A TERM PAPER PRESENTATION

ONREGENERATION

TECHNIQUES

WELCOMEBalram Prasad SinghM Sc General ForestryRoll No. 31

• Regeneration is a forestry practice aimed at the establishment of new trees as the old trees become mature and are harvested .

• Forest can be regenerated both by natural and artificial means.

• Cremer (1990) defines ‘natural regeneration’ as “reproduction from self-sown seeds or by vegetative recovery (sprouting from stumps, lignotubers, rhizomes or roots) after the tops of the plants have been killed (by fire, cutting, browsing, etc)”.

1.Introduction

•Natural regeneration can be obtained from seeds as well as from vegetative parts but from seeds is most frequently used.

•There are various factors like, seed supply, soil condition, competition, predation, natural hazards that affect regeneration.

•The technique of natural regeneration is different for different species according to their characteristics.

•Artificial regeneration is the renewal of a forest crop by sowing , planting or other artificial means .

• It includes both reforestation and afforestation.

• Reforestation is re-stocking of a felled or otherwise cleared forest by artificial means .

•Afforestation is the establishment of a forest by artificial means on an area from which forest vegetation has always or long been absent (Anon.,1996)

2.Factors affecting the choice between artificial and natural regeneration

• (a)Risk of loss and deterioration of soil: Natural regeneration should be preferred where there is risk of loss and deterioration of soil.

• (b)Crop composition: Where crop composition has to be changed artificial regeneration should be accepted.

• (c)Genetic consideration: If quality of the new crop is to be improved it is absolutely necessary that the artificial regeneration should be adopted and seeds from genetically superior trees should be used for raising plantation

• (d)Risk of damage by pest and pathogen: Natural regeneration should be preferred to artificial regeneration because natural regeneration is more resistant to attack by insect, pest and pathogen.

• (e)Flexibility of operation: In case of uncertain condition natural regeneration is preferred because work can be postponed without any serious loss of money or effort.

• (f)Density of stocking: If uniform stocking is aimed at, artificial regeneration should be preferred.

•(g)Yield (volume and value): For better volume and financial yield, artificial regeneration is preferred.

•(h)Shortening of Rotation: Artificial regeneration is preferred for shortening of rotation

•(i)Cost: Natural regeneration is preferred because it is less expensive. In spite of these academic considerations, the recent trend is towards artificial regeneration

3.Natural Regeneration Techniques

•For natural regeneration to take place successfully, the following conditions have to be satisfied.

•Adequate seed supply.•Adequate light condition , obtained

through the regulation of the density and composition of various strata or canopies.

•Suitable soil condition for germination and establishment.

•Suitable composition and degree of development of undergrowth to protect the seedlings from desiccation and biotic influences without undue competition for light , moisture and nutrients, and also to improve the soil structure and nutrient status.

•Efficient protection from damage of all kinds.

4.Artificial Regeneration• 4.Artificial Regeneration:• Artificial regeneration of forest includes both

reforestation and afforestation.• 4.1 objectives of Reforestation:• To supplement natural regeneration• To give up natural regeneration in favor of

artificial regeneration.• To restock forests destroyed by fire or other

biotic factors.• To change the composition of crops• To introduce exotics.

•4.2 Objectives of Afforestation: i To increase the production of timber.• ii To increase the production of fuel and

small timber.• iii Improvement of Agro-ecosystem• iv Moderation of climate.•v Soil conservation.•vi Protection of catchment of rivers.•vii Increasing natural beauty of landscape.

5.Conclusion• Natural regeneration technique is one of the

most important regeneration technique and frequently used for regeneration of natural forest in Nepal.

• It can be obtained by seeds as well as by vegetative parts, coppice or root suckers but by seeds is most frequently used and suitable for many species.

• It is affected by various factors like source of seed, soil/ site condition, competition, predation of young plants, natural hazards, etc.

• Artificial regeneration is the renewal of a forest crop by sowing , planting or other artificial means .

• Artificial regeneration includes both reforestation and afforestation.

• Thus, regeneration is defined as the renewal of a forest crop by natural or artificial means. `

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