

generation to fence off the phenomenon of takfeer. The most significant guidelines and guidance for

meaningful mass communication to build up the elite generation. of the elite.

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a believer even when he sinned. The researcher pointed out

Islamic Law does not support the claim made by the Kharijitis

and the AlTakfeer wal-Hijra Faction in regard to discontinuity

and elucidation, and it is in contradiction to clear and explicit

evidence, which confirmed that the pronouncement of the Two

Testimonies was sufficient to consider the person a Muslim.

He also considered the tendency of Takfeeri factions to deny

emulation corrupt because they believe that self-exertion in

religion is the duty of every Muslim. He said that Takfeeri

theorists failed to understand the purport and significance of

evidence and where it should be cited because of their

ignorance and failure to be educated by trustworthy religious

leaders and scholars. Likewise, the researcher regarded their

view of not accepting the justification of common

interpretation corrupt.

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The Misconceptions of AlTakfeer wal-Hijra Faction:

Presentation and Critique

Nasser Muhammadi Muhammad Jad

In this study, the researcher discussed the most important

misconceptions of the Excommunication and Exodus

[Henceforth AlTakfeer wal-Hijra] Faction such as the

misconception of the minimum level of Islam, the

misconception of the discontinuity and the misconception of

the elucidation, the misconception of persistence in sin

perpetrating causing Takfeer, the misconception of declaring

an emulator an unbeliever, the misconception that applying

what one believes in is a necessary for his belief to be valid,

and the misconception that interpretation is a cause of Takfeer.

He maintains that allegations of the Kharijitis and later on

Shukri Mustafa and his followers that deadly-sin committing is

a cause of Takfeer is not compatible with the established and

deep-rooted teachings and principles of Islam; inference from

the Islamic law texts proved that a responsible adult was called

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Misconceptions of Kharijites about Takfeer and

Refuting these Misconceptions

Prof. Aburrazzag H. Ahmad

This paper aims at refuting the misconceptions of a faction

that appeared in the history in Islam and parted company with the Muslim community and their imams (i.e., religious leaders) whether through adopting certain views or taking up arms. The present paper illustrates the misconceptions of Kharijites regarding Takfeer and correcting those misconceptions. Of such misconceptions are the ones about the definition of faith; Takfeer of the perpetrators of great sins; doubting immortalization of the perpetrators of great sins in Hellfire; negating intercession for the perpetrators of great sins; and revolting against the unjust ruler. Then, the paper goes further to show the dangerous impact of Takfeer ideology adopted by Kharijites and ways of its remedy. The paper ends with the most important results and recommendations.

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Refuting Kharjites’ Intellectual and Textual

Misconceptions

Dr. Aaliyah Saleh Sa'ad Alqarni

This paper focuses on refuting the controversial misconceptions presented by the Kharijite sect as evidence to prove that Islam rules that the disobedient or deadly sins-committer is a disbeliever. The study does so in light of evidence collected from the Holy Quran, Sunnah as well as pure reasoning. The Kharijites depend on copied documents and reasoning to legitimize their ruling of disbelief on the disobedient or deadly sins-committer. This has led them to reject meanings of Quranic verses so as to support their allegations against those who commit the deadly sins, and reinforce their newly devised sect at that time. However, all their collected evidence does not indicate that the disbelief of the deadly sins-committer; their evidence is of general nature and based on pursuing consimilar texts. Yet, the evidence quoted by Sunnah is specific outweighing the general one in value. Moreover, the texts, which the Kharijites depend on in their allegations, have been explicated by the Muslim scholars, and their meanings were interpreted in light of other texts.

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Kharijites was as effective and fruitful as the dialogue with

the contemporary violence groups. In spite of those

similarities, they disagree in regard to other issues. For

example, the nature of each movement is different; the

Kharijites was born while confronting a legitimate existing

Caliphate but the contemporary violence groups have gone

against the rulers in different countries. Some of them

highlight the Islamic Shari'ah while others publically call

for abandoning it. Unlike the Kharijites, contemporary

violence groups tend to reference their scientific opinions;

they do not agree with all the Kharijites opinions; and

finally their slogan "governance" differs from the Kharijites

slogan "No one rules but Allah".

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The Aspects of Similarities and Dissimilarities

between the Kharijites and the Contemporary

Violence Groups

Dr. Abduttawab M. Othman

The similarities and dissimilarities between the

Kharijites and the contemporary violence groups are

considered a controversial issue; yet there are some issues

can be agreed upon. Some contemporary violence groups

can be called Kharijites though this title does not mean they

are connected to the famous Kharijites sect. There are some

factors that did help contemporary violence groups to

appear such as the disagreement round the leadership, the

rulers' injustice and the lack of knowledge. There are some

similarities between the two groups. They both share some

ideas such as takfeer, legitimatization and going against the

ruler. Their opinions have produced violence and a practical

revolution. Neither of their opinions is approved by the

Muslim community. Mutual dialogue with the old

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study discusses and analyzes the Takfeeri thoughts and views of the Islamic political groups in Egypt and their source by reviewing and analyzing their books and documents sociologically and cognitively. It studies how they have adopted this radical approach leading them to use violence against the political regimes and the individuals in several Arab communities. Similarly, the study discusses and analyzes the thoughts and views of those groups after they have given up their violent ideas and practices against the state and the regime. The study is made up of four parts: An introduction describing the study methodology and its limits, section 1 surveying the Takfeer discourse from Kotb to the radical violent organizations, section 2 critiquing the Takfeer discourse and a conclusion analyzing the phenomenon and how to handle it.

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The Takfeeri Thought in Political Islamic Groups:

From the Adoption to Repentance, the Egyptian Case

Prof. Ahlam M. Assa’di Farhoud

At the end of the 20th century, the political Islamic groups appeared as an accompanying feature to the Arab political regimes reflecting a clear change in the ideological structure of those groups tending not to acknowledge or understand any other views rather than theirs. They even went further to charge those who do not agree with them with disbelief under the pretext that they are deviants of the Muslim community. The emergence of this extremist thought that contradicts with the moderate Islam has encouraged several scholars to investigate issues such as the principal conceptual frameworks that the political Islamic groups derive their orientations from, the circumstances that make these ideologies flourish, the dynamics adopted by these groups to pursue their goals and their status in their communities. These issues and the like have helped scholars understand how the radical Islamic groups have evolved and developed their Takfeer thought. The

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Theme : 5 Misconceptions of Kharijite

and Contemporary Takfeerist Groups and Refuting Them

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be an unbeliever, even when he had a legitimate justification, and even when the case involved an element that prevented declaring the person to be an unbeliever. The researcher added that such declarations motivated those thinkers to legitimize killing believers and confiscating their property, thus falling into the same practice for which they based their declaration of others as unbelievers.

The researcher concluded that such declarations and actions on their part violated legislative controls. He pointed out the truth about these things with evidence, citing statements by recognized scholars, in order to expose the perversion of extremists and the falsehood of their misconceptions. He did that by citing the ruling on “legitimatization” in Takfeeri thought, discussing it, drwing and discussing examples of “legitimatization” that led to disbelief and actions that amounted to “legitimatization.”

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Misconceptions of Takfeeri Thought Related to

Legitimatization (Istihlal): A Discussion Based on

Islamic legislative Controls

Dr. Ahmad Abdulaziz Al-Qsayyer

In this study, the researcher discussed the perversion of

Takfeeri thinkers in defining “legitimatization” (Istihlal) and determining its ruling, pointing out that they claimed that every person who legitimatize a forbidden thing was guilty of major disbelief that made him a deserter of the religion. He added that they were also perverse in defining things that indicated “legitimatization,” by claiming that it was indicated by persistence in practicing a forbidden action, forcing someone else to practice it, recommending such a practice to someone, guarding someone engaged in such a practice, openly admitting it, etc.

The researcher pointed out that Takfeeri thinkers did not

hesitate to declare a Muslim they accused of legitimatization to

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The Muslim Community and the Misconceptons of

Shari'ah Non-Application

Dr. Sulaiman Weld Khassal

This research investigates the phenomenon of accusing both

Arab and Islamic countries of takfeer because they rule with civil ruling systems other than Shari'ah. The research discusses the term of Takfeer that some deviant groups use to go against the ruler although Shari'ah is practically applied. Moreover, the research reviews the opinions of both classic and recent Islamic scholars in regard to this issue. The research recommends patience and emphsizes the need to use the appropriate and available peaceful means to change those deviant ideas. The research tries to investigate the terms "unbelieving community" and " unbelieving state" in light of the opinions of classic and recent Islamic scholars. It refutes the takfeer misconceptions by studying the approriateness of such terms to the current realities of the Arab and Islamic governments, and concludes that those governments have never authorized disbelief. Additionally, the research studied the old as well as the recent successes and failures of the countries that applied the Islamic Shari'ah by force and concluded that Shari'ah cannot be applied by force since such an act may give birth to violence which in turn leads to disorder and supression of freedom.

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Sin Legitimatization: Its Concept, Rulings, and a

Refutation of Its Misconceptions

Dr. Mohammad Saud Rashid AlHarbi

This paper discusses the concept of 'sin legitimatization', its

types and rulings. The paper provides evidence supporting the disbelief of a sin legitimatizer and explains the significance of the cited evidence. Moreover, the paper numerates the types of 'sin legitimatization' leading to disbelief according to the Sunnah tradition and community people and their rulings. It classifies the misconceptions of 'sin legitimatization' and logically refutes them. Following legal evidence and sound reasoning, the paper produces evidence to both sides of the argument: the view that approves sin legitimatization and the one that, out of some misconception, erroneously approves sin legitimatization.

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Istihlal (Considering the Forbidden as Permissible)

According to the Legislative Conditions

(Misconceptions of Istihlal)

Dr. Halah Mohammad Hussain Jastanih

The author discussed the misconceptions of Istihlal;

exploring the meaning of Istihlal and conditions of Tahrim (making things forbidden). Then she discussed some misconceptions relating to Istihlal from a legislative perspective, such as Istihlal of adultery, usury, drinking, abandoning prayers, and zakat (alms-giving). She finally stated the most significant results and gave recommendations.

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a misconception of accusing the lands of Muslims as a land of disbelief. Other misconceptions concerning the holy war (jihad) have been detailed and refuted such as: the misconception concerning jihad as a means to fighting these apostate rulers, the misconception of burdening a man with something that he cannot even afford in a way that might lead to death, the misconception of the killing of civilians who are not those combating and resisting, the misconception of targeting foreigners, tourists and killing of people who obtain covenants from Muslims, the misconception that says Islam means nothing but Jihad and the misconception that Jihad is the only legitimate means to adopt.

In fact, hope is still clinging to the scholars of the nation who are the reference points for young people wandering for advice, guidance, counseling and the urge to the straight path, to correct deviant views, and lead young people into good and shield them of fanaticism and extremism.

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Refuting the Misconceptions of Contemporary

Takfeeri Groups Regarding Takfeer and Jihad

Prof. Karam Helmi Farahat Ahmad

In the past, the early scholars of this Umma took on the responsibility in addressing the deviant thoughts, correcting misconceptions disseminated by Kharijites, and correcting the distorted image drawn by the hardliners about Islam. This paper includes a definition of takfeer and Jihad technically and linguistically, exploring and refuting the misconceptions of takfeer: e.g. a misconception of accusing the Muslim of blasphemy because of committing sins, a misconception of accusing he who provides assistance (to unbelievers) with no regard to Shari'ah, a misconception of accusing the ruler who does not implement what Allah has revealed in general, a misconception of accusing the ruled who follows something other than that Allah has revealed, a misconception of accusing he who unsubscribe from a given group considering themselves the Muslim community, a misconception of accusing the Muslim who is a resident in his community and does not emigrate from it, a misconception of accusing the Muslim societies of ignorance, and

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Theme : 4 Misconceptions of Takfeerism in Ancient and Recent Times:

Discussions in the Light of Shari'a Controls

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Ideological Causes of the Slides of Takfeer

Dr. Edrees Maqboul

The present research paper stems from the basic hypothesis

that Takfeer as holding a trial for others and dismissing those holding different views out of faith is due to composite ideological causes. This phenomenon has to be approached objectively so as to identify its causes. In so doing, one can reach a remedy for it through education, upbringing and quiet dialogue. According to the researcher, chief of the causes incurring this phenomenon are: ignorance as to the [accurate] religious viewpoint; impulsiveness in reaching destructive results; mentality of anger and grudge that incur pessimistic ends confiscating the others' right in being different or holding different opinions; intellectual dogmatism and lack of knowledge, for those whose knowledge is limited are the ones taken to objection; listening to wrong misinterpretations; and eclecticism of texts in a way that appeals to one's whims and mobilizes people against those holding different opinions.

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misconceptions such as: the assumption that perfect disavowal is a stipulation for disavowal; the illusion that disavowal cannot be proved as true unless one shows one's enmity; the assumption that disavowal cannot be established unless one quits dissimulation; and the assumption that disavowal cannot be proved as true unless one abuses and wrongs the disbelievers and sinners.

Afterwards, the researcher discusses the textual evidence in both Al-Quran and Sunnah as well as the views of scholars regarding the question of allegiance/disavowal-related misconceptions – da'wa imams as a case study here.

Finally, the paper ends with the religious, social political and economic impact of allegiance/disavowal-related misconceptions on society.

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Allegiance/Disavowal-related Misconceptions

Prof. Alwaleed Abdurrahman M. Al-Frayiean

This research paper discusses the characteristics of Islamic

faith and the efforts exerted to care about them, the trends and ideology intruded in Islamic faith and the efforts done to defend it against such things. Also, the paper shows the significance of both allegiance and disavowal, their most distinguished features and the dangers of the misconceptions related to them.

Of the allegiance-related misconceptions discussed here are: regarding the different forms of allegiance as the same; mixing both absolute allegiance and absoluteness of allegiance; mixing the meaning of allegiance in both life and religion; equaling both the allegiance at work and in religion; the assumption that allegiance for the disbelievers entails being devoted and fair with them; mixing the religious ties with the disbelievers with the familial, financial, economic, political, etc. relations.

Next, the paper addresses the disavowal-related

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from a series of intellectual processes by discussing some

of the potential mistakes a person might make in

pronouncing the Takfeer ruling. The attempt follows the

technique of observation and interpretation on the basis of

cognitive psychology data, the theses of cognitive

psychology being the basis of most treatment approaches of

clinical psychology. In this technique, the researcher

maintains, a psychologist will focus on the evaluation of the

soundness of cognitive processes, such as memory,

thinking, and attention, as a major indicator of most

psychological disorders and problems. He will then

determine the treatment, guidance, or even psychological

consultation that a person needs, and will also design

programs to improve psychological and mental health.

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The Psychological Causes of the Takfeer

Phenomenon: The Errors and Problems of Takfeer

from the Perspective of Clinical Psychology

Nour Kikhia

This study discusses the psychological causes of the

Takfeer phenomenon from a clinical psychology

perspective. It follows the cognitive behavioral therapy

(CBT) approach, which mainly focuses on personal

convictions and ideas, with their various degrees of

psychological soundness, as a major cause of behaviors,

whether statements or actions, rather than on external facts

and events by themselves as the stimulant of these

behaviors.

As a preliminary step of treatment of the phenomenon

on a personal, psychological basis, the paper attempts to

highlight part of the psychological processes, particularly

thinking, which underlies the Takfeer behavior resulting

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Ignorance of the Notion of Infallibility in

Jurisprudence and How They Affect Takfeeri

Ideology (History and application)

Dr. Nourah Muslim Almuhmadi

The author emphasizes the idea that Takfeer ideology is

not well-informed with the concept of infallibility and its basis in Islamic Law. He argues that knowing this concept is the beginning of promulgating genuine knowledge on the basis of realistic scholarly principles of the Islamic Law.

The study shows that the main aim of infallibility in Islam is to protect all human souls without exception. Killing innocent people either by assassination, suicide bombing, etc at the hands of Takfeer followers is a flagrant violation of infallibility, which is observed in Islam and those who break this law will be punished in the world and the next.

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total laxity and excessive severity. The researcher cites methods to remedy this phenomenon

including observance of discussion and debate ethics; dedication to the truth; avoidance of controversial matters; definitions of terms and concepts; focus on the essence and principles of religion; narrowing any gaps; distinction between admissible and inadmissible differences; purification of the constants and principles by removing all blemishes and impurities; holding intellectual, scholarly, religious, and cultural conferences, seminars, and meetings; poising opinion against opinion; treating young people in a parental manner; allowing people more freedom; and stressing the importance of dialogue, the role of society in dealing with extremism, and the responsibility of rulers to apply Islamic Law.

The researcher concludes his research by citing examples of the Prophet’s guidance that address the discourse and content of advocacy in its two forms, the verbal and the practical. He does that by quoting Hadiths of the Prophet for the verbal form, while, for the practical form, he reviews practical examples applied to various social groups, where mercy is the key element in dealing with them.

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Extremism in Religion

and Overstepping the Middle Path

Dr. Adnan Abdurazzaq Al-Hamawi Al-Olabi

In this study, the researcher lists the characteristic of Islamic

advocacy including globalism, humanitarianism, applicability at all times and places, intuitionism, clarity, inclusivity, sustainability, promotion of the middle way, justice and moderation, and divineness.

The researcher next discussed the phenomenon of extremism by addressing its causes, effects, and remedy.

He states that causes of the emergence of the extremism phenomenon included ignorance about religion, free satellite stations, the absence of religious authority, the space of open freedom, the prevalence of the material aspect over the spiritual one in the life of Muslims, intellectual vacuum and spiritual emptiness, the divergence of objectives and purposes, censuring a violator of controversial rules, extracting text passages out of their context, blind loyalty to ideas, absolute loyalty to a group, isolation from others, unsettled psychological environment, the exclusion of the other, and the poor presence of scholars.

The consequences, the researcher maintains, include the spread of the phenomenon of Takfeer and extremism in religion between

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Law a meaning different from the intended one and to abandon the obvious meaning without any support or evidence will reveal that their knowledge and learning are scanty; had they had more learning, they would not have fallen into the pit of misinterpretation and given them meanings that are unwarranted.

The researcher goes on to argue that keeping company with perverse parties and learning from them is another cause of the Takfeer phenomenon. He maintains that the cases of keeping company with perverse parties varied greatly in our time. They are directly associated with the scenes of sedition and hot events witnessed by the Islamic nation in those days because such sites are considered a fertile ground for the appearance and spread of those perverted groups and for their strong influence on aliens. There is also the reception of their principles through their writings that are promoted through modern means of communication, such as the worldwide web and its various media of communication and reception. Finally, there are the multimedia, media of modern technology, publications, and audio materials that are transmitted through the various mass media. Thus, these perverse groups recruited followers and instructed them with perverted concepts, using carefully designed methods and techniques that are so influential that they can convince the poorly educated Muslim youths.

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are an aspect of religion, and many get involved in it driven by censured whims, and such whims are one of the causes of injustice in rulings, statements, and actions. A person driven by a whim is captive to it, and he abandons what he knows to be the truth giving priority to his own caprices over everything else, even when he knows deep in his heart the truth, which he eschews, as the whim-drive overwhelms the desire for the truth in his heart.

The researcher added that another cause of Takfeer was misinterpretation, which means avoiding the obvious meaning of an expression with no evidence. Many are those who err in interpreting texts of the Law and take them to mean what they are not intended to, or interpret them to signify what they do not or what is contrary to the intended meaning, taking the expression away from its obvious meaning because of some illusion on the interpreter’s part. The researcher explains that it is misinterpretation that had has lead many extremists to fall into the sin of Takfeer with no support or evidence and prompted them to hasten to consider as lawful the violation of Muslims’ honor and faith by accusing them of apostasy on the basis of the misinterpretation of a verse or a tradition (hadith), which they misunderstand and give a meaning other than the intended one without any support or evidence.

A quick glance at those who hasten to assign to texts of the

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Intellectual Causes of the Takfeer Phenomenon

Prof. Abdulaziz Abdullah Uthman Al-Hlayyel In this study, the researcher reviewed a number of intellectual

causes that lead to Takfeer; one of which is ignorance. He pointed out that ignorance had many well-known causes, including failure to seek knowledge from well-known, highly versed scholars; seeking knowledge from non-scholars, who were ignorant and pretended scholars, or from the perverse and misled; the lack of methodology in studying and seeking knowledge, and jumping to major scholarly issues before getting acquainted with the principles of scholarship. He also mentioned that ignorance leading to the Takfeer phenomenon has levels. These levels included ignorance of the Quran, the most Sublime, and the sunnah of His messenger, peace and blessings be upon him; ignorance of the rules of rulings, the foundations of Islam, the purposes of Islamic Law, and the outcome of rulings; and ignorance of the real conditions of this nation and the influence of this reality on rulings.

He, moreover, maintains that one cause of Takfeer is being driven by personal blameworthy whims. Takfeer and its rulings

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explain his deviant thoughts to the youths clearly. It is unlawful to subscribe to Islamic groups. In light of the findings, the researcher gives the following

recommendations: The necessity to spread the puritan (salafi) thinking and

give it more role in all sectors and institutions of the community, particularly the educational.

Establishing specialized centers to counter terrorism and analyze its causes; with the assistance of specialized scholars in Islamic Law, psychology, sociology, and criminology.

Giving more role to school teachers, professors, imams and religious speakers at mosques to explain this ideology and warn the people from it.

Assigning some television and radio programs to assess this ideology and refute it.

Protecting youths from books of takfeer and publishing some counter works.

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Tayseer Al-Aliy Al-Kabeer in Explaining the Causes

of Takfeer

Dr. Muhammad A. Al-Aqeel The importance of this research lies in explaining the

causes of takfeer. Four sections are outlined in this research: (1) ignorance:

its types and relation to takfeer, (2) following one’s whims: how repulsive such an act is in Islamic law and how it leads to takfeer, (3) Erroneous interpretation: concepts and forms, (4) integration with deviant groups: ruling of subscribing to their ideas, their goals and influence.

The paper finds out the following: Takfeer is an exclusive ruling of Allah and His Messenger. The main reason of Muslims disunity and differences is

their refraining the Prophet’s Sunna. Muslims’ Ignorance as to Allah’s Book, His Messenger’s

Sunna and the early Muslims understanding, and following whims and misconception.

He who spreads ideas of takfeer should not only repent, but

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misconceptions and lack of interdependence, consistency,

arrangement of concepts which is the units of knowledge.

The second belongs to fallacy logic such as Gambler's

Fallacy, Fallacy of division, Composition Fallacy,

Fallacist's Fallacy, Bandwagon Fallacy, Post Hoc, Genetic

Fallacy, Red Herring, Ad Hominem, in addition to the

Paralogisms of inference by analogy. The third are the roles

of negative feelings and emotions in thinking and decision-

making, the fourth set of causes are related to the

personality and psychological disorders of the takfeeri.

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Psychological Causes for Extremist Takfeer

Dr. Bakr M. saeid Abdullah

Extremist takfeer has many negative consequences on

both, the Takfeer- follower approach and Kufr-accused

people as well the society. It incurs forbidden acts which

are unanimously forbidden among Muslims and leads to

violating the sanctity of human being, properties and public

interests.

The present study aims at identifying the major

psychological causes that justify takfeer for any reason. It

tries to examine the psychological reasons and factors that

might make someone call another person or society

unbeliever.

If we consider these reasons and factors carefully, we

will protect individuals from accusing others or being

accused of disbelief as well as the society. Identifying these

reasons could be a diagnosis for remedy.

The study finds out four sets of causes: The first are

related to the takfeeri cognitive structure such as

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Disbelief out of Trying to Make HARAM into HALAL

(KUFR-UL-ISTIHLAL): Concepts, Conditions and

Refuting Misconceptions

Dr. Mostafa Bin Asheilkh Yahi

This paper addresses the idea of disbelief out of trying to make

HARAM into HALAL (ISTIHLAL) aiming to define the correct notion of (KUFR-UL-ISTIHLAL) and to correct the misconception of some jurisprudential issues arising from the misreading of (KUFR-UL-ISTIHLAL).

Then the paper focuses on the definition of (KUFR-UL-ISTIHLAL) and its relation to some concepts such as disbelief out of rejection and Disbelief out of denial. We will also give an account of the different types of KUFR-UL-ISTIHLAL to see which of which leads to disbelief, through discussing its rulings and regulations. To give more elaboration, the research discusses the ruling of (KUFR-UL-ISTIHLAL) from a jurisprudential perspective as well as discussing some relevant issues such as refraining from the acts of worship out of istihlal (assuming its permissibility). The paper refutes some misconceptions raised by some people who try to hasten in excommunicating others under the pretext of (ISTIHLAL) rules, like the takfeer of he who insists on doing sins. Finally, we have mentioned some results.

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Religious Extremism: A Cause of the Takfeer

Phenomenon

Dr. Saleh Hamed Al-Rifaie

In this study, the researcher addressed the question of

religious extremism, pointing out the tolerance of Islam,

being the religion of kindness and mercy and being remote

from violence and cruelty. He described Islam as a middle

path between extremism and disaffection, between excess

and negligence. He gave a brief account on the evolution

and causes of extremism, cited examples of extreme

aspects that led to the Takfeer phenomenon, and

mentioned remedies for extremism. He concluded by

listing the most important findings and some

recommendations.

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careful exertion and research methodology required to

investigate the conditions and restrictions of the text at

hand. Those who have not studied such conditions and

restrictions at the hands of real scholars are likely to fall in

such kind of ignorance. This kind of ignorance is marked

by hastiness and overgeneralization of Shari'ah rules

without thorough investigation of the conditions and

restrictions of the person or the case at the hand. The faulty

or extremist judgments that judge people or groups as

disbelievers, deviants or even holy are included in this type

of ignorance. This research paper investigates the mistakes

that some people commit when passing judgments on other

people in general and Takfeer in special. The paper uses a

scientific methodological approach based on the

Fundamentals of Religion that mostly leads to sound

findings.

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Takfeer: Knowledge and Ignorance

Dr. Fahed Sa'ad Aljuhani

People with different beliefs, intellectual ideas or

movements may pass faulty judgments that deviate from

the scholars' ideas and their way of thinking. Undoubtedly,

they have reasons for that. The main cause that leads to

such faulty judgments is the lack of knowledge or no

knowledge at all. The ignorance of those people can be

divided into two kinds: 1) lack of Shari'ah Knowledge that

is met by empty minds that are ready to be filled with any

opinions even if they are strange, risky or agree with

passion, and 2) partial ignorance which happens to the

person with little knowledge who lacks knowledge and

training with the scientific rules governing the

interpretation of holy texts. Such kind of individuals is not

aware of the verification rules or any other methods to

authenticate the text at hand; hence, he commits mistakes.

The reason for this kind of ignorance is due to lack of the

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Faulty Educational Factors Leading to the Spread of

Takfeeri Thought among Young People, According

to Students of King Faisal University

Dr. Ahmad H. Al-Quasmah

Dr. Abdushafi A. Ali This study aimed at identifying faulty educational factors

leading to the spread of Takfeeri thought among young people, according to students of King Faisal University. The study sample was 300 male and female students, and a descriptive approach was followed. The findings of the study indicated that teacher-related faulty educational factors were the highest in number of the factors leading to the spread of Takfeeri thought, with a rate of 3.66. Next was the learning environment, with a rate of 3.64; the curricula, with a rate of 3.46; and the students themselves, with a rate of 3.43. The study showed that faulty educational factors leading to the spread of Takfeeri thought among young people, according to students of King Faisal University, were high in number, and that no statistically significant variance was detected according to the two variables of gender and field of specialization.

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the rest of the people are living in a state of ignorance, but

also provides an alternative discourse deduced from the

many Hadiths of Prophet Muhammad [PBUH], in which He

[PBUH] tells about the deterioration of Muslims in the final

days because of straying far from His [PBUH] guidance.

The Prophet has never charged the Muslim community with

disbelief nor called it pagan even though some of its

individuals committed blatant Takfeeri actions. The

Prophet's discourse describes them as individual cases and

does not generalize their actions to the whole of community

or public. It is worthy to note that the Prophet's message

regarding accusing any Muslim of Takfeer came with

warning that a Muslim should not accuse his Muslim

brother of Takfeer nor should he try to find faults in his

faith; doing so may expel himself from Islam.

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The Effect of the Islamic Movements’ Discourse

Dr. Ammar Abdullah Nasih Alwan

This research sums up the causes of the development of

Takfeeri thinking among Muslims especially the youth.

Among these causes are messages and discourses delivered

by some activist intellectuals which describe Muslim

societies as pre-Islamic pagan (jahiliyah), and treat some

contemporary Muslim societies as the early Muslim

community in Mecca in regards to legislation. According to

this description, the members of the group/movement are

the only believers; they have a leader to whom they give the

pledge of allegiance for obedience and any other society

excluding them is pagan (jaahili). The research does not

only describe this message and its role in the development

of Takfeeri thinking in Muslim societies, especially among

the younger generation who often likes to liken their

community to the early society of Mecca, think of

themselves as the former Islam companions and argue that

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doom of earlier nations, the fact that a practitioner of excess was following in the steps of Jews and Christians in their deviation and extravagance in religion, the fact that excess contradicted the tolerance and facilitation on which Islamic Law was founded, the hardships posed by excess and its being contrary to human nature, and the fact that excess alienated people and made them hate their religion.

The researcher concluded by discussing the ways to treat the excess phenomenon in all its types and forms. He mentioned, as a treatment method, lucidity, transparency, and candor in raising this subject and discussing it objectively, which could be achieved by pointing out its causes and by the diligent search for remedy. It was important, he added, to investigate the controversial points, claims, argument, and ambiguous questions of excess advocates, and then refute them by legal and rational evidence and through calm dialogue, which can be conducted by the establishment of specialized centers and societies, staffed by researchers devoted to study this phenomenon. All resources that would assist them to perform their task and fulfill their mission, he affirmed, should be made available to those researchers.

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several indications to discourage and warn against excess and point out its bad effects on those who practiced it and the people around them.

The researcher asserted that the phenomenon of excess and extremism had many causes at the individual and collective levels, some of which were common to all times and locations, and others were particular to a certain group, time, or place. He cited as causes of excess the fact that many Muslims were turning away from religion as a faith, a law, and a code of ethics; that many had scanty knowledge of religion and Islamic Law, or they derived their knowledge through an erroneous approach and unauthentic sources; and that many distanced themselves from scholars who possessed profound knowledge, failing to be instructed by them and to follow their example, and turning instead to advocates of wickedness and deviation. Added to that, he said, was the pretense of knowledge and conceit of those “scholars,” in spite of the fact that none of them had any knowledge of the simplest axioms of the legislative discipline, the principles of rulings, the rules of religion, or the purposes of Islam.

The researcher turned next to the evils and negative effects of excess for those who practiced it and for people in general, citing among these effects the introduction of unwarranted innovation in religion, the fact that excess was the cause of the

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Warning against Excess

in the Light of the Glorious Quran

Prof. Badr N. Albadr

In this study, the researcher affirmed that religious excess

was an old ailment that had afflicted earlier nations the same way as it was afflicting ours. He pointed out that excess had many synonyms, such as extravagance, rigidity, inflexibility, obstinacy, extremism, violence, and unwarranted zeal. The evidence of warning against and forbidding excess in God’s Book and the sunna of His messenger, peace and blessings be upon him, was abundant, the researcher added. He said that those terms were close in meaning, some being more general and others more specific. Mention of the excess of the People of the Book was made in two verses of the Quran, one in the sura of Al-Nisaa (Women) and the other in Al-Maaidah (The Banquet). Although these two verses concerned the People of the Book, their purpose was to warn the Islamic nation against excess, so that they might avoid the causes that led to the doom of earlier nations. The researcher said there were traditions in the Prophet’s sunna that used various methods and

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Extremism and its Impact on the Phenomenon of

Takfeer

Dr. Jamal Muhammad Al-Sayed

This paper addresses extremism, its causes,

consequences, and remedy. It discusses the impact of

extremist Takfeer. Then, the paper goes further to talk

about the rise of Takfeer, its historical roots, kinds, dangers,

conditions, relationship between extremism and Takfeer,

consequences of extremist Takfeer, charging specific

people with disbelief without taking any religious

conditions into consideration. The researcher ends with a

number of results and recommendations.

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Intellectual Causes of the Phenomenon of Takfeer

Dr. Abdulaziz J. Addafiri

This paper studies Takfeer phenomenon. It is divided into

An introduction and four topics. The introduction defines the term of 'Takfeer', shows how it is related to major disbelief, and emphasizes the danger of Takfeer and its consequences. The first topic discusses ignorance and the reasons leading to it on the part of the one who invalidly accuses other Muslims of Takfeer, and explains how ignorance leads to invalid Takfeer by drawing examples. The second topic discusses following the personal temptations; the researcher defines 'personal temptations', and explains their dangers and how they have led to invalid Takfeer by drawing examples. The third topic is the corrupt interpretation; the researcher defines what it means and how it has led to invalid Takfeer by drawing examples. The fourth topic is mixing with deviant groups and adopting their ideas. The researcher clarifies the danger of adopting the deviant groups ideas, especially in issues related rulings and how this has led to invalid Takfeer by drawing examples. Finally, the paper concludes with the findings of the research.

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The Prophetic Sunnah Stance of Extremism in

Religion

Dr. Ghadah A. Alhulaibi

The paper explains the Prophetic Sunnah stance of

extremism and highlights the tolerance of the Islamic

Shari'ah. The paper maintains that extremism weakens

the Muslims and is one of the main reasons of Takfeer

that leads to fighting Muslims as well. The paper

concludes with recommendations for identifying the

extremist misconceptions, and tracking their publications

and responding to them. The paper also calls for initiating

media programs to propagate the middle path among

Muslims.

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how to balance between them. It finally discusses the issue of dealing with the non-Muslims and how it was misunderstood. 3) The paper refers to the incorrect study methodology involving studying the Islamic sciences at the hands of unqualified people, giving priority to personal opinion over the legal text, misinterpreting the Holy Texts and the Sunnah, and reliance on the text commonalities. Finally, the paper concludes with some recommendations: Trust among the scholars, the governors and the young generation should be re-established on sound foundations of awareness of the nation's reality; true scholars should be allowed to do their duties freely and publically. It is highly dangerous to disobey the governors or go against them; such an action may bring catastrophic consequences on the nation such as the loss of security, an essential part of life. There is a dire need to prohibit unqualified individuals [those whose knowledge, intellect and manners are suspected] from issuing fatwaas touching upon the security and tenacity of the nation, causing embarrassment or harming the general good of the community.

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Intellectual Causes of Takfeer Phenomenon

Dr. Abdulqader M. A. Soufi

The paper explains that the causes of Takfeer Phenomenon

are: ignorance, misunderstanding of the Holy texts, and the incorrect study methodology of the Islamic sciences. 1) Ignorance refers to the improper understanding of knowledge. This ignorance involves ignorance of the ruler's rights, ignorance of Muslims' rights, ignorance of the real intentions of Shari'ah, ignorance of the difference between loyalty and disavowing, ignorance of the Jihad concept, and ignorance of the difference between passing a judgment on a sin and punishing the perpetrator who commits it. 2) Misunderstanding of the Holy texts which refer to the corrupt understanding that is neither based on the Quran and the Sunnah nor agrees with the opinions of the Muslim nation scholars. It involves the wrong application of enjoining the good and forbidding the evil, considering the disobedient a disbeliever, a principle followed by the early Kharijites. It also involves confusion between the absolute takfeer and the specific one, the major disbelief and the minor one and between the collective duty and the obligatory one and

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identity, etc. The social factors that precipitate the prevalence of takfeer include: illiteracy (specially religious illiteracy), reluctance of scholars to respond to unbelievers, atheists, and oppressors, spread of injustice, the gap between youth and the elderly, weakness of home control, foreign intervention in Islamic countries, awkward approaches of some Islamic groups, lack of vision, patience, and wisdom, young leadership, arrogance and egoism. To treat such a phenomenon psychologically and socially, we should provide protective treatment (prophylaxis) and treat those who follow takfeer approaches.

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The Ideology of Takfeer and its Traits: a

Psychological and Social Prespective

Dr. Muhammad Ashami

Having pursued the Ahadeeth that described takfeer-

oriented people, to understand their mentality and traits, we found that they are described as: youth with lack of knowledge and wisdom, they consider the form of worshipping and overlook the content, they ignore the ethics of disagreement, and they don't respect their converses but insult them, they don't respect the elderly except if they share them the same approach. By analyzing their thoughts and methods we found that takfeer-oriented people acquire morbid personality characters such as psychopath (antisocial), paranoid and narcissistic. The last adopts defense mechanisms for survival without succumbing to change. Among these mechanisms are rationalization and generalization. There are some psychological perspectives that can give account of such characters: frustration, aggression, narcissistic rage, passive

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Ignorance and Following One’s Whims:

Two of the Main Causes of Takfeer

Dr. Abdullah Albukhari

This research discusses two of the main causes leading Takfeer,

namely: ignorance and following one’s whims. Ignorance has led the Kharijites to charge Ali (May Allah be pleased with him) with disbelief and because of following their whims the Kharijites refused to adhere back to the truth and righteousness even though it was clear for them. This study addresses those two reasons in two chapters. The first one provides a definition of ignorance highlighting the need of the whole humanity to acquire the useful knowledge. It maintains that ignorance is the source of all corruption. It reveals that disrespecting the ethical conditions of knowledge acquisition has rendered the latter useless. The study also draws examples to point out the dangers of marginalizing the scholars opinions; then it proposes a treatment for the spread of ignorance. Chapter 2 defines following one’s whims and its dangers on humanity. It further explains how the Shari'ah warned us against it. It contributes to the Takfeer phenomenon. The study concludes with useful findings and recommendations to help Muslims avoid it and find the appropriate methods of treatment for this dangerous phenomenon.

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innovations originated with an ignorant person delving into

the rulings of the Islamic Legislative discipline, that the

blind upholding of a particular school disqualified one from

discussing rulings, and that the discussion of principle

rulings was only allowed when based on knowledge. He

concluded his paper with a list of the aspects of the

association between contemporary Takfeer with the

absence of legislative knowledge and the need to rationalize

it, citing excess in the claim of an ability to give rulings and

miscomprehension of the rule of allegiance and disavowal.

He also mentioned the causes of the recent spread of this

phenomenon and the way to guide Takfeer advocates.

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Ignorance of the Islamic Law Discipline and the

Influence of that Ignorance on the Emergence of the

Takfeer Phenomenon

Dr. Abdulrazzaq Ismaeel Hermas

The researcher pointed out the early roots of the link

between the Takfeer phenomenon and the absence of

Islamic Legal knowledge. He first discussed the beginning

of the Takfeer innovation and the foolish actions it had led

to, and he pointed the extensions of this phenomenon

through history. Next, he mentioned the aspects of the

absence of Islamic Legal knowledge, which included taking

some verses of the Quran for what they seem to mean,

using the surface meaning of evidence, the inability to

comprehend the purposes of Islamic Law, and climbing up

to the level of interpretive judgment. The researcher

offered next a topic to warn scholars against allowing an

ignorant person to delve into rulings, whether they are

primary or subsidiary. He asserted that unwarranted

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Therefore, all fanatic attitudes and takfeer share the

same ground in that the fanatic attitudes are considered one

kind of delusion and pride of one’s own knowledge,

associated with a sense of freedom religion and line of

thinking, though Takfeer is one kind of knowledge

delusion, sole ownership of truth and unleashed sense of

freedom and issuance of fatwas, or rather a feeling of

religious obligation in uttering the true word. Both might

lead to committing crimes and deadly actions against

people. This author describes the relationship between such

attitudes and how to avoid their negatives educationally. He

explains the educational reasons and the takfeeri attitudes

as well as the consequences of mixing the freedom of

thinking with that of takfeer employing the psychological,

sociological and cognitive approaches.

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Fanatic Attitudes and Takfeer: What Type of

Relationship

Prof. Alarabi Farahati

The author addresses the phenomenon of Takfeer as a

phenomenon that originated within religious thought and

the cognitive fields of religion. It was associated with all

religious thought along the course of history. People were

often divided into believers and unbelievers. It depends on

the attitudes of an individual or group towards another

person or group, considering the latter deviating from the

main stream of religious thought, denying established

rituals and unsubscribing from their cult, based on the

former’s interpretation of their cognitive attitudes and their

false or true understanding of religion. In both cases, these

attitudes appear amongst individuals and groups informed

by a certain pattern of religious upbringing that could lead

to another pattern of fanaticism and misrepresentation of

religion.

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4- following deviant religious leaders , 5- ego-centered developed personality, 6- the exclusion of the other opinions and ideas, 7- claiming ownership of the absolute truth , 8- adoption of the logic of truth –false way of thinking. The author also addressed some of the factors that make

common sense of enlightening method for understanding Islam, which can be used to challenge such claims of these groups peacefully. Of these factors are:

the proper way of understanding comprehensively the divine text (Quran and sunna)

-receiving knowledge from trustworthy and just scholars recognizing the right to disagreement and adhering to moderateness.

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The Role of Intellectual Factors in the Formation

of Takfeer Ideology

Prof. Muhammad Zarman This research deals with the role of intellectual factors in

the formation of takfeer ideology followed by the extremist groups that have spread all over the corners of the Islamic countries.

The author pointed out that the emergence of Takfeer is traced back to the Kharijites and continues until the present time. This phenomenon did not happen by chance, but rather an output of an array of entangling causes, including intellectual, educational, psychological, social, economic ones; the first being the most significant one.

The most important intellectual factors in shaping up the takfeer ideology are:

1- ignorance of religion 2- literal reading of divine text without taking the context

in consideration, 3- wrong interpretation of the religious text,

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which alarmingly spreads among Muslim communities through the intellectual combat of the extreme beliefs and thoughts of the groups promoting such phenomenon as such combat can take the shape of adopting organized and sustained efforts by the various institutions of the society at the level of Ummah with the sole purpose of uprooting this thought of ascribing people to infidelity.

Furthermore, higher educational institutions, which are considered the most significant centers for educational and intellectual qualification of individuals in society, have to play an effective role in determining the ideal methods and modern scientific orientations in education and curriculum preparation. Moreover, such institutions should work as strategic institutions that pay particular attention to the study and evaluation of the society's problems as well as identify the society's points of weakness and strength, find suitable alternatives and present views and ideas for the service and promotion of society, together with coping with the scientific development and advanced knowledge currently taking place globally.

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Intellectual Reasons for the Phenomenon of Takfeer

Dr. Hanan Muhammad Hussain Jastanih

Takfeer in the contemporary thought is no longer an Islamic

practice that is governed by the established principles of the religion. On the contrary, it has become a negative phenomenon that was actually dealt with totally outside its true Islamic concept. Hence, this led to the carelessness in issuing personal judgments on ascribing people to infidelity and apostasy.

The author addressed the most significant motives for ascribing people to infidelity as follows; The tendency to adopt extreme attitude in embracing one single opinion, hold fanatic attitude to one's opinion, ignore the principles and bases of discussing controversial issues together with the total absence of reliable Islamic reference, reliance on the issuance judgments upon academically unqualified personnel together with inclination to adopting intellectual narrowing in dealing with things and expanding the circle of prohibited matters.

She finally voiced the following recommendations: the call for addressing the phenomenon of ascribing people to infidelity

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Ideological Causes of Takfeer (Ignorance, Following

One's Whims and Misinterpretation)

Dr. Afaf Hassan M. Mukhtar

The researcher has addressed the causes incurring the

phenomenon of Takfeer. Chief of such causes are:

ignorance, following one's whims, misinterpretation,

integrating with deviant people and receiving knowledge

from them. Finally, she came to the conclusion that

ideological confrontation of Takfeer is as important as

security confrontation. Moreover, it is more

comprehensive than security confrontation – deviant

ideology has to be met with true ideology.

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Ideological Causes of Takfeer (Ignorance as to

Religion, Following One's Whims and Misinterpretation)

Dr. Ali Ya'koub Takfeer as a phenomenon is worth a pause right here. One

has to consider and study this phenomenon so as to identify its causes, impetus and impact on both the individual and society. Of such causes are: being unaware of the true nature of Islam; following one's whims; misinterpretation of the uncontested religious texts of the Quran and the Sunnah; integrating with the adherents of this deviant ideology; receiving knowledge from people other than scholars; and depending on deviant views and theories. Such are the causes of lots of the extremist groups that charge all those who do not follow their ideology with infidelity. The researcher recommends that a dialogue be opened with the adherents of this deviant ideology, paying much more attention to familial and school education, selecting certain authoritative scholars to teach young people about this matter at mosques, especially on vacations. Likewise, the researcher recommends that the ayahs and hadiths used by such deviant people be collected, corrected and explained, and then distributed at schools, mosques and youth hostels.

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The Causes of the Takfeer Phenomenon

Dr. Manal Saleem Assa’edi

In his study, the researcher discussed a number of

reasons that caused the spread of the Takfeer

phenomenon. These included causes resulting from

ignorance, from following one’s whims, from

misinterpretation, and from the company of perverse

groups and learning from them.

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The Intellectual Causes of Takfeer

Masikah Assem AlQryoutee

The paper reviews the causes Takfeer such as the lack

of the legal science knowledge, ignoring the righteous

forebears' teachings, corrupt interpretation of texts,

following bizarre opinions, straying away from the

competent scholars and questioning their integrity, and

studying at the hands of unqualified individuals.

Furthermore, the paper highlights some faults in the

methodology followed by the contemporary Takfeeri

movements such as adopting the views and the fawas of

some individuals without questioning their legal

eligibility and scholarly competence to do so,

inattention to the corrupt beliefs and deviant approaches,

hastiness and excessive zeal of some enthusiastic

Muslims and Satan's deception.

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Promoting the Takfeer Thinking: The Role of Media

Dr. Ridha AbdelWajed Ameen

This paper argues that the multiple forms and means of media

as well as its recent huge development have made some people hold it accountable for spreading the culture of Takfeer. The reasons behind such an accusation may go back to the lack of qualified cadre that can discuss the community issues objectively and professionally. The reasons may also go back to the knowledge revolution and Internet data explosion which have made the whole world a small village and eased the dissemination of Takfeeri ideas. The study recommends that those Takfeeri ideas be challenged by clarifying the Islamic concepts and the Takfeeri individuals and groups should be confronted intellectually using scientific dialogue and logical persuasion. It also suggests that all Muslims should establish a media institution that can be run by any of the worldwide Islamic institutions such as WAMY to track, collect and refer the Takfeeri ideas to specialists who can respond to those ideas before they are spread in the Muslim community and become really dangerous.

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Theme : 3 Reasons Leading to the Phenomenon of Takfeer

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The Historical Roots of the Takfeer Phenomenon

among Muslims

Dr. Nasser Muhammadi Muhammad Jad The researcher believed that the beginning of Takfeer thought

was before the end of the Companions’ era. This view has led him to discuss, on the basis of historical accounts, the idea of judging the Companions, who were the best people of the nation next to the Prophet (PBUH). The researcher was aware that some people with perverse mentality, who mistrusted the Companions, might make a connection between the emergence of this phenomenon and the events involving the Syrian and Iraqi armies in Siffeen. This image might be supported by some historical sources that portray some Companions as if they were deceivers and scatterbrains. Some people took such accounts for granted, and therefore mistrusted the Companions and based certain ideological beliefs on that mistrust.

Next, the researcher recounted the circumstances under which the Takfeer phenomenon emerged and developed in Islamic history, stated the most important Takfeeri ideas, and pointed out the connection between Takfeer in the contemporary age with that of the past ages.

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Possible Scenarios of the Future of Takfeer A Futuristic Study

Dr. Alaa Abdulhafiz Muhammad

The main idea of this paper is to oversee the future of Takfeer.

The importance of studying the future of Takfeer is obvious in the current developments in the international order and the willingness of some people to use what is called “fighting terrorism” to describe Islam and Muslims using a pretext of some wrong actions of some people who do not represent neither Islam nor Muslims.

The main objective of the paper is to define the most important possible scenarios of the Takfeerphenomenon, the possible outcomes of each one of them and the possible alternatives to deal with each scenario. The paper also tries to provide some suggestions to eradicate that phenomenon.

The paper uses the analytical approach to explain the important developments in the international order during the last two decades which affected Takfeer phenomenon directly or indirectly.

The paper tries to oversee the possible variables that could affect the future of Takfeer through defining the main possible scenarios, describing those scenarios, the conditions that could lead to each scenario andthe effects and implications of each scenario. Finally, the paper provides some suggestion to eradicate that phenomenon.

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Historical Roots for the Phenomenon of Takfeer

amongst Muslims

Dr. Rasheed bin Hassan Muhammad Ali The phenomenon of Takfeer is as old as the advent of Islam. It

was adopted by Kharijites who stigmatized adherents of Qibla as disbelievers due to their sins. In so doing, they had legalized shedding the blood of Muslims. Then they were followed by Al-Rafidites who also charged Abu-Bakr, Omar, Othman and the majority of Al-Muhajirin and Al-Ansar with the same things. The appearance of Kharijites is as old as the days of Prophet Muhammad. They were established by Harkous bin Zuhair Al-Saadi. However, they turned into a group following the incident of arbitration.

Shiism has gone through stages during its rise and progress. It is most likely that the rise of its deviant faction was at the end of the reign of Caliph Othman, more precisely when the Jewish Abd-Allah bin Sabaa discredited the three Caliphs (i.e., Abu-Bakr, Omar and Othamn), stigmatizing them as usurpers of ruling, calling for the sanctity of Ali, recommending the idea of trusteeship.

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criticizing their Holy Book. The scientific investigation of the religious texts at that time reveals that they have given infallibility to the Pops of Rome and holiness to Ecumenical Councils. The church has the right to charge individuals and groups with disbelief. The history tells that the Christian history is the history of Takfeer. It was laicism that enforced mutual dialogue and appreciation of the other, and this is confirmed in the way the church has dealt with nonconformist sects, the Unitarians , the Holy Book critics, the research pioneers, the supporters of Ibn Rushed's philosophy and the Morisco Muslims. The religious wars among the Catholic, Protestant and Orthodox Churches have led to the downfall of the church and prevalence of atheism. Finally, a careful look on the contemporary Human Rights Act topped with the principles of freedom will tell that the dark Christian history has shaped the reality of the European man who shepherds the world towards a safe civilized world for the whole humanity.

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The Doctrinal Roots and Manifestations of

Excommunication in Christianity

Dr. Mohammed AbdelHaliem Baishi

The one who carefully reads the historical development of the Christian churches, branched from the Ecumenical Councils or split from the mother church, will importantly find significant words about Takfeer, heresy, and nonconformism. Those words have characterized the religious life in Europe with violence and kept it in nonstop wars. The legislations of marriage, inheritance and burial clearly reflect this thought of disbelief making the researcher believe that there are rival religions within Christianity itself. Recently, this attitude of disbelief has negatively affected the religion status and made people prefer laicism to a religion that has brought them nothing but war and loss of peace. This religion neutralization and its replacement with laicism and atheism did not happen overnight but it has gradually cumulated through the Christian ages of faith that acknowledged nothing but the inquisitions and the gibbets for anyone opposing the church's teachings or

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organizations and groups, in order to achieve their goals, have disguised behind glittering goals, such as achieving justice, liberation of land, fighting injustice and forcing colonists out. Therefore, they made full use of all means in order to reach authority. They even used the meanest methods of psychological terrorism including frightening those who disagree with them by judging them as disbelievers. This study showed that such groups and organization are spreading in the Islamic world countries under different names, including Al Qa'eda Regime, group of AlTakfeer wa ElHijra, group of AlJihad and many other groups. If we pay attention to those groups, we will find that charging the rulers and ruled with disbelief is a common practice among all of them making extremism, terrorism and murder as their approach. Therefore, we feel sorry for the deviant thoughts adopted by such groups which contradict with the tolerant principles and teachings of Islam mentioned in the Holy Qur'an and the Tradition of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH).

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The Historical Roots of the Kharijites Takfeer

Phenomenon: Origins, Development and Effects

Prof. Mohammed Issaa Al Hariry

The Kharijites thought represents a religious and political

phenomenon that dangerously affect Islamic societies. The Kharijites have adopted a certain jurisprudence depending on number of basic rules; the most dangerous of which is Takfeer of those who disagree with them. This study discusses the definition of Takfeer linguistically, and idiomatically, the origin and development of this Kharijite phenomenon, and the scission of Kharijites to different groups. Then the study investigates the effect of this thought on the newly appeared groups and organizations adopting Kharijite Takfeer thinking. Furthermore, the study also investigates the motives leading to forming such groups and their effects on the Islamic communities locally and internationally. The Islamic society has recently witnessed the emergence of organizations and groups adopting Kharijite Takfeer thinking. Motivated by the passion for leadership and the hope to be in authority, those

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Historical Roots of Takfeer – Al-Mu'tazila as a Case Study: A Historical Study (198 – 247 AH / 813 – 861 AD)

Dr. Fathi Youssef Al-Shawawra The present paper addresses the school of Al-Mu'tazila as an

ideological school that adopted the ideology of Takfeer. It is a historical study that focuses on the historical progress of this school since its rise in the beginning of the 2nd century AH until its political fall in the end of the first half of the 3rd century AH. The present study casts light on the historical progress of the approach of Al-Mu'tazila, its very name, historical rise, its five fundamentals, rise of its power, and its fall during the reign of Caliph Al-Mutawakel Ala-Allah and the procedures this Caliph had used regarding this apparoch.

The paper has illustrated the role of Hadith scholars and jurisprudents belonging to the adherents of Sunnah in fighting their Mu'tazila opponents peacefully. It pointed out the Sunnah scholars' perseverance, determination and strength in peaceful resistance until God had helped them overcome their opponents. This study is thoroughly historical – the theorization and theory of Al-Mu'tazilaare left aside. Also, it casts light on the practical application of Al-Mu'tazilapolitically, especially when the Abbasid Caliphs adopted that ideology.

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The present premise highlights the fact that the virus of this disease in the past and present stems from a misinterpretation based on the simulation of aberrant inherited beliefs and myths. The infected were and still constitute a very small marginal fraction. The overwhelming majority of our Ummah was and still is inviolable and immune. Still, humanity is in a dire need of an effective formula to marginalize that epidemic vulnerability

This study is divided into an introduction about its framework , limits of treatment, its method and approach, followed by two sections and epilogue, The first section sheds light on the map of Takfeeri phenomenon’s patterns in early Islamic era , as reflected in three types of apostasy, Shi’ah claimers, and Kharjites . The second section addresses the parameters for each type’s description and treatment prescription.

The study epilogue emphasizes the invariability of al Takfeer epidemic’s roots, causes and nature. Hence; it claims that the companions experience in this regard is of untold value. Its revival and emulation in the contemporary world is

the most viable and farsighted approach.

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Intellectual Historical Roots of Takfeer

Diagnosis &Treatment: Early Islamic Era

Prof. Essayed M. Omar

The prophet’s companions May Allah bless them challenged Takfeer epidemic and initiated the most rightful diagnosis of all its types and manifestations as well as the most legitimate, disciplined and farsighted treatment. They defined its matrix and nucleus and illustrated the fundamental rules of its fair as well as benevolent treatment. Because of their direct upbringing and well education at the prophet’s hand, they bestowed upon us a unique unrivaled quadrilateral experience: (1) classification of the main types and sub types of Takfeer malady, (2) illuminating the millstones of corrective measure for every specific type, (3) enhancing Ummah immunity and resilience against the above mentioned aberration and (4) aiding infected individuals, groups and sects’ recovery and salvation.

This research seeks tridimensional goal: illustrating the map of that experience, restoring it from the memory of our Islamic nation, to our present awareness in order to reactivate it as an experienced, viable, and warranted description and prescription

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unit for fighting heterodoxies. These units, used to be called

"God Guardians", were the symbol of the most extremist

and intolerant approach at that time. Held by the emperor

and the pope, this alliance added a lot of power to the

Christian creed making it a dictatorship that has the power

to judge any man as disbeliever and kill him if it is

necessary. Those religious and political factors have given

birth to the religious reformation movement at the end of

the middle ages which called for detaching from the middle

ages empire, and building independent churches not

following or ruled by the Catholic Church in Rome. Yet,

although this history is finished, intolerance has remained

inseparable of Christianity until today. Freedom and

tolerance coloring the public life in the Christian countries

are by-products of the modern and atheist life which they

have adopted.

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Takfeer Phenomenon in Other Nations: The

Consequences of Takfeer in Christianity

Dr. Adel Muhammad A. Sulaiman

Takfeer phenomenon among followers of the same

religion as well as followers of other religions is as old as

religions themselves. It basically depends on the

misinterpretation of the religious texts and terms to support

a certain opinion. However, Judaism and Christianity did

not use the word 'Takfeer' but they used the word

"heterodoxy" to refer to the same meaning; the man who

follows heterodoxies is a man of deviant creed. Religious

knowledge used to be monopolized by priests whose job

has given them the right to accuse whom they ever want of

heresy. This concept has gained power during the middle

ages, and priesthood became a power in itself. Once a man

judged to be a heterodoxy follower, he was tortured, jailed,

chased, banished out of his country, or even killed. The

church has gone far beyond that; they have established a

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The Roots of the Takfeer Phenomenon in the

Heavenly Religions: A Dogmatic and Historical

Study

Saeed Mohammed Hussein Mal'awee

This paper focuses on the Takfeer phenomenon in the Jewish

and Christian communities and traces its roots in both religions. It discusses the definition of "Takfeer" linguistically and terminologically. It maintains that the phrase "People of the Book" refers to Jews and Christians. In addition, the researcher brings to light the phenomenon of Takfeer within the Jewish community and maintains that it is based on a basic principle in their religion, specifically the one maintaining that they are “the chosen people by Allah". This phenomenon derives its roots from the teachings of the distorted Torah and the misguiding Talmud teachings. Furthermore, the researcher refers to how the Jews have excommunicated the prophets (Peace be Upon Them) and all other non-Jewsh nations. Additionally, the researcher investigates the roots of the Takfeer phenomenon in Christianity, explains the diversity of the terms that deal with Takfeer within Christianity, gives examples of this phenomenon in the Christian religion history and refers to the contemporary consequences of this phenomenon that are still present in Christianity till now.

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Ideological Roots of Takfeer

Phenomenon amongst Muslims

Dr. Abubakr M. Zakariya

The researcher concluded that the ideological roots

of Takfeer phenomenon amongst Muslims are as early

as the days of Kharijites who revolted against Ali

[ibnAbi-Talib], may Allah be pleased with him, using

false pretexts, exactly like the ones of Al-Mu'tazila Al-

Qadria and Shi’a. Such false pretexts are now in the

increase, something that corrupts the minds of the

Muslim young people nowadays. Some of such deviant

groups and parties [nowadays] adopt ideologies that do

not conform to the Holy Quran, Sunnah and the straight

path followed by the venerable ancestors.

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Theme : 2 Phenomenon of Takfeer :Its

Historical,

Dogmatic and Intellectual Roots

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Takfeer as Invalidated by Misconceptions

Dr. Muhammad AL-Madani Bussaq In this paper, the researcher addresses the subject of

invalidating Takfeer through misconceptions. He starts his research paper with defining the words of the title. Next, he illustrates the dangers entailing Takfeer, quoting the uncontested textual evidence that shows how abominable it is as well as the approach of scholars regarding invalidating Takfeer thorough misconceptions. Of such scholars are the imam of the adherents of Sunnah Ahmad ibnHanbal, ibnTaimieya, his pupil ibnQayiem Al-Jawzeya and all those following in their footsteps.

The researcher concludes that scholars are unanimously of the view that Takfeer is actually invalidated by misconceptions whatever the clarity of Takfeer and weakness of the misconception: as long as the person does the duties prescribed by Islam and repulses infidelity, no one however knowledgeable one is can charge them with disbelief.

Likewise, the researcher stresses that unless there are clear-cut and final judiciary verdicts issued by a religious judiciary organization, no one has the right to stigmatize a specific person as infidel. To stigmatize someone as infidel is as abominable as defamation of one's dignity and descent.

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Takfeer: Its Controls and Its Conditions

Dr. Wafaa G. Muhammad

The author explained that Takfeer is a legislative issue that has been described in the Holy Qur’an and Sunnah of the prophet (pbuh). It is a topic that has been extensively discussed by the early and contemporary scholars, giving birth to some groups of thought and political approaches. The issue was so intricately entangling to those who lack knowledge. The main problem arises from ignoring the scholarly bases of this issue that lead to the emergence of Excessive Takfeer. Accordingly, the author tries to develop some conditions to gear this serious problem so as not to leave the issue subject to whims and desire.

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among Muslims and divided them into parties and groups that accused each other of infidelity and killed each other.

The researcher decided that a Muslim might commit an action of ideological disbelief while he is unaware of it because of ignorance, misinterpretation, or emulation, and therefore the person involved could not be declared a disbeliever unless disbelief conditions are present without legislative prohibitions. Likewise, he added, some actions that made a person a practical infidel were considered in view of other considerations such as conviction, ridicule, intension, or obstinacy. They are considered actions of ideological disbelief when disbelief conditions are present with no legislative prohibitions.

He concluded his research by declaring that one important issue that had to be understood was that declaring someone an apostate could be a ruling compatible with Allah's ruling; this person is considered an apostate by both Allah and by people. However, Allah might not consider him as such for his repentance that had taken place between him and Allah. Therefore people would consider a person an apostate on the basis of appearances, while internal feelings were left to Allah.

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The Truth about Disbelief and Takfeer as Seen by

Early Scholars

Hasan Ali Al-Awaji

In this study, the researcher found that disbelief (kufr) and

Takfeer have different denotations, and that one should not be used to refer to the other without details and explanation, or without evidence and controls. He maintained that the two terms in the Quran and sunna might mean ideological disbelief which made one a deserter of the religion and practical disbelief which did not, and that only highly-learned scholars understood that. Moreover, he maintained that failure to distinguish between the two terms was the cause of an outbreak of manslaughter in many Islamic countries. Declaring someone as a disbeliever means declaring him an ideological infidel whereas declaring him an infidel is different because it might mean the same thing or mean declaring the person a practical infidel; therefore the distinction had to be made. The researcher clarified that understanding that infidelity, as used in texts, refers to ideological infidelity only has led to disunity

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The Danger of the Takfeer Phenomenon

Dr. Ahmed A. Shokah AlKubaisi

The paper investigates Takfeer and its severe

consequences on the community; it unravels its misconceptions and explicates its dangers. The paper adopts a descriptive, analytical and historical approach to identify the Takfeer phenomenon, highlight its evil effects and demonstrate its connection with the bombings and the corruption. In addition, the paper demonstrates how the extremist Takfeeri approach can affect the intellectual and doctrinal perceptions. The paper concludes with some findings and recommendations.

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Conditions of Takfeer in Light of Sunnah

Dr. Nawal bin Abul-Aziz Al-Eid

As stated in the title, this paper addresses "Conditions of

Takfeer" in light of Sunnah. The linguistic and idiomatic definitions of Takfeer are given, referring back to the Prophet's hadiths (i.e., sayings of Prophet Muhammad) regarding the rebellion of Kharijites (i.e., dissenters) and the attitude of Muslim community towards their claims. The researcher goes on to point out general conditions regarding Takfeer according to Sunnah, conditions of charging specific people with infidelity in light of Sunnah (conditions and objections). The paper ends in some results and recommendations.

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Takfeer: Significance and Rulings

A Shar’i study

Dr Mohamed Saadi Hassanin

The author addresses in this study the

significance and rulings of Takfeer to illustrate the Islamic legal prescription on this issue, showing the prototypical belief of Ahlu As-sunna wa jama’ah (Adherents to Sunnah and the Community) as Takfeer is one of Islamic rulings that has reasons, conditions, constraints and effects that must be considered. Then he showed how grievous Takfeer is.

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Conditions of Takfeer in Islamic Jurisprudence

Muhammad M. Alharthi

The author addressed the conditions of Takfeer. In the

beginning, he defined the concept and the relationship

between charging with disbelief and apostasy as well as

the gravity of takfeer. He also identified the differences

between absolute and specified charge of disbelief. The

latter is the subject matter of the paper. Then he listed the

conditions of takfeer relating to the accuser and the

accused. Finally, He ends the paper with the most

important results and recommendations

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Controls of Takfeer

Ibraheem Amin Ya’qoub

The author addresses the conditions of the two types of

Takfeer, general and specified, showing the differences between both types. Then he explained the constraints of Takfeer and ended with some recommendations to conclude his paper. Some of the most important recommendations are:

Publicizing the scholars’ views and clergymen in all possible ways.

Giving more role to media for publicizing such papers to reach everyone rather than leaving them piled on bookshelves.

Communicating with the governmental D’awah institutions and others locally and internationally to explore the scholars’ views in this regard.

Posting and advertizing the scholars’ views. Religious speakers and lecturers should frequently reiterate

these views to establish them in the mentality of people. Making Takfeer offensive and turning the people away

from it.

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except through accurate analogy. So, to charge someone with kufr, two things must be established: first, through uncontested textual evidence; second, through accurate analogy. Similarly, to charge a specific person as infidel in case their "kufr" is clear, two things have also to be established: (1) fulfillment of the conditions: intellect, legal responsibility and intention; (2) invalidation of objections: ignorance, coercion and suspicion. If the evidence is proved as true, the apostate has to be asked first to repent. In case they do not repent, it is then that the Islamic punishment should be performed. The question of charging somebody with disbelief is the task of the ruler or his deputy, since this is a religious ruling of which the ruler is responsible.

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Islamic Punishment of Disbelief and Takfeer

Lutf-Allah Khouja

Linguistically speaking, the term "kufr" (literally, infidelity

or disbelief) is an Arabic word for "coverage" – viz. "the process of covering something". In Islamic terminology, it is the antonym of faith. It is deeds or words, which decrease and increase, of denial and reluctance, or both. It is divisible into strata, some of which refute faith. It can also be divided into "higher kufr", which refutes faith and kicks one out of faith; and "lesser kufr", in which one neglects an obligatory duty or commits a great sin. So, "kufr" is the opposite of faith, whether in part or as a whole.

Of the other types of "kufr" are: ingratitude which is the verbal "kufr" of hearts; repulsion of faith which is the practical "kufr" of hearts; and evasion which is the kufr of extremities. Other types are: denial, arrogance, disdain, evasion, suspicion and hypocrisy.

Kufr cannot be established as true except through the Islamic law: independent reasoning has nothing to do with it

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Types and Rulings of Disbelief

Salwa Mohamed Almuhmadi

The paper consists of an introduction and two

sections. The first part talks about the meaning of disbelief linguistically and legally, and the second discusses the types and rulings of disbelief. The author developed the latter section into two subsections: (1) major disbelief: punishment and ruling, and (2) minor disbelief: punishment and ruling. Then she spelt out her findings.

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Meanwhile, applying Takfeer to a particular person was dependent on meeting the conditions and absence of prohibitions, like all legislative rules. The researcher concluded that students of religion, not laymen and their like, should not involve themselves in the field of specific Takfeer. They should refer to renowned Islamic scholars and the earlier rulings of major imams in this field who all were in agreement on the great principles of applying the general and the specific. This, the researcher added, would keep us away from errors in this field that resulted from the mistakes of students of religion or some writers and authors even if they have good intentions.

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infidelity and apostasy are applicable to him.The researcher raised an important question that deserves special attention. The legal texts and the statements of scholars Takfeer are either general or specific. The distinction between the two of them was of great importance for absolute does not entail all types of specific Takfeer and the specific Takfeerdid not entail another specific Takfeer. On the other hand, a legislative ruling of general Takfeer was something that had to be accepted, for rejecting it would be a rejection and denial of Islamic Law and disbelief according to Muslim consensus. On the other hand, a specific Takfeeris a personal opinion applied to a certain individual; it is the same as all considered opinions that are applied to specific individuals; therefore it should be left for judges and scholars to decide. Charging a known group or community of disbelief because they are committing an action of disbelief is an absolute, rather than a specific Takfeer. It is similar to Takfeeron the basis of a particular trait or action, such as saying, “Whoever prostrates to something or someone other than Allah is an apostate,” or, “Whoever prays to something or someone other than Allah is an apostate.” Both of these statements were common ones made by Allah, His messenger, and righteous ancestors, may Allah grace them with His favor.

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Absolute and Specific Takfeer

and the Rulings on Each

Ismael Ghassab Sulaiman Al-Adawi

In this study, the researcher maintains that Takfeer is the

right of Allah only and it was utterly aural with no room for reason in it. He adds that this ruling should be addressed only by those qualified scholars who can deduce its legislative controls. He maintains that applying such a ruling to people requires a certain degree of knowledge and deliberation. He argues that a scholar should fear Allah and be extremely careful when making such a decision, because of its grave consequences that affect both the individual and society; such a ruling means that the person is no longer a Muslim and all his actions are void. This ruling entails that the person pronounced an infidel should be killed as an apostate, that he should be deprived of any authority he holds, that getting married to him is forbidden, that he is not entitled to inherit or be inherited, that it is prohibited to pray for mercy for him, and that other rulings that concerned

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the name of religion will in turn trigger violence, bloodshed and the spread of indecent and unlawful deeds.

Stigmatizing Muslims whether they are scholars or common Muslims; this will make people mistrust the Muslim clergymen and their religious views and thus they won't accept their answers to their religious queries.

Distorting the stereotypical and universal image of Islam that fosters tolerance and ease. It is well-know that Islam is characterized with tolerance and ease in its rulings. Takfeer will discourage people from converting Islam.

Intellectual dogmatism leaving no room for other opinions or arguments. "Peace be upon our Messenger, all his family and his followers".

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The Danger of Takfeer Phenomenon

Dr. Aliyah S. Alqarni

Takfeer is one of the most dangerous issues that I am

going to deal with in this paper as this phenomenon has serious consequences on individuals and the community. Examples of serious consequences are as follows:

Interfering in Allah’s exclusive right as a legislator. Those who declare a Muslim to be a disbeliever, without sufficient evidence , is considered as interfering in God’s rulings.

Opposing the way of the adherents to Sunnah and the community of Muslims “ahlu-sunna wal jama’ah” concerning he who commits a deadly sin, since ahlu-sunna believe that such a person is a disobedient Muslim not a disbeliever.

It is an offensive disunity in the Muslim Community and rebellion against the government which will in turn lead to weakening the Muslim stronghold because of civil wars, raising death toll, more killings of innocent civilians and blundering of public and private properties.

Legalizing killing and blundering of others' properties in

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conscientious search for the truth even if he proved to be unsuccessful. He who fully realizes these terms and restrictions, and commits an act of disbelief is not excused for his ignorance. Interpretation is wrong exertion and is not excused in Islamic fundamentals such as Allah's adoration and acceptance of his Shari'ah. These basics of religion cannot be achieved in view of misconceptions. Moreover, the Holy Shari'ah maintains that Allah Almighty forgives a Muslim if he commits an act of disbelief when out of control, for example in cases of extreme joy, sadness, fear or any similar circumstances.

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Takfeer:

Conditions and Controls

Dr. Munira Albadrani

The innovation of the unfounded Takfeer is one of the first and most dangerous innovations appeared in Islam at the hands of Kharijites who have charged Ali (may Allah be pleased with him) with disbelief since it has legitimatized blood shedding, money exaction and rights infringements as a way of approaching Allah. There are necessary conditions for Takfeer to be valid, the most important of which are: the age of responsibility; the person should be in responsible age, the child and the crazy person cannot be taken by their acts and freedom of choice; the person who was forced to atheism is not a disbeliever. The evidence of Quran and Sunnah maintain that it is essential for a person to realize the act he is committing to be considered a disbeliever; he cannot be considered a disbeliever without conclusive evidence. The early Islamic scholars have followed this approach, and the Sunnah followers have never charged anyone mistaking in his

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Conditions and Controls of Takfeer

Waleed M. Al-Ali

The author explained that Takfeer is a legislative issue

that has been described in the Holy Qur’an and Sunnah of the prophet (pbuh). It is a topic that has been extensively discussed by the early and contemporary scholars, giving birth to some groups of thought and political approaches. The issue was so intricately entangling to those who lack knowledge. The main problem arises from ignoring the scholarly bases of this issue that lead to the emergence of Excessive Takfeer. Accordingly, the author tries to develop some conditions to gear this serious problem so as not to leave the issue subject to whims and desire.

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yet, this has to be assured conclusively. Mentioning,

alleging, and reporting that he has become so without

evidence is not enough; the Islamic rule maintains he who

converts to Islam with certainty is not declared to lose it, but

with certainty. Second, his disbelief must be apparent to the

community. Third, a ruler/governor should not be declared a

disbeliever for committing a deadly sin, but for a clear action

of disbelief. Fourth, his disbelief should be visible, clear and

explicit. Fifth, the ruling of his Takfeer should be based on

clear, concrete evidence from the Holy Quran but not on

controversial evidence since such a serious accusation

cannot be laid on debatable evidence.

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The Rulings of Takfeer in the Sunnah

Dr. Bandar bin Nafi ibn Barakat Abdali

This paper tries to extract the rules of Takfeer from the

Prophetic Haidths. The paper reveals that it is prohibited to

call a Muslim a Kafer [disbeliever] without a proof; he/she

who does so with no concrete evidence at hand is to be

called so himself and has committed a deadly sin. The

Hadiths concerning the Takfeer phenomenon are of two

types: Major disbelief and minor disbelief. The other

Hadiths, describing a sin-committer as a disbeliever, a

dissolute or a hypocrite, or disavowing the one who does

such sins, can be similarly divided into the same two types;

there are two types of Takfeer: absolute Takfeer and specific

Takfeer. In order to prove the latter, concrete evidence and

specific conditions must be present with no prohibitions;

governors and rulers are an example of this kind. It is totally

prohibited to go against the Muslim ruler until five

conditions are met: First, the ruler becomes a disbeliever;

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The Concept of the Pre-Islamic Era and its Relation

to the Takfeer: An Evaluative Study

Dr. Ahmed Bou-Aoud

The paper followed two approaches: The first approach is an

analytic one which analyzes the opinions regarding the concept of the Jahiliyah [Henceforth Pre-Islamic Era] through researching the origin of the concept, how it is used by some leaders of the Islamic movements and the resulting consequences of that use. The second approach is an evaluative one in which the paper evaluates the description of the Islamic societies as Pre-Islamic ones and surveys the scholars' opinions in this regard to draw attention to the danger of this description. The second approach revolves around three topics: It A) explains the concept of the Pre-Islamic Era in Arabic Language, the Holy Quran and the Sunnah, B) discusses the connection between the Pre-Islamic Era and excommunication [Henceforth Takfeer], and finally C) investigates the appropriateness of describing the current societies as pre-Islamic ones.

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Kinds of Takfeer and its Islamic Ruling: Absolute

Takfeer, Takfeer of Specific People and the

Differences between Them

Dr. Othman bin Mu'alem Mahmoud bin Sheikh Ali

In this research paper, the researcher addresses the

kinds of Takfeer, its Islamic ruling in light of Islam

(absolute Takfeer, Takfeer of specific people and the

difference between them); result of drawing a distinction

between these two kinds; conditions for Takfeer of

specific people; objections to this kind of Takfeer with

evidence from the Holy Quran and Sunnah. The

researcher has reached important results and

recommendations.

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Types of Takfeer Rulings: Absolute Takfeer, Specific

Takfeer and the Difference between Them

Dr. Salwa B. Almasoudi

The paper studies the difference between absolute Takfeer

and specific Takfeer. It reviews the conditions and prohibitions of the latter supported with evidence from the Holy Quran and the Sunnah. The findings of the paper revealed that most of the Takfeer rulings in the Holy Quran are absolute and general and few of them are special and restricted. Absolute Takfeer does not necessitate specific Takfeer since the latter has its own conditions and prohibitions. The researcher maintains that it is highly important to draw the attention of parents, educators and young prosperity to Takfeer and warn them from it since ignorance may cause some to fall in it. The paper also recommends teaching the young prosperity the rights of the Muslim and the protection that Islam has guaranteed for him e.g. ensuring his safety, protecting his honor, etc. Finally, the researcher emphasizes highlighting these issues in the educational curricula, symposia and lectures.

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Conditions and Controls of Takfeer [Charging with Disbelief]

Khalid Abdullateef Nour

The author explained that Takfeer is a legislative issue

that has been described in the Holy Qur’an and Sunnah of

the prophet (pbuh). It is a topic that has been extensively

discussed by the early and contemporary scholars, giving

birth to some groups of thought and political approaches.

The issue was so intricately entangling to those who lack

knowledge. The main problem arises from ignoring the

scholarly bases of this issue that lead to the emergence of

excessive Takfeer. Accordingly, the author tries to

develop some conditions to gear this serious problem so

as not to leave the issue subject to whims and desire.

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Theme :1 Takfeer in Islam:

Concept and Controls@ @@ @