Rehabilitation of the Injured Combatant Vol 1 IndexREHABILITATION OF THE INJURED COMBATANT, Volumes...
Transcript of Rehabilitation of the Injured Combatant Vol 1 IndexREHABILITATION OF THE INJURED COMBATANT, Volumes...
Index
xxiVolume 1: Pages 1–416; Volume 2: Pages 417–886
REHABILITATION OF THE INJURED COMBATANT, Volumes 1 and 2
A
AAEMSee American Association of Electrodiagnostic Medicine
(AAEM)AAROM
See Active assistive range-of-motion (AAROM)Abdominal binders
elastic, 182, 184Abducens nerve, 291–300
anatomy and function, 291–293Abducens neuropathies, 295–296
electrodiagnosis, 299evaluation, 299imaging, 299–300management, 299–300symptoms and signs, 297–299syndromes, 296–297
Above-elbow (AE) amputations, 43–44long, 44short, 44surgical procedures, 46
Above-elbow prostheses, 34, 56–59versus below-elbow prostheses, 56choice of, 69–71elbow joints for, 56–57, 59fitting, 48–50myoelectric, 69and residual limb problems, 61standard components, 57
Above-knee amputations (AKA), 122–134acute pain management, 125definitions, 122–123energy expenditure for walking, 93functional outcome, 83interdisciplinary team management case study, 835–837joint contracture prevention, 126long-term follow-up, 133–134low, 82mortality rates, 93psychological support, 125, 133–134rehabilitation, 123–127, 143, 147–148reintegration into community, 133selection, 123–124surgical techniques, 122–124unbalanced myodesis in, 140weight bearing, 126
Above-knee prosthesesfitting, 126–127training, 133
ABPMSee American Board of Physical Medicine (ABPM)
ABPM&RSee American Board of Physical Medicine and Rehabilita-
tion (ABPM&R)Accessory nerve, 335–338
anatomy and function, 335–336Accessory neuropathies, 336–338
electrodiagnosis, 338evaluation, 336–338imaging, 338management, 338prognosis, 338symptoms and signs, 336
syndromes, 336Accidental death
incidence, 209–210Accommodation reflex
innervation, 295Ace bandages, 357Acetazolamide, 217Acetylcholine, 450, 785Acetylcholine receptor proliferation
following denervation, 435–436Acetylcysteine, 759Acetylsalicylate
contraindications, 357Achilles tendinitis, 399–400Acid burns, 577–578AC joint
See Acromioclavicular (AC) jointAcknowledgment, 847ACL
See Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)Acoustic nerve, 315–325
anatomy and function, 315–317Acoustic neuroma, 322Acoustic neuropathies, 317–318
electrodiagnosis, 322–323evaluation, 319–322management, 323–324prognosis, 323symptoms and signs, 318–319
Acromioclavicular (AC) joint, 371–372rehabilitation, 372
ACTHSee Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Actin, 783Action potentials, 424–425, 785
duration, 459loss of ability to provoke, 460measurement, 451propagation, 449See also Compound motor action potentials (CMAP);
Sensory nerve action potential (SNAP)Active assistive range-of-motion (AAROM)
for burn patients, 603–606definition, 602–603
Activities of daily living (ADL)assessment instruments, 852–853and bilateral upper extremity amputees, 63–64and burn patients, 596, 601, 607, 618–621, 631, 676–680limitations, 15and lower extremity amputees, 84, 102–104, 106and quadruple amputees, 149and spinal cord injured patients, 179and traumatic brain injuries, 227–228and upper extremity amputees, 50–52, 62–64See also specific activity
Acupuncturefor phantom limb pain, 147
Acute abdomenin spinal cord injured patients, 184
Acute mountain sickness, 820Adaptic, 591, 594–595, 600, 616Adaptive devices
for bathing, 679for burn patients, 618–621, 631, 674–680
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for communication, 620–621, 681–682, 833for donning pressure garments, 679–680for dressing, 679–680for drinking, 619–620for driving, 54, 64, 178–179, 682for environmental control systems, 621for feeding, 619–620, 676–677for functional mobility, 682for grooming, 620, 677–679for hand rehabilitation, 38, 41–42for hearing impairments, 324for home accessibility, 681for housekeeping, 681for keyboard usage, 681–682for kitchen activities, 681for lower extremity amputees, 106as orthosis attachments, 707for reading, 621recreational, 10, 41–42, 52–54, 70–71, 149, 682–683for self-feeding, 619–620, 676–677for spinal cord injured patients, 178–179for toileting, 679vocational, 54for writing, 621See also specific device
Adaptive skillsassessment, 855
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP), 786Adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), 783–784Adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP), 786–787
resynthesis, 786–787Adie’s pupil, 297ADL
See Activities of daily living (ADL)Adler-Scheie test, 287ADP
See Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), 218Adson maneuver, 501Advisory Board for Medical Specialties, 5–6, 831Advocacy
for brain injured patients, 249, 255AE amputations
See Above elbow (AE) amputationsAerobic capacity
and age, 804–805correlation between body fat percentage and, 795and gender, 803–804and immobilization, 764of military populations, 803–806and occupation, 804–805
Aerobic power, 782, 799–801definition, 799determinants, 800–801measurement, 799–800
Aerobic system, 787Aerobic training, 810–812
adaptation to resistance training, 812adaptive response, 809in integrated program, 813–814in weight control programs, 793
Affective disordersafter traumatic brain injury, 223
Afferent fibersin cranial nerves, 281
AFOSee Ankle/foot orthoses (AFO)
African Americans
counseling concerns, 849Age
as risk factor for injury, 816and severity of burn injury, 579and traumatic brain injury management, 218and vocational rehabilitation, 847See also Elderly; Children
Ageusia, 311Air cushion
three-layered, 757Air-Flex Foot, 117–119Air-fluidized bed, 757Air Force
body fat standards, 796–798disability systems, 884physical therapy services, 25–26
Air Force Convalescent Training Program, 831Airplane splints, 630, 638Air suspension beds, 757Airway compromise
signs of, 583Airway management
of burn patients, 583–585, 598–599Akathisia
after traumatic brain injury, 220Alcohol abuse
and pharmacologic therapy, 240and traumatic brain injury, 229, 239–241, 246
Alignmentdynamic, 104static, 103–104, 127
Alkali burns, 577–578Allergic contact dermatitis
on residual limb, 139Allodynia, 482Allograft skin
See Homograft skinAlternate binaural loudness balance test, 320Altitude
high terrestrial, 820Amantadine hydrochloride, 214–215, 217, 219Amaurotic familial idiocy, 287Ambulation
after spinal cord injury, 175, 177–178, 731after traumatic brain injury, 226by burn patients, 636energy expenditure for, 92–93, 149, 178, 723–724, 731, 733by fracture patients, 733–737impairment, 15by lower extremity amputees, 13, 81, 84, 88, 102, 104, 106,
125–127, 135by multiple amputees, 148–149and musculoskeletal disorders, 358, 384See also Crutch ambulation; Gait pattern; Gait training;
Gait velocityAmerican Association of Electrodiagnostic Medicine (AAEM),
11, 448, 513American Association of Electrotherapy and Radiology, 830American Association of Physical Therapists, 830American Board of Medical Specialties, 6American Board of Physical Medicine (ABPM), 5–6, 831American Board of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
(ABPM&R), 6, 832American Burn Association, 579, 583American College of Radiology and Physiotherapy, 4American Medical Association, 5–6, 8
American Board of Physical Medicine, 5–6, 831Council on Physical Therapy, 22
Index
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impairment rating scale, 285Special Exhibit Committee on Physical Medicine, 742
American Physical Therapy Association, 20American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA), 167–169Americans with Disabilities Act, 6American Women’s Physical Therapeutic Association, 21Amino acids
and traumatic brain injury, 212Amino acid supplementation
for burn patients, 687Amitriptyline, 476, 492, 495Amnesia
and mild brain injury, 230posttraumatic, 253
Amphetamine, 219Amplification
electrodiagnostic, 451–452Amplitude, 459
motor unit, 457nerve conduction studies, 459, 464
AmputationCivil War, 34, 71–72, 80, 134emotional aspects, 47, 52Korean War, 134mortality rate, 134multiple, 122, 133, 148–149Persian Gulf War, 12–15, 46–47, 80primary indication for, 45psychological trauma, 10quadruple, 149surgical principles, 45–46Vietnam War, 10, 52, 72, 80, 134, 148, 150vocational outcomes after, 150World War I, 35, 81, 93, 95, 134World War II, 34–35, 46, 71–72, 80, 93–95, 134See also Lower extremity (LE) amputations; Upper
extremity (UE) amputations; specific type of amputationAmputation centers
World War II, 7, 10, 34–35, 52, 80–81, 94, 149AMSC
See Army Medical Specialist Corps (AMSC)AMSC-CIR
See Chief of Army Medical Specialist Corps ClinicalInvestigation and Research (AMSC-CIR)
Anaerobic glycolysis, 787–788Anaerobic power, 782, 801–802
definition, 801determinants, 802measurement, 801–802population data, 806
Anaerobic training, 812–813in integrated program, 813–814See also Resistance training
Anaerobiosismuscle, 786, 789
Analgesicsfor burn patients, 599–600, 621–623, 625–626for musculoskeletal injuries, 357–358, 383for phantom limb pain, 145–146for spinal cord injured patients, 191See also Pain management; specific drug
Anderson shoulder ring, 713Anesthesia
for causalgia, 489–490for lumbar pain, 382malpositioning during, 628ocular complications, 296for phantom limb pain, 146, 148
for reflex sympathetic dystrophy, 141, 148for residual limb pain, 142, 147
Anesthesia dolorosa, 308Anesthetics
for musculoskeletal injuries, 372, 375for phantom limb pain, 146See also specific drug
ANGSee Army National Guard (ANG)
Angiographypulmonary, 760–761
Aniracetam, 219Ankle
musculoskeletal disorders, 395–401nerve injuries, 531–545scar compression, 675
Ankle compression injurychronic or repetitive, 538, 541–542
Ankle disarticulationSee Syme’s amputation
Ankle-foot orthoses (AFOs), 704, 715–726ankle joints for, 716–717anterior stops, 715–716, 718–720, 723biomechanical function, 716–720for burn patients, 615, 631, 643components, 715–716design and suitability, 720–722evaluation by biomechanical principles, 722–723indications, 716mediolateral stability, 716–717metabolic requirements, 723–724metal, 715–720for peripheral nerve injuries, 495pistoning, 722–723plastic, 720–723posterior stops, 715, 717–718, 722–723with prostheses, 90specialized designs for patient needs, 723–724Teufel, 723–725VAPC shoe clasp, 722–723, 725
Ankle/foot prostheses, 87, 127Ankle fractures
stress, 397Ankle positioning
for burn injuries, 611Ankle sprains
inversion, 397–399superficial peroneal neuropathy caused by, 541sural entrapment neuropathy caused by, 542tarsal tunnel syndrome caused by, 533
Ankylosis, 380–381Anorexia
after traumatic brain injury, 217and immobilization, 752
Anosmia, 283, 285Anosognosia, 211Antacids, 754Anterior cord syndrome, 170–171Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), 392–393Anterior drawer test, 392Anterior interosseous nerve, 508Anterior interosseous syndrome, 508–509Anterior scalene syndrome, 501Anterior stops
on ankle-foot orthoses, 715–716, 718–720, 723on knee-ankle-foot orthoses, 729
Anterior tarsal tunnel, 538Anterior tarsal tunnel syndrome, 538–540
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Antibioticsfor urinary tract infections, 585See also specific drug
Anticholinergic drugsfor traumatic brain injury, 212, 220See also specific drug
Anticholinesterasesfor traumatic brain injury, 218
Anticoagulants, 762–764See also specific drug
Anticonvulsantsfor cranial neuropathies, 329, 335for peripheral neuropathy, 477for phantom limb pain, 146for spinal cord injured patients, 191for traumatic brain injury, 216, 221, 240See also specific drug
AntidepressantsSee Tricyclic antidepressants; specific drug
Antigravity positioning, 470–471, 604, 606–610, 628, 743, 746Antihypertensives
contraindications, 220for spinal cord injured patients, 183–184See also specific drug
Antiinflammatory medicationsfor musculoskeletal injuries, 355, 357–358, 364, 372–373See also Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs);
specific drugAntiosteoclastic agents
for immobilization osteoporosis, 748, 750Antipersonnel mines
injuries caused by, 82Antispasticity agents
for traumatic brain injury, 216See also specific drug
Anxietyand traumatic brain injury, 251–254
Anxiolyticsand alcohol use, 240for burn patients, 622See also specific drug
APDABSee Army Physical Disability Appeals Board (APDAB)
Aphonia, 332Appetite dysregulation
after traumatic brain injury, 217and immobilization, 752
Appraisal, 847Aquaplast, 617Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 4Arginine supplementation, 687Argyll Robertson pupil, 292, 297, 299Aris Isotoner, Inc., 665Arm amputations
See Upper extremity (UE) amputationsArmed Forces Military Entrance Processing Stations
strength measurement methodology, 806Armed Service Amputation Center, 10, 149Arm scar compression, 673Arm supports
mobile, 676–677, 710–712suspension sling, 712–713
Armyaerobic capacity values, 804–806basic recruit training, 814–816body fat standards, 796–797body weight/fat control program, 793body weight limits, 796
cardiovascular risk screening program, 818physical disability system, 865–883physical therapy, 16, 20–28rehabilitation teams, 16
Army-Baylor University Graduate Program in PhysicalTherapy, 25
Army Medical Command (MEDCOM), 866Army Medical Specialist Corps (AMSC), 23Army National Guard (ANG)
disability compensation, 882–883Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN), 23Army Patient Administration Division (OTSG), 27Army Physical Disability Agency (USAPDA), 865–867
caseload statistics, 879–883history, 865location, 867review by, 876–879
Army Physical Disability Appeals Board (APDAB), 866Army Physical Therapy Registry (Persian Gulf War), 27–28Army Regulations 40-48 and 40-68, 24Army Reserve (USAR)
disability compensation system, 877, 882–883Arterial blood pressure
See Blood pressure (BP)Arthritis
in amputees, 142Arthrogenic contractures, 746Arthroscopy
peroneal neuropathies caused by, 529Artificial muscle
in hand orthoses, 708–709Ashworth scale
for grading muscle tone, 172ASIA
See American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA)Aspartate, 212Aspen Workgroup, 235Aspiration
in spinal cord injured patients, 182Assist mode, 599Ataxia
after traumatic brain injury, 217Atelectasis
in spinal cord injured patients, 182Atlanto-axial instability
C-1 to C-2, 174Atlanto-occipital dislocations, 173ATP
See Adenosine 5 ′-triphosphate (ATP)ATPase
See Adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase)Atrophy
optic, 287See also Muscle atrophy
Atropine, 183Attentional process disruption
after traumatic brain injury, 220Audiogram, 320Audiometry
pure tone, 319Auditory hallucinations, 319Auditory palpebral reflex, 313–314Auditory screening test, 319Auriculotemporal nerve syndrome, 303, 312Autonomic dysregulation
after traumatic brain injury, 217Autonomic hyperreflexia
in spinal cord injured patients, 183–184
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Autonomic instabilitycausalgia-associated, 482
Avellis’s syndrome, 332Axial flaps, 691Axillary nerve, 496
injury to, 499–500Axillary straps
for upper extremity prostheses, 57Axon, 422–423Axonal debris removal
role of macrophages in, 433Axonal degeneration
See Wallerian degenerationAxonal regeneration
after peripheral nerve injury, 431–432, 434, 436after traumatic brain injury, 212
Axonal shear injuries, 209Axonal transport, 425–426
antegrade, 425models, 426retrograde, 425–426
Axon collateral sproutingafter traumatic brain injury, 212–213
Axonotmesis, 429
B
Babinski response, 190Bacitracin, 582, 591Back pain
immobilization for, 743low, 11, 378–389, 857
Baclofenfor cranial neuropathies, 308for phantom limb pain, 146for spinal cord injuries, 191for traumatic brain injury, 216, 220
BAEPsSee Brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs)
Balancewith knee-ankle-foot orthoses, 730
Balance board trainingfor musculoskeletal injuries, 398
Balkan Wars, 162Ball-bearing mobile arm support, 710–712Barbiturates, 216Barium swallow, 327–328Barthel Index-Granger Adaptation, 852Barton, Walter E., 22Barton Carey garments, 659, 669Baruch, Bernard, 5Baruch Committee, 5Basic recruit training
injuries associated with, 814–816Bathing
adaptive aids, 679Batteries
for myoelectric prostheses, 67Battle fatigue
prevention, 623Battle stress, 16, 623Battle wounds
emotional reaction to, 846–848BE amputations
See Below elbow (BE) amputationsBecker-type ankle joint, 716Bedrest
See Immobilization; Immobility complications
Bedsfor spinal cord injured patients, 182, 186See also specific type of bed
Behavioral approachesto burn pain, 625to phantom limb pain, 147
Behavioral assessment tools, 223Behavioral observations
for neurobehavioral assessment, 242–243Behavioral problems
after traumatic brain injury, 211–213, 222–223, 238–239Behrens, Charles F., 5Belgian Army Medical Corps, 81Bell clapping
residual limb pain caused by, 142–143Bell’s palsy, 311Below-elbow (BE) amputations, 43–44
bilateral, 64long, 44, 52short, 44, 53surgical procedures, 46very short, 44, 53
Below-elbow prostheses, 34, 52–59versus above-elbow prostheses, 56choice of, 69–71elbow joints for, 55fitting, 48–50long, 44, 52myoelectric, 68–69and residual limb problems, 61short, 44, 53standard components, 55suspension and control, 54–56terminal devices, 44, 53–54very short, 44, 53wrist units, 53–55
Below-knee amputations (BKA), 82, 93–122classification, 93energy expenditure for walking, 93functional outcome, 83, 93high, 82indications, 94long, 93long-term follow-up, 106mortality rates, 93postoperative dressings, 96–100preoperative evaluation, 100–101psychological support, 101rehabilitation, 100–106, 143, 147–148residual limb lengthening, 96short, 93standard or medium length, 93surgical techniques, 93–96ultrashort, 93weight bearing, 98–99, 102–103
Below-knee prostheses, 106–120computer aided design/manufacturing, 120–121fitting, 106foot, 97–100, 110, 113immediate postoperative, 96–98selection, 106–107shanks, 112–113sockets, 106–110, 112suspension, 110–112
Bending momentat knee, 717, 723
Benedikt’s syndrome, 296Benserazide, 214–215
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Benson’s relaxation, 625–626Benzodiazepines
for burn patients, 622for traumatic brain injury, 216, 220–221, 240See also specific drug
Beta-blockersfor causalgia, 490for phantom limb pain, 146for traumatic brain injury, 217, 220See also specific drug
BetadineSee Povidone-iodine
Betapile, 668Bethanecol, 218Bevor’s sign, 169BIA
See Brain Injury Association (BIA)Bicycles
stationary, 125, 635, 800–802Biker’s compression shorts, 657–658, 665Billings, Frank, 4Bine’s test, 320Biobrane, 582, 593, 629Bio-Concepts, Inc., 665Bioconcepts prefabricated glove, 667Biofeedback
for myoelectric prosthesis training, 69for phantom limb pain, 147
Biological dressings, 592–593Bioplasty mesher, 590Biphosphonates, 748, 750Bivalved casts, 639, 747Bladder calculi
in spinal cord injured patients, 194Bladder carcinoma
in spinal cord injured patients, 194Bladder drainage
in immobilized patients, 585, 752in spinal cord injured patients, 193–194
Blink reflex, 302–303electrodiagnostic evaluation, 305
Blisterson burn wound, 632, 656foot, 818on residual limb, 136
Blocking, 463Blood flow distribution, 791Blood loss
from debrided wound, 588Blood pressure (BP)
arterial, 790–791during exercise, 790–791in immobilized patients, 764–765response to maximal exercise, 791
Bobath shoulder roll, 713Body composition
definition, 792and physical capacity, 794–796and physical fitness, 792–799reference values, 792standards, 796–797
Body fat, 792–793android pattern, 793assessment, 793classification, 792essential or obligatory, 792excess, 793, 797gynoid pattern, 793
measurement methodology, 797–799military control programs, 793, 796–799reduction, 793regional distribution, 793, 798storage, 792–793
Body fat percentagecorrelation between aerobic capacity and, 795and fitness level, 792–799military standards, 796–797reference values, 792values for military populations, 794
Body-powered prostheseshybrid (myoelectric and body-powered), 56, 59versus myoelectric prostheses, 68–71for upper extremity amputations, 53, 56, 62
Body strengthSee Strength
Body temperatureregulation, 791
Body weightSee Weight
Bolton, Frances P., 22Bolton Bill, 22Bone changes
after burn injuries, 690in resistance training, 810
Bone homeostasisduring immobilization, 747–748
Bone scansin causalgia, 487–488, 491in musculoskeletal injuries, 381, 385–386in reflex sympathetic dystrophy, 141–142
Bone spursin residual limb, 139–140
Bone stress reactionsSee Stress fractures
Bonnier ’s syndrome, 303, 326Boutonniere deformity, 611, 614, 639Bowden control cable, 55, 57–58Bowel programs
for immobilized patients, 753for spinal cord injured patients, 185
Boyd hindfoot amputation, 86–87Braces
for musculoskeletal injuries, 374, 386Brachial plexopathies, 496–498
anatomic considerations, 496–497in burn patients, 689–690clinical presentation, 498–500electrodiagnosis, 498–500etiology, 497–498
Brachial plexus, 496–497Brachial plexus injuries, 366Bracing
fracture cast, 735functional electrical stimulation for, 732–733
Bradyarrhythmiain spinal cord injured patients, 182–183
Bradycardia, 333Brain
contusions, 209surface anatomy, 223
Brain injuriesSee Traumatic brain injury (TBI)
Brain Injury Association (BIA), 227, 230Brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs), 322–323Brainstem tumors, 323Brake mechanisms
Index
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for knee prostheses, 127–128Bretylium, 490Bromocriptine, 214–215, 219–220, 222Brown, Paul W., 10Brown-Séquard syndrome, 170–171Buf-N-Puff, 633Bulimia
after traumatic brain injury, 217Bullet fragment removal
from spinal cord injuries, 164–165Bullets
spinal cord injuries caused by, 164–165traumatic brain injury caused by, 208–209
Bullet shock wavesspinal cord injuries caused by, 164
Bunnell, Sterling, 9, 35–36, 38Bunnell splints, 709Burn centers, 577, 583–584, 633Burn claw deformity, 614Burn cream, 582Burn grafts
See Skin graftsBurn injuries, 575–702
acid, 577–578acute phase, 595–625alkali, 577–578associated illnesses and injuries, 581chemical, 577–578, 583classification, 577–579closed treatment, 600complications, 582depth, 580–581dressings, 582, 587, 592–594, 600, 632electrical, 578–579, 591–592, 595, 691–692emergency care, 583–585first degree, 580flame, 577fourth degree, 581immobilization phase, 595–596, 625–631neurologic complications, 689–690nonhealing wounds, 587open treatment, 600Persian Gulf War, 14–15pigmentation, 605scald, 577second degree, 580–581severity factors, 579–581size, 579–580steam, 577surgical considerations, 582, 628thermal, 577third degree, 581topical treatment, 582treatment, 582–595wound excision, 587–588wound maturation phase, 595–596, 631–684
Burn Net, 600Burn pain, 621–622Burn patients
adaptive equipment, 618–621, 631, 674–680airway management, 583–585, 598–599contracture prevention, 600, 603–610, 627–628, 636, 643–
674edema management, 587, 600, 606, 655–674enteral feeding, 602, 687–688exercises, 596–597, 602–606, 627–628, 635–637, 652–653functional activities, 596, 601, 607, 618–621, 631, 674–680home management, 680–681
inpatient care guidelines, 583–584intubation, 584, 598–600management, 595–693nutritional care, 602, 684–689orthotics, 596, 600, 611–618, 629–630, 637–643outpatient care, 583–584, 636pain management, 599–600, 621–623, 625–626phases of care, 595–596positioning, 607–611psychological support, 596, 623–626, 631, 633, 683–684pulmonary edema in, 584–585reconstructive surgery, 690–693rehabilitation goals, 595, 632return to duty, 637, 683–685vascular access, 584–585
Burn resuscitation formulas, 586Burn scars
assessment, 662–664, 666desensitization, 633–634
Burn shockfluid resuscitation for, 585–587
Burn splints, 615–616Bursae injuries, 356
residual limb pain caused by, 142Bursitis
trochanteric, 389in upper extremity amputees, 61
Burst fractures, 175Bushnell General Hospital, Utah, 35, 80Buspirone, 215–216Bypass prosthesis, 126
C
Cable excursionin upper extremity prostheses, 59
Cable tensiometer, 802Cacosmia, 283CAD
See Computer aided design (CAD)CAI
See Career Assessment Inventory (CAI) Enhanced VersionCalcaneal nerve, 533Calcanectomy
partial, 87Calcarine cortex, 286, 289Calcitonin
for hypercalcemia, 750for immobilization osteoporosis, 748for phantom limb pain, 146, 148
Calcium alginate dressing, 594Calcium channel blockers, 479, 490Calcium gluconate, 578Calcium intake
during immobilization, 751Calcium ions, 783–784Calcium supplementation, 748Callosities
of residual limb, 137Caloric testing, 321Calorie counts
for burn patients, 602, 687–688and immobilization, 752
CAMSee Computer aided manufacturing (CAM)
Camouflage makeupfor burn patients, 673, 690
Canada
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amputee vocational outcome study, 159Canadian socket design, 132–133Canes
for above-knee amputees, 126for musculoskeletal injuries, 357
CANFIT system, 121Canty, Thomas J., 10Capsaicin, 477–478, 490CAPTE
See Commission on Accreditation for Physical TherapyEducation (CAPTE)
CarafateSee Sucralfate
Carbamazepine, 477for cranial neuropathies, 308, 335for traumatic brain injury, 216, 220–222
Carbidopa, 214–215, 219, 222Carbohydrate metabolism
and burn injuries, 687Carbon Copy II, 92, 116, 120Carbon Copy III, 116–117, 120Carbon dioxide (CO2)
as orthotic power source, 705, 708–709partial pressure (PCO2), 789, 791production, 788–789
Carbon fibershoe shanks/inserts, 90socket reinforcement with, 91–92
Carbon graphite shoe inserts, 89–90Carcinoma
bladder, 194colon, 185
Cardiac enlargementin resistance training, 810
Cardiac output (C.O.)and blood flow distribution, 791maximum, 801and oxygen consumption, 790response to aerobic training, 809response to maximal exercise, 791
Cardiac reconditioning, 765Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
after spinal cord injury, 162Cardiorespiratory endurance
See Aerobic powerCardiovascular complications
exertion-related, 818of immobilization, 762–765of spinal cord injury, 182–184
Cardiovascular conditioningand musculoskeletal injuries, 388
Cardiovascular deconditioning, 764–765Cardiovascular function
during exercise, 789–792Cardiovascular response
to aerobic training, 809to resistance training, 809–810
Cardiovascular risk screening program, 818Career Assessment Inventory (CAI) Enhanced Version, 854Career Compensation Act, 865, 879Career content skills
assessment, 855–856Career plan guideline, 857Career Planning Guide Book, 855Caromed Int’l, Inc., 665Carotid sinus reflex, 327, 333Carpal tunnel, 509–510Carpal tunnel release (CTR), 513–514
Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), 437–439, 509–514acute, 510, 513–514anatomic considerations, 509–510chronic, 510classification, 511–512clinical presentation, 511–512electrodiagnosis, 512–513etiology, 510–511treatment, 513–514
Castsbivalved, 639, 747fiberglass material, 48, 53, 97–100fracture bracing, 735plaster impression for residual limb, 121serial, 747thumb spica, 377See also Orthoses
CAT/CAM socketSee Contoured Adducted Trochanteric/Controlled
Alignment Method (CAT/CAM) socketCatecholaminergic antagonists, 219–220Catecholamines
for traumatic brain injury, 212–215, 219See also specific drug
CathetersSee Urinary catheters
Cauda equina, 168injuries, 191, 193, 732
Cauda equina syndrome, 170–172Causalgia, 481–496
cardinal characteristics, 482–483case studies, 491–496clinical considerations, 486clinical staging, 483diagnosis, 486–489, 491incidence, 481–482laboratory findings, 486–488pathophysiology, 483–485Persian Gulf War, 482, 491superficial radial nerve compression-associated, 505treatment, 489–491Vietnam War, 482
Cavernous sinusanatomy, 295inflammatory disease, 295septic thrombosis, 296
Cavernous sinus syndrome, 303Cavitation, 747CDP-choline
for traumatic brain injury, 219CED
See Cognitive enhancing drug (CED)Cellulitis
in spinal cord injured patients, 187–188Central Army Physical Review Council, 865Central auditory pathway lesions, 318Central cord syndrome, 170–171Central nervous system (CNS)
burn injury-associated damage, 633–634causalgia-associated changes in, 484effects of alcohol on, 240effects of immobility on, 749neural recovery, 212–213
Central venous pressurein immobilized patients, 764
Centripetal wrapping, 471Centrophenoxine, 219Cerebellar ataxia, 217
Index
xxixVolume 1: Pages 1–416; Volume 2: Pages 417–886
Cerebrospinal fluid markersin traumatic brain injury, 211
Cerebrovascular blood flowand cognitive function, 219
Cerium nitrate, 591Cervical collars, 361Cervical glides
dorsal, 362Cervical radiculopathy, 363–366Cervical soft tissue injuries, 361–363
rehabilitation, 361–362Cervical spine, 167–168Cervical spine injuries, 169, 171, 173–174
complications, 181–182, 191, 193interdisciplinary team management case study, 843–844
Cervical spine orthoses, 174Cervical stabilization exercises, 364–365Cervical stenosis
congenital, 165, 171Cervical traction, 364Cervicothoracic disorders, 361–367
See also specific disorderCervicothoracic stabilization exercises, 364–365Chance fractures, 175Charcot’s spine, 189Check sockets, 52–53, 121, 130Chemical burns, 577–578
treatment, 583Chemosensory testing, 285Chest expansion
elbow lock operation by, 59–60Chest strap
for above-elbow prostheses, 58for humeral neck amputation prostheses, 60
Chief of Army Medical Specialist Corps Clinical Investigationand Research (AMSC-CIR), 27
Childbirthin spinal cord injured patients, 195
Childrenskin graft sites, 595
Chin controlof wheelchair, 177
Chlorhexidine, 597Chlorphenesin, 308Choking
socket, 143Cholelithiasis
in spinal cord injured patients, 185Choline, 218Cholinergic substances
for traumatic brain injury, 216, 218–220See also specific drug
Chopart’s amputationsSee Tarsotarsal amputations
Chorda tympani syndrome, 312Chronaxie, 449Ciliary muscle
innervation, 292–293Cimetidine, 754Circulation, motion, sensation, and temperature (CMST), 616,
626Circulatory complications
after amputation, 137–139in immobilized patients, 764–765
Citalopram, 216Civil War
amputations, 34, 71–72, 80, 134causalgia, 481
cranial neuropathies, 339immobility complications, 742
CKSee Creatine kinase (CK)
Claymore minesinjuries caused by, 82
Clear film dressings, 594–595Cleveland Clinic, 5Clinical symptom complex, 356Clinitron bed, 186–187, 628, 631, 757Clodronate, 748, 750Clonazepam, 220–222, 477Clonidine, 219–220, 479, 490CMAPs
See Compound motor action potentials (CMAPs)CMRR
See Common mode rejection ratio (CMRR)CMST
See Circulation, motion, sensation, and temperature(CMST)
CNSee Cranial nerves (CN)
CNSSee Central nervous system (CNS)
C.O.See Cardiac output (C.O.)
Coagulation necrosiscaused by acid burns, 577–578
Coban, 471, 613, 658–659Cochlear implants, 324Cochlear nerve
anatomy and function, 315–317Cochlear neuropathies, 318–324
evaluation, 319–322management, 323–324
Cocked-hat flap procedure, 37Cockup splint, 709–710Codeine, 622Code of Hammurabi, 864Cognitive-behavioral dysfunction, 217–220, 222–223, 230
and family outcome, 252–253treatment, 218–219, 228, 237–246
Cognitive-behavioral profilingafter traumatic brain injury, 217
Cognitive enhancing drug (CED), 218Cognitive function
drugs that may enhance, 218–220drugs that may interfere with, 219–220
Cognitive remediationfor brain injured patients, 245
Cohen, Henry, 429Colace
See Docusate sodiumCold exposure
differential sensitivity of nerves to, 445effect on nerve conduction velocity, 445and exercise-related injuries, 819–820nerve damage caused by, 443–446tissue injury from, 123See also Frostbite
Cold-induced neuropathies, 443–446clinical considerations, 443–444and duration of exposure, 445electrodiagnosis, 445–446morphologic changes, 445pathophysiology, 444–445prognosis, 444and temperature considerations, 445
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xxx Volume 1: Pages 1–416; Volume 2: Pages 417–886
and type of nerve involved, 445Collagen
and hypertrophic scar formation, 644Collagen biosynthesis
in denervated muscles, 435, 465Collagen production phase, 354–355Colle’s fracture
carpal tunnel syndrome caused by, 510, 513Collet-Sicard syndrome, 331–332, 336, 340Colon carcinoma
in spinal cord injured patients, 185Colorectal disease
in spinal cord injured patients, 185Columns of Denis, 174–175Coma
definition, 234Coma/Near Coma Scale, 224Coma Recovery Scale, 224Coma stimulation programs, 235–237Comatose patient
cranial neuropathies in, 280Combat boots
as risk factor for injury, 817Combat stress, 16, 623Combat theater
physical medicine and rehabilitation in, 8–9physical therapy in, 19–30See also specific theater
Commission on Accreditation for Physical Therapy Education(CAPTE), 25
Common mode rejection ratio (CMRR), 452Communication
adaptive devices, 620–621, 681–682, 833by intubated patients, 181
Community mobilityand spinal cord injured patients, 178–179
Community reintegration, 845–861for spinal cord injured patients, 180for traumatic brain injured patients, 224, 227–229See also Return to duty; Vocational rehabilitation
Compartment syndromes, 439–440pronator teres syndrome associated with, 506
Compensation Act, 865, 879Compensation systems
See Physical disability systemComplex regional pain syndrome (CRPS)
diagnostic criteria, 486–489See also Causalgia; Reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD)
Complex repetitive discharges, 455Compound motor action potentials (CMAPs)
amplitude, 459, 464inability to elicit, 460measurement, 451in ulnar neuropathy, 462, 517
Compressionfor edema control, 471for musculoskeletal disorders, 357
Compression insertsfor orthoses, 650, 664–674
Compression neuropathy, 436–439classification, 429clinical considerations, 437–439and impulse propagation, 450pathophysiology, 436–437See also specific nerve
Computed tomography (CT)in cranial neuropathies, 285, 299, 341in femoral neuropathy, 527
in musculoskeletal disorders, 381socket design with, 121in spinal cord injury, 163–164, 173, 175in traumatic brain injury, 225, 230
Computer aided design (CAD)of sockets, 120–121
Computer aided manufacturing (CAM)of sockets, 120–121
Computer aided socket design (CASD), 121Computers
for spinal cord injured patients, 179Concentric contractions, 783Concentric needle electrodes, 453
bipolar, 453coaxial, 453
Concussive injuries, 227, 230classification, 230incidence, 210symptoms, 227, 230–231
Conditioning periodand muscle injury avoidance, 356
Condom cathetersskin complications, 186–187
Conduction block, 449–450focal, 430
Conduction slowing with temporal dispersionelectrodiagnostic findings, 461–462
Conduction velocitySee Nerve conduction velocity
Cones, 285–286Confusion
in burn patients, 631Connecticut Chemosensory Clinical Research Center, 283–284Connective tissue
denervation-associated changes, 435, 438–439, 442of nerve, 426–427peripheral neuropathy-associated stretching, 465–467
Consciousnessloss of, 230, 234–235
Constipationin immobilized patients, 752–753
Contact dermatitiscaused by orthoses, 668–669on residual limb, 138–139
Continental United States (CONUS) hospitalsphysical medicine and rehabilitation at, 9See also specific hospital
Continuous passive motion (CPM) devices, 605, 616–618, 639–641, 747
Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), 599Contoured Adducted Trochanteric/Controlled Alignment
Method (CAT/CAM) socket, 129–130Contour foam, 670Contracture prevention, 8–9, 226, 746–747
in burn patients, 600, 603–610, 627–628, 636, 643–674in lower extremity amputees, 81, 84, 88, 94, 101–102, 124–
125, 135in spinal cord injured patients, 189in upper extremity amputees, 47
Contracturesarthrogenic, 746formation, 745during immobilization, 745–746myogenic, 435, 465–467, 491, 746soft tissue, 746types, 746
Control mode, 599Control systems
Index
xxxiVolume 1: Pages 1–416; Volume 2: Pages 417–886
above-elbow prostheses, 57–58below-elbow prostheses, 54–56humeral neck amputation prostheses, 60myoelectric prostheses, 65–67
Contusionsbrain, 209lumbar, 386–389
CONUSSee Continental United States (CONUS) hospitals
Conus medullaris, 168injuries, 193
Conus medullaris syndrome, 170, 172Convalescent hospitals
pre-World War II, 5Convalescent leave, 872Convergence system, 294Coping skills
and vocational rehabilitation, 846Cordectomy, 192Corneal reflex, 302–303
electrodiagnostic evaluation, 306–307Coronary artery disease
in spinal cord injured patients, 184Corps of Invalids, 72Cortical blindness, 287, 291Corticosteroids
for causalgia, 490for musculoskeletal injuries, 358, 361, 366–367, 374, 377See also specific drug
Corticotropin-releasing hormone, 217Cortisone, 542, 544Cosmetic covers
for above-knee prostheses, 132for foot prostheses, 117, 119for myoelectric prostheses, 68–69, 71
Cosmetic prostheseshand, 43
Costoclavicular syndrome, 501Cough, 333
impaired, 182Coulter, John S., 5Coumadin, 183Council on Medical Education, 5Council on Physical Therapy (American Medical Association),
22Counseling
See Emotional counseling; Psychological support; Psycho-therapy
Counterforce bracesfor epicondylitis, 374
Courageas characteristic of soldier, 846
CPSee Creatine phosphate (CP)
CPAPSee Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)
CPM devicesSee Continuous passive motion (CPM) devices
C-polymodal nociceptors (C-PMN), 484–485CPR
See Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)Cramp
heat, 819Cranial nerves (CN), 280
anatomy and function, 280–281decompression, 280I. See Olfactory nerveII. See Optic nerve
III. See Oculomotor nerveIV. See Trochlear nerveV. See Trigeminal nerveV1. See Ophthalmic nerveV2. See Maxillary nerveV3. See Mandibular nerveVI. See Abducens nerveVII. See Facial nerveVIII. See Acoustic nerveIX. See Glossopharyngeal nerveX. See Vagus nerveXI. See Accessory nerveXII. See Hypoglossal nerve
Cranial neuropathies, 279–352causes, 280in comatose patient, 280incidence, 280prognosis, 280See also specific cranial nerve
Creatine kinase (CK), 579Creatine phosphate (CP), 786–787Cricopharyngeus sphincter dilation, 329Cricothyroid muscle, 333Croatia, 28Crocodile tears, 312Cross-bridges, 783–784Crossed adduction maneuver, 371CRPS
See Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS)Crush injury
carpal tunnel syndrome caused by, 510, 514Crutch ambulation
for above-knee amputees, 126carpal tunnel syndrome caused by, 510–511by multiple amputees, 148for musculoskeletal injuries, 357patient education, 102–104, 106for spinal cord injured patients, 178
Crutch palsy, 503–504Cryotherapy
for musculoskeletal injuries, 357–358, 371–373, 383CT
See Computed tomography (CT)CTR
See Carpal tunnel release (CTR)CTS
See Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)Cubital tunnel, 514–515Cubital tunnel release, 519Cubital tunnel syndrome, 514, 516, 519Cultural values
and counseling approaches, 849Cultured autologous kertinocite grafts, 591–592Cutaneous sensation
and neurological evaluation of spinal cord injury, 169Cuthbertson, D. P., 742Cybex dynamometer, 635, 801Cyclanedelate, 219Cycle ergometry, 800, 802Cycling tests
for anaerobic power, 801–802Cyproheptadine, 217Cysts
epidermoid, 137Cytidene 5′-diphosphocholine
See CDP-cholineCytotec
See Misoprostol
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D
Daily living skillsSee Activities of daily living (ADL)
Dantrolene sodium, 217Deafferentation pain, 475Death
accidental, 209–210exertion-related, 817
Debridementburn wounds, 587–589, 597of devitalized tissues, 81, 135enzymatic, 588–589instruments, 587–588for pressure sores, 187See also Excision
Decompression sickness, 166Deconditioning
cardiovascular, 764–765prevention, 8–9, 81, 84, 126
Deep brain stimulationfor phantom limb pain, 146
Deep heating, 467, 746–747Deep peroneal nerve, 538Deep venous thrombosis (DVT), 183, 762–764
differential diagnosis, 763–764prevention, 763–764versus pulmonary embolism, 763
Degenerative arthritisin amputees, 142
Degloving injuries, 37Dehydration, 819Dejerine’s anterior bulbar syndrome, 340Deltoid aid, 639Dematomes
for spinal cord injury evaluation, 168Dementia
immobility-related, 749Demerol, 495Demyelination
See Conduction blockDendrites, 422–423Denervation
end organ changes following, 431–436muscle changes following, 434–436
Denervation supersensitivity, 435–436, 456after traumatic brain injury, 213
Dens fractures, 174Dental anesthesia
ocular complications, 296Dentistry
and oral contractures, 638role in medical evaluation board, 868
Department of Defense (DoD)disability directives, 865
Department of Veterans AffairsSee Veterans Administration
L-deprenylfor traumatic brain injury, 214
Depressionafter traumatic brain injury, 242, 245–246, 251–254in spinal cord injured patients, 196
De Quervain’s tenosynovitis, 376–377Dermapad, 670Dermatitis
contact, 138–139, 668–669stasis, 137–138
Dermis
artificial, 592Desensitization
of burn scar, 633–634hyperesthetic, 472–473, 491–492, 495
Desipramine, 219, 476Detraining, 808–809Detrusor-sphinctor dyssynergia
in spinal cord injured patients, 193–194DEXA
See Dual photon x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)Dexamethasone, 315, 377Dextroamphetamine, 214–215Diabetes mellitus
in spinal cord injured patients, 185Diabetic ischemic neuropathy, 296Diarrhea, 333Diathermy, 467, 746–747
microwave, 746ultrasound, 467, 746–747, 758
Diazepam, 213Didronel, 221Dietary considerations
See NutritionDietary fiber
for immobilized patients, 753Dietitians, 22–23Dietrick, J. E., 742Differential amplification
electrodiagnostic, 451–452Digital control systems
for myoelectric prostheses, 65Digital neuropathies, 543–545
anatomic considerations, 543clinical presentation, 544differential diagnosis, 544electrodiagnosis, 544etiology, 543–544treatment, 544–545
DigitsSee Fingers
Dihydroergotamine, 219Diltiazem, 479DIP disarticulation
See Distal interphalangeal (DIP) disarticulationDiphosphonate EHDP, 748Diplopia, 297
management, 299–300Disability event
adaptive stages to, 847–848Disability ratings, 873–875Disability Rating Scale, 224Disarticulation
and residual limb/prosthesis interface, 89See also specific type of disarticulation
Discography, 381Disks
herniations, 381internally disrupted, 380
Disk spacenarrowing, 380
Dislocationsanterior interosseous syndrome caused by, 508–509brachial plexopathies caused by, 497, 499neuropathies associated with, 440–443pronator teres syndrome caused by, 506–507
Disodium diphosphonate, 748Disodium ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate, 748Distal interphalangeal (DIP) disarticulation, 37
Index
xxxiiiVolume 1: Pages 1–416; Volume 2: Pages 417–886
Distal metatarsal amputations, 85Division of Special Hospitals and Physical Reconstruction,
830–831Dizziness, 319Docusate sodium, 753DoD
See Department of Defense (DoD)Dopamine, 219Dopamine agonists
for traumatic brain injury, 213–215, 217, 220–222See also specific drug
Doppler ultrasonographycolor-flow, 763
Dorrance hooks, 53Dorsal cord stimulation
for phantom limb pain, 146–148Dorsal root entry zone (DREZ) lesioning, 146, 148, 192Dorsal root ganglia, 167–168Dorsal scapular nerve, 496Dorsiflexion assist orthosis
spring wire, 715Dorsiflexion (anterior) stops
on ankle-foot orthoses, 715–716, 718–720, 723on knee-ankle-foot orthoses, 729
Double-stopped ankle joint, 716Dow Corning prosthetic foam, 670Dow Corning silicone gel sheeting, 669–670Downey Hand Center, 472–473Doxepin, 476–477, 492Dressing
adaptive aids, 679–680See also Activities of daily living (ADL)
Dressingsbiological, 592–593for burn wounds, 582, 587, 592–594, 600, 632calcium alginate, 594clear film, 594–595hydrocolloid, 594local compression, 357for lower extremity amputations, 84, 87–88, 94, 96–100,
102–106, 124–125postgraft changing, 626–627for pressure sores, 187rigid, 87–88, 96, 99for skin grafts, 591–594, 626–627, 629soft, 96, 125synthetic, 593–594for upper extremity amputations, 48–50See also Immediate postoperative rigid dressing (IPORD);
specific type of dressingDREZ lesioning
See Dorsal root entry zone (DREZ) lesioningDrinking
adaptive devices, 619–620Driving
adaptive aids, 54, 64, 178–179, 682and brain injured patients, 227
Dual-control cablefor upper extremity prostheses, 57–60
Dual photon x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), 799Duane’s retraction syndrome, 296Duoderm, 594, 656, 662, 673Durnin-Womersley equations, 797–798DVT
See Deep venous thrombosis (DVT)Dycem, 620Dynamic constant resistance
See Isotonic exercises
Dynamic response feet, 92, 115–120, 127Dynamic splinting, 747Dynamic strength
measurement, 802Dynamometer, 802
Cybex, 635, 801isokinetic, 802–803
Dysarthria, 312, 340–341Dysautonomia
central, 211Dysesthetic pain, 475Dysgeusia, 311Dyskinesias
after traumatic brain injury, 221Dysosmia, 283, 285Dysphagia, 332, 334–335
after traumatic brain injury, 222Dysphonia, 332Dysreflexia
autonomic, 183–184Dystonia
after traumatic brain injury, 220Dysvascular amputees
bilateral, 149residual limb pain, 139
E
Earanatomy, 315–317burn injury positioning concerns, 608prosthetic, 655
Early recovery management programs (ERMPs)for brain injured patients, 226, 236
Eccentric contractions, 783, 813Ectopic bone
in residual limb, 139–140ECU
See Environmental control unit (ECU)Edema
after peripheral neuropathy, 470–471, 491–492, 496in burn patients, 587, 600, 606, 655–674physiology, 470prevention, 88, 104–106, 124–125pulmonary, 584–585, 820stump, 134, 138
Edema-sleeves, 658Edinger-Westphal nucleus, 286, 291–292Education
See Patient education; Family educationEducational experiences
and vocational assessment, 851EEG
See Electroencephalography (EEG)Efferent fibers
in cranial nerves, 281Elastic abdominal binders
for spinal cord injured patient, 182, 184Elastic bands
for below-elbow prostheses, 55Elastic digi-sleeves, 658Elastic hoods, 650Elastic sport garments, 665Elastic stockinettes
for amputations, 48–50, 94, 97, 125Elastic stretch, 465Elastic tubular supports, 658–660Elastic wrapping
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for burn patients, 601, 606, 610–611, 613, 615, 630, 645, 656,658–660
for lower extremity amputations, 87–88, 94, 96–98, 103–105, 124–125
for upper extremity amputations, 48–50Elastin, 355Elastogel, 667, 669–670Elastomers
in orthotic inserts and overlays, 670Elastomer silicone shoe inserts, 642–643Elbow
contracture prevention, 47cubital tunnel at, 514–516, 519immobilization orthoses, 630positioning for burn injuries, 610scar compression, 672–673ulnar nerve injury at, 514–519
Elbow disarticulation, 44prostheses, 44surgical procedures, 46
Elbow disorders, 372–376rehabilitation, 376
Elbow flexion test, 515Elbow-locking cable
for upper extremity prostheses, 57–60Elbow orthoses, 639
functional, 713static, 713support of, 713–715
Elderlyskin graft sites, 595
Electrical arc, 578Electrical burns, 578–579
combined with thermal injuries, 578–579treatment, 591–592, 595, 691–692
Electrical motoras orthotic power source, 705, 708–709
Electrical muscle stimulationfor peripheral nerve injuries, 481
Electrical stimulationfor cranial neuropathies, 315for edema control, 470–471for musculoskeletal injuries, 358–359, 374, 383for peripheral nerve injuries, 479–481for spinal cord injured patients, 192See also Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
(TENS)Electrical stimulators
implantable functional, 179Electrocochleography, 322Electrodes
electrodiagnostic, 453electroencephalographi, 284–285electromyographic, 453–454ground, 453myoelectric, 65, 67needle, 453surface, 453, 456–457transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, 480
Electrodiagnosis, 11–12of accessory neuropathies, 338of acoustic neuropathies, 322–323amplification, 451–452of anterior interosseous syndrome, 509of anterior tarsal tunnel syndrome, 539of brachial plexopathies, 498–500of carpal tunnel syndrome, 512–513classes of disorders detectable by, 448
of cold-induced nerve injuries, 445–446in compartmental syndromes, 440and determination of injury severity, 459–462of digital neuropathies, 544electrodes, 453of facial neuropathies, 314–315of femoral neuropathy, 526–527filters, 452–453of foot and ankle nerve injuries, 531general principles, 448of glossopharyngeal neuropathies, 328history, 420of hypoglossal neuropathies, 340–341instrumentation, 450–453of ischemic nerve injuries, 440limitations, 464–465localization with, 461–463of lumbosacral plexopathy, 523–524of oculomotor neuropathies, 299of olfactory neuropathies, 284–285of peripheral nerve injuries, 448–465of peroneal neuropathy, 529–530of posterior interosseous nerve entrapment, 505of pronator teres syndrome, 508of radial neuropathy, 503recovery monitoring with, 460, 463–464, 468of residual limb pain, 142of sciatic neuropathy, 525–526of superficial peroneal neuropathy, 541of supracondylar process syndrome, 506of sural entrapment neuropathy, 543of tarsal tunnel syndrome, 535of thoracic outlet syndrome, 501–502timing of, 460–461of trigeminal neuropathies, 305of ulnar neuropathy, 514, 517–519, 521–522utility of, 459–465of vagus neuropathies, 333–334See also specific instrument
Electroencephalography (EEG)in olfactory nerve injuries, 284–285
Electrogustometry, 314Electrolyte homeostasis, 750Electromechanical digitization
for socket design, 121, 130Electromyography (EMG), 453–458
in anterior interosseous syndrome, 509in brachial plexopathies, 499in carpal tunnel syndrome, 512–513and determination of injury severity, 459–462electrodes, 453–454in femoral neuropathy, 527filter settings, 452in foot and ankle nerve injuries, 531in hypoglossal neuropathies, 340–341insertional activity, 454instrumentation, 450–453of laryngeal nerves, 330, 333–334limitations, 464–465in lumbosacral plexopathy, 523at maximal contraction, 458at minimal contraction, 456motor unit electrical morphology, 456–457motor unit recruitment, 457–458in peroneal neuropathy, 530in posterior interosseous nerve entrapment, 505in pronator teres syndrome, 508recovery monitoring, 463–464
Index
xxxvVolume 1: Pages 1–416; Volume 2: Pages 417–886
at rest, 454–456in sciatic neuropathy, 525in supracondylar process syndrome, 506in ulnar neuropathy, 519See also Nerve conduction studies (NCS)
Electronystagmography (ENG), 322Electrophysiologic assessment
of spinal cord injury, 173of traumatic brain injury, 211
Electroretinography (ERG), 290Electrotherapy, 830Elevation
See Antigravity positioningEl Salvador, 28Elset wrap, 658–659Emergency medical care
burn injuries, 583–585spinal cord injury, 162traumatic brain injury, 225
EMGSee Electromyography (EMG)
Emotional counselingfor brain injured patients, 227–228for burn patients, 596, 623–626, 631, 633, 683–684cultural concerns, 849group, 849for hearing-impaired patients, 325for immobilized patients, 750in interdisciplinary team management, 832for lower extremity amputees, 84, 88, 101, 125, 133–134resistance to, 850for spinal cord injured patients, 180, 195–196for upper extremity amputees, 47, 52in vocational rehabilitation, 848–850See also Psychological support; Psychotherapy
Emotional needsfollowing injury, 847
Emotional reactionto war-related injuries, 846–848
Emotional sequelaeof traumatic brain injury, 238–239, 243–246, 253
Endocrine adaptationin resistance training, 810
Endocrinologic complicationsof immobility, 750–751of spinal cord injury, 185
Endoneurium, 427transection, 430–431
End organ changesfollowing denervation, 431–436
EnduranceSee Aerobic power; Anaerobic power
Energy expenditure for walkingwith ankle-foot orthoses, 723–724at different levels of lower extremity amputations, 92–93with functional electrical stimulation, 733of hemiplegic ambulation, 723with knee-ankle-foot orthoses, 729measurement, 723by multiple amputees, 149of normal ambulation, 724of paraplegic ambulation, 731with reciprocating gait orthoses, 732by spinal cord injured patients, 178of wheelchair locomotion, 731
Energy needsof burn patients, 684–686
Energy transfer
in exercise, 787–788Energy transformation
within muscle, 786ENG
See Electronystagmography (ENG)Enteral feeding
of burn patients, 602, 687–688Entrapment syndromes
of foot and ankle, 531–545lower extremity, 522–531upper extremity, 496–522See also Compression neuropathy; specific nerve
Environmental control systemsadaptive devices, 621
Environmental control unit (ECU)for spinal cord injured patients, 177, 179
Environmental stimulationand comatose patient, 236
Enzymatic debridement, 588–589Ephedrine sulfate, 184Epicondylar muscles
stretching, 373Epicondylitis, 355, 372
differential diagnosis, 372lateral, 372–374medial, 372–374rehabilitation, 373–374
Epidermoid cystson residual limb, 137
Epidural anesthesiafor lumbar pain, 382for residual limb pain, 142, 147
Epilepsyposttraumatic, 221
Epineurium, 427transection, 431
Épluchage, 597Equinus deformities, 83ERG
See Electroretinography (ERG)Ergometry
cycle, 800, 802Ergot alkaloids
for traumatic brain injury, 215, 219See also specific drug
ERMPsSee Early recovery management programs (ERMPs)
ERTL procedurefor lower extremity amputation, 95–96
Esophageal dysfunction, 333Esophageal manometry, 334Ethacrynic acid, 750Ethical issues
with traumatic brain injury, 235Ethnic groups
counseling concerns, 849Etidronate disodium, 221, 748, 750Etiracetam, 219Evoked potentials
gustatory, 314olfactory, 284trigeminal, 307–308visual, 290–291
Excision, 587–588, 597to fascia, 588instruments, 587–588tangential, 587–588
Exercise(s)
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acute responses to, 791for burn patients, 596–597, 602–606, 627–628, 635–637, 652–
653cardiovascular function during, 789–792energy generating systems for, 782energy transfer in, 787–788for immobility complications, 744, 765for lower extremity amputees, 88, 102–103, 123, 125medical problems associated with, 814–820mental concentration during, 635for musculoskeletal injuries, 355, 358, 383–385, 387–389for peripheral neuropathy, 469–470, 492, 495–496physiological principles, 787–792pulmonary function during, 788–789, 801for spinal cord injury, 167See also Physical capacity for exercise; Physical training;
specific type of exerciseExercise intolerance
in immobilized patients, 765Exertional rhabdomyolysis, 818Exidine
See ChlorhexidineExophthalmus, 297Exoskeleton prostheses, 132Expectancy
principle of, 623Explosions
burns caused by, 581Extension exercises
for musculoskeletal injuries, 383Extensor spasms
in spinal cord injured patients, 190–191Exteroceptive sensations
phantom limb, 143Eye closure
reflex, 313–314Eyelid muscles
innervation, 294Eye movement
clinical evaluation, 299muscular control, 293–294supranuclear control system, 294
Ezeform, 617
F
Facial dyskinesis, 312Facial exercise program
for burn patients, 653Facial movement
innervation, 310–311testing, 312–313
Facial myokymia, 314–315Facial nerve, 308–315
anatomy and function, 308–311Facial neuropathies, 311–315
electrodiagnosis, 314–315evaluation, 312–314management, 315prognosis, 315symptoms and signs, 312syndromes, 311–312
Facial orthosescompression inserts, 650fitting, 652–655immobilization, 630transparent, 638, 650–655wearing instructions, 651–652, 655
Facial pain, 304, 308Facial paralysis, 311–312Facial scars
camouflage makeup, 673, 690management, 638plastic surgery strategies, 692–693
FADSee Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)See McMaster Family Assessment Devise (FAD)
Fadingof phantom limb sensation, 143
Falklands War, 443Family
role in interdisciplinary team, 833Family Adaptability and Cohesion Scales, 254Family assessment
in vocational rehabilitation, 853–854Family education
after brain injuries, 227–228, 231, 245, 254after burn injury, 601–602, 624after spinal cord injury, 180
Family Environment Scale, 254Family Needs Questionnaire (FNQ), 254Family outcome
after traumatic brain injury, 250–255Famotidine, 754Fascia
excision to, 588graft adherence on, 588
Fascicular compositionof peripheral nerves, 426–427, 435, 438–439, 442
Fasciculation potentials, 455Fasciitis, 355
plantar, 400–401Fast twitch (type 2) fibers, 784, 802, 809Fat
See Body fatFat-free mass, 792
correlation between body strength and, 795–796Fatigue
muscle, 786Fat intake
and burn injuries, 687FDA
See Food and Drug Administration (FDA)Fecal impaction
in immobilized patients, 753in spinal cord injured patients, 185
Feedingadaptive devices, 619–620, 676–677
Felbamate, 222Femoral neck stress fractures, 397Femoral nerve, 526Femoral neuropathy, 526–527
anatomic considerations, 526clinical presentation, 527electrodiagnosis, 526–527etiology, 526–527treatment, 527
Fenfluramine, 217Fentanyl (Fentaugh), 622Fertility
in spinal cord injured patients, 194–195FES
See Functional electrical stimulation (FES)Fiberglass cast material, 48, 53, 97–100Fiberglass orthoses, 617Fibrillation potentials, 454, 494
Index
xxxviiVolume 1: Pages 1–416; Volume 2: Pages 417–886
quantification, 455Fibrillations, 454Fibroblasts
and hypertrophic scar formation, 644Fibula
excess length, 140hypermobile, 140stress fractures, 397
Fifth ray amputations, 86Figure-8 clavicle strap, 638–639Figure-8 elastic bandage wraps, 656Figure-8 harness, 55–58Figure-8 wrapping technique, 88, 104–105, 125Filters
electrodiagnostic, 452–453Finances
and brain injured patients, 229and spinal cord injured patients, 180
Finger extension attachmentsfor hand orthoses, 705–706
Finger prostheses, 39extension, 39fabrication, 39See also Thumb prostheses
Fingerslengthening procedures, 36pollicization, 36–37scar compression, 671single amputation, 37See also Digital neuropathies
Finger splint, 615Finger wraps, 613Finkelstein’s test, 376Finnish War, 15First Conference of the International Federation of Automatic
Control, 65Fish-mouth flaps
for transfemoral amputation, 124Fitness
See Aerobic power; Physical fitnessFitzsimons Army Hospital, Colorado, 10, 52, 80, 148–149Fixation
for limb length preservation, 95Fixed ankle orthoses, 734–735Flame burns, 577Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), 786Flex Foot, 116–117, 120
variants, 117–119Flexibility
decreased, 358–359as risk factor for injury, 817
Flexibility exercisesfor musculoskeletal injuries, 356, 359, 367–369, 386–387,
395Flexicare bed, 757Flexion exercises
for hamstring strain, 391–392Flexor hinge hand orthoses, 707–709
external power-driven, 708–709passive prehension, 709shoulder harness-driven, 708wrist extensor-driven, 707–708
Flexor pollicis longus tendon rupture/entrapment, 508–509Flexor spasms
in spinal cord injured patients, 190Flex Sprint, 117–118Flex Syme’s foot, 91, 117–118Flex Vertical Shock Pylon, 117, 119
Flex Walk, 117–118Fluid intake
during immobilization, 751Fluid resuscitation
average requirements, 585for burn shock, 585–587typical programs, 586
Flunarizine, 222Fluoride, 748Fluoroscopy
swallowing study, 327–328Fluoxetine, 215–217, 220, 476Fluvoxamine, 216Flynn phenomenon, 299FNQ
See Family Needs Questionnaire (FNQ)Foam finger pressure wraps, 615Foam rubber
in finger prostheses, 39for residual limb padding, 61
Follicular hyperkeratosisof residual limb, 137
Food and Drug Administration (FDA)drug approval, 214
Footarch height, 817musculoskeletal disorders, 395–401nerve injuries, 531–545positioning for burn injuries, 611scar compression, 676
Foot amputationsSee Partial foot amputations
Foot blisters, 818Foot fractures
stress, 397Foot orthoses
for burn injuries, 631, 641–643for superficial peroneal neuropathy, 542
Foot prostheses, 89–92in above-knee prostheses, 127in below-knee prostheses, 97–100, 110, 113dynamic response, 92, 115–120, 127multiaxis, 114–115, 120multiflex, 114–115selection, 120single-axis, 113–114See also specific type of prosthesis
Footwearas risk factor for injury, 817
Forced vital capacities (FVCs), 181Forearm
scar compression, 673strengthening exercises, 376
Forearm orthosiswith friction joints, 712
Forefoot amputation, 82Forequarter amputations, 43–45
prostheses, 59–60, 67Fort Sam Houston, Texas, 25Foster Kennedy syndrome, 287Foster turning frame, 186Fothergill’s disease
See Tic douloureuxFour bar hydraulic knee joint, 128Fovea centralis, 286Foville’s syndrome, 296, 311Fracture cast bracing, 735Fracture-dislocations
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xxxviii Volume 1: Pages 1–416; Volume 2: Pages 417–886
neuropathies associated with, 440–443spinal, 175
Fracturesbrachial plexopathies caused by, 497, 499carpal tunnel syndrome caused by, 510, 513cranial neuropathies caused by, 280early ambulation after, 733–737interdisciplinary team management case study, 833–835lumbosacral plexopathy caused by, 523–524neuropathies associated with, 440–443posterior interosseous nerve entrapment caused by, 504pronator teres syndrome caused by, 506radial neuropathy caused by, 503sciatic neuropathy caused by, 525spinal, 173–175in spinal cord injured patients, 189stress, 396–397, 816–818ulnar neuropathy caused by, 516See also specific type of fracture
Frankel gradingof incomplete spinal cord injury, 169–170
Frastec, 594Free flaps, 591–592, 691–692Free radicals
and traumatic brain injury, 212Freezing injury
caused by volatile liquids, 577See also Cold exposure; Frostbite
Fresnel lenses, 299Frey’s syndrome, 303Friction feeder, 712Friction joints
for above-elbow prostheses, 57Friedreich’s ataxia, 217Frostbite, 123, 595–596, 637, 819–820
See also Cold exposureFunctional activities
assistive devices, 682for burn patients, 596, 601, 607, 618–621, 631, 674–680See also Activities of daily living (ADL)
Functional adaptation complex, 356Functional assessment
in traumatic brain injury, 224in vocational rehabilitation, 852–853, 855
Functional Assessment Inventory, 852–853Functional Assessment Measure, 224Functional biomechanical deficit, 356Functional capacity
effect of immobilization on, 743Functional electrical stimulation (FES), 606–607, 683, 709
for bracing, 732–733energy expenditure for walking with, 733for immobility complications, 743–745of peroneal nerve, 725–726
Functional Inventory Measure, 224Functional orthoses
shoulder/elbow, 713Functional outcome
after spinal cord injury, 170–173, 175–176after traumatic brain injury, 211–212
Functional substitutionafter traumatic brain injury, 212
Fundoscopy, 288Furacin, 582Furosemide, 750FVCs
See Forced vital capacities (FVCs)
G
GABAergic agentsfor traumatic brain injury, 213, 216, 219–220, 222
Gabapentin, 477, 490Gag reflex, 327, 332Gait pattern
with knee-ankle-foot orthoses, 729–731with metal ankle-foot orthoses, 718–720with plastic ankle-foot orthoses, 722–723with reciprocating gait orthoses, 732swing-through, 178
Gait trainingfor lower extremity amputees, 84, 88–89, 98, 102, 104, 106,
126, 133for multiple amputees, 149
Gait velocityat different levels of lower extremity amputation, 92–93with functional neuromuscular stimulation, 733in hemiplegic ambulation, 724in normal ambulation, 724in paraplegic ambulation, 731in wheelchair locomotion, 731
Gamma-vinyl GABAfor traumatic brain injury, 217
Ganglionic blockadefor causalgia, 489
Gangliosidesfor cranial neuropathies, 291for spinal cord injury, 167
Gangreneafter cold-exposure injury, 123
Gastric fluidshypersecretion, 333
Gastric ulcersin immobilized patients, 753–755
Gastritisstress, 184–185
Gastrocnemius-soleus musclesstretching, 398–399
Gastrointestinal complicationsof immobilization, 752–755of spinal cord injury, 184–185
Gaze stabilization, 324GCS
See Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)Gender
and lifting strength, 806and physical capacity for exercise, 803–804as risk factor for injury, 816See also Women; Men
General Functioning Scale, 254Geniculocalcarine tract, 286Genitourinary complications
of spinal cord injury, 162, 181, 193–194See also specific complication
Genucentric knee orthoses, 736Genu recurvatum, 736Glasgow Assessment Scale, 224Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), 211Glasgow-Liege Scale, 211Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS), 224, 237Glenohumeral joint injuries, 370–371Glossopharyngeal breathing (GPB), 182Glossopharyngeal nerve, 325–329
anatomy and function, 325–326Glossopharyngeal neuralgia, 326, 328–329
Index
xxxixVolume 1: Pages 1–416; Volume 2: Pages 417–886
Glossopharyngeal neuropathies, 326–329electrodiagnosis, 328evaluation, 327–328imaging, 328management, 328–329prognosis, 328symptoms and signs, 327syndromes, 326–327
Glovesexternal vascular support, 659, 667Isotoner, 616, 618, 658–659, 667
Glucocorticoidsfor musculoskeletal injuries, 357–358, 364
Glucose intoleranceimmobilization-induced, 750–751
Glutamate, 212Glutamine supplementation, 687Glycerin suppositories, 753Glycolysis
anaerobic, 787–788Goal setting
and vocational rehabilitation, 847Goldthwait, Joel, 830Gordon Occupational Checklist, 854GOS
See Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS)Gottfried Medical, Inc., 665GPB
See Glossopharyngeal breathing (GPB)Gradenigo’s syndrome, 296, 303Gradient pressure, 471, 645, 667
See also Vascular support garments; specific type of garmentGraefe disease, 296Granger, Frank B., 4Graph-lite prosthetic foot, 115Grasp
orthotic substitution for, 704–705Gray, Barbara, 23Gray matter, 165–166
damage, 165Greissinger foot prosthesis, 114, 120Grenada, 23Grieving process
in lower extremity amputees, 84Grooming
adaptive devices, 620, 677–679Ground electrodes, 453Growth cone, 432, 434Guanethidine infusion, 490Gunshot wounds
burns secondary to, 581cranial neuropathies caused by, 280, 287, 295–296, 326, 339spinal cord injuries caused by, 164–165traumatic brain injury caused by, 208–209See also Penetrating nerve injuries
Gustatory evoked potentials, 314Gustatory hyperhidrosis syndrome, 312Gustatory sensation, 310–311Gustatory sweating, 333Gustometry, 312Guttmann, L., 9Guyon’s canal, 514, 519–520
compression injury at, 520–521lesions within, 522
H
Hairs
coiled, 137Haldol, 220Hallucinations
auditory, 319in burn patients, 631olfactory, 283
Hallux valgus deformity, 85Halo skeletal traction, 630Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery, 195, 237Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, 223Hamstring injuries, 390–392Hand
external vascular support, 658–659positioning for burn injuries, 610scar compression, 672
Hand amputations, 36–43central, 40, 43classification, 40occupational therapy, 41rehabilitation, 37–38, 41–42
Hand centersat military hospitals, 9World War II, 35, 38
Hand continuous passive motion machine, 616–618, 640–641Hand contractures
reduction, 709Hand controls
for driving, 54, 64, 178–179Hand deformities
caused by burns, 614, 639Hand function
with myoelectric prostheses, 69Hand injuries, 376–378
World War II, 35Hand orthoses, 38, 704–709
adaptive aid attachments, 707attachment principles, 704–705basic opponens, 705–706for burn injuries, 611, 630–631, 639–641flexor hinge, 707–709grasp assist, 704–705long opponens, 706–707power sources, 705, 708–709with radial extension, 704–705reach assist, 704–706, 710–713for specific functions, 705–707for ulnar neuropathy, 522
Hand prehension patterns, 705Hand prostheses, 36, 38–43
cosmetic, 43Hand reconstruction, 36–37
after burn injuries, 692–693World War II, 35
Hand splintshort opponens, 705
Hand terminal devices, 53, 70Hangman’s fracture, 174Harness designs
for upper extremity prostheses, 55–56Harris hemisling, 713Hassles Scale, 253HDL
See High density lipoprotein (HDL)Head injuries
and alcohol use, 239–241associated with spinal cord injuries, 195versus brain injuries, 208, 231
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cranial neuropathies caused by, 280, 286, 295, 303, 311, 317,326, 331, 336, 339
incidence, 210olfactory dysfunction caused by, 282–283vertigo after, 319vocational rehabilitation, 856See also Traumatic brain injury (TBI)
Head orthosesfor burn patients, 638See also Facial orthoses
Head scarsmanagement, 645–655
Head tilt test, 299Healing
delayed, 135Hearing aids, 324Hearing impairments, 312, 318–319
adaptive devices, 324causes, 318–319incidence, 318management, 323–325prevention, 325
Hearing lossconductive, 318, 323–324sensorineural, 318, 324
Hearing scotomas, 319–320Hearing threshold level (HTL), 318Heart rate (HR), 790
exercise training based on, 790in immobilized patients, 764maximum, 790neural control, 790response to maximal exercise, 791
Heat cramp, 819Heat exhaustion, 819Heating modalities
used with stretching, 467, 746–747Heat injuries
See Thermal injuries; Burn injuriesHeat rash, 819Heat stress, 818–819Heat stroke, 819Heel cutoff
reduction of knee bending moment by, 717Heel pain, 536–537Heelstrike phase
with metal ankle-foot orthoses, 717–720with plastic ankle-foot orthoses, 722–723
Hematoma formationafter amputation, 134
Hemiinattentionafter traumatic brain injury, 220
Hemipelvectomy, 124functional outcome, 83
Hemiplegic ambulationenergy requirements, 723–724
Hemispatia neglectafter traumatic brain injury, 220
Hemodynamic changesafter amputation, 137–139in immobilized patients, 764–765
Hemorrhagespunctate, 209
Hemostasisin debrided wound, 588
Henneman’s size principle, 457Heparin, 183, 763–764Hering-Brewer reflex, 331
Herpes zoster, 296Hertzman, Carl, 8Heterograft
porcine skin, 593Heterotopic ossification (HO), 188
neurogenic, 221Hibiclens
See ChlorhexidineHigh-altitude pulmonary edema, 820High density lipoprotein (HDL), 182Highet’s grading system, 474–475High-threshold mechanoreceptors (HTM), 484Hill-Burton Act Amendments, 6Hindfoot amputations
surgical technique, 86–87See also Tarsotarsal amputations
Hines Veteran Administration Hospital, Chicago, 162Hinges
for above-elbow prostheses, 56–57for below-elbow prostheses, 53, 55step-up, 44, 53
Hippositioning for burn injuries, 610, 631scar compression, 675
Hip contracturesprevention, 101–102, 135in spinal cord injured patients, 189
Hip disarticulation, 124functional outcome, 83socket design, 132–133surgical technique, 124
Hip disorders, 389–392See also specific disorder
Hip stabilization orthoses, 704Hip subluxation
in spinal cord injured patients, 190Hirschberg reflex, 299Hispanics
counseling concerns, 849Histamine2-receptor antagonists, 754HIV
See Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)HO
See Heterotopic ossification (HO)Hoffman-Tinel sign, 430Hollister Odor Absorbent dressing, 668Holmes-Adie syndrome, 287, 297Homan’s sign, 763Home accessibility aids, 681Home-based services
for brain injured patients, 228Home management
of burn patient, 680–681Homograft skin, 593Hook terminal devices, 53, 70Horizontal segment
of facial nerve, 309Horner’s syndrome, 303, 340Hospital
vocational assessment in, 850–857vocational rehabilitation in, 846–857
Hospital dischargevocational rehabilitation after, 858–859
Housekeepingadaptive aids, 681
Housingfor brain injured patients, 227, 229for spinal cord injured patients, 180, 196
Index
xliVolume 1: Pages 1–416; Volume 2: Pages 417–886
HRSee Heart rate (HR)
HTLSee Hearing threshold level (HTL)
HTMSee High-threshold mechanoreceptors (HTM)
Hubbard tank, 597Hughlings-Jackson syndrome, 332Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
disability cases, 881Humeral neck amputations, 44–45
prostheses, 59–60Humeral rotation devices, 56–57Hydergine, 219Hydration status assessment, 751Hydrocephalus
communicating, 211Hydrocolloid dressings, 594Hydrofluoric acid, 578Hydrogen-ion homeostasis, 788Hydronephrosis
in spinal cord injured patients, 193–194Hydrostatic weighing, 797–7995-Hydroxytryptophan, 217Hygiene
residual limb, 84, 107–108, 134, 136Hypafix, 668Hyperacusis, 312Hyperalgesia, 482Hypercalcemia
immobilization-induced, 750in spinal cord injured patients, 185treatment, 750
Hypercalcuria, 751Hyperemia
nerve damage caused by, 443–444reactive, 137
Hyperesthesia, 472Hyperesthetic desensitization, 472–473, 491–492, 495Hypermetabolic-catabolic response, 684Hypermobile segments
lumbar, 380, 383Hyperosmia, 283Hyperpathia, 482Hyperpigmentation
of burn wounds, 605, 633of residual limb, 136
Hyperplasiaverrucose, 138
Hyperpyrexiaafter traumatic brain injury, 217
Hyperreflexiaautonomic, 183–184
Hypersensitivitydenervation, 435–436, 456
Hypertensionin spinal cord injured patients, 183–184
Hypertonicitydefinition, 208in spinal cord injured patients, 190–191See also Spasticity
Hypertrophic scars, 643–645, 655–674Hyperventilation
reflex, 789Hypnosis
for burn pain management, 622–623for phantom limb pain, 147
Hypnotics
for phantom limb pain, 146Hypogeusia, 311Hypoglossal nerve, 338–342
anatomy and function, 338–339stimulation, 340–341
Hypoglossal neuropathies, 339–340electrodiagnosis, 340–341imaging, 341management, 341–342prognosis, 341symptoms and signs, 340syndromes, 340
Hyposmia, 283Hypotension
orthostatic, 175, 177, 184Hypothermia, 819
and traumatic brain injury, 213Hypoxic brain injury, 211, 234–235
I
IASPSee International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP)
ICSee Intermittent catheterization (IC)
IceSee Cryotherapy
Icelandic-New York (ISNY) socket, 130Ileus
in spinal cord injured patients, 184Iliotibial band (ITB) syndrome, 389–390Ilizarov technique
of stump lengthening, 96Imaging studies
in accessory neuropathies, 338in glossopharyngeal neuropathies, 328in hypoglossal neuropathies, 341in musculoskeletal injuries, 381–382in oculomotor neuropathies, 299–300in olfactory neuropathies, 285in spinal cord injury, 163–164, 173, 175, 192in traumatic brain injury, 211, 225, 230–231See also specific type of study
Imipramine, 476Immediacy
principle of, 623Immediate postoperative prosthesis (IPOP)
advantages and disadvantages, 98construction, 96–98for lower extremity amputations, 88, 96–98, 100, 124, 126for upper extremity amputations, 48and wound breakdown, 99–100
Immediate postoperative rigid dressing (IPORD)advantages and disadvantages, 99for lower extremity amputations, 87–88, 96, 99, 103–106,
124–126weight bearing, 99–100, 102and wound breakdown, 99–100, 135
Immersion foot, 443–446Immobility complications, 741–777
cardiovascular, 762–765endocrine, 750–751functional electrical stimulation for, 743–745gastrointestinal, 752–755historical background, 742integumentary, 755–758management, 743–765metabolic, 750–751
Rehabilitation of the Injured Combatant. Volume 2
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monetary impact, 742musculoskeletal, 356, 359, 743–765neurologic, 748–750pathophysiology, 743Persian Gulf War, 742, 745, 756prevention, 8–9, 84, 101, 226respiratory, 758–762urinary tract, 751–753Vietnam War, 742See also Pressure sores; Contractures
Immobilizationfor back injuries, 383complications caused by, 102, 135, 175contractures during, 745–746for musculoskeletal injuries, 358–359, 371–372, 378, 385postgraft, 627, 629therapeutic use, 743types, 743
Immobilization orthosespostgraft, 629–631
Immobilization osteoporosis, 747–748, 750Immobilization phase
of wound care, 595–596, 625–631Impingement syndrome
in spinal cord injured patients, 189Inactivity
See ImmobilizationIncentive spirometry, 759–760Incontinence
in spinal cord injured patients, 193Independent living
for brain injured patients, 227, 229for spinal cord injured patients, 180, 196
Indomethacin, 354Induction Medical Form, 869–871Infantry
musculoskeletal injuries rate, 815–816Infection
after amputation, 134Inferior vena cava filters, 183Inflamed joints
immobilization of, 743Inflammatory reaction, 354, 357Inhalation analgesics
for burn patients, 622Inhalation injury, 584–585, 598–599, 620Innervation
muscular, 784–785vascular, 428
Innervation ratio, 448–449Inserts
for orthoses, 650, 664–674Inspiration
factors affecting, 181–182Insulin, 185Integumentary system
See SkinIntensity
of training, 807, 810, 812–813Interdigital neuromas, 544–545Interdigital web spacers, 615–616, 640, 642Interdisciplinary team, 7, 829–844
Army, 16case studies, 833–844in combat theater, 8–9composition of, 831–833concept of, 6–7historical perspective, 830–831
for lower extremity amputation, 81, 85, 89, 92, 101, 127,133, 147–148
for spinal cord injury, 175, 180, 195for traumatic brain injury, 208, 225–229, 255for upper extremity amputation, 47World War II, 9–10
Interdisciplinary team conference, 830Interest assessment
in vocational rehabilitation, 854–855Interest Check List, 854Interference pattern, 458Intermittent catheterization (IC)
in spinal cord injured patients, 193Intermittent mandatory ventilation mode, 599International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP), 481Interphalangeal (IP) joint
amputation at, 37extension attachments, 706
Interphalangeal (IP) joint stabilizers, 709Inter-potential interval (IPI), 463Interview
for neurobehavioral assessment, 242–243for vocational assessment, 853
Intracompartmental pressure, 440Intrafascicular derangement, 430Intrinsic bar
long opponens splint with, 706–707Intubation
of burn patients, 584, 598–600Inversion sprains
ankle, 397–399Investigation report
line of duty (LOD), 868–869, 877IOMED, 66Ion channels
cell membrane, 423–424Iowa City Buckner Microstomia Prevention Appliance (MPA),
615–616IPI
See Inter-potential interval (IPI)IPOP
See Immediate postoperative prosthesis (IPOP)IPORD
See Immediate postoperative rigid dressing (IPORD)Iraq
See Persian Gulf WarIschemia
residual limb pain caused by, 139Ischemic brain injury, 211, 234–235Ischemic cord injury, 166Ischemic neuropathy, 439–440Ischial containment sockets, 129–130Ischial weight-bearing orthoses, 734–735Ishihara’s chart, 288ISNY socket
See Icelandic-New York (ISNY) socketIsokinetic dynamometer, 802–803Isokinetic exercises, 813
for musculoskeletal injuries, 360for peripheral neuropathy, 470
Isokinetic fatigue test, 801Isometric contractions, 783Isometric exercises, 813
for immobility complications, 743for musculoskeletal injuries, 360, 362, 369, 371–374, 377for peripheral neuropathy, 469
Isotoner gloves, 616, 618, 658–659, 666–667Isotonic compression gloves, 471
Index
xliiiVolume 1: Pages 1–416; Volume 2: Pages 417–886
Isotonic exercises, 813for musculoskeletal injuries, 360, 362, 393for peripheral neuropathy, 469
Israeli Defense Forcecombat injuries, 13–16, 72, 150, 162exertion-related deaths, 817stress fractures, 817
Isshiki thyroplasty, 335ITB syndrome
See Iliotibial band (ITB) syndromeItching
after burn injury, 633
J
Jackson’s syndrome, 340Jacob’s ladder effect, 578Jaeger cards, 288Jay cushion, 196Jay Medical Ltd., 196Jefferson fracture
C-1, 173–174Jeltrate, 654Jitter, 463Job coach
for brain injured patients, 248–250Job search assistance, 858Job site training/enabling
for brain injured patients, 249Jobst custom stockings, 660Jobst Institute, Inc., 665Jobst Interim glove, 659Jobst Intermittent Compression Pump, 606–607, 682Jogger’s foot, 534, 537Joint capsule tightness
in spinal cord injured patients, 189Joint contractures
prevention, 88, 101–102, 125–126, 135in spinal cord injured patients, 189
Joint immobilizersprefabricated, 358
Joint mobility, 387passive resistance, 172See also Range-of-motion exercises
Jointsburn injury-induced changes, 690inflamed, 743preservation, 83See also specific joint
Jones, Sir Robert, 20Joule’s law, 579Joystick control
of wheelchair, 177Jugular foramen syndrome, 326, 332
K
KAFOsSee Knee-ankle-foot orthoses (KAFOs)
Kainate, 212Kanamycin, 591Kaneda instrumentation, 175Keloid, 644Kerlix, 600, 613, 630, 645Ketorolac, 495Kevlar shank-ankle-foot unit, 116Kevlar socks
for foot prostheses, 116Keyboard usage
adaptive aids, 681–682Kinaire bed, 604, 608, 628Kinaire foot cushion, 611Kinesiotherapist, 831Kinesthetic sensations
phantom limb, 143Kinetic Concepts, 182, 186Kinetic sensations
phantom limb, 143Kinnairbed, 186Kirk, Norman T., 38Kirkaldy-Willis’ degenerative cascade, 379Kitchen activities
adaptive aids, 681Klenzak-type ankle joint, 716–717Kling, 600, 630Kluver-Bucy syndrome, 222Knee
bending moment at, 717, 723fixed/locked, 734–735joint salvage, 93, 123positioning for burn injuries, 610–611scar compression, 675valgus deformity, 736–737varus deformity, 736–737
Knee alignmentorthoses for, 736–737
Knee-ankle-foot orthoses (KAFOs), 178, 726–733anterior stops, 729bilateral, 178, 731–732components, 726–729knee stabilization force, 726–727metabolic requirements, 729pelvic bands, 730–731reciprocating gait, 732Scott-Craig, 729, 732shear forces, 727–729standing balance, 730types, 726–727
Knee cage designs, 736Knee continuous passive motion machine, 618Knee contractures
prevention, 135in spinal cord injured patients, 189
Knee disarticulation, 82, 122–124advantages, 122functional outcome, 83indications, 124prostheses, 83, 123surgical technique, 124
Knee dislocationsstretch neuropathies associated with, 440–441
Knee disorders, 392–395ligament, 355, 392–395See also specific disorder
Knee lockmanual, 128
Knee orthosesgenucentric, 736
Knee prostheses, 127–133biomechanically stable, 128brake mechanisms, 127–128classification, 128disarticulation, 83fabrication, 129–131polycentric (four-bar), 128single axis, 128sockets, 129–131
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stability of, 127–128suspension, 131
Knee shearwith knee-ankle-foot orthoses, 727–729
Knee stabilitywith ankle-foot orthoses, 720, 723with knee-ankle-foot orthoses, 726–727
Knuckle-bender orthosis, 709Korean War
amputations, 134physical therapy, 22–23
Krukenberg procedure, 64Krusen, Frank H., 5, 8Kuehlthau, Brunetta A., 22Kushion flex, 670Kuwait
See Persian Gulf War
L
Labyrinthine segmentof facial nerve, 309
Lachman test, 392Lacrilube, 315Lacrimation
dysfunction, 312Lactate threshold, 789Lactic acid accumulation, 787, 789Lamb’s wool, 668Lamotrigine, 222Language disorders
after traumatic brain injury, 222Larrey, Barron, 443Laryngeal nerves
evaluation, 333–334muscles supplied by, 331paralysis, 331–332stimulation, 330
Laryngoplasty, 335Laryngoscopy, 333Laser beam scanning
for socket design, 121Latency, 459
residual, 512Lateral geniculate body, 286, 289Lateral plantar nerve, 532–533
branch-I entrapment, 536–537Lateral rotational treatment
for pulmonary complications, 759Lawson General Hospital, Georgia, 35, 80L-dopa
See LevodopaLeak speech, 181LE amputations
See Lower extremity (LE) amputationsLeave
convalescent, 872Lebanese Civil War, 14–15, 482, 490Lecithin, 218Leeds anxiety and depression scales, 251, 253Legal issues
with traumatic brain injury, 235Legal representation
during physical disability review process, 875Leg amputations
See Lower extremity (LE) amputationsLeg disorders
musculoskeletal, 395–401
See also specific disorderLehmann, Justus F., 6Levator palpebrae muscle
innervation, 292–293Levodopa, 214–215, 219, 222Lichenification
of residual limb skin, 136–137Lidocaine, 361, 372, 382, 513Lifting strength
gender differences, 806measurement, 806
Ligament injuries, 355, 392–394spinal, 173–174See also specific injury
Ligament of Struthers, 506Ligaments
function, 355resistance training-induced changes, 810
Limb length preservation, 83, 95–96Limb salvage
versus lower extremity amputations, 81–83, 122–123Line of duty (LOD)
disability payments, 865investigation report, 868–869, 877
Linersfor prosthetic sockets, 107–108, 140–141
Lingual nervecompromise, 304
Lipid, 792Lipid intake
and burn injuries, 687Lisfranc’s amputations
See Tarsometatarsal amputationsLisuride, 214–215Lithiasis, 751Lithium carbonate, 240LLB
See Long leg braces (LLB)LMB finger pressure wraps, 612–613, 615, 658Load cells, 802Local anesthetic blocks
for phantom limb pain, 146Local flaps, 691Locked ankle orthoses, 734–735Lockjaw, 304LOD
See Line of duty (LOD)Longitudinal arch, 537
medial plantar nerve entrapment at, 537–538Long leg braces (LLB), 733Long’s Line, 129Long-term care facilities
for brain injured patients, 226–227Long thoracic nerve, 496
injury to, 498Lorazepam, 220Low-air-loss bed, 186, 757Low back pain, 11, 378–389, 857Lower extremity (LE) amputations, 79–159
causes, 34complications, 134–148early, 122–123and energy expenditure for walking, 92–93indications, 122level selection, 83, 135versus limb salvage, 81–83, 122–123multiple, 148–149nerve recovery in, 82
Index
xlvVolume 1: Pages 1–416; Volume 2: Pages 417–886
patient education, 84, 101–102rehabilitation, 81–85, 93, 101, 106sensory feedback, 85, 93surgical procedures, 83–84World War II, 34–35See also Above-knee amputations (AKA); Below-knee
amputations (BKA); specific type of amputationLower extremity nerve injuries, 522–531
See also specific injuryLower extremity orthoses, 704, 715–737
See also specific type of orthosisLower extremity prostheses
long-term maintenance, 92, 106, 133–134postoperative fitting, 85psychological support, 84residual limb interface, 89, 96–97, 104, 107, 129, 131, 136–
137, 142–143temporary, 84, 88, 96–100See also specific type of prosthesis
Lower extremity scar compression, 675–676Lower respiratory tract infection
in immobilized patients, 759Low load
definition, 603Low threshold mechanoreceptors (LTM), 484Lumbar plexus, 522–523Lumbar radiculopathy, 379–381Lumbar spine
contusions, 386–389Kirkaldy-Willis’ degenerative cascade, 379muscle strain, 386–389pars interarticularis injury, 385–386posterior element pain, 384
Lumbar spine disorders, 378–389classification, 378–382diagnosis, 378–382imaging, 381–382rehabilitation, 382–385
Lumbar sympathetic blockagefor causalgia, 489–490
Lumbosacral plexopathy, 522–524anatomic considerations, 522–523clinical presentation, 523electrodiagnosis, 523–524etiology, 523
Lumbosacral spine, 167–168injury, 169
Lumbrical bar hand orthosisfor ulnar neuropathy, 522
Lund and Browder chart, 580Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery, 195
M
Macerationof residual limb skin, 136
Macfarlane microstomia correction device, 638Macrophages
role after denervation, 433Madigan Army Medical Center, Washington, 10–11Mafenide acetate, 582Magnesium depletion
immobilization-induced, 750Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
in cranial neuropathies, 285, 299, 341in musculoskeletal injuries, 381neuroma location with, 140socket design with, 121, 130
in spinal cord injury, 163–164, 173, 192in traumatic brain injury, 225, 230
Makeupfor burn patients, 673, 690
Mallet finger, 614Mandibular nerve, 300Mangled Extremity Syndrome Index (MESI), 82, 122–123Mannitol, 585Marcus-Gunn pupil, 290Mare Island Naval Hospital, California, 10, 52, 149Marine Corps
body fat standards, 796–798Marital instability
and brain injuries, 253–254and spinal cord injured patients, 196
Martin-Gruber anastomosis, 517–518Massage
desensitization with, 634external, 471for phantom limb pain, 147–148
Massage and Therapeutic Exercise (McMillan), 21Masseter inhibitory reflex
electrodiagnostic evaluation, 305Masseter reflex, 302
electrodiagnostic evaluation, 305Master knot of Henry
See Longitudinal archMastication muscles
paralysis, 304–305Mastoid segment
of facial nerve, 309Maturation phase, 355Maxillary nerve, 300Maximum physiologic potential, 743Maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVC), 744Mayo Clinic, 5, 9McCance, R. A., 742McCloskey General Hospital, 35, 80McGuire General Hospital, Virginia, 80MCL
See Medial collateral ligament (MCL)McMaster Family Assessment Devise (FAD), 252, 254McMillan, Mary, 20–22, 830MCP joint
See Metacarpophalangeal (MCP) jointMCVOST
See Medical College of Virginia Olfactory Screening Test(MCVOST)
Meatal segmentof facial nerve, 309
MEBSee Medical Evaluation Board (MEB)
Mechanical ventilationin burn patients, 599
MEDCOMSee Army Medical Command (MEDCOM)
Medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve injury, 498–499Medial capsuloligamentous injuries, 374–376Medial collateral ligament (MCL), 393–394Medial cutaneous nerve, 496Medial plantar nerve, 532–533, 543
entrapment at longitudinal arch, 537–538Medial tibial stress syndrome, 395–396Median nerve, 496, 506–507, 509–510Median neuropathy, 505–514
case scenario, 491–493compression sites, 505–506orthotics, 640–641
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xlvi Volume 1: Pages 1–416; Volume 2: Pages 417–886
Methylprednisolone, 163, 167, 513Metropolitan Life Insurance tables, 793, 797Mexiletine, 146, 148, 477–478MF2K
See Medical Force 2000 (MF2K)Microfoam tape, 670Microstomia correction devices, 638Microstomia Prevention Appliance (MPA), 615–616Microwave diathermy, 746Midazolam, 622Midfoot amputations, 85
prosthetic fitting and training, 90surgical technique, 86See also Tarsometatarsal amputations; Transmetatarsal
amputationsMilitary history of patient
in disability compensation evaluation, 868–869Military Medical Retention Board (MMRB), 867Military Occupational Specialty-Military Medical Retention
Board (MOS/MMRB), 867Military pensions
See Physical disability systemMilitary performance
physical fitness and training for, 781–827Military populations
body fat percentage values/standards, 794physical capacity for exercise, 803–806
Military servicesbody fat measurement methodology, 797–799body fat standards, 796–797physical disability system, 863–885weight control programs, 793, 796–797
Millard-Gubler syndrome, 296, 311Mind-body connection, 846Mineral requirements
of burn patients, 687Mini compartment syndrome, 540Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2), 195,
239, 241, 244–245, 857Minority groups
counseling concerns, 849Miosis
in darkness, 299Misdirection syndrome, 299Misoprostol, 754–755Missile wounds
brachial plexopathies caused by, 497spinal cord injuries caused by, 164traumatic brain injury caused by, 208–209
Mithramycin, 750MMPI-2
See Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2)
MMRBSee Military Medical Retention Board (MMRB)
MMTNSee Myelinated mechanothermal nociceptors (MMTN)
Mobility trainingfor lower extremity amputees, 84, 102
Mobilizationafter spinal cord injury, 175See also Ambulation
Möbius’ syndrome, 296, 311Modular Flex Foot, 117–118Moleskin, 668Monopolar needle electrodes, 453Morphine, 217, 600Morphine sulfate, 495
Medical College of Virginia Olfactory Screening Test(MCVOST), 284
Medical diagnosesand disability compensation evaluation, 872
Medical Evaluation Board (MEB), 865–868establishment, 868membership, 868Narrative Summary (NARSUM), 868–872versus Physical Evaluation Board (PEB), 872
Medical Force 2000 (MF2K), 28–29Medical history of patient
in disability compensation evaluation, 868–869Medical treatment facilities (MTFs)
brain injury rehabilitation centers, 225–226physical medicine and rehabilitation at, 9–16spinal cord injury treatment at, 163See also specific center
Medicare/Medicaid, 6Medications
See Pharmacologic therapy; specific medicationMedroxyprogesterone acetate, 222Medulla, 790–791Megacolon
in spinal cord injured patients, 185Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH), 218Mellaril, 220Membrane instability
denervation, 435–436Membrane potential, 423–425, 449
alteration following denervation, 436Memory function
and neurotransmitter systems, 218and traumatic brain injury, 218, 230
Menmilitary body fat standards, 796, 798percent body fat values, 794physical capacity for exercise, 803–804reference body composition values, 792
Menace reflex, 313Mendez, Cristobal, 742Mental concentration
during exercise periods, 635Mental status alterations, 230Meperidine, 495Mephanesin, 308Merthiolate, 632, 656Mesencephalon, 291–292Meshed skin grafts, 589–591, 644MESI
See Mangled Extremity Syndrome Index (MESI)Metabolic requirements
of burn patients, 684–686See also Energy expenditure for walking
Metabolismeffect of immobility on, 742, 750–752
Metacarpalsphalangization, 36
Metacarpophalangeal (MCP) jointamputation at, 37, 42extension attachments, 705–706
Metal orthosesankle-foot, 715–720
MetamucilSee Psyllium hydrophilic mucilloid fiber
Methadone, 495, 600, 622N-methyl D-aspartate, 212Methyldopa, 220Methylphenidate hydrochloride, 214–215, 219
Index
xlviiVolume 1: Pages 1–416; Volume 2: Pages 417–886
Morton’s toe neuroma, 543MOS/MMRB
See Military Occupational Specialty-Military MedicalRetention Board (MOS/MMRB)
Motion Control, Inc., 66Motivation
to recover, 846–847Motoneurons, 449–450, 784–785Motoneuron weakness
after spinal cord injury, 167Motor cortex, 790Motor fitness, 782Motor function
after peripheral neuropathy, 464–465and ulnar neuropathy, 516
Motor unit, 448–449, 784–785activity duration, 456electrical morphology, 456–457recording phases, 456–457recruitment, 457–458, 785size, 448–449
Motor unit potentialamplitude, 457polyphasic, 456–457, 463–464
Mouthpositioning for burn injury, 609
Mouth stretchfor facial contractures, 652
Mouth-stretching devices, 652–653, 655Movement disorders
after traumatic brain injury, 220–221MP
See Myoelectric prosthesesMPA
See Microstomia Prevention Appliance (MPA)MRI
See Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)M.S. Contin, 622MSH
See Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)MTFs
See Medical treatment facilities (MTFs)Mucomist
See AcetylcysteineMuenster socket, 53Multiaxis foot prostheses, 114–115, 120Multidisciplinary approach
See Interdisciplinary teamMultiflex ankle/foot, 114, 120Multiple sclerosis, 296, 322Multireceptive neurons, 484Muscle
denervation-induced changes in, 434–436Muscle(s)
antagonist, 782artificial, 708–709contractility, 783–784energy stores, 787energy transformation within, 786fiber types, 784force development, 785immobility-induced ultrastructural changes in, 744–745innervation, 784–785oxidative capacity, 801and physical fitness, 792–799structure and function, 782–786
Muscle atrophyafter denervation, 435
in burn patients, 606due to immobilization, 744–745
Muscle fatigue, 786Muscle fibers
classification, 784contractile tension loss in, 786fast twitch (type 2), 784, 802, 809slow twitch (type 1), 784structure, 783type distribution, 784
Muscle hypertrophy, 809Muscle mass
and body weight, 793correlation between body strength and, 795–796, 803increase in, 793–794loss in, 794
Muscle sitesfor myoelectric prostheses, 69
Muscle sorenessavoidance, 603
Muscle strainlumbar, 386–389
Muscle strengthSee Strength
Muscle tonegrading, 172, 208
Muscular contractionconcentric, 783eccentric, 783isometric, 783mechanism, 783–784neural control, 784–786static, 783types, 782–783
Muscular enduranceSee Anaerobic power
Musculocutaneous flaps, 691–692Musculocutaneous nerve injury, 499Musculoskeletal disorders, 353–356
components, 356–357diagnosis, 356–357exercise-associated, 814–817forward care, 8, 11–13, 24healing, 355–356, 358–360local effect minimization, 357–358mechanisms, 354–355pathophysiology, 354–356Persian Gulf War, 11–13physical therapy for, 20, 24rehabilitation, 8, 11–13, 29, 356–401return to duty, 360in spinal cord injured patients, 188–189symptoms and signs, 355–356World War I, 354See also specific disorder
Musculoskeletal systemeffect of immobility on, 743–748
Mustard, 578MVC
See Maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVC)Myasthenia gravis, 296Myelin, 422–423Myelinated mechanothermal nociceptors (MMTN), 484Myelin debris removal
role of macrophages in, 433Myelin sheath
denervation-induced changes in, 433Myelin thickness
Rehabilitation of the Injured Combatant. Volume 2
xlviii Volume 1: Pages 1–416; Volume 2: Pages 417–886
and conduction velocity, 449Myelograms, 381Myocardial infarction
silent, 184Myoclonus
after traumatic brain injury, 220–221Myocutaneous flaps
for pressure sores, 187Myodesis, 95, 124
definition, 122versus myoplasty, 122unbalanced, 140
Myoelectric electrodes, 65, 67Myoelectric prostheses
above-elbow, 56advantages and disadvantages, 69, 71below-elbow, 53bilateral, 62components, 67–68control systems, 65–67versus conventional prostheses, 68–71cosmetic covers for, 68–69, 71evaluation of candidates, 68history, 65humeral neck, 59hybrid (myoelectric and body-powered), 62rehabilitation issues, 68–69sensory feedback with, 67, 69for upper extremity amputations, 44–46, 65–69Utah brand, 67–68
Myoelectric testing device, 69Myofibrils, 783–784Myofibroblasts
and hypertrophic scar formation, 644Myofilaments
denervation-induced loss, 434–435Myogenic contractures, 746
in denervated muscles, 435, 465–467, 491Myokymic discharges, 455Myoplasty, 95
definition, 122versus myodesis, 122
Myosin, 783–784Myositis ossificans
See Heterotopic ossification (HO)Myotendinous contracture
in spinal cord injured patients, 189Myotomal levels
for neurological evaluation of spinal cord injury, 169
N
NAD+See Nicotinamide adenine-dinucleotide (NAD+)
Naftidrofuryl, 219Naloxone, 216Naltrexone, 216–217Naprosyn, 492, 495Narcotics
for musculoskeletal injuries, 364for phantom limb pain, 146, 148for spinal cord injured patients, 191–192
Narrative Summary (NARSUM)Medical Evaluation Board (MEB), 868–872
National Center for Medical Rehabilitation Research, 6National Head Injury Foundation (NHIF), 227National Institutes of Health, 6
obesity definition, 793, 797
Navybody fat standards, 796–798disability system, 883–884obesity definition, 793, 797physical therapy services, 25–26
Neckcontracture prevention, 630, 638, 649–652passive stretches for, 362positioning for burn injuries, 609scar management, 645–655strengthening, 362
Neck and tongue syndrome, 303Neck injuries, 361–363
cranial neuropathies caused by, 280, 336See also specific injury
Neck orthoses, 630, 638, 650–652Necrosis
after amputation, 135Necrotic muscle
left in wound, 81Needle electrodes, 453
concentric, 453monopolar, 453single fiber, 453
Negative feedback loopin musculoskeletal injuries, 357
Neoprene, 670Nerve blocks
for lumbar pain, 382for residual limb pain, 147
Nerve conduction blockelectrodiagnostic findings, 460–461
Nerve conduction studies (NCS), 458–459in accessory neuropathies, 338action potential duration, 459amplitude, 459in anterior interosseous syndrome, 509in brachial plexopathies, 498–500in carpal tunnel syndrome, 512–513in compartmental syndromes, 440conduction velocity, 459and determination of injury severity, 459–462electrodes, 453in facial neuropathies, 314–315in femoral neuropathy, 526–527filter settings, 452in foot and ankle nerve injuries, 531in hypoglossal neuropathies, 340–341instrumentation, 450–453latency, 459limitations, 464–465localization with, 462in lumbosacral plexopathy, 524in peroneal neuropathy, 529–530in posterior interosseous nerve entrapment, 505in pronator teres syndrome, 508in radial neuropathy, 503recovery monitoring, 463–464in sciatic neuropathy, 525–526in superficial radial nerve compression, 505in sural entrapment neuropathy, 543in tarsal tunnel syndrome, 535timing of, 460–461in ulnar neuropathy, 514, 517–522in vagus neuropathies, 333–334
Nerve conduction velocity calculation, 459effects of temperature on, 445and myelin thickness, 449
Index
xlixVolume 1: Pages 1–416; Volume 2: Pages 417–886
Nerve entrapmentperipheral, 192–193
Nerve excitability studiesin facial neuropathies, 314
Nerve fibersmyelinated, 422–423unmyelinated, 422–423
Nerve impulse propagation, 424–425, 449–450, 785Nerve root stimulation
for thoracic outlet syndrome, 502Nerve tissue pressure thresholds, 438Nerve trunk pain, 475Nerve trunk transection, 431Neural adaptation
in resistance training, 810Neural connection alterations, 212Neuralgia
atypical, 280trigeminal, 280
Neural membrane stabilizersfor peripheral nerve injuries, 477–478, 490
Neural recovery mechanisms, 212–213, 431–432Neural reserve
and brain injury prognosis, 210Neuroanatomy, 422–423, 426–427Neurobehavioral assessment, 231, 237
protocol, 242–244test interpretation and reporting, 244–245test selection and administration, 243–244theoretical rationale, 241–242
Neurobehavioral programsfor brain injured patients, 228
Neurobehavioral Rating Scale, 223Neurogenic heterotopic ossification
after traumatic brain injury, 221Neurogenic spinal arthropathy
See Charcot’s spineNeuroimaging
in traumatic brain injury, 211, 225, 230–231Neuroleptics
for phantom limb pain, 146for traumatic brain injury, 217, 220, 240
Neurological complicationsof burn injury, 689–690of immobility, 748–750of spinal cord injury, 189–193
Neurological evaluation, 167–173, 195myotomal levels, 169segmental reflexes, 171–172sensory levels, 169
Neurologic stateslow level, 234–235
Neuromasacoustic, 322in lower extremity amputees, 122, 140and phantom limb pain, 144, 146–147in upper extremity amputees, 61
Neuromatrix theoryof phantom limb pain, 126, 145
Neuromedical issueswith traumatic brain injury, 217, 222–224
Neuromedical workupstandard, 227
Neuromuscular junction, 425, 450, 784–786failure, 460
Neuromusculoskeletal conditionsphysical therapy for, 20, 24–26See also Musculoskeletal disorders; specific disorder
Neuron, 422–423motor, 449–450, 784–785multireceptive, 484vascular supply, 427–428
Neuronal reorganization, 212Neuronal signaling, 423–425Neuronal sparing, 212–213Neuropathic pain
classification, 475management, 475–479
Neuropathydiabetic ischemic, 296evaluation, 82Persian Gulf War, 11–14, 38, 80See also Cranial neuropathies; Peripheral nerve injuries;
Spinal cord injury (SCI); specific injuryNeurophysiology, 212–213, 423–426, 448–450
of peripheral nerves, 448–450Neuropraxia, 429Neuropsychological tests
interpretation and reporting, 244–245selection and administration, 243–244See also specific test
Neuropsychopharmacology, 214–222Neurosignature, 145Neurotmesis, 429Neurotoxic cascade
after traumatic brain injury, 212–213Neurotransmitters, 425, 450, 785
and traumatic brain injury, 212–213, 218NHIF
See National Head Injury Foundation (NHIF)Nicardipine, 479Nicotinamide adenine-dinucleotide (NAD+), 786Nifedipine, 183–184, 47997th General Hospital, Germany, 11Nitrofurantoin, 752Nitrogen balance equations, 688, 750Nitropaste, 183Nizatidine, 754NMS conditions
See Neuromusculoskeletal conditionsNodes of Ranvier, 423Nonphysician healthcare providers, 24–26
See also specific type of providerNonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
adverse effects, 193for musculoskeletal injuries, 354, 357, 367, 383for peripheral nerve injuries, 478–479, 490for phantom limb pain, 145, 148for traumatic brain injury, 221See also specific drug
Nootropicsfor traumatic brain injury, 219See also specific drug
Noradrenergic treatmentfor traumatic brain injury, 213, 220
Norepinephrine, 212, 219, 476Normal shape, normal alignment (NSNA) socket, 129, 139Northwestern University, 5, 9Nortriptyline, 219, 476Nose
positioning for burn injury, 609prosthetic, 655
Nose orthosis, 655NSAIDs
See Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)N-ter-face, 591, 594
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Numb cheek syndrome, 303–304Numb chin syndrome, 304Nurses
role in interdisciplinary team, 832–833World War II, 22
Nursingduring acute phase of burn injury, 596–607during immobilization phase of burn injury, 625–627during wound maturation phase of burn injury, 632–635
Nutritionand amputation complications, 135and burn patients, 602, 684–689and cranial neuropathies, 285, 296and immobilization, 752, 754and pressure sores, 187
Nutritional assessmentof burn patients, 684–687of immobilized patient, 752
Nutritional monitoringof burn patients, 688–689
Nutrition care planningfor burn patients, 687–688
Nystagmus, 319, 321
O
Oakland Naval Hospital, 149Ober’s test, 390Obesity, 793
Navy definition, 793, 797OBLA
See Onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA)Obstipation
in spinal cord injured patients, 185Occulocardiac reflex, 333Occupation
and aerobic fitness, 804and disability compensation evaluation, 869–872and lower back pain, 378–389physical training specific to, 808, 814
Occupational therapistsKorean War, 23role in interdisciplinary team, 7, 831–832
Occupational therapyfor above-knee amputees, 133in Army, 16for functional impairments, 15history, 830–831importance of, 8–9for lower extremity amputations, 84, 102for mild traumatic brain injury, 231for multiple amputees, 149for nerve injuries, 12for spinal cord injured patients, 179–180for upper extremity amputations, 38, 41–42, 52See also Vocational rehabilitation
Occupational Therapy Association, 831Ocular muscles
innervation, 293–294Ocular neuromyotonia, 297Oculomotor nerve, 291–300
anatomy and function, 291–295muscles innervated by, 293–294
Oculomotor neuropathies, 295–300electrodiagnosis, 299imaging, 299–300management, 299–300symptoms and signs, 297–299
syndromes, 296–297valuation, 299
Odontoid fractureC-2, 174
Odorfrom vascular support garments, 656See also Smell
Odor identification test, 283OEA
See Operations, Evaluations, and Analysis Officer (OEA)Office of The Surgeon General (OTSG), 20, 22–23, 80
Army Patient Administration Division, 27Reconditioning Division, 22
OHSee Orthostatic hypotension (OH)
Ohm’s Law, 451Olfactometer, 284Olfactory evaluation, 283–285Olfactory evoked potentials, 284Olfactory hallucination, 283Olfactory nerve, 282–285
anatomy and function, 282–283Olfactory neuropathies, 282–285
electrodiagnosis, 284–285evaluation, 283–284imaging, 285incidence, 282management, 285prognosis, 285symptoms and signs, 283
Olfactory recognitiondiminished, 283
Olfactory threshold tests, 284Omeprazole, 754Omniderm, 594One repetition maximal lift, 806One repetition maximum (1RM), 802, 812Onion skin pattern of Dejerine, 169Onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA), 789Open axillary abduction splint
See Airplane splintsOpen circular amputation, 45–46, 83, 134
advantages, 94disadvantages, 95surgical technique, 94
Open flap techniquefor limb revision, 95
Operation Job Match, 855Operations, Evaluations, and Analysis Officer (OEA), 877Ophthalmic nerve, 300Ophthalmoplegia, 295–296Opioid antagonists
for traumatic brain injury, 216–217, 222Opioids
and traumatic brain injury, 218Opponens hand splints, 705–707Opsite, 593–594Optic atrophy, 287Optic chiasm, 288Optic nerve, 285–291
anatomy and function, 285–286Optic neuropathies, 286–290
evaluation, 288–290incidence, 286–287management, 291prognosis, 291symptoms and signs, 287–289syndromes, 287
Index
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Optic radiations, 286, 289Optic tract, 286, 289Optokinetic reflex, 294Oral contractures
management, 638Oral phase
of swallowing, 327“O” ring
in upper extremity prostheses, 55, 58Orthopedic felt, 668Orthopedic mechanics
See ProsthetistsOrthopedics
in combat theater, 8history, 830–831Persian Gulf War, 27role, 15Vietnam War, 24
Orthopedic traumaimmobilization for, 743
Orthoplast, 617Orthoses, 703–740
algorithm for use of, 612for burn patients, 596, 600, 611–618, 629–630, 637–643commonly used materials, 617compression inserts, 650, 664–674contact dermatitis caused by, 668–669lower extremity, 704, 715–737for nerve injuries, 12–13overlays, 664–674for peripheral nerve injuries, 471–472, 492, 495postgraft immobilization, 629–631for shin splints, 396for skeletal insufficiency, 733–737upper extremity, 704–715See also specific type of orthosis
Orthostasisimmobility-related, 748–749, 765
Orthostatic hypotension (OH)in spinal cord injured patients, 175, 177, 184
Orthotists, 832Osteomyelitis, 134
in spinal cord injured patients, 187–188Osteomyoplasty, 95–96Osteoperiosteal bone flaps, 95–96Osteoporosis
immobilization, 747–748, 750in spinal cord injured patients, 189
Otoform K, 667, 670Otoscopic examination, 321Ototoxic drugs, 323OTSG
See Office of The Surgeon General (OTSG)Otto Bock 1D10 Dynamic Foot, 120Otto Bock hands, 69–70Outpatient care
for burns, 583–584, 636transition from inpatient care to, 858–859for traumatic brain injury, 227–228
Overhead walkers, 604–605Overlays
for orthoses, 664–674Overload, 472, 807
musculoskeletal, 357, 359–360physiological response of bone to, 817progression, 807
Overstretchingcomplications, 466
Overt Aggression Scale, 223Overtraining, 809Overweight, 793
definition, 793, 797Overwork injury
clarification, 467–468foot and ankle, 531–532
Overwork weaknessdefinition, 467
Oxcarbazepine, 222Oxford technique, 469Oxidative capacity
of muscle, 801Oxidative phosphorylation, 786–787Oxotremorine, 218Oxycodone, 622Oxygen (O2)
partial pressure (PO2), 789, 791utilization, 788
Oxygen consumption (VO2), 787, 789and cardiac output, 790See also Volume of maximum oxygen consumption
(VO2max)Oxygen content
arterial, 801Oxygen transport system
factors that limit, 792, 800–801Oyster shell orthoses, 655
P
Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test, 243PAFOs
See Plastic ankle-foot orthoses (PAFOs)Pain
acute, 621back, 11, 378–389, 743, 857burn, 621–622causalgia-associated, 482chronic, 621deafferentation, 475dysesthetic, 475facial, 304, 308heel, 536–537nerve trunk, 475neuropathic, 475patellofemoral, 394–395posterior element, 384–385at residual limb/prosthesis interface, 142–143retroauricular, 312in spinal cord injured patients, 191–192throat, 332–333See also Phantom limb pain; Residual limb pain
Pain clinicsfor phantom limb pain, 147–148
Pain managementfor burn patients, 599–600, 621–623, 625–626for causalgia, 489–492, 495for lower extremity amputation, 88, 125, 134, 147for musculoskeletal disorders, 357–358for peripheral nerve injuries, 474–479for spinal cord injured patients, 191–192See also specific type of drug or treatment
Pain syndromessympathetically maintained, 428, 481
Palatal archevaluation, 327
Palatal reflex, 327
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Palatedefective elevation, 332examination, 333
Palmar stimulationfor carpal tunnel syndrome, 512
Palm orthosis, 640–641, 667Pamidronate, 750Panama, 23Papaverine hydrochloride, 219Papilledema, 287Parallel bars
and amputees, 103–104, 148and spinal cord injuries, 177–178
Paralytic ileusin burn patient, 602
ParaosteoarthropathySee Heterotopic ossification (HO)
ParaplegiaSee Spinal cord injury (SCI)
Paraplegic ambulation, 177–178, 731energy expenditure, 731
Parathyroid hormone levelsin immobilized patients, 750
Paratrigeminal syndrome, 303Parenteral nutrition support
for burn patients, 688Parinaud’s syndrome, 297Parkinsonism
after traumatic brain injury, 220, 222Parkland shoe, 615Parosmia, 283Paroxetine, 215–216, 220Pars interarticularis injury, 385–386Pars stress reaction, 385Partial anterior interosseous syndrome, 509Partial calcanectomy, 87Partial foot amputations, 85–93
joint contractures, 88long-term follow-up, 92prosthetic fitting and training, 89–92rehabilitation, 87–89surgical technique, 85–87See also specific type of amputation
Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2), 789response to maximal exercise, 791
Partial pressure of oxygen (PO2), 789response to maximal exercise, 791
Partner-resisted exercises, 812PA Section
See Physician Assistant (PA) SectionPassive prehension orthoses, 709Passive range-of-motion (PROM)
for burn patients, 605–606, 616–618contraindications, 603definition, 602
Passpointing, 321Patch test
for allergic contact dermatitis, 139Patellar tendon bearing, total contact socket (PTB-TCS), 107,
139hard, 108soft, 107supracondylar, 108–109
Patellar tendon-bearing orthosis, 735–736Patellar tendon-bearing prosthesis
alignment check using, 103–104Patellofemoral pain syndrome, 394–395Patient
role in interdisciplinary team, 833Patient age
See Age; Children; ElderlyPatient controlled analgesia (PCA), 88, 125Patient education
after burn injury, 601–602after spinal cord injury, 175–180, 186–187after traumatic brain injury, 231, 245in hand rehabilitation, 38and hearing impairments, 323–325for lower extremity amputees, 84, 101–102, 133, 138for musculoskeletal injuries, 382–383for upper extremity amputees, 52, 65, 68–69
Patient Evaluation Conference System, 224Patient history
in disability compensation evaluation, 868–869Patten bottom
orthoses with, 734–735Pattern recognition system
using phantom limb sensation, 66Pavlov ratio, 165PCA
See Patient controlled analgesia (PCA)PDB
See Physical Disability Branch (PDB)PEB
See Physical Evaluation Board (PEB)PEBLO
See Physical Evaluation Board Liaison Officer (PEBLO)Pectoralis minor syndrome, 501PEEP
See Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP)Pelvic bands
with knee-ankle-foot orthoses, 730–731Pelvic fractures
lumbosacral plexopathy caused by, 523–524Pelvic tilts, 384Pemoline, 214–215Penetrating nerve injuries, 446–448
case studies, 491–496classification, 429clinical considerations, 447–448pathophysiology, 446–447prognosis, 447–448
PensionsSee Physical disability system
Pentazocine, 503Pentoxifylline, 219Peptic ulcer disease, 753–755Percy Jones General Hospital, Michigan, 35, 80Pergolide, 214–215Perineurium, 427
and traction-related neuropathies, 442transection, 430–431
Peripheral nerve injuries, 419–574in burn patients, 689–690classification, 429–431cold-induced, 443–446compression, 436–439electrical muscle stimulation, 481electrical stimulation intervention, 479–481electrodiagnosis, 448–465end organ changes following, 431–436epidemiology, 420–422foot and ankle, 531–545hyperesthetic desensitization therapy, 472–473ischemic, 439–440localization, 461–463
Index
liiiVolume 1: Pages 1–416; Volume 2: Pages 417–886
lower extremity, 522–531mechanisms, 436–448orthotic management, 471–472, 492, 495pain management, 474–479penetrating, 446–448, 491–493Persian Gulf War, 11–14, 420, 422, 446, 525pharmacological intervention, 475–479prognosis, 459–462range-of-motion maintenance, 465–467rehabilitative management, 465–481reinnervation following, 431–432, 434, 436, 460, 463secondary injury prevention, 435, 465sensory reeducation, 473–474severity determination, 459–462in spinal cord injured patients, 192–193strength maintenance and improvement, 467–470stretch, 440–443surgical repair postponement, 465upper extremity, 496–522Vietnam War, 447, 497during World Wars, 420–422, 447See also Causalgia; specific injury
Peripheral nervesanatomy, 422–423, 426–427axonal transport, 425–426causalgia-associated changes in, 484degeneration, 431–434effect of immobility on, 749fascicular composition, 426–427, 435, 438–439, 442impulse propagation, 423–425neuroanatomy, 422–423physiology, 423–426, 448–450regeneration, 431–432, 434, 436, 460, 463vascular system, 427–428
Peroneal nerve, 527–528deep, 538functional electrical stimulation, 725–726superficial, 540
Peroneal neuropathy, 527–531anatomic considerations, 527–528in burn patients, 689case scenario, 493–496clinical presentation, 529dislocation-associated, 440–441electrodiagnosis, 529–530etiology, 528–529fracture-associated, 441–442superficial, 540–542treatment, 530–531
PERSCOMSee Total Army Personnel Command (PERSCOM)
Pershing, John J., 11Persian Gulf War, 23
amputations, 12–15, 46–47, 80Army Physical Therapy Registry, 27–28brain injuries, 15burn injuries, 14–15causalgia, 482, 491disability case statistics, 879–880, 883functional impairments, 15hand rehabilitation, 38immobility complications, 742, 745, 756musculoskeletal injuries, 11–13nerve injuries, 11–14, 38, 80, 420, 422, 446, 525physical therapy, 25–28rehabilitation services, 10–16rehabilitation teams, 7wrist-hand orthoses use, 709
Personalityafter traumatic brain injury, 217, 223, 238–239premorbid, 195–196
Personnel Management Officers (PMOs), 865, 877PFTs
See Pulmonary function tests (PFTs)Phalangization, 36–37Phalen’s test, 511Phantom limb
pattern recognition system using, 66Phantom limb pain, 14, 143–147, 475
definition, 143differential diagnosis, 148duration and frequency, 144incidence, 143–144in lower extremity amputees, 88pathophysiology, 126, 144–145prevention, 147treatment, 145–148in upper extremity amputees, 61See also Residual limb pain
Phantom limb sensationafter lower extremity amputation, 126, 143classification, 143definition, 143explanation, 126, 143fading, 143management, 126, 143telescoping, 88, 143
Pharmacologic therapyand alcohol use, 240auditory complications, 323for burn patients, 599–600debilitating side effects, 851for immobilization osteoporosis, 748ocular complications, 296for peripheral nerve injuries, 475–479for phantom limb pain, 126, 145–146, 148for traumatic brain injury, 214–222, 232–233See also specific drug or drug class
Pharyngeal phaseof swallowing, 328
Pharyngeal reflex, 327Phenobarbital, 221Phenoxybenzamine, 490Phenytoin, 477, 490
for cranial neuropathies, 308for traumatic brain injury, 216, 221
Phosphagen system, 787–788Phosphorylation
oxidative, 786–787Photographs
in burn wound management, 599, 655Photoreceptors, 285–286Phthalazinol, 217Physiatrist
definition, 4, 6, 229, 832duties beyond physical rehabilitation, 8role in interdisciplinary team, 832role in surgical decision process, 83, 96role in traumatic brain injury care, 226, 229
Physiatryhistory, 4–6, 831See also Interdisciplinary team
Physical activityas risk factor for injury, 817
Physical capacity for exercise, 799–803aerobic, 803–806
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and age, 804–805and body composition, 794–796and gender, 803–804of military populations, 803–806and occupation, 804
Physical Disability Branch (PDB), 865, 873Physical disability systems, 863–885
Air Force, 884Army, 865–883history, 864–865Navy, 883–884statistics, 879–883triservice comparison statistics, 883
Physical Evaluation Board (PEB), 71, 150, 250, 865–866, 872–873
caseload statistics, 879–883formal hearing process, 874–876location, 867versus Medical Evaluation Board (MEB), 872Navy, 883and preexisting conditions, 876presumptions applied to, 876–877process, 873–877USAPDA review, 876–879
Physical Evaluation Board Liaison Officer (PEBLO), 868, 872–874
Physical examinationfor disability compensation evaluation, 869
Physical fitness, 781–827and body composition, 792–799definition, 782and disability compensation evaluation, 873and musculoskeletal disorders, 360as risk factor for injury, 817See also Physical capacity for exercise
Physical fitness standardsand age, 804–805DoD directive, 782, 796–799and gender, 803–804and training programs, 811
Physical medicine and rehabilitation (PMR)in combat theater, 8–9at medical centers, 9–16overview, 4, 6–8, 229
Physical profilein physical disability system, 867–868
Physical therapistsArmy, 7, 20, 24–25, 28–29in civilian practice, 25deployed to third world countries, 28and early ambulation, 84education, 25role in interdisciplinary team, 831–832shortage, 28Vietnam War, 23–24
Physical therapyfor above-knee amputees, 133Army, 16, 20–28in evolving doctrine, 28–29history, 830–831for lower extremity amputees, 103–104, 106for mild traumatic brain injury, 231for multiple amputees, 149Persian Gulf War, 25–28for spinal cord injured patients, 175Vietnam War, 23–24in wartime environment, 19–30
Physical therapy technicians, 830
Physical toleranceand vocational assessment, 851
Physical training, 782, 807–811adaptive response to, 807, 809–810cardiovascular disease associated with, 818definition, 807duration, 807, 810, 812–813frequency, 807, 810–813heart rate-based, 790intensity, 807, 810, 812–813job-specific, 808, 814length, 810–811medical problems associated with, 814–820mode, 810–811, 813musculoskeletal injuries associated with, 814–817principles, 807–809specificity, 808and weight control programs, 793–794See also Exercise; specific type of exercise
Physical training programs, 811–814components, 810–811initiation, 811integrated, 813–814objectives, 811as risk factor for injury, 816–817
Physician Assistant (PA) Section, 23Physicians
role in Army physical disability system, 867–868role in interdisciplinary team, 831
Physiotherapy aidesWorld War I, 21
Physostigmine, 218Pigskin, 582Pin fixation
for limb length preservation, 95PIP joint
See Proximal interphalangeal (PIP) jointPiracetam, 219, 221Piriformis syndrome, 525Pirogoff hindfoot amputation, 86–87Pistoning
of ankle-foot orthoses, 722–723Plantar digital nerve, 543Plantar fasciitis, 400–401Plantar flexion (posterior) stops
on ankle-foot orthoses, 715, 717–718, 722–723Plantar nerve
lateral, 532–533, 536–537medial, 532–533, 537–538, 543
Plastazote, 670Plaster of Paris
in immediate postoperative prostheses, 97–100socket design with, 121, 130
Plaster orthoses, 617Plastic ankle-foot orthoses (PAFOs), 720–723Plastic deformation
factors influencing, 465–466Plastic materials
in sockets, 130Plastic stretch, 465Plastic surgery
for burn injuries, 690–693Plug fit socket, 129Plumb line
alignment check using, 103–104PMOs
See Personnel management officers (PMOs)PMR
Index
lvVolume 1: Pages 1–416; Volume 2: Pages 417–886
See Physical medicine and rehabilitation (PMR)Pneumatic compression
intermittent, 471for lower extremity amputations, 87, 124, 127
Pneumoniain spinal cord injured patients, 182
PNFSee Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF)
Polio epidemics, 6Pollicization
of remaining fingers, 36–37Polycushion, 668–670Polyflex, 617Polyform, 617Polymyxin, 591Polyurethane membranes, 593–594Polyurethane pads
in immediate postoperative prostheses, 96–97Porcine skin heterograft, 593Positioning
during acute phase of burn care, 607–611antigravity, 604, 607–610, 628, 743, 746during immobilization phase of burn care, 628–629for pressure sore prevention, 757during wound maturation phase of burn care, 637
Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), 599Positive sharp waves, 454–456, 494
quantification, 455Postconcussive symptoms, 230–231
pharmacologic therapy, 232–233Postconcussive syndromes
neurodiagnostic evaluation, 232Posterior cord syndrome, 170Posterior element pain
acute, 384–385Posterior flap method
of lower extremity amputation, 95Posterior interosseous nerve, 503–504Posterior interosseous nerve entrapment, 503–505Posterior stops
on ankle-foot orthoses, 715, 717–718, 722–723Posterior tibial nerve, 532
See also Tarsal tunnel syndromePostpolio syndrome, 467Posttraumatic amnesia (PTA)
and family outcome, 253Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
in burn patients, 631, 683–684and vocational rehabilitation, 858
Postureand musculoskeletal injuries, 362–364
Posturography, 321Postvoid residual volume
determination, 752Potassium depletion
immobilization-induced, 750Potential reserve, 743Povidone-iodine, 582, 597Power sources
for hand orthoses, 705, 708–709Powers ratio, 173Power tests
anaerobic, 801–802Pramiracetam, 219Prazosin, 220Prednisone, 357, 490Preexisting conditions
and disability compensation review, 876
Pregnancyin spinal cord injured patients, 195
Prentke Romich Light Talker, 620–621Prentke Romich Touch Talker, 620–621Presbycusis, 319Pressure intolerant areas
in sockets, 107Pressure relieving devices, 757Pressure sores, 162, 181, 186, 190, 755–758
causes, 186, 755classification, 187, 757–758distribution, 755–756identification of patients at risk for, 756–757incidence, 187, 756prevention, 186, 756–757treatment, 187, 758
Pressure tolerant areasin sockets, 107
Pressure wrapbulky, 629–630
PrilosecSee Omeprazole
Primary irritant dermatitison residual limb, 139
Primidone, 221Progression
overload, 807Projectile-related injuries
See Bullets; Penetrating nerve injuries; Shell fragmentwounds
Prolonged stretchfor burn patients, 603, 636definition, 603with diathermy, 746
PROMSee Passive range-of-motion (PROM)
Pronator teres muscle, 506–507Pronator teres syndrome, 506–508Prone positioning
anticontracture, 608, 746Proportional control systems
for myoelectric prostheses, 65–67Propranolol, 217, 220, 490Proprioception changes
burn injury-associated, 633Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF), 359Proprioceptive training
for musculoskeletal injuries, 393, 398Prostheses
bypass, 126and early ambulation, 13exoskeleton, 132fabrication, 80facial, 655for multiple amputees, 148–149shower, 133stubbie, 133, 148–149temporary, 12–14, 84, 88World War II technology, 35See also Myoelectric prostheses; specific type of prosthesis
Prosthetic foam, 670Prosthetic sockets
See SocketsProsthetists, 80, 133, 832Protein
and burn injuries, 687–688status evaluation, 689synthesis, 750
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Prothrombin time (PT), 763Proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint
amputation at, 37Proximity
principle of, 623Pruritus
after burn injury, 633Pseudo-anterior interosseous syndrome, 508Pseudo-Graefe’s sign, 299Pseudo-Graefe’s syndrome, 297Pseudo-obstruction
in spinal cord injured patients, 185Psychiatrists
role on medical evaluation board, 868Psychological disturbances
with amputation, 10immobility-related, 749treatment, 16
Psychological shock, 624Psychological support
after brain injury, 227–228for burn patients, 596, 623–626, 631, 633, 683–684for immobilized patients, 750in interdisciplinary team management, 832for lower extremity amputees, 84, 88, 101, 125, 133–134for multiple amputees, 149for phantom limb pain, 147–148and physical recovery, 846for spinal cord injured patients, 180, 195–196for upper extremity amputees, 47, 52See also Emotional counseling; Psychotherapy
Psychologistsrole in interdisciplinary team, 832
Psychosocial outcomedeterminants of, 846–847of traumatic brain injury, 238–241
Psychostimulantsfor traumatic brain injury, 214–215, 219See also specific drug
Psychotherapyfor brain injured patients, 245–246for burn pain management, 623for phantom limb pain, 147–148
Psyllium hydrophilic mucilloid fiber, 753PT
See Prothrombin time (PT)PTA
See Posttraumatic amnesia (PTA)PTB-TCS
See Patellar tendon bearing, total contact socket (PTB-TCS)Pterygoid reflex
electrodiagnostic evaluation, 305–306Ptosis, 297, 299PTs
See Physical therapistsPTSD
See Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)Pubis stress fractures, 397Public Health Service
physical therapy services, 25Public Law No. 101-336
See Americans with Disabilities ActPulmonary angiography, 760–761Pulmonary complications
of immobilization, 758–762of spinal cord injury, 181–182See also specific complication
Pulmonary compromise
after spinal cord injury, 181signs of, 583
Pulmonary edemain burn patients, 584–585high-altitude, 820
Pulmonary embolism, 183, 760–762versus deep venous thrombosis, 763diagnosis, 760–762prevention, 762treatment, 762
Pulmonary functionduring exercise, 788–789, 801
Pulmonary function tests (PFTs), 758–759Pulmonary management
of burn patients, 584–585, 598–599of immobilized patients, 758–762
Punctate hemorrhages, 209Pupil
muscles regulating, 294myotonic, 297
Pupillary light reflex, 288–290, 296innervation, 294
Pushoffwith metal ankle-foot orthoses, 718–720with plastic ankle-foot orthoses, 722–723
Pylonin immediate postoperative prostheses, 98–100, 135
Pyridoxine, 513
Q
Quadrilateral sockets, 129Quadriplegia
See Spinal cord injury (SCI)Quadruple amputation, 149Quality of life
for spinal cord injured patients, 195for traumatic brain injured patients, 224
Quisqualate, 212
R
Racial groupscounseling concerns, 849
Radial amputationsdefinition, 40prostheses, 39–42
Radial nerve, 496, 502Radial neuropathy, 438–439, 502–505
anatomic considerations, 502–503case scenario, 491–493clinical presentation, 503compression, 505electrodiagnosis, 503etiology, 503fracture-associated, 440–441orthotics, 640–641, 705–706in spinal cord injured patients, 192treatment, 503–504
Radiculopathycervical, 363–366lumbar, 379–381
Radiographyin musculoskeletal injuries, 381, 385–386in residual limb problems, 140–143in spinal cord injury, 163, 188in tarsal tunnel syndrome, 535
Raeder’s syndrome, 303Ramsay-Hunt syndrome, 311–312
Index
lviiVolume 1: Pages 1–416; Volume 2: Pages 417–886
Rancho Los Amigos Scale, 224Range of motion
definition, 602–603and hand rehabilitation, 38and peripheral nerve injuries, 465–467
Range-of-motion exercisesfor accessory neuropathies, 338for brain injured patients, 226for burn patients, 596–597, 602–606, 628early initiation, 9for edema control, 470for immobility complications, 746for lower extremity amputees, 84, 101–103, 135for musculoskeletal injuries, 359, 362, 372, 376–378for peroneal neuropathy, 531for phantom limb pain, 147–148for spinal cord injured patients, 189for upper extremity amputees, 47
Ranitidine, 754Rash
heat, 819Ratchet splint, 709Rating by analogy, 873–874Ray amputations
prosthetic fitting and training, 89surgical technique, 86
Raynaud’s phenomenon, 444Ray resection
for finger amputations, 37–38Reach
orthotic substitution for, 704–706, 710–713Reachers, 179, 679Reading
adaptive devices, 621Reamputation (revision), 83, 134, 148
surgical technique, 94–95Reappraisal, 847Reciprocating gait orthoses (RGOs), 732Reconstruction aides
World War I, 20–21Reconstructive surgery
for burn patients, 690–693Recovery principle
in training, 807Recreational adaptive aids, 10, 41–42, 52–54, 70–71, 149, 682–
683Recreational therapists
role in interdisciplinary team, 832Recreational therapy
for above-knee amputees, 133for brain injured patients, 227for burn patients, 636–637, 682–683definition, 832for spinal cord injured patients, 179–180, 195See also Exercise; Sports; specific activity
Rectus musclesinnervation, 292–293
Redundancyafter traumatic brain injury, 212
Reed College, Oregon, 20Referral questions
for neurobehavioral assessment, 242–243Reflex arc, 785Reflex detrusor contractions
in spinal cord injured patients, 193Reflexes
facial nerve, 312–314glossopharyngeal nerve, 327
hyperactive, 190–191laryngeal nerves, 333segmental, 171–172trigeminal nerve, 302–307vagus nerve, 331See also specific reflex
Reflex hyperventilation, 789Reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD), 141–142, 148, 749Regional blockade
for causalgia, 489–490Rehabilitation nurse
role in interdisciplinary team, 832–833Rehabilitation services
Persian Gulf War, 7, 10–16Vietnam War, 7–10
Rehabilitation teamSee Interdisciplinary team
Reichert’s syndrome, 326–327Reinnervation
after peripheral nerve injury, 431–432, 434, 436after traumatic brain injury, 212electrodiagnostic monitoring, 460, 463–464, 468and functional recovery, 464–465
Reiter, Reinhold, 65Relaxation techniques
for burn pain management, 600, 623, 625–626for phantom limb pain, 147
Remodeling phase, 355Remotivation, 847Renal calculi
in spinal cord injured patients, 194Renal failure
in spinal cord injured patients, 193Reparative phase, 354–355Reserpine, 490Residual limb
definition, 43edema, 134, 138electrical stimulation, 67and energy expenditure for walking, 93hygiene concerns, 84, 107–108, 134, 136interface with lower extremity prostheses, 89, 96–97, 104,
107, 129, 131, 136–137, 142–143lengthening, 96in lower extremity amputees, 134, 136in multiple amputees, 148–149plaster cast impression, 121topographic measurement, 121in upper extremity amputees, 61very short below elbow, 44, 53vibration/percussion, 147weight bearing, 91–92, 98–99, 102–103
Residual limb paincauses, 139–143differential diagnosis, 142, 148postoperative management, 88, 125, 134, 147referring, 142, 148See also Phantom limb pain
Residual limb pain syndrome, 14Residual limb wrapping
See Stump wrappingResin
in above-knee prostheses, 130in foot prostheses, 90
Resistancenegative, 813variable, 813
Resistance detraining, 808
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Resistance training, 810–813adaptation of aerobic training modes to, 812adaptive response to, 809–810cardiovascular response to, 809–810equipment, 812for lower extremity amputees, 103for muscle mass buildup, 793–794for musculoskeletal injuries, 359–360for peripheral neuropathy, 467specificity, 808in weight control programs, 793See also Isotonic exercises; Strength training
Respiratorsfor burn patients, 599
Respiratory failureafter spinal cord injury, 181signs of, 583
Respiratory managementof burn patients, 584–585, 598–599of immobilized patients, 758–762
Respiratory quotient (RQ), 686Respiratory tract infection
in immobilized patients, 759Reston foam, 668Restructuring, 847Retina, 286, 288Retired List
history, 864–865Temporary Disability (TDRL), 865, 873–874, 876, 883
RetirementSee Physical disability system
Retroauricular pain, 312Return to duty
of amputees, 150of brain injured patients, 246–250of burn patients, 637, 683–685importance, 16of lower extremity amputees, 106of multiple amputees, 149and musculoskeletal disorders, 360transition to, 858–859of upper extremity amputees, 70–73during Vietnam War, 9, 23–24, 72, 150See also Vocational assessment; Vocational rehabilitation
RevisionSee Reamputation (revision)
RGOsSee Reciprocating gait orthoses (RGOs)
Rhabdomyolysisexertional, 818in spinal cord injured patients, 193
Rheobase, 449Rheumatologic disorders
in amputees, 142Rhodopsin, 285–286Rigidity, 208Ring fracture
C-1, 173–174C-2, 174
Rinne’s test, 320–321Ritalin, 2191RM
See One repetition maximum (1RM)Rocker bottom
orthoses with, 734–735Rocker soles
in shoes, 90, 114Rods, 285–286
Roentgenographyin anterior tarsal tunnel syndrome, 539in causalgia, 486–487in pulmonary embolism, 760–761
Roger’s sign, 304ROHO bed, 611, 757Rolyan Silicone Elastomer, 667Romania, 28Romberg test, 321Room temperature
for burn patients, 599–600Roosevelt, Franklin D., 5, 21Rotating beds
for spinal cord injured patients, 182, 186Rotator cuff injuries, 367–370
in spinal cord injured patients, 189Rotobed, 631Roto-Rest Traumabed, 182, 186RQ
See Respiratory quotient (RQ)RSD
See Reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD)Rucksack palsy, 497–498Rule of 9s, 580Rule of the Palm, 579–580Rusk, Howard A., 5, 831Russia, 28
S
Sabolich foot, 120Saccadic deficits, 299Saccadic system, 294SACH foot
See Solid-ankle cushion heel (SACH) footSacral plexus, 522–523Saddle harness
for above-elbow prostheses, 57–58SAFE (stationary attachment, flexible endoskeleton) pros-
thetic foot, 92, 114–115, 120Sagittal flap method
of lower extremity amputation, 95, 124Saliva
hypersecretion, 333pooling, 312
Salivary flow meter, 312Salivation
loss, 312measurement, 328
Salmon calcitonin, 748Saltatory conduction, 449Salt depletion, 819Sanderson, Marquerite, 20–21Saphenous nerve, 526Sarcomeres, 783Saturday night palsy, 192, 503Saudi Arabia
See Persian Gulf WarScald burns, 577Scalp donor
use and healing, 594Scapular retractors/stabilizers, 368
strengthening exercises, 363Scar(s)
in burn patients, 643–674hypertrophic, 643–645, 655–674location on residual limb, 136skin grafts, 644
Index
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Scar compression, 655–674ankle, 675arm, 673elbow, 672–673fingers, 671foot, 676hand, 672hip, 675knee, 675lower extremity, 675–676shoulder, 673thumb, 671–672trunk, 674upper extremity, 671–673wrist, 672
Scarpa’s triangle, 129, 139Schirmer lacrimation test, 312Schmidt’s syndrome, 332Schwann cells, 422–423
denervation-related changes in, 433and reinnervation, 434
SCISee Spinal cord injury (SCI)
Sciatic nerve, 524, 528Sciatic neuropathy, 438, 524–526
anatomic considerations, 524–525clinical presentation, 525electrodiagnosis, 525–526etiology, 525Persian Gulf War, 525
SCL-90See Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90)
Scoop type prostheses, 42–43Scott-Craig orthoses, 729, 732Seat-belt type injuries
spinal, 175Seattle Ankle, 116Seattle Foot, 115–116, 120Seattle Lightfoot, 92, 115–116, 120Seattle orthosis, 721Second General Hospital, Germany, 11Sedation
of burn patients, 622, 626for phantom limb pain, 146
Seddon’s classificationof peripheral nerve injuries, 429
Segmental dysfunctionlumbar, 379
Segmental hypermobilitylumbar, 380, 383
Seizuresposttraumatic, 221–222
Seizure thresholdeffects of alcohol on, 240
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)for traumatic brain injury, 216
Self-careSee Activities of daily living (ADL); specific activity
Self-Directed Search, 854Self-feeding
adaptive devices, 619–620, 676–677Self-management skills
assessment, 855Sensory abnormalities
causalgia-associated, 482Sensory aphasia, 320Sensory deprivation
in immobilized patients, 748–750
Sensory feedbackin lower extremity amputees, 85, 93with myoelectric prostheses, 67, 69
Sensory fibersspecial, 280–281
Sensory levelsfor neurological evaluation of spinal cord injury, 169
Sensory nerve action potential (SNAP)amplitude, 459, 464in brachial plexopathies, 500in carpal tunnel syndrome, 512in compression injuries, 437inability to elicit, 460measurement, 451in thoracic outlet syndrome, 501–502in ulnar neuropathy, 518
Sensory recoveryafter peripheral neuropathy, 464–465classification, 474–475
Sensory reeducation, 473–474, 492discriminative, 474protective, 474
Sensory stimulationand burn patients, 631and comatose patient, 236and immobilized patients, 749–750
Sensory Stimulation Assessment Measure, 224Separated without benefits (SWOB), 876Separated with severance pay (SWSP), 876Serial casting, 747Series elastic component, 785Serotonergic drugs
for traumatic brain injury, 215–217, 221See also specific drug
Serotonin, 476Sertraline, 215–217, 220Servo Pro system, 66–67Sexual counseling
after brain injury, 254after burn injury, 635
Sexual functionin burn patients, 634–635in spinal cord injured patients, 194–195in traumatic brain injured patients, 222
Shanksfor below-knee prostheses, 112–113endoskeletal, 113exoskeletal, 113thermoplastic, 109–110
Shear forceswith knee-ankle-foot orthoses, 727–729
Sheepskin, 668Sheet grafts, 589, 644Shell fragment wounds
brachial plexopathies caused by, 497burns secondary to, 581
Shin splints, 395–396Shock
burn, 585–587psychological, 624spinal, 172
Shoesfor ankle-foot orthoses, 718for burn patients, 615–616, 641–643inserts, 89–90as risk factor for injury, 817rocker soles, 90, 114toe fillers, 89
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Shouldercontracture prevention, 47instability, 370–372positioning for burn injuries, 609–610scar compression, 673
Shoulder bypass suspension hoops, 714–715Shoulder cap design, 714Shoulder continuous passive motion machine, 618Shoulder disarticulation, 43–45
prostheses, 45, 59, 67surgical procedures, 46
Shoulder dislocationstretch neuropathies associated with, 440–441treatment, 370–371
Shoulder disorders, 367–372in spinal injured patients, 189See also specific disorder
Shoulder flexion assists, 714–715Shoulder harness-driven flexor hinge orthoses, 708Shoulder orthoses, 630, 638–639
functional, 713static, 713support of, 713–715
Shoulder stabilizersorthotic, 713
Shoulder suspensionfor above-knee prostheses, 131
Shower prostheses, 133Shower trolley method
of wound cleansing, 598–599Shrinker socks, 104–105Sickness Impact Profile, 253Side-lying positioning
anticontracture, 608, 746SIDS
See Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)SII
See Strong Interest Inventory (SII)Silastic, 670Silesian belt, 131, 133Silicone
in above-knee prostheses, 132in foot prostheses, 90in orthotic inserts and overlays, 670suction sockets, 112, 131
Silicone finger trough, 615Silver nitrate, 582Silver sulfadiazine, 582Singer procedure
for lower extremity amputation, 96Single-axis foot prosthesis, 113–114Single-axis knee prostheses, 128Single-control system
for below-elbow prostheses, 55Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
in musculoskeletal injuries, 381, 386in traumatic brain injury, 225, 231
Sinus arrestin spinal cord injured patients, 182–183
Sittinganticontracture position, 610by spinal cord injured patients, 175–177
Situational assessmentin vocational rehabilitation, 856
Sjögren’s syndrome, 303Skeletal insufficiency
orthoses for, 733–737See also Dislocations; Fractures; specific injury
Skeletal muscleSee Muscle(s)
Skew flap methodof lower extremity amputation, 95
Skiing programfor amputees, 10, 149
Skinartificial, 592human cadaver, 593
Skin careduring acute phase of burn injury, 596–607during immobilization phase of burn injury, 625–627for lower extremity amputations, 85during wound maturation phase of burn injury, 632–635See also Skin traction management
Skin care pads, 667, 669–670Skin complications
in brain injured patients, 226causalgia-associated, 482–483in immobilized patients, 755–758in lower extremity amputees, 134, 136–137in spinal cord injured patients, 162, 181, 186–188, 755–758in upper extremity amputees, 61See also Pressure sores; specific complication
Skin desensitization programfor lower extremity amputations, 88, 125, 141, 148for spinal cord injured patients, 191
Skin flaps, 96, 122, 691–693Skin fold procedure
for body fat measurement, 797–798Skin grafts, 589–592
adherence, 588, 590for burn wounds, 587cultured epidermal cells, 591–592donor sites, 589, 594–595, 644dressings, 591–594, 629flaps, 96, 122, 691–693insensate, 85instruments, 587meshed, 589–591, 644movement, 590orthoses, 629–630postgraft dressing changes, 626–627postoperative immobilization, 627, 629for pressure sores, 187, 758for reconstruction, 691–693scarring, 644sheet, 589, 644split-thickness, 96, 122, 589surgical staples for, 590vascular support, 646–649, 655–674wound management, 590–591
Skin necrosisafter amputation, 135
Skin reactionsallergic, 138–139
Skin tensionin residual limb, 136
Skin traction managementerrors, 94for lower extremity amputations, 83, 94, 100, 124–125for upper extremity amputations, 45
Sleep apneaobstructive, 182
Sleeve suspensionfor below-knee prostheses, 111
Sling suspensionsfor arm support, 712–713
Index
lxiVolume 1: Pages 1–416; Volume 2: Pages 417–886
shoulder, 713Slow twitch (type 1) fibers, 784Smell
altered sense of, 283–285loss of, 282–285testing, 283–285See also Odor
Smith and Nephew prosthetic foam material, 667Smoke inhalation injury, 584–585, 598–599, 620Smooth pursuit system, 294SNAP
See Sensory nerve action potential (SNAP)Snellen charts, 288Social isolation
of brain injured patients, 238–239Social workers
role in interdisciplinary team, 833Society for Physical Therapy Physicians, 5Sock(s)
for foot prostheses, 116for immediate postoperative dressing/prostheses, 97–100,
104–106for suction suspension systems, 112, 131
Socketsfor above-elbow prostheses, 56–57for above-knee prostheses, 129–131for below-elbow prostheses, 52–53for below-knee prostheses, 106–110, 112carbon fiber reinforcement of, 91–92computer aided design/manufacturing, 120–121, 130construction, 109–110fabrication, 120–121, 130for forequarter amputation prostheses, 59hip disarticulation, 132–133for humeral neck amputation prostheses, 59for knee prostheses, 129–131liners, 107–108, 140–141loose, 142myoelectric electrodes embedded in, 67for partial foot prostheses, 89–91pressure areas, 107and residual limb problems, 61, 107Syme’s, 91–92transfemoral, 124transpelvic amputation, 132–133See also specific type of socket
Sof-Care alternating pressure mattress, 757Sof-Kling, 610, 658Soft tissue
contractures, 746handling during surgical amputation, 122musculoskeletal, 354retraction, 94
Soft tissue injuriescervical, 361–363rehabilitation, 8–9
Sole inserts, 642–643Sole plate
for ankle-foot orthoses, 718rigid, 90
Solid-ankle cushion heel (SACH) foot, 92, 96, 98, 100, 113, 120,127
Soma, 422–423Somatosensory evoked potentials
filter settings, 452Sorbisan, 594Sound pressure, 319Spasticity
in brain injured patients, 226definition, 208in spinal cord injured patients, 167, 172, 178, 190–191
SPECTSee Single photon emission computed tomography
(SPECT)Speech and language therapists
role in interdisciplinary team, 833Speech discrimination test, 320Speech disorders
after traumatic brain injury, 222Speech reading, 324Speech therapy
for hypoglossal neuropathies, 341–342for mild traumatic brain injury, 231
Spenco second skin, 670–673Spenco skin care pad, 667, 669Sphincter pupillae muscle
innervation, 294Spinal cord changes
and phantom limb pain, 126, 144–145Spinal cord compression
identification, 163Spinal cord injury (SCI), 14, 161–205
bilateral knee-foot-ankle orthoses for, 731–732causes, 162, 166–167classification, 165, 169complete, 169, 176–178complication management, 181–196complication prevention, 165, 181–196emergency treatment, 162endocrinologic complications, 185first and second echelon MTF treatment, 162–163gastrointestinal complications, 184–185genitourinary complications, 162, 181, 193–194head injuries associated with, 195imaging studies in, 163–164incidence, 162incomplete, 169–170, 178interdisciplinary team management case study, 841–843ligamentous, 173–174long-term follow-up, 180–196mortality and morbidity, 162, 181musculoskeletal complications, 188–189neurological complications, 189–193neurological evaluation, 167–173neurosurgical treatment, 163–165nonpenetrating, 165orthoses, 703–740pathophysiology, 165–167patient education, 175–180, 186–187penetrating, 165prognosis, 170–171psychological complications, 195–196pulmonary complications, 181–182recovery, 167, 175–179, 195recreational rehabilitation, 179–180, 195rehabilitation, 9, 175–180skin complications, 162, 181, 186–188, 755–758third echelon MTF treatment, 163treatment by level of injury, 173–175Vietnam War, 162vocational rehabilitation, 179–180, 195, 856walking after, 177–178, 731wheelchair use after, 175–177World War I, 162World War II, 162zone of injury recovery, 167, 172–173
Rehabilitation of the Injured Combatant. Volume 2
lxii Volume 1: Pages 1–416; Volume 2: Pages 417–886
Spinal Cord Injury Model Systems Program, 162Spinal cord injury units, 162
organization, 196Spinal manipulative therapy, 362Spinal nerve root entrapment, 381Spinal nerves, 168Spinal shock, 172Spinal trigeminal tract, 169Spine
evaluation, 173–175instability, 163, 189management, 173–175stability, 163–164, 387–389See also specific part of spine
Spine alignmentrestoration and maintenance, 163
Spine deformitiesin spinal cord injured patients, 189
Spine injuriesSee Spinal cord injury (SCI)
Spine rehabilitation program, 382–385Spine stabilization exercises, 387–389Spiral groove area
injuries and compression in, 502–503Spirometry
incentive, 759–760Splinting, 747
dynamic, 747Splints, 358, 378
airplane, 630, 638Bunnell, 709burn, 615–616cockup, 709–710finger, 615hand, 705–707ratchet, 709shin, 395–396
Split socketfor below-elbow prostheses, 53
Split-thickness skin grafts (STSGs), 589, 691–693Split Toe Flex Foot, 117–118Spondylolisthesis, 385Spondylolysis, 385–386Spondylosis, 381Spontaneous activity, 454–456, 494Sport garments
elastic, 665Sports
brachial plexopathies associated with, 497–499foot and ankle nerve injuries caused by, 531–532, 538, 540,
543–544peroneal neuropathies associated with, 529See also Exercise; specific sport
Sprainscervical, 361See also Ankle sprains
Spring balances, 802Springlite Chopart prosthesis, 90Springlite Company, 90Springlite II, 119–120Springlite Syme’s prosthetic foot, 92Springlite toe fillers, 89Sprint runs
maximal, 801Spurling’s maneuver, 364SSRIs
See Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)Standing balance
with knee-ankle-foot orthoses, 730Standing table exercise, 603–604Stapedial reflex, 312
testing, 320Stasis dermatitis
after amputation, 137–138Static orthosis
for shoulder/elbow support, 713Static strength
measurement, 802Static stretch, 359Stationary attachment, flexible endoskeleton (SAFE) pros-
thetic foot, 92, 114–115Stationary bicycles, 125, 635, 800–802Steam burns, 577STEN (STored ENergy) Foot, 120Step length
with ankle-foot orthoses, 720Step-up hinges, 44, 53Sternocleidomastoid muscle
and accessory neuropathies, 336–338Steroids
for carpal tunnel syndrome, 513for cranial neuropathies, 280, 291, 315for digital neuropathies, 544for superficial peroneal neuropathy, 541–542See also specific drug
Stimulantsfor spinal cord injury, 167for traumatic brain injury, 214–215, 219See also specific drug
StingersSee Brachial plexus injuries
Stool softenersfor immobilized patients, 753
Straincervical, 361, 843–844in concussive brain injuries, 230
Strength, 782, 802–803correlation between muscle mass and, 795–796, 803definition, 802determinants, 803dynamic, 802gender differences, 806immobility-associated loss, 743–744measurement, 802–803, 806population data, 806static, 802
Strength detraining, 808Strength-duration relationship
in motor neurons, 449–450Strength training, 813
basic requirements, 468for burn patients, 635–636in integrated program, 813–814for musculoskeletal injuries, 359–360, 363, 367, 369–372,
375–377for peripheral nerve injuries, 467–470
Stressbattle, 16, 623control principles, 623heat, 818–819
Stress fractures, 396–397, 816–818Stress gastritis
in spinal cord injured patients, 184–185Stress ulcers, 753–755Stretch
elastic, 465
Index
lxiiiVolume 1: Pages 1–416; Volume 2: Pages 417–886
plastic, 465prolonged, 603, 636, 746terminal, 604
Stretching exercisesfor burn patients, 628, 636, 652heating modalities used with, 467, 746–747for musculoskeletal injuries, 371, 373, 390–391, 398–399for peripheral neuropathies, 465–467
Stretch neuropathies, 440–443brachial plexus, 498–499clinical considerations, 440–441pathophysiology, 441–442peroneal nerve, 528prognosis, 442–443
Strickland, Benjamin A., Jr., 5, 9Stroke volume (SV), 790–791, 801, 809Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory, 195Strong Interest Inventory (SII), 854Structured Clinical Interview, 223Stryker turning frame, 186STSG
See Split thickness skin graft (STSGs)Stubbie prostheses, 133, 148–149Stump edema syndrome, 134, 138Stump wrapping
complications, 125for lower extremity amputations, 87–88, 94, 96–98, 103–
105, 125for upper extremity amputations, 48–50
Stutteringafter traumatic brain injury, 222
Subclavius nerve, 496Substance abuse
and pharmacologic therapy, 240and traumatic brain injury, 229, 239–241, 246
Substance P inhibitorsfor peripheral nerve injuries, 478
Succinylcholinecontraindications, 183
Sucralfate, 754Suction sockets
for above-elbow prostheses, 56for above-knee prostheses, 131silicone, 112
Suction transtibial prostheses, 111Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), 323Suicide
by spinal cord injured patients, 196Sulfamethoxazole, 752Sulfamyalon
See Mafenide acetateSummation, 785Sunburn, 580–581Sunderland’s classification
of peripheral nerve injuries, 429–431Sun exposure
and burn patients, 633, 636Superficial peroneal nerve, 540Superficial peroneal neuropathy, 540–542Superficial radial nerve compression, 505Superior mesenteric artery syndrome, 755Superior oblique muscle
innervation, 292–293Superior orbital fissure syndrome, 303Supersensitivity
denervation, 435–436, 456Supine positioning
anticontracture, 608
Supported employment modelfor brain injured patients, 247–250
Support groupsfor above-knee amputees, 134family, 255for hearing impaired patients, 325for multiple amputees, 149
Support Systems International, Inc., 186–187Supracondylar cuff suspension
of below-knee prostheses, 110Supracondylar process syndrome, 506Suprapatellar-supracondylar patellar tendon bearing socket,
109Suprascapular nerve, 496
injury to, 498–499Sural entrapment neuropathy, 542–543Sural nerve, 542Surface electrodes, 453, 456–457Surgical complications
of lower extremity amputations, 134–148Surgical procedures
for above-knee amputations, 122–123for amputations, 45–46for anterior interosseous syndrome, 509for below-knee amputations, 93–96for brachial plexopathies, 497brachial plexopathies caused by, 499for burn wounds, 587–595, 628for carpal tunnel syndrome, 513–514for cranial neuropathies, 308, 335cranial neuropathies caused by, 280, 303, 332, 336delayed, 83, 465for digital neuropathies, 544–545for lower extremity amputations, 83–84neuromonitoring during, 280for peripheral neuropathies, 465peroneal neuropathies caused by, 529for phantom limb pain, 146–148for posterior interosseous nerve entrapment, 505for pressure sores, 187, 758safety factors, 628for spinal cord injury, 163–165for superficial peroneal neuropathy, 542for tarsal tunnel syndrome, 536for thoracic outlet syndrome, 502for ulnar neuropathy, 519for upper extremity amputations, 45–46See also specific procedure or injury
Surgical staplesfor skin grafting, 590
Surgical teammultispecialty, 83
Suspensionabove-elbow prostheses, 57–58above-knee prostheses, 131below-elbow prostheses, 54–56below-knee prostheses, 110–112humeral neck amputation prostheses, 60immediate postoperative prostheses, 97–100suction, 112, 131supracondylar, 108
Suspension bedsair, 757
Suspension beltsfor above-knee prostheses, 131for below-knee prostheses, 97–100, 110–111total elastic, 131transtibial prostheses, 131
Rehabilitation of the Injured Combatant. Volume 2
lxiv Volume 1: Pages 1–416; Volume 2: Pages 417–886
Suspension hoopsshoulder bypass, 714–715
Suspension sling arm support, 712–713SV
See Stroke volume (SV)Swallowing, 326–328
dysfunction, 327–328, 332, 334–335Swallowing reflex, 327Swan-Ganz line, 584–585Swan neck deformity, 639Swimming
by burn patients, 636Swing-through gait, 178
with knee-ankle-foot orthoses, 729–731SWOB
See Separated without benefits (SWOB)SWSP
See Separated with severance pay (SWSP)Syme’s amputations, 82
complications, 87functional outcome, 83joint contractures, 88long-term follow-up, 92prosthetic fitting and training, 87, 89–92rehabilitation, 87–89surgical technique, 87weight bearing, 91–92
Syme’s sockets, 91–92Sympathectomy
for causalgia, 490Sympathetically maintained pain syndromes, 428, 481Sympathetic blockade
for causalgia, 489–490for reflex sympathetic dystrophy, 141, 148
Sympathetic nervous systemcausalgia-associated changes in, 484–485
Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90), 253Synaptic function
modification, 212Synaptogenesis
reactive, 167, 212–213Syndrome of Kiloh and Nevin
See Anterior interosseous syndromeSynkinesis, 315Synthetic dressings
for skin grafts, 593–594Syringomyelia
posttraumatic, 192Syrinx
acute posttraumatic, 173
T
Tachycardia, 333Tacrine
See Tetrahydro-9-aminoacridine (THA)Tangential excision
burn wound, 587–588Tapia’s syndrome, 340Tardy ulnar palsy, 514, 516Tarsal tunnel, 532–533
anterior, 538Tarsal tunnel syndrome, 531–536
anatomic considerations, 532–533anterior, 538–540clinical presentation, 534–535differential diagnosis, 535electrodiagnosis, 535
etiology, 533–534treatment, 535–536
Tarsometatarsal amputations, 85disadvantages, 83prosthetic fitting and training, 90surgical technique, 86
Tarsotarsal amputations, 85disadvantages, 83surgical technique, 86–87
Taste buds, 310–311Taste sensation, 310–311
loss, 312Taylor, N. L., 742Tay-Sachs disease, 287TBI
See Traumatic brain injury (TBI)TBSA
See Total body surface area (TBSA)TCL
See Tibial collateral ligament (TCL)TC-3 socket, 131–132TDRL
See Temporary Disability Retired List (TDRL)TDs
See Terminal devices (TDs)Tearing
excessive, 312Tears
artificial, 315Technetium 99m bone scintigraphy
in causalgia, 487–488, 491Tegaderm, 593–594, 670Tegapore, 591, 594Telephone adaptations, 620Telescoping
of phantom limb sensation, 88, 143Temazepam, 220Temperature
high ambient, 818–819wet-bulb globe, 819See also Body temperature; Cold exposure; Heating
modalitiesTemporary Disability Retired List (TDRL), 865, 873–874, 876,
883Tendinitis, 355
Achilles, 399–400rehabilitation, 355rotator cuff, 369in upper extremity amputees, 61
Tendinosis, 355Tendons
function, 354healing phases, 354–355injuries, 354–355resistance training-induced changes in, 810
Tendon transfers, 179Tenodesis grip, 179Tenosynovitis
De Quervain’s, 376–377Ten repetition maximum (TRM), 469TENS
See Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)Tensiometer
cable, 802Terminal devices (TDs)
below-elbow prostheses, 44, 53–56body-powered, 53, 56hand, 53
Index
lxvVolume 1: Pages 1–416; Volume 2: Pages 417–886
hook, 53myoelectric, 53, 56, 59recreational, 53–54selection of, 70–71vocational, 54World War II-era, 35See also Control systems
Terminal stretching, 604TES belt
See Total elastic suspension (TES) beltTetanus, 785Tetrahydro-9-aminoacridine (THA), 216, 218–219Teufel orthosis, 723–725THA
See Tetrahydro-9-aminoacridine (THA)Theraband, 369–370, 374Thermal injuries, 577
combined with electrical burns, 578–579Thermography
in causalgia, 488Thermoplastic materials
in above-knee prostheses, 130–131, 133in below-knee prostheses, 109–110in finger prostheses, 39
Thigh corsetswith side joints, 110–111
Thiothexene, 220Thomas M. England General Hospital, New Jersey, 80Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS), 192, 366–367, 500–502
classification, 500clinical presentation, 501differential diagnosis, 366electrodiagnosis, 501–502etiology, 500–501rehabilitation, 367treatment, 502
Thoracic spine injuries, 169complications, 182, 193
Thoracolumbar fractures, 174–175Thoracolumbosacral orthosis (TLSO), 175Thorax vascular support garment, 661Three-jaw chuck grasp, 40–41Three-state control systems
for myoelectric prostheses, 66Throat pain, 332–333Thromboembolism, 762–764Thrombolytic therapy, 762, 764Through-knee amputations, 122–134
prostheses, 132Thumb
amputation levels, 37preservation, 36–37reconstruction, 36–37, 39scar compression, 671–672ulnar collateral ligament injury, 377–378
Thumb prostheses, 39–41Thumb spica cast, 377Thyroarytenoid muscle, 333Thyroid ophthalmopathy, 296Thyrotropin-releasing hormone, 217Tibial beveling
inadequate, 140Tibial collateral ligament (TCL), 393–394Tibial fractures
stress, 397type IIIC, 82–83
Tibial nerve, 532Tibial neuropathy
and ankle-foot orthoses use, 718–720case scenario, 493–496See also Tarsal tunnel syndrome
Tic douloureux, 280, 303, 308of glossopharyngeal nerve, 326, 328–329
Ticsafter traumatic brain injury, 220
Tilt-in-space recline wheelchair, 177Tilt table, 175, 603–604, 765Tincture of benzoin, 656–657Tinel’s sign, 140
in anterior tarsal tunnel syndrome, 539in carpal tunnel syndrome, 511in superficial peroneal neuropathy, 541in tarsal tunnel syndrome, 534in ulnar neuropathy, 515
Tinnitus, 318, 323Tissue complex injury, 356Tissue overload complex, 356–357Tissue proliferation
on residual limb, 136–137TKA line
See Trochanter, knee, ankle (TKA) lineTLSO
See Thoracolumbosacral orthosis (TLSO)Toe amputations, 85
prosthetic fitting and training, 89surgical technique, 85
Toe dragwith plastic ankle-foot orthoses, 723
Toe fillersfor shoes, 89
Toe flexion orthosis, 643Toe transfer
for thumb amputation, 37Toileting
adaptive aids, 679See also Activities of daily living (ADL)
Tokyo Metropolitan Rehabilitation Center socket, 131–132Tolosa-Hunt syndrome, 295Tongue
disorders, 340evaluation, 340–341exercises, 341–342numbness, 304sensory innervation, 310
TOSSee Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS)
Total Army Personnel Command (PERSCOM), 866–867Total body surface area (TBSA), 579–580
estimation, 580Total elastic suspension (TES) belt, 131Total peripheral resistance (TPR), 790–791Tourniquet injuries, 690Tracheostomy
after spinal cord injury, 181in burn patients, 599–600
Tractionfor back pain, 384–385halo skeletal, 630neuropathies associated with, 440–443, 498
Traction framefor upper extremity amputations, 45–46
Transcarpal amputations, 44Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)
acupuncture-like, 480for burn pain management, 623complications, 480–481
Rehabilitation of the Injured Combatant. Volume 2
lxvi Volume 1: Pages 1–416; Volume 2: Pages 417–886
conventional, 480for musculoskeletal disorders, 358for peripheral nerve injuries, 479–481, 490for phantom limb pain, 142, 147–148for residual limb pain, 142for spinal cord injured patients, 191technique, 480
Transfemoral amputations, 122, 124bilateral, 122, 133, 148–149indications, 123surgical technique, 124
Transfemoral sockets, 124, 129–131Transferable skills assessment
in vocational rehabilitation, 855–856Transfer training
for amputees, 102–104, 106for spinal cord injured patients, 175, 189
Transmetacarpal amputations, 44Transmetatarsal amputations
disadvantages, 86functional outcome, 83prosthetic fitting and training, 89–90surgical technique, 86
Transpelvic amputationssocket design, 132–133
Transphalangeal amputations, 44Transportation
skin traction systems for, 45–46, 83, 124Transtibial amputations, 95
complications, 101indications, 123rehabilitation, 102, 106
Transtibial prosthesessuction, 111, 131suspension belts, 131
Transverse amputationsprostheses, 39
Trapezius muscleand accessory neuropathies, 337–338
Traumacal, 602Traumatic brain injury (TBI), 207–277
and alcohol use, 229, 239–241, 246appetite dysregulation after, 217ataxia after, 217autonomic dysregulation after, 217behavioral dysfunction after, 212–213, 217–219, 222–223,
228, 245–246case management, 228–229classification, 208–209, 230closed or nonpenetrating, 208–209cognitive dysfunction after, 217–219, 222–223, 228, 237–
238, 245–246community based rehabilitation, 228–229definition, 230diagnosis, 230–231, 234early recovery management programs, 226–227emergency medical treatment, 225epidemiology, 209–210etiology, 208–210family education, 227, 255family outcome, 227–228, 231, 245, 250–255functional outcome, 211–213, 224versus head injuries, 208, 231home based rehabilitation, 228incidence, 229interdisciplinary team management case study, 837–841low level neurologic states, 234–235management, 226, 228, 230–234
mild, 229–234, 250military rehabilitation, 229–237model systems continuum of care, 225–229morbidity, 226, 234, 240movement disorders after, 220–221neural recovery mechanisms, 212–213neurobehavioral assessment, 231, 237, 241–245neurobehavioral outcome, 237–246neurobehavioral programs, 228neurogenic heterotopic ossification after, 221neuromedical issues, 217, 222–224nomenclature, 208–209ocular complications, 295, 299open or penetrating, 208–210orthoses, 704–740outpatient clinical services, 227–228outpatient rehabilitation team, 227Persian Gulf War, 15pharmacologic treatment, 214–222, 232–233prevention, 255prognostication issues, 210–212psychosocial outcome, 238–241rehabilitation, 226–227rehabilitation team, 225–229seizures after, 221–222sexual dysfunction after, 222social concerns, 235speech and language disorders after, 222surgical treatment, 225–226vocational rehabilitation, 228, 243, 246–250, 856
Trazodone hydrochloride, 215–216, 220–221, 476–477Treadmills
motor-driven, 800Tremors
after traumatic brain injury, 220Trenchfoot, 443–446Triamcinolone, 358Triasmus, 304Triceps pad, 55Tricyclic antidepressants
dosage, 476for peripheral neuropathy, 475–477, 491–492for phantom limb pain, 146, 148for reflex sympathetic dystrophy, 141–142side effects, 476for spinal cord injury, 191for traumatic brain injury, 214–215, 220, 222, 240See also specific drug
Trigeminal evoked potentials, 307–308Trigeminal nerve, 300–308
anatomy and function, 300–303reflexes involving, 302–303, 305–307
Trigeminal neuralgiaSee Tic douloureux
Trigeminal neuropathies, 303–304electrodiagnosis, 305evaluation, 304–305management, 308symptoms and signs, 304syndromes, 303–304
Trigeminal sensory neuropathy, 303Triggering, 463Trigger point injections, 382Trimethoprim, 752TRM
See Ten repetition maximum (TRM)Trochanter, knee, ankle (TKA) line, 127–128Trochanteric bursitis, 389
Index
lxviiVolume 1: Pages 1–416; Volume 2: Pages 417–886
Trochlear nerve, 291–300anatomy and function, 291–292
Trochlear neuropathies, 295–300electrodiagnosis, 299evaluation, 299imaging, 299–300management, 299–300symptoms and signs, 297–299syndromes, 296–297
Tropomyosin, 783Troponin, 783Truman, Harry S, 22Trunk
scar compression, 674L-tryptophan, 216–217, 221Tube feeding
of burn patients, 602Tubigrip external vascular supports, 657–660, 667Tubiton Oedema sleeves, 613, 658–659Tumors
brainstem, 323cranial neuropathies secondary to, 280, 296, 317–318
Turkey, 28Twitch, 785Two-state control systems
for myoelectric prostheses, 65–66Tympanometry, 320
U
UCL-BCSee University College of London Bioengineering Center
(UCL-BC)UDS
See Utah Dynamic Socket (UDS)UE amputation
See Upper extremity (UE) amputationsUlcerations
of residual limb, 136Ulcers
in spinal cord injured patients, 184–185stress, 753–755See also Pressure sores
Ulnar amputationsdefinition, 40prostheses, 42–43
Ulnar collateral ligament injury, 377–378Ulnar nerve, 514, 519–520Ulnar neuropathy, 438, 514–522
anatomic considerations, 514–515, 519–520in burn patients, 689case scenario, 491–493clinical presentation, 515–516, 520–521differential diagnosis, 517, 521at elbow, 514–519electrodiagnosis, 514, 517–519, 521–522etiology, 516, 521treatment, 519, 522at wrist, 519–522
UltrasoundDoppler color-flow, 763in musculoskeletal injuries, 374, 377socket design with, 121, 130
Ultrasound diathermy, 467, 746–747, 758Underwater weighing, 797–799Unit assignment
and aerobic fitness, 804and disability compensation evaluation, 869–872
and vocational rehabilitation, 847Unit dB, 320United Kingdom
military pension laws, 864Royal Air Force, 7, 16, 71, 150spinal cord injury units, 162
United Nations (UN), 25Universal Below-the-Knee Bicycle Attachment, 125University College of London Bioengineering Center (UCL-
BC), 121Unna dressings, 615, 632, 645, 656, 658–659Upper extremity
anticontracture positioning, 746scar compression, 671–673
Upper extremity (UE) amputations, 33–77activities of daily living, 50–52, 62–64bilateral, 61–65myoelectric prosthesis use, 68–69nerve recovery in, 82nomenclature and functional levels, 43–45psychological support, 47, 52rehabilitation, 46–52skin traction systems, 45surgery principles, 45–46vocational rehabilitation, 38, 41–42, 47, 52, 54, 71–73World War II, 34–35See also Above-elbow (AE) amputations; Below-elbow (BE)
amputations; specific type of amputationUpper extremity nerve injuries, 496–522
See also specific injuryUpper extremity orthoses, 704–715
See also specific type of orthosisUpper extremity prostheses
choice of, 69–71hybrid (myoelectric and body-powered), 56, 59post-Civil War era, 34postoperative fitting, 48–49and residual limb problems, 61training of amputee, 52, 65, 68–69See also specific type of prosthesis
Urinary cathetersin burn patients, 585condom, 186–187in immobilized patients, 585in spinal cord injured patients, 193
Urinary incontinencein spinal cord injured patients, 193
Urinary retentionin immobilized patients, 585, 752in spinal cord injured patients, 193–194
Urinary systemeffect of immobility on, 751–753
Urinary tract infections (UTIs)in immobilized patients, 751–752in spinal cord injured patients, 162, 181, 194–195
Ur-Nammu, 864USAPDA
See Army Physical Disability Agency (USAPDA)USAR
See Army Reserve (USAR)Utah Dynamic Socket (UDS), 56Utah myoelectric prosthesis, 67–68
V
Vagus nerve, 329–335anatomy and function, 329–331muscles innervated by, 331
Rehabilitation of the Injured Combatant. Volume 2
lxviii Volume 1: Pages 1–416; Volume 2: Pages 417–886
paralysis, 331Vagus neuropathies, 331–335
electrodiagnosis, 333–334evaluation, 333management, 334–335prognosis, 334symptoms and signs, 332–333syndromes, 332
VA hospital systemSee Veterans Affairs (VA) hospital system
Valgus, 716–717knee deformity, 736–737
Valium, 216, 220Valleix phenomenon, 534Valproic acid, 216, 220–221, 477Valsalva’s maneuver, 192–193Vancouver General Hospital burn scar assessment, 662–664VAPC shoe clasp orthosis, 722–723, 725Vari-Flex Foot, 117–119Varus, 716
knee deformity, 736–737Vascular access
in burn patients, 584–585Vascular innervation
of peripheral nerves, 428Vascular reconstruction, 82Vascular studies
for amputation complications, 135, 139Vascular support
after burn injury, 635, 645–649, 655–674for edema control, 471upper extremity, 671–673
Vascular support garments, 655–674adaptive aids for donning, 679–680custom-measured, 659–660, 665design, 661fitting, 661–662prefabricated, 665sources, 664–665use guidelines, 662See also specific type of garment
Vascular systemof peripheral nerves, 427–428spinal cord injury-associated disruption, 166
Vasoconstriction, 791Vasodilation, 791Vasopressin, 218VASRD
See Veterans Administration Schedule for Rating Disabili-ties (VASRD)
Vegetative statedefinition, 234permanent, 234–235, 237persistent, 234–235prognosis, 211social concerns, 234–235stimulation programs, 235–237
Velcro closuresfor above-knee prostheses, 131–132for below-knee prostheses, 110for bilateral upper extremity amputees, 64for hand prostheses, 39–43
Velfoam, 667–668Venography
contrast, 762–763Venous insufficiency
after amputation, 137–138Venous stasis
and elastic wrap support, 601Venous thrombosis
See Deep venous thrombosis (DVT)Ventilators, 181Ventilatory equivalent, 789Ventilatory regulation
during exercise, 788–789, 801Verapamil, 479Vernet’s syndrome, 326, 336Verrucose hyperplasia
of residual limb, 134, 138Versed
See MidazolamVertebral bodies, 167–168Vertigo, 319, 324
positional, 324Vesicoureteral reflux
in spinal cord injured patients, 193–194Vestibular nerve
anatomy and function, 317dysfunction, 319, 323–324evaluation, 321–322
Vestibular system, 294, 317Vestibulocochlear nerve, 316Vestibuloocular reflex, 292
innervation, 295Veterans Administration
and physical disability system, 864–865, 873vocational rehabilitation program, 858–859
Veterans Administration Schedule for Rating Disabilities(VASRD), 868, 872–873
rating codes, 874–875, 881Veterans Affairs (VA) hospital system, 7–8, 34, 81
brain injury treatment centers, 225–226spinal cord injury centers, 14, 196
Veterans Affairs Medical Centerupper extremity amputee care, 50, 52vocational counselor, 47
Veterans Benefit Counselor, 859Veterans Health Service
kinesiotherapy, 831Veterans Reserve Corps, 72Vibration
desensitization with, 633–634Vicarious functioning
after traumatic brain injury, 212Vietnam Head Injury Study, 27, 210Vietnam War
amputations, 10, 52, 72, 80, 134, 148, 150causalgia, 482immobility complications, 742peripheral nerve injuries, 447, 497physical therapy, 23–24rehabilitation services, 7–10return to duty during, 9, 23–24, 150spinal cord injuries, 162vocational rehabilitation case study, 847–848
Vigabatrin, 222Villaret’s syndrome, 340Vincamine, 219Virchow-Robin spaces, 192Visual acuity
alteration, 287–289, 300Visual evoked potentials, 290–291Visual field defects, 287–289Visual field testing, 288Visual pathways, 287
symptoms and signs, 288–289
Index
lxixVolume 1: Pages 1–416; Volume 2: Pages 417–886
Visual perception, 294, 300Vitamins
for burn patients, 687VO2
See Oxygen consumption (VO2)Vocal cord paralysis, 332Vocational assessment, 850–857
for brain injured patients, 248–250and educational experiences, 851family, 853–854functional, 852–853interest, 854–855interview, 853measurement tool validity/reliability, 851–852and medication effects, 851and nature of disability, 851and physical tolerance, 851situational, 856transferable skills, 855–856
Vocational Interest, Experience, and Skill Assessment, 854Vocational outcomes
of amputees, 150of brain injured patients, 234, 246–250of spinal cord injured patients, 196See also Return to duty
Vocational rehabilitation, 845–861for amputees, 150for brain injured patients, 228, 243, 246–250, 856case studies, 847–848, 850coordination of necessary services for, 859in-hospital phase, 846–857for lower extremity amputees, 84, 93, 101, 106posthospital phase, 858–859resistance to, 850short-term counseling in, 848–850for spinal cord injured patients, 179–180, 195, 856for upper extremity amputees, 38, 41–42, 47, 52, 54, 71–73Veterans Affairs program, 858–859Vietnam War case study, 847–848See also Occupational therapy
Vocational Rehabilitation Act Amendments, 6Vocational rehabilitation counselors
role in interdisciplinary team, 833Vogel, Emma, 21–23Voicaid, 620–621Voice impairments, 332Volar wrist flexion control orthosis, 709–710Volume of maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max)
and cardiac output, 790definition, 790in immobilized patients, 765measurement, 799–800and muscle fatigue, 786and oxygen transport variables, 792, 801response to aerobic training, 809values for elite athletes, 799See also Aerobic capacity
VO2maxSee Volume of maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max)
“V” strapsfor above-elbow prostheses, 57–58
W
Waist belt suspensionfor above-knee prostheses, 131for below-knee prostheses, 97–100, 110–111
Walkers
for above-knee amputees, 127for musculoskeletal injuries, 357overhead, 604–605
WalkingSee Ambulation; Gait pattern
Wallerian degeneration, 431–434electrodiagnostic findings, 460initiation, 432–433
Walter Reed Army Medical Center, 7, 10, 21, 28, 34–35, 80Warm-up period
and muscle injury avoidance, 356War-related injuries
emotional reaction to, 846–848Water beds, 637Watershed infarctions, 211WDR neurons
See Wide dynamic range (WDR) neuronsWeber’s syndrome, 296Weber’s test, 320Webril, 615, 630, 667Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, 195Wechsler Memory Scale-Local Memory subtest, 243Weighing
hydrostatic (underwater), 797–799Weight
of burn patient, 602, 688and immobilization, 752measurement, 793, 797–799military control programs, 793and muscle mass, 793use for resistance training, 812
Weight bearingafter above-knee amputations, 126after below-knee amputations, 98–99, 102–103after Syme’s amputations, 91–92and musculoskeletal injuries, 357in spinal cord injured patients, 189
Weight-bearing orthosesischial, 734–735
Weight control programsmilitary services, 793, 795–797physical training in, 793–794
Weightsfor training, 812
Wernicke’s syndrome, 296Western Neurosensory Stimulation Profile, 224Wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT), 819Wheatstone bridge circuit
wire strain gauge with, 802Wheelchair, 682
controls, 177manual, 177power, 177pressure sores caused by, 196reclining, 175, 177selection, 177
Wheelchair cushions, 611Wheelchair locomotion
energy expenditure for, 731Wheelchair skills
patient education, 102–103, 175–177WHFO
See Wrist, hand, finger orthosis (WHFO)Whiplash, 171, 208, 230White matter, 165–166
damage, 165–166White phosphorus
burns caused by, 577–578
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Widdowson, E. M., 742Wide dynamic range (WDR) neurons, 484Wide Range Achievement Test, 195Wilbur, Ray Lyman, 5Williams flexion exercises, 383–384, 391Wire strain gauge
with Wheatstone bridge circuit, 802Women
Korean War service, 23military body fat standards, 796, 798percent body fat values, 794physical capacity for exercise, 803–804reference body composition values, 792World War II service, 22
Women’s Medical Specialist Corps (WMSC), 23See also Army Medical Specialist Corps (AMSC)
Word deafness, 320Word discrimination test, 320Work hardening, 858Work hardening programs, 637World War I
amputations, 35, 81, 93, 95, 134cranial neuropathies, 332, 339disability retirement laws, 864musculoskeletal injuries, 11, 354peripheral nerve injuries, 420–421, 447physical reconstruction services, 4–5, 7–8physical therapy, 20–28, 830spinal cord injuries, 162trenchfoot, 443–446
World War IIamputation centers, 7, 34–35, 52, 80–81, 149amputations, 34–35, 46, 71–72, 80, 93–95, 134causalgia, 481–482disability retirement laws, 864hand injuries, 35, 38immersion foot, 443–446immobility complications, 742musculoskeletal injuries, 11peripheral nerve injuries, 420–422, 447physical therapy, 21–22, 831rehabilitation services, 5–10spinal cord injuries, 162stress fractures, 817
Worth Four Dot flashlight, 299Wound breakdown
and immediate postoperative prostheses, 99, 102Wound care
burns, 596–607skin grafts, 590–591
Wound cleansingburns, 597–598, 627
Wound closureburns, 587
Wound contaminationin lower extremity amputee, 81–83, 94–95, 134in upper extremity amputee, 46
Wound debridementSee Debridement; Excision
Wound dehiscence
after amputation, 135Wound healing
delayed, 102phases, 595–596
Wound maturation phase, 595–596, 631–684Wound protection
for lower extremity amputations, 87for upper extremity amputations, 48–50
Wright Linear Pump, 606–607, 665, 682Wrist
contracture reduction, 709, 746positioning for burn injuries, 610scar compression, 672strengthening exercises, 374ulnar neuropathy at, 519–522
Wrist, hand, finger orthosis (WHFO), 611–613, 630–631Wrist disarticulation, 44
prostheses, 44, 52and residual limb problems, 61surgical procedures, 46
Wrist disorders, 376–378See also Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS); specific disorder
Wrist extension assist, 710Wrist extensor-driven flexor hinge orthosis, 707–709Wrist-flexion units, 54Wrist-hand orthosis, 492, 746
for carpal tunnel syndrome, 513for posterior interosseous nerve entrapment, 505for radial neuropathy, 504
Wrist orthoses, 709–710extension assist, 710volar flexion control, 709–710
Wrist units, 53–55, 57quick change, 54thin friction, 54variable-friction, 54
Writingadaptive devices, 621
X
Xeroform, 616, 638, 650
Y
Yohimbine, 222Yom Kippur War, 15“Y” strap
for below-elbow prostheses, 55
Z
Zeiter, Walter J., 5Zero-shear recline wheelchair, 177Zimmer mesher, 590Zinc oxide, 656Zone of injury recovery, 167, 172–173Zone of partial preservation, 169Z-plasty, 691“Z” strap attachment
for above-elbow prostheses, 58–59