Relative Pronouns

Relative Pronouns

A relative pronoun is a pronoun that introduces a relative clause. It is called a "relative" pronoun because it "relates" to the word that it modifies. Here is an example:

The personwhophoned me last night is my teacher.

In the above example, "who":

relates to "person", which it modifies

introduces the relative clause "who phoned me last night"

There are five relative pronouns:who,whom,whose,which,that*

Who(subject) andwhom(object) are generally only for people.Whoseis for possession.Whichis for things. Innon-definingrelative clauses,thatis used for things. Indefiningrelative clauses (clauses that are essential to the sentence and do not simply add extra information)thatcan be used for thingsand people.Relative pronouns can refer to singular or plural, and there is no difference between male and female.

Look at these examples showing defining and non-defining relative clauses:

example sentencesS=subject, O=object, P=possessivenotes

defining relative clausesS- The personwhophoned me last night is my teacher.- The personthatphoned me last night is my teacher.Thatis preferable

- The carwhichhit me was yellow.- The carthathit me was yellow.Thatis preferable

O- The personwhomI phoned last night is my teacher.- The peoplewhoI phoned last night are my teachers.- The personthatI phoned last night is my teacher.- The person I phoned last night is my teacher.Whomis correct but formal. The relative pronoun is optional.

- The carwhichI drive is old.- The carthatI drive is old.- The car I drive is old.Thatis preferable towhich. The relative pronoun is optional.

P- The studentwhosephone just rang should stand up.- Studentswhoseparents are wealthy pay extra.

- The police are looking for the carwhosedriver was masked.- The police are looking for the carof whichthe driver was masked.Whosecan be used with things.Of whichis also possible.

non-defining relative clausesS- Mrs Pratt,whois very kind, is my teacher.

- The car,whichwas a taxi, exploded.- The cars,whichwere taxis, exploded.

O- Mrs Pratt,whomI like very much, is my teacher.- Mrs Pratt,whoI like very much, is my teacher.Whomis correct but formal.Whois common in spoken English and informal written English.

- The car,whichI was driving at the time, suddenly caught fire.

P- My brother,whosephone you just heard, is a doctor.

- The car,whosedriver jumped out just before the accident, was completely destroyed.- The car, the driverof whichjumped out just before the accident, was completely destroyed.Whosecan be used with things.Of whichis also possible.

Choose one of the following relative pronounswho,whichorwhosefrom the dropdown menu.

1) I talked to the girlcar had broken down in front of the shop.

2) Mr Richards,is a taxi driver, lives on the corner.

3) We often visit our aunt in Norwichis in East Anglia.

4) This is the girlcomes from Spain.

5) That's Peter, the boyhas just arrived at the airport.

6) Thank you very much for your e-mailwas very interesting.

7) The man,father is a professor, forgot his umbrella.

8) The children,shouted in the street, are not from our school.

9) The car,driver is a young man, is from Ireland.

10) What did you do with the moneyyour mother lent you?

Put in the relativewho,whichorwhosewhere necessary. Type anxif the relative pronoun can be left out.

1) This is the boyhad an accident.

2) Yesterday I saw a carwas really old.

3) Mandy is the girlI met on Friday.

4) I haven't seen Frank,brother is five, for a long time now.

5) The robber stole the carthe lady parked in front of the supermarket.

6) This is the manhouse is on fire.

7) Can I talk to the girlis sitting on the bench?

8) The bookyou gave me is great.

9) She likes hamburgersare hot.

10) Bill Clinton,was President of the USA, has only one daughter.

Q1 -The people ....... moved in next door seem very friendly

whowhomwhich

Q2 -The man ..... answered the phone was rather rude

whichthatwhom

Q3 -Where are the people ........ ordered the taxi?

thatwhich----

Q4 -I've lost the paper ...... I had written her phone number on

----whosethat

Q5 -The day ...... I started work there was a disaster

whichthatwhere

Q6 -The man ....... interviewed you is the boss

that----which

Q7 -The man ....... house was robbed has still not been paid by the insurance company

whichthatwhose

Q8 -He's got three dogs, all of ..... are aggressive

whichthat----

Q9 -Who's moved the papers ...... I left on my desk?

whowhomthat

Q10 -You should complain to the people ....... supplied it

----whowhich

Q11 -They arrested the man ...... was over the alcohol limit

thatwhichwhom

Q12 -The men, ....... were in a hurry, didn't finish the job properly

thatwhowhich

Q13 -The pub, ........ lost its licence, has been turned into a shop

whichthat----

Q14 -Two guys, ....... car had broken down, asked me for a lift

whosewhomwhich

Q15 -I'd love to meet the idiot ...... made these rules

thatwhichwhose

Q16 -Did you get everything ....... you wanted?

who----whose

Q17 -The boy ....... bag was stolen is over there

whichthatwhose

Q18 -She failed the exam, ...... came as a great surprise to us all

----whichthat

Q19 -The film, ...... lasted for three hours, was boring

thatwhich----

Q20 -The flats, ....... will house over two hundred families, were completed last month

----thatwhich

Q21 -The boxer ...... career was ruined by health problems was on TV last night

whosewhomwho

Q22 -The day ....... we met was the happiest of my life

----whichwhose

Q23 -You'll have to speak to the person ..... is in charge

----whichthat

Q24 -He's the guy ...... brother was sacked for stealing

whowhosewhom

Q25 -Is there a shop nearby ...... sells stamps?

----whosewhich

Q26 -Is there a store around here ....... I can get some stamps?

----whichwhere

Q27 -They blamed me for everything ....... went wrong

----whosethat

Q28 -Nothing ...... she said surprised me

----thatwhat

Q29 -I was to blame for everything ....... went wrong

whatthat----

Q30 -You'll have to try to get in touch with the person ..... is responsible for staff training

----whowhich

Q31 -The man ........ wanted to see you left a few minutes ago

----whowhich

Q32 -There were three applicants, none of ..... seemed very competent

which----whom

Q33 -A lot of people were offended by the jokes ...... he told

wherethatwho

Q34 -He works for a firm ...... produces software

that----who

Q35 -Companies ....... shareholders control them have little possibility of making their own decisions

thatwhosewho

Fill in "what" or "which".

1.cars are better, German ones or Japanese ones?2. There are two cars in the garage.car is Mr Millers?3.hobbies have you got?4.time is it when you leave school?5.pop groups do you like best?6.people live in this country?7.house is it, No. 3 or No. 4?8.river flows through London?9.of you knows the answer?10.of these pupils have won the race?11.is your friends name?12.of those books is yours?

Q1.Do you know anyone.....could help me fix my computer?

where

which

who

whose

Q2.A hammer is a tool.....is used to knock nails into wood.

that

who

whom

whose

Q3.The shop.....we usually buy our bread has closed down.

that

where

who

whose

Q4.The boy.....dog was hit by a car has not been to school for 3 days,

that

which

who

whose

Q5.My friend,.....doesn't have a cell phone, suddenly knocked on the door last night.

that

which

who

whose

Q6.Can you please return the calculator.....you borrowed yesterday?

that

who

whom

whose

Q7.The horse.....was hit by the car was only slightly hurt.

what

which

who

whom

Q8.An orphanage is a place.....children who have no parents can live and be looked after.

that

who

which

where

Q9.I didn't realize I had forgotten my passport until I reached the airport,.....was very annoying.

that

what

which

where

Q10.The students.....test grades were low had to come back after school for an extra lesson.

that

who

which

whose

Q11.The hotel,.....is in the centre of the town, is to be knocked down and replaced by a bank.

that

what

which

where

Q12.The person to.....you sent the letter has moved to a new address?

who

whom

whose

which

Complete the definitions.

1. A banana2. A hat3. A pony4. A dentist5. A busDecide whether the relative pronoun is correct or not.

1. The postmanwhichworks in this village is very old.correctnot correct

2. The eggwhichis in the nest is brown.correctnot correct

3. Where is the bedwhowas in the attic?correctnot correct

4. The bottlesthatare lying on the floor are green.correctnot correct

5. The cowboywhois wearing the red shirt is very funny.correctnot correct

Complete the sentences with relative clauses in simple present. Usewhoorwhich.

1. This is the man(work at the station).

2. The tree(grow in the garden)is an apple tree.

3. The man(go jogging)every Friday is my neighbour.

4. The elephants(live in Africa)have big ears.

5. Turn left at the yellow house(be opposite)the petrol station.

Choose the correct relative pronoun.

1. This is the manbuilt our house.

2. There is the bridgewe have to cross.

3. The girllives next door is very nice.

4. The bustakes you to the station should be here any minute.

5. This is the dogbarks every night.

Decide whether the relative pronoun is necessary or not.

1. This is the ringthatI found yesterday.relative pronoun is necessaryrelative pronoun is not necessary

2. Do you know the manthatis speaking with Anne?relative pronoun is necessaryrelative pronoun is not necessary

3. I still have the bookthatyou gave me.relative pronoun is necessaryrelative pronoun is not necessary

4. Is this the womanthatlost her purse?relative pronoun is necessaryrelative pronoun is not necessary

5. Is this the keythatwe were looking for?relative pronoun is necessaryrelative pronoun is not necessary

Complete the sentences with relative clauses. Usewhoorwhich.

1. A Dutch is a person(live in the Netherlands)2. A giant is someone(be very tall)3. An alarm clock is a clock(wake you up in the morning)4. A ladybird is a red beetle(have black spots on its back)5. A waitress is a woman(serve food and drinks in a restaurant)Combine the sentences using a relative clauseswithouta relative pronouns (Contact Clauses).

1. I watched a film last night. The film was interesting.The film2. Carly helps a man. The man is my teacher.The man3. We ate chicken at the restaurant. It was delicious.The chicken4. The boy is very nice. I know him from school.The boy5. The shoes are too big. My grandma bought them for me.The shoesChoose the correct relative pronoun or relative adverb.

1. A castle is a placea king or queen lives.

2. An actress is a womanplays in films or theatre plays.

3. This is the girlmother is from Canada.

4. This is the time of the yearmany people suffer from hayfever.

5. The flowersgrow in the garden are beautiful.

Decide whether the relative pronoun is necessary or not.

1. This is the picturethatJane painted.relative pronoun is necessaryrelative pronoun is not necessary

2. Do you know the manwhois speaking on the phone?relative pronoun is necessaryrelative pronoun is not necessary

3. We ate the sweetswhichmy mother had bought.relative pronoun is necessaryrelative pronoun is not necessary

4. Is this the boywhoplays the piano?relative pronoun is necessaryrelative pronoun is not necessary

5. This is the housethatwas broken into.relative pronoun is necessaryrelative pronoun is not necessary

Complete the sentences using a relative clause.

1. Catherine and Sue are two girls(like dancing)2. My mobile phone is something(be very important to me)3. Antony is a friend of mine(live in Boston)4. West Side Story is a musical(be very famous)5. An airport is a place(planes land)Combine the sentences using relative clauseswithoutrelative pronouns (contact clauses).

1. We bought a car last week. The car is blue.The car2. The girl is a singer. We met her at the party.The girl3. The bananas are on the table. George bought them.The bananas4. We watched a film last night. It was really scary.The film5. I have to learn new words. They are very difficult.The new wordsChoose the correct relative pronoun or relative adverb.

1. The womanis sitting at the desk is Mr Winter's secretary.

2. I cannot remember the reasonhe wanted us to leave.

3. Jane,mother is a physician, is very good at biology.

4. She didnt see the snakewas lying on the ground.

5. Do you know the shopAndrew picked me up?

Combine the sentences with relative clauses. (Decide whether to use commas or not.)

1. A monk is a man. The man has devoted his life to God.A monk2. I have one black cat. His name is Blacky.I have3. A herbivore is an animal. The animal feeds upon vegetation.A herbivore4. Carol plays the piano brilliantly. She is only 9 years old.Carol5. Sydney is the largest Australian city. It is not the capital of Australia.SydneyCombine the sentences with contact clauses.

1. We ordered a book. It was very expensive.

2. You are sitting on a bench. The paint on the bench is still wet.

3. The photographer could not develop the pictures. I had taken them in Australia.

4. One of the bins smells awful. You havent emptied the bin for 3 weeks.

5. They are singing a song. I dont know the song.

Combine the sentences with relative clauses or contact clauses. Use contact clauses where possible. (Decide whether to use commas or not.)

1. The city seems to be abandoned. It is usually crowded with people.

2. You made an offer. We cannot accept it.We3. A midwife is a woman. She assists other women in childbirth.A woman4. Three youngsters were arrested by the police. They had committed criminal offences.The police5. The World Wide Web has become an essential part of our lives. It was invented by Tim Berners-Lee.Tim Berners-LeeInfinitive with or withouttoDecide whether to use the infinitive with or withoutto.

I wantyou.

You mustup.

They learn.

I canalong some packages of crisps.

Do youEnglish?

Fill in the correct form of the verbs (infinitive with/withoutto).

I will(go)now.

You should(do)your homework.

She has(write)a letter.

Amelie may(come)to our party.

I'd like(watch)the film.

Write down the ing-form (Gerund) of the following verbs.

work - leave - run - look - call -Complete the sentences using infinitive constructions.

She didn't tell me(do / what) We asked a man(get / to the station / how) We didn't know(go / this way or that way / whether) She found out(queue / for the tickets / where) I learnt(juggle / with three balls / how)Fill in the gerund as the subject of the sentence.

(smoke)causes cancer.

(play)football is not allowed here.

(walk)in New York's Central Park at night can be dangerous.

(spend)your summer holidays watching TV is a waste of time.

(sleep)in is what we usually do on a Sunday.

Decide whether to use Infinitive (with/withoutto) or Gerund.

Jenny is afraid of.

Bob wantsto Japan.

I cannotyou the bike.

Carla enjoys.

Garth is good atjokes.

Complete the sentences using infinitive constructions.

My father taught me(dance / how) We haven't decided yet(put / the bed / where) She was explaining(use / the gadget / how) I forgot to ask(pick him up / where) I wondered(address / him / whether)or not.

Fill in the gerund as the subject of the sentence.

(fly)to London has become rather cheap.

(smoke)is prohibited at petrol stations.

(swim)is good for your health.

(travel)is one of my hobbies.

(cycle)is impossible on this sandy ground.

Decide whether to use Infinitive (with/withoutto) or Gerund.

I enjoyon holiday.

He used toin the country.

She is used toin the country.

I am tired of.

Ellen made me.

Decide whether to use Infinitive (with/withoutto) or Gerund.

What can we doa healthy life?

In our society, people spend more and more time.

So we often don't botherhealthy meals.

In ordertime, we tendfast food.

At fast food restaurants, we canquite a lot withouta fortune.

And children enjoychips and burgers andlemonade and cola.

That's a problem because eating habits are hard The high amount of carbonhydrates in fast food and sugary drinks is blamed forthe body's regulation of appetite.

So we keep onmore.

Bad eating habits result in peopleobese.

Obese people riskfrom heart diseases.

We cansuch diseases byhealthy food.

Be careful though. Some people are convincedsomething for their health byon energy bars or cornflakes.

And this is what the advertising for these products wantsus.

In reality, however, these foods are often heavily sugaredthem flavour.

But sugar is not mentioned as clearly as the low fat - that's why experts warn againston the ads.

To live a healthy life, we oughtour food wisely.

We shouldregular meals andways ofmore.

Choose the correct form (infinitive with or withouttoor gerund).

1. My friends encouraged mefor this job.

2. I didn't meanyour feelings.

3. I must apologize forlate.

4. The job involvesreports for the management.

5. He refusedhis friends.

6. Dont you dareto me like that!

7. Do you happenany money with you?

8. Do you enjoy?

9. If you have any questions, don't hesitateme.

10. I am looking forward toyou again soon.

Choose the correct form (infinitive with or withouttoor gerund).

1. The song made me.

2. What aboutout tonight?

3. He swore neverthat again.

4. How dare youthat?

5. Do you mindthe window?

6. It's no problemyou up at 9 o'clock.

7. Let them.

8. It was rather wickedher like that.

9. She got an offerin Canada.

10. Can you feel the spiderup your back?

Choose the correct form (infinitive with or withouttoor gerund).

1. On 17th February 2003, a congestion charge forin central London was introduced.

2. The aim wasthe number of vehicles in London's City.

3. People now have the choice betweenthe charge and notinto the City.

4. The charge has proven very successful inaway traffic from the City.

5. As the traffic has been reduced by about 20 percent, journey times in the City tend.

6. According to an opinion poll, more than 50 percent of Londoners say that it is okaypeople forinto the City.

7. They are relievedthe trafficmore easily.

8. Beforethe charge, average speed in the City was about 10 mph.

9. Now, people who decidethe charge canat a higher speed, approximately 20 mph.

10. Many Londoners, however, have chosenby bus as delays to buses are now down by half.

11. London's buses have seen passenger numbersby 14 percent.

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