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H.B.Singh

(Former) Professor & Head, Regional Planning

School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi

Development Planning Consultant

(Urban, Rural and Regional Planning)

Regional Planning

- Basic ConceptsIP University, Oct 26, 2012

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Structure of presentation

1.Introduction: Definitions and contextual concepts of Development and planning

2.Basic understanding of Urbanization

3.Region and Regional planning

4.Delineation of Region

5.Planning for regions,

It is a process of enhancement of quality of life through

1. PRODUCTION,

2. PROVISION and

3. UTILIZATION

4. PEOPLES CHOICE, PARTICIPATION

5. SAFETY, SECURITY

and

6. ENVIRONMENTAL

SUSTAINABILITY

Environment and Sustainability 5Environment and Sustainability 5

Environment and Sustainability 6

People’s safety & security 5

WORKING DEFINITION

People’s Choice & Participation 4People’s Choice & Participation 4

Goods and Services Goods and Services

Production1

Production1

Provision2

Provision2

Utilisation3

Utilisation3

Concept of Development

Development

OF GOODS AND SERVICES

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ProductionProduction

ProvisionProvision

UtilisationUtilisation

ChoiceChoice

ParticipationParticipation

OrganisationsOrganisations

Natural Capital

Natural Capital

Regeneration Capacity

Regeneration Capacity

Assimilative Capacity

Assimilative Capacity

Material Aspects Goods & Services

Primary Sector ( Agro-based)Secondary Sector ( Industrial)Tertiary Sector (Services)

Primary Sector ( Agro-based)Secondary Sector ( Industrial)Tertiary Sector (Services)

Physical Infrastructure Social Infrastructure Financial Infrastructure

Physical Infrastructure Social Infrastructure Financial Infrastructure

Availability / Access AffordabilityConsumption Volume

Availability / Access AffordabilityConsumption Volume

Job OpportunityLeadershipConsumption / Service ItemPolitical Freedom

Job OpportunityLeadershipConsumption / Service ItemPolitical Freedom

Decision MakingResource MobilisationPlan PreparationPlan Implementation

Decision MakingResource MobilisationPlan PreparationPlan Implementation

Community Based Orgn.Non-Government Orgn.Government Orgn.Co-operatives

Community Based Orgn.Non-Government Orgn.Government Orgn.Co-operatives

Soil QualitySub- Soil WaterVegetative CoverBio-Diversity

Soil QualitySub- Soil WaterVegetative CoverBio-Diversity

Soil FertilityRain WaterBio-MassBio-Diversity

Soil FertilityRain WaterBio-MassBio-Diversity

Surface PollutionWater PollutionAir PollutionBio-Diversity Damage

Surface PollutionWater PollutionAir PollutionBio-Diversity Damage

Non-Material

Aspects

Environmental

Sustainabilit

y

Physical/Economic Quality of Life

Physical/Economic Quality of Life

DEVELOPMENT Social Quality of Life

Social Quality of Life

Environ-mental

Quality

Environ-mental

Quality

Safety/ SecuritySafety/ SecurityNatural DisastersWars, Riots, Group Clashes.Stable Government .Stable Political Economy

Natural DisastersWars, Riots, Group Clashes.Stable Government .Stable Political Economy

DEVELOPMENT PARAMETERS

Indicators of Development

A. Outcome Indicators- Human development Indicators (HDIs)

1. Income related

2. Health related

3. Awareness / Education related

B. Input Indicators– Provision of Infrastructure

1. Physical Infrastructure

2. Social Infrastructure

3. Economic/ Commercial Infrastructure

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COMPONENTS OF INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT

What ?Sectors

What ?Sectors

Who?Organisatio

ns

Who?Organisatio

ns

How ?Techno- ecology

How ?Techno- ecology

Where ?Space

Where ?Space

When ?Time

When ?Time

Rural Area

PrimarySector

Urban Area2ndary

&Tertiary Sectors

Input to Primary SectorTractors, Tools, Techniques,

HYV Seeds etc.

Output to Secondary & Tertiary Sectors

Storage, Processing, Marketing etc.

RURL URBAN COMPLEMENTARITY

TECHNO- ECOLOGICAL INTEGRATION

ACTIVITIES

ENVIRONME

NT

TECHNOLOGY

LandLand

Water Water

LivingLiving

WorkingWorking

Socialising

Socialising

FaunaFauna Movement

Movement

FloraFlora

SECTORAL INTEGRATION

Primary Sector

Primary Sector

Secondary

Sector

Secondary

Sector Tertiary

Sector

Tertiary Sector

Physical Infrastructur

e

Physical Infrastructur

e

Social Infrastructur

e

Social Infrastructur

e

Economic Infrastructur

e

Economic Infrastructur

e

Area

(Landuse)

Area

(Landuse)

Nodes(Settlement

s)

Nodes(Settlement

s)

Network(Infrastructu

re)

Network(Infrastructu

re)

Working(Production)

Working(Production)

Living(Population Distribution)

Living(Population Distribution)

Mobility(Physical & Functional)

Mobility(Physical & Functional)

SPATIAL INTEGRATION

Survey &Analysis

Survey &Analysis

Plan Preparat

ion

Plan Preparat

ion

Plan Approv

al

Plan Approv

al

Plan Implement

ation

Plan Implement

ation

Plan Monitori

ng

Plan Monitori

ng

PlanReview

PlanReview

PLANNING PROCESSLONG

TERMPLAN

LONGTERMPLAN

SHORTTERMPLAN

SHORTTERMPLAN

ANNUALPLAN

ANNUALPLAN

INTEGRATION OF TIME AND PLANNING PROCESS

1. The adopted definition of sustainable development that ‘meets the need of the present generation without compromising the needs of future generations’ (Brndtland Commission 1987) by UN is very general, and ambiguous.

2. World bank’s definition is more specific and usable - It emphasises

that any development project should not exceed the regenerative capacity of the environment ie, the capital of natural resources should not be spent . it is only the cyclic, renewable, additionally accrued natural wealth that should be spent or utilised.

Definition and meaning of Sustainable Development

FIVE BASIC CONCERNS OF SUSTAINABLDEVELOPMENT

5

Natural Resource Capital not to be spent

5

Natural Resource Capital not to be spent

4

Appropriate Technology to enhance Regenerative & Assimilative Capacities

4

Appropriate Technology to enhance Regenerative & Assimilative Capacities

3

Waste Generation within Assimilative Capacity

3

Waste Generation within Assimilative Capacity

2

Use of Resources within Regenerative Capacity

2

Use of Resources within Regenerative Capacity

1

Economic Growth commensurate with the population

1

Economic Growth commensurate with the population

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Concerns of Sustainable development

ActivitiesMan

Life Support System(Land, Water, Flora, Fauna and Climate,

Sun, Rain, Wind etc.)

Primary Production System

(Agriculture, Horticulture, Cattle Rearing, Mining

etc.)

Socio-economic System(2ndary & Tirtiary Sector Production, Infrastructure,

Institution , Organisation etc)

Sustainability of Settlement

Nature

THE CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABILITY

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ActivitiesMan

Nature

ActivitiesMan

Nature

URBAN SRTTLEMENT

RURAL SETTLEMENT

More PopulationMore Activities2ndary & Tirtiary Sector DominanceLess Nature & Life Support System

Less PopulationLess ActivitiesPrimary Sector Production DominanceMore Nature $ Better Lif Support System

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PEOPLE

ACTIVITIES

SPACETIME

RESOURCES

TECHNOLOGY

PROCESS OF ORGANISING, 1.PEOPLE AND THEIR 2.ACTIVITIES OVER 3.SPACE AND 4.TIME CONSIDERING 5.RESOURCES AND 6.TECHNOLOGY TO ACHIEVE DEVELOPMENT

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DEMOGRAPHIC ASPECTS, Popln. Size, Age Gender, Change over

time,Literacy, Life expectancy,

Migration, WFPR, HIG, MIG, LIG, EWS, BPL SQUATTERS

POPLATION

LIVING- Housing, InfrastructureWORKING-primary, secondary

& TertiaryMOVEMENT- People, Goods &

ServicesRECREATION /

SOCIALISATION

Over all developed Area, Planned Area, Controlled

Area, Municipal AreaLanduse Areas-

Residential, Commercial etc

Building, Roads, over bridges,

Production, MRTS, Innovative Ideas,

Best Practices

Natural, Man-madeSpace bound,

Mobile

Informal Sector

Long Time Perspective

20 Years5 YearsAnnual

BA

SIC

S &

CO

NT

EX

T O

F P

LA

NN

ING

BA

SIC

S &

CO

NT

EX

T O

F P

LA

NN

ING

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WORKING DEFNITION OF DEVELOPMENT PLANNING

PLANNING:

It is a process of organising, 1.PEOPLE and their 2.ACTIVITIES over 3.SPACE and 4.TIME considering 5.RESOURCES and 6.TECHNOLOGY to achieve development

DEVELOPMENT:

It is a process of enhancement of quality of life through 1.PRODUCTION, 2.PROVISION and 3.UTILIZATION OF GOODS AND SERVICES with 4.PEOPLES CHOICE , their 5.SAFETY & SECURITY with 6.ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

Legislative

PRODUCTION

PROVISION

UTILISATIONCHOICES

SAFETY …

ENV.SUSTEN.

PEOPLE

ACTIVITIES

SPACETIME

RESOURCES

TECHNOLOGY

Civil Society

Mrkt. Forces

Govt.Setup Executive

Judiciary

Pub. Disclosure

Transparency

Accountability

Equity

•Acts/ Laws

•Institutions/Offices

•Functions

•Plng. Design

•Implementation

•Maintenance /Admin

•Processes/ procedures

PROCESS OF ENHANCEMENT OF QUALITY OF LIFE THROUGH PRODUCTION, PROVISION AND UTILIZATION OF GOODS AND SERVICES WITH PEOPLE’S CHOICE , THEIR SAFETY & SECURITY WITH ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

PROCESS OF ORGANISING, PEOPLE AND THEIR ACTIVITIES OVER SPACE AND TIME CONSIDERING RESOURCES AND TECHNOLOGY TO ACHIEVE DEVELOPMENT

ORGANISING AND CONTROLLING CIVIL SOCIETY AND MARTKET FORCES FOR ITS SOCIAL WELFARE (SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ) THROUGH A GOVERNMENT SETUP

Constitution

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Social welfare through Economic Growth, full Employment, Equity

and Social justice

Organising Population, Economy, Resources and Mobility over

Regional Space

Economy

Employment Equity

Social Welfare

Area

Node Linkage

Fig.2 Development, Planning and Projects: Inter-linkages

NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN

REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN

Land Utilisation

Settlement Pattern

Networks & Transportation

Plot Development, Buildings, Roads, Water Supply, Power, Sewerage,

Drainage, Poverty Alleviaion, P.D.S. etc.

Projects

Socio-economicCivil Engg.PROJECTS / PROGRAMMES

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Evolving Efficient Activities and Space Relationship through layouts

and Spatial details

CIAM’s triangle

Living

Movement

Working Recreation

Architecture

ZONAL/AREA DEVELOPMENT PLAN

Aesthtic

Functional Sustainable

URBAN FORM U.D.

Orderly Development of City for its efficient functioning & enhancement

of QOL

Geddisian

triangle

Folk

Place WorkCITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN

Landuse

Transportation Infrastructure

Sub- processes of Development :

Urbanisation – process of change from rural to urban way of life (based on specialisation)

Industrialisation

Tertiarisation

-Without Industrialisation – pseudo urbanisation

-Gentrification in Developed countries

Modernisation

Including primary sector.

Westernisation

After Aryanisation, Persianisation & Colonialisation

URBANISATION

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URBANISATION

URBANISATION encompasses

A. Social Change

Qualitative change at individual level – qualification, attitude, efficiency, priorities, way of life …

Change in social institutions – marriage, customs, rituals

B. Economic ChangeProductionEmployment

PrimarySecondaryTertiary

C. Physical / Environmental change

Landuse, infra-structure, slums, settlement pattern

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Evolution of / Conditions for Urbanisation

Social Surplus1. Soil Fertility2. Technology Input

Emergence of Administrative Group1. Control -- Government Set-up2. Security – Defence, Army

Traders & Merchants Group1. Collection2. Distribution3. Innovation Diffusion

Specialisation

Specialisation

Specialisation

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Urbanisation Process and Spatial patterns

1. Decision Making & Control Spatial Organisation of power

(Decentralisation)

2.Capital Flows Economic Activity location

(Industrialisation)

3.Innovation Diffusion Modernisation Surfaces

(Modernisation)

4.Migration Settlement Pattern

National Capital

State Capital

District HQ

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Friedman’s Model

CORE

Control, Administration,

Governance

Socio-cultural, tecnological

ideas

Labour, Migration

Capital, Excess produce

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Xtics of urbanisation in Developed & Developing countriesSimultaneous with industrialisation / TertiarisationGradual / FastShare of primary, secondary & tertiary sectors

1800 1850 1900 1950 2000

20

40

60

80

100%

Tertiary Sector

Secondary Sector

Primary Sector

1800 1850 1900 1950 2000

20

40

60

80

100%

Tertiary Sector

Secondary Sector

Primary Sector

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Sound Social surplusPolarisation in Developing countriesUrban Areas exploiting Rural AreasRural Areas left with old, incompetent and childrenNo rural urban ContinuumUrban Areas suffering- slums, crowding………

ProspectsUrbanisation as a tool for Reg. DevelopmentRural -Urban-Continuum -proper hierarchyGrowth-poles - Balanced Settlement patternPreventive, Curative Measurement for Rural & Urban Development (slum formation)SimultaneousJob PeopleNational Commission on Urbanisation (NCU) – GEMs & SPURs (Special Priority Urban Region)

MetropolisPeople Town CityVillage Jobs

X

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Rural Area

PrimarySector

Urban Area

2ndary &Tertiary SectorsInput to Primary

SectorTractors, Tools,

Techniques, HYV Seeds etc.

Output to Secondary & Tertiary

Sectors Storage, Processing,

Marketing etc.

RURL URBAN COMPLEMENTARITY

Metropolis

People

Town

City

Village

Jobs

X

FO

RW

AR

D A

ND

BA

CK

WA

RD

L

INK

AG

E

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MetropolisPeople Town CityVillage Jobs

FORWARD AND BACKWARD LINKAGE & VARIED FUNCTIONALTIES

Town

Town

City

City

Mono-functional

Bi-functional

Tri-functional

Multi-functional

Developed Country

Developing Country

Devlpng Area

URBANISATION / GLOBALISATION

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Devlpd Area

Nodal region

Homogeneous Region

CLASSIFICATION OF STATES AND UT’S ACCORDING TO LEVEL OF URBANISATION

2001 Above national average i.e. 27.75%

25%-28% Less than 25%

National Average

27.75%

Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Mizoram, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, A&N Islands, Chandigarh, Daman & Diu, Delhi, Lakshwadeep and Pondicherry. (14 states)

Andhra Pradesh, Kerela, M.P., West Bengal, Uttaranchal. (5 states)

Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, H.P., J&K, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Orissa, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tripura, U.P., Dadra Nagar Haveli, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh. (16 states)

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Historical perspective-Aryanisation, Persianisation & Colonialisation (Nodes & Networks.. Civil lines etc..

Indian Urbanisation

Regional Planning

• Organising Spatial Economy in a Region• Organising people, their activities and resources over regional space and time for Development

Aims:

• Economic Growth ( where? How much? When?)

• Full Employment ( People job)

• Equity ( political, social, & economic)

Objectives:

Maximum utilisation of mobile factors

Integrated Sectoral Programme

Invent new resources

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REGION: A territorial area of similar characteristics, which is bigger than local area and smaller than the country/nation.

Attributes of a Region:

1. Entity (Discernible, contiguous)

2. Similarity / commonality (not homogeneity)

3. Scale (manageable, operational)

Types of Region;

1. Natural (hills, deserts etc)/ Cultural(Jharkhand,Telangana, Rayalsimha cow belt. etc)

2. Functional (Agric, Resource etc) / Formal( Admin. – States, Distts)

3. Special / Ad hoc / Arbitrary (Flood, earthquake, Dacoity prone)

4. Regions of Convenience (Postal, Telephones, Railways)

5. Planning Regions

• Nodal

• Homogeneous

• Special HBSHBS

Nodal Region Homogeneous Region

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Regionalisation & Regional Delineation

Regionalisation – Process of dividing the area of concern into pockets (regions) of similar characteristics.

e.g. Administrative Regln. - States

*Geographic ,, - Hills, deserts, Coasts, plateaus

*Cultural ,, - Punjabi, marathi, gujrati spkng areas

*Planning (by Plng Commission) – 15 Agro-clmtc Regions.

*Plng. (physical Planners’0 - TCPOsN

H

H H

H

H

H

Regional Delineation-

Conceptual /Theoretical Process of identification of planning regions.

Demarcation- Actual identification on site.

N

H

H H

H

H

H

H

H

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Delineation Techniques for Nodal Regions

1. Boundary Girdle Method

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2. Gravitational Method

Iab =Pa.Pb

d2a

b d

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I = Gravitation Indexa Big Cityb Small settlement d Distance between them

P Population size

3. Transitory Belt Method

( where there are other nodal regions surrounding the nodal region to be delineated)

(Using generally gravitational technique)

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Delineation of Homogeneous Region

4.Composite Index Method

5.Principal Index Method

Techniques depended on

•Purpose

•Scale

•Parameters

•Smallest Areal Units with discernible boundaries

New techniques based on I.T.-Sattellite imageries etc. which are accurate –which are more reliable-- to be rationalised for actual demarcation on ground ( village boundaries)

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Relevance of Delineation

Decreasing because of administrative boundaries are fixed and difficult to change to new organisational set up needed for planning & development .

References:

•Friedman and Alanso

•Regional Planning in India – (L.S.Bhatt)

•Prof. Ansari’s Reader Volume (SPA)

•Berry’s Spatial Organisation

•Glassons’

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REGIONAL PLANNING – Approach & Methodology.

Plng. For NODAL REGION / Metro- City Region

Xtics. - Dynamic•Urban / industrial dev. Dominant•Dev. Impulse radiated / transmitted through settlement pattern•Excessive conc. In the node•Stress condn. In nodes (water, power supply)

Analysis for Inter & intra regional settlements & linkage mainly•Function•Urban character•Mobility

Techniques•Summit Technique (Potentiality & Propensity)•Grid Tech•Network Analysis•Contours / Isopleths•Remote sensing/ Satellite images•Layering technique (– in intensively dev. Areas)

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REGIONAL PLANNING – Approach & Methodology.

Strategic Approach NODAL REGION / Metro- City Region

1. Locational decentralisation / distraction of Investments2. Tertiarisation 3. Consumer based, high tech. industries4. Node --- Linkage ---- Area 5. Intervention in

Settlement Pattern– (G.P.,G.C.)• Initiation• Reinforcement

Counter Magnets Complementary Magnets

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REGIONAL PLANNING – Approach & Methodology.

Plng. For Homogeneous Region

Xtics. - Non-Dynamic•Primary / trade sector Dominant•Dev. Impulse does not radiated / transmitted effectively through settlement pattern•Preponderance of mandi towns/ small settlements in the region

Analysis for Inter & intra regional settlements & linkage mainly•Diversification of primary sector•Functions- Primary to secondary & teritiary sec linkage•Areal disparity and imbalance in prodn. & infrastructure•Mobility

Techniques•Spatial development. Index method•Grid Tech•Network Analysis•Contours / Isopleths•Remote sensing/ Satellite images•Layering technique (– in intensively dev. Areas)

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REGIONAL PLANNING – Approach & Methodology.

Strategic Approach

1. Correcting imbalance through judicious Land utilisation

2. Resource based labour intensive Industries 3. Provision of Infrastructre4. Area ---- Linkage ---5. Intervention in

Settlement Pattern– (G.P.,G.C.)• Initiation• Reinforcement

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The END

Role of Regional Planning in Urban Planning & Design

1. Population size and developed area required2. Functional base 3. Development Form and pattern4. Landuse priorities (for basic fns.)5. Cultural profile &imageability6. Quantum of informal sector / squatters7. Sustainability

• Pressure on land (popln. Cattle)• Supply area of Water, food, milk, horticultural produces• Environmental- crowding – pollution• Decentralised approach• Regenerative & Assimilative capacity

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DC

Industrial

Institutional

CBD

PHENOMENON OF URBAN DEV.

Some places attract 1.People and 2.Economic Activities due to location advantage and regional resource endowmentThey physically manifest in 3. Area, 4. Nodes, 5. Networks

DC

Industrial

Institutional

CBD

ASPECTS OF URBAN DEV. PLNG

1. Population

2. Functional or Economic Base – Mono, Bi & Multi-Fnl – mandi, admin, etc.

3. Area – Landuses, Dist. Sectors

4. Nodes- CBD, DC, Rly Stn, Ports, Tourist points etc.

5. Networks (Transportation)

6. Infrastructure

7. Environment

8. Organisation & Management

Regional AspectsA.What does Regional aspect study contributes to

UDP•Size and density

•Functional/ economic Base

•Direction of growth through regional linkages and flows

•Location of wholesale markets, depots, traffic nodes, truck terminus, bulk handling activities etc.

•Major transport network

B. Information needed to be collected

Size, type, location and linkages of the adjoining urban centres

Same size UC in the surrounding area.

Types of flows and direction

Basic functions.

Regional roads- through, terminating and originating traffic volume and size.