Relationship Between Flower Visitors and Cotton Hardlock

Relationship Between Flower Visitors and Cotton Hardlock

Breno Leite, Jim Marois, David Wright, Enoch Osekre and D. J. Mailhot

University of Florida, Quincy, FL

Relationship Between Flower Visitors and Cotton Hardlock

Breno Leite, Jim Marois, David Wright, Enoch Osekre and D. J. Mailhot

University of Florida, Quincy, FL

Beltwide Cotton Conferences, 2007

Healthy Hardlocked

Open Cotton Bolls

Locks fail to allow fiber outward expansion

Do not fluff out


Hardlock causes yield losses ranging from 20 - 70 %

Harvested Rows


• Associated with infection by Fusarium verticillioides through the flowers

• Most severe along Gulf Coast and is a major limiting factor of Florida cotton yield

• Flower thrips and bumblebees are likely to be contributing factors for infection and Fusarium dispersal (will be discussed in another presentation*)

*3:30 PM 01/11/07

Relationship Between Flower Visitors and Cotton Hardlock,

B. Leite, J. Marois, D. Wright, E. Osekre and D. J. Mailhot

Hardlock



Figure 2 – Image analysis (Software Image J – NIH) to estimate fiber density in a determined area. Device designed to facilitate fiber count per area (A). Typical healthy fiber density (B). Typical hardlock fiber density - type 4. Close view suggests that there is debris deposited in between the fibers (C). A healthy cottonseed (H) with a diseased cottonseed, hardlock – type 4 (D).


Figure 3 – Relationship between density (% fiber per area) and cottonseed weight. Healthier locks consistently exhibit higher seed weight and less fiber density (ideal for picking). In contrast, seeds from bolls with hardlock (type 3 and 4) have lower weight and high fiber density (not harvestable).


* Hardlock of cotton seriously affects yield in many areas of the southeastern United States, and can be devastating in the panhandle of Florida.

* In 2002 it caused over $20,000,000 in lost yield, reducing Florida’s average yield from 650 lb/acre to less than 400 lb/acre.

* Hardlock is more severe when there is:

High nitrogenHigh plant densityHigh temperature and humidityInsect damageSeed rot


General: Characterize the casual agent of the disease and to develop effective control measures against the disease.

Specific:

Find the principles of disease establishment.

Follow step by step the pathway of Fusarium conidia germination.

Find out why some control measures fail or failed in past years.

Our Objective:

Beltwide Cotton Conferences

Traditional boll rots. Boll rots usually are the product of insect damage or pathogen activity after the bolls have opened or early in the season when the carpel turns brown or black and never opens. Boll rots occur during wet weather when the cotton boll or fiber is colonized by a number of pathogens, although only a few fungi are responsible for the majority of infections. These include Alternaria gossypina (Thuem.) Hopkins, Curvularia spp., Diplodia gossypina Cke., Helmithosporium gossypii Tucker, Fusarium spp., and Phomopsis .


Thus far we have shown that the majority of hardlock is caused by the fungal pathogen Fusarium verticillioides, also known as F. moniliforme. This is the same organism that causes corn ear rot. We have shown that the main mode of infection is through the cotton flowers, and that fungicides applied to the flowers will control the disease. This is an entirely new approach to the etiology and control of the disease and in 2003 field plots are replicated throughout the southeastern states in an attempt to reproduce the results developed at the NFREC at Quincy. This has become a regional project with university faculty from Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina and Florida (NFREC and WFREC) working together, with major funding provided by Cotton Incorporated.


Results above represent typical results obtained by testing water extracts from Fusarium cultures growing on acidified Potato Dextrose Agar (aPDA) and extracts from healthy and hardlocked samples (type 1, type 2, type 3 and type 3). Most of the samples are negative for fumonisin, except the extracts from fresh cultures. The reason why type 2 is sometimes positive (data not shown) for fumonisin is under investigation.

Beltwide Cotton Conferences, 2007 FVT5-ITS1F CCGCTCCCGGTAAAACGGGACGGCCCGCCAGAGGACCCCTAAACTCTGTTTCTATATGTA 81 FVT6-ITS1F ------CCGGTAAAACGGGACGGCCCGCCAGAGGACCCCTAAACTCTGTTTCTATATGTA 54 F. proliferatum CCGCTCCCGGTAAAACGGGACGGCCCGCCAGAGGACCCCTAAACTCTGTTTCTATATGTA 149 FVT5-ITS4 CCGCTCCCGGTAAAACGGGACGGCCCGCCAGAGGACCCCTAAACTCTGTTTCTATATGTA 180 FVT6-ITS4 CCGCTCCCGGTAAAACGGGACGGCCCGCCAGAGGACCCCTAAACTCTGTTTCTATATGTA 180 ****************************************************** FVT5-ITS1F ACTTCTGAGTAAAACCATAAATAAATCAAAACTTTCAACAACGGATCTCTTGGTTCTGGC 141 FVT6-ITS1F ACTTCTGAGTAAAACCATAAATAAATCAAAACTTTCAACAACGGATCTCTTGGTTCTGGC 114 F. proliferatum ACTTCTGAGTAAAACCATAAATAAATCAAAACTTTCAACAACGGATCTCTTGGTTCTGGC 209 FVT5-ITS4 ACTTCTGAGTAAAACCATAAATAAATCAAAACTTTCAACAACGGATCTCTTGGTTCTGGC 240 FVT6-ITS4 ACTTCTGAGTAAAACCATAAATAAATCAAAACTTTCAACAACGGATCTCTTGGTTCTGGC 240 ************************************************************ FVT5-ITS1F ATCGATGAAGAACGCAGCAAAATGCGATAAGTAATGTGAATTGCAGAATTCAGTGAATCA 201 FVT6-ITS1F ATCGATGAAGAACGCAGCAAAATGCGATAAGTAATGTGAATTGCAGAATTCAGTGAATCA 174 F. proliferatum ATCGATGAAGAACGCAGCAAAATGCGATAAGTAATGTGAATTGCAGAATTCAGTGAATCA 269 FVT5-ITS4 ATCGATGAAGAACGCAGCAAAATGCGATAAGTAATGTGAATTGCAGAATTCAGTGAATCA 300 FVT6-ITS4 ATCGATGAAGAACGCAGCAAAATGCGATAAGTAATGTGAATTGCAGAATTCAGTGAATCA 300 ************************************************************ FVT5-ITS1F TCGAATCTTTGAACGCACATTGCGCCCGCCAGTATTCTGGCGGGCATGCCTGTTCGAGCG 261 FVT6-ITS1F TCGAATCTTTGAACGCACATTGCGCCCGCCAGTATTCTGGCGGGCATGCCTGTTCGAGCG 234 F. proliferatum TCGAATCTTTGAACGCACATTGCGCCCGCCAGTATTCTGGCGGGCATGCCTGTTCGAGCG 329 FVT5-ITS4 TCGAATCTTTGAACGCACATTGCGCCCGCCAGTATTCTGGCGGGCATGCCTGTTCGAGCG 360 FVT6-ITS4 TCGAATCTTTGAACGCACATTGCGCCCGCCAGTATTCTGGCGGGCATGCCTGTTCGAGCG 360 ************************************************************ FVT5-ITS1F TCATTTCAACCCTCAAGCCCTCGGGTTTGGTGTTGGGGATCGGCGAGCCCTTGCGGCAAG 321 FVT6-ITS1F TCATTTCAACCCTCAAGCCCCCGGGTTTGGTGTTGGGGATCGGCGAGCCCTTGCGGCAAG 294 F. proliferatum TCATTTCAACCCTCAAGCCCCCGGGTTTGGTGTTGGGGATCGGCGAGCCCTTGCGGCAAG 389 FVT5-ITS4 TCATTTCAACCCTCAAGCCCTCGGGTTTGGTGTTGGGGATCGGCGAGCCCTTGCGGCAAG 420 FVT6-ITS4 TCATTTCAACCCTCAAGCCCCCGGGTTTGGTGTTGGGGATCGGCGAGCCCTTGCGGCAAG 420 ******************** *************************************** FVT5-ITS1F CCGGCCCCGAAATCTAGTGGCGGTCTCGCTGCAGCTTCCATTGCGTAGTAGTAAAACCCT 381 FVT6-ITS1F CCGGCCCCGAAATCTAGTGGCGGTCTCGCTGCAGCTTCCATTGCGTAGTAGTAAAACCCT 354 F. proliferatum CCGGCCCCGAAATCTAGTGGCGGTCTCGCTGCAGCTTCCATTGCGTAGTAGTAAAACCCT 449 FVT5-ITS4 CCGGCCCCGAAATCTAGTGGCGGTCTCGCTGCAGCTTCCATTGCGTAGTAGTAAAACCCT 480 FVT6-ITS4 CCGGCCCCGAAATCTAGTGGCGGTCTCGCTGCAGCTTCCATTGCGTAGTAGTAAAACCCT 480 ************************************************************ FVT5-ITS1F CGCAACTGGTACGCGGCGCGGCCAAGCCGTTAAACCCCCAACTTCTGAATGTTGACCTCG 441 FVT6-ITS1F CGCAACTGGTACGCGGCGCGGCCAAGCCGTTAAACCCCCAACTTCTGAATGTTGACCTCG 414 F. proliferatum CGCAACTGGTACGCGGCGCGGCCAAGCCGTTAAACCCCCAACTTCTGAATGTTGACCTCG 509 FVT5-ITS4 CG---------------------------------------------------------- 482 FVT6-ITS4 CGCAACTGGT-------------------------------------------------- 490 ** FVT5-ITS1F GATCAGGTAGGAATACCCGCTGAACTTAAGCATATCAATAAG-- 483 FVT6-ITS1F GATCAGGTAGGAATACCCGCTGAACTTAAGCATATCAATAAGCG 458 F. proliferatum GATCAGGTAGGAATACCCGCTGAAC------------------- 534 FVT5-ITS4 -------------------------------------------- FVT6-ITS4 --------------------------------------------

F. verticillioides -------------------------------TCCGTTGGTGAACCAGCGGAGGGATCATT 29 FVT2-its1f ------------------------------------------------------------ FVT2-ITS4 AATTAGAGGAAGTAAAAGTCGTAACAAGGTCTCCGTTGGTGAACCAGCGGAGGGATCATT 60 F. verticillioides ACCGAGTTTACAACTCCCAAACCCCTGTGAACATACCAATTGTTGCCTCGGCGGATCAGC 89 FVT2-its1f -----------------------------------CCAATTGTTGCCTCGGCGGATCAGC 25 FVT2-ITS4 ACCGAGTTTACAACTCCCAAACCCCTGTGAACATACCAATTGTTGCCTCGGCGGATCAGC 120 ************************* F. verticillioides CCGCTCCCGGTAAAACGGGACGGCCCGCCAGAGGACCCCTAAACTCTGTTTCTATATGTA 149 FVT2-its1f CCGCTCCCGGTAAAACGGGACGGCCCGCCAGAGGACCCCTAAACTCTGTTTCTATATGTA 85 FVT2-ITS4 CCGCTCCCGGTAAAACGGGACGGCCCGCCAGAGGACCCCTAAACTCTGTTTCTATATGTA 180 ************************************************************ F. verticillioides ACTTCTGAGTAAAACCATAAATAAATCAAAACTTTCAACAACGGATCTCTTGGTTCTGGC 209 FVT2-its1f ACTTCTGAGTAAAACCATAAATAAATCAAAACTTTCAACAACGGATCTCTTGGTTCTGGC 145 FVT2-ITS4 ACTTCTGAGTAAAACCATAAATAAATCAAAACTTTCAACAACGGATCTCTTGGTTCTGGC 240 ************************************************************ F. verticillioides ATCGATGAAGAACGCAGCAAAATGCGATAAGTAATGTGAATTGCAGAATTCAGTGAATCA 269 FVT2-its1f ATCGATGAAGAACGCAGCAAAATGCGATAAGTAATGTGAATTGCAGAATTCAGTGAATCA 205 FVT2-ITS4 ATCGATGAAGAACGCAGCAAAATGCGATAAGTAATGTGAATTGCAGAATTCAGTGAATCA 300 ************************************************************ F. verticillioides TCGAATCTTTGAACGCACATTGCGCCCGCCAGTATTCTGGCGGGCATGCCTGTTCGAGCG 329 FVT2-its1f TCGAATCTTTGAACGCACATTGCGCCCGCCAGTATTCTGGCGGGCATGCCTGTTCGAGCG 265 FVT2-ITS4 TCGAATCTTTGAACGCACATTGCGCCCGCCAGTATTCTGGCGGGCATGCCTGTTCGAGCG 360 ************************************************************ F. verticillioides TCATTTCAACCCTCAAGCCCAGCTTGGTGTTGGGACTCGCGAGTCAAATCGCGTTCCCCA 389 FVT2-its1f TCATTTCAACCCTCAAGCCCAGCTTGGTGTTGGGACTCGCGAGTCAAATCGCGTTCCCCA 325 FVT2-ITS4 TCATTTCAACCCTCAAGCCCAGCTTGGTGTTGGGACTCGCGAGTCAAATCGCGTTCCCCA 420 ************************************************************ F. verticillioides AATTGATTGGCGGTCACGTCGAGCTTCCATAGCGTAGTAGTAAAACCCTCGTTACTGGTA 449 FVT2-its1f AATTGATTGGCGGTCACGTCGAGCTTCCATAGCGTAGTAGTAAAACCCTCGTTACTGGTA 385 FVT2-ITS4 AATTGATTGGCGGTCACGTCGAGCTTCCATAGCGTAGTAGTAAAACCCTCGTT------- 473 ***************************************************** F. verticillioides ATCGTCGCGGCCACGCCGTTAAACCCCAACTTCTGAATGTTGACCTCGGATCAGGTAGGA 509 FVT2-its1f ATCGTCGCGGCCACGCCGTTAAACCCCAACTTCTGAATGTTGACCTCGGATCAGGTAGGA 445 FVT2-ITS4 ------------------------------------------------------------ F. verticillioides ATACCCGCTGAACTTAAGCATATCAATAAGCGGAGGA 546 FVT2-its1f ATACCCGCTGAACTTAAGCATATCAATAAGGCG---- 478 FVT2-ITS4 -------------------------------------

Fusarium verticillioides Fusarium proliferatum


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Fusarium proliferatum Fusarium verticillioides

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Relationship Between Flower Visitors and Cotton Hardlock

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