Refuerzo Gramática Inglés

BASICENGLISHGRAMMAR

STRUCTURESANDVOCABULARY

ASHORTCOURSEINENGLISHFORADULTSTUDENTS

Prof.JuanGmo.MoyaMontaña

STUDENT´SNAME________________________________________

DEPARTAMENTOCOMUNICACIONALDELEJÉRCITO

Ashortcourseinenglishforadultstudents 3

INDICE

Pág

•Prologo_________________________________________________________________ 5

•SugerenciasMetodológicas________________________________________________ 7

•TableofContents_________________________________________________________ 9

•Unit1__________________________________________________________________ 15

•Unit2__________________________________________________________________ 27

•Unit3__________________________________________________________________ 37

•Unit4__________________________________________________________________ 47

•Unit5__________________________________________________________________ 59

•Unit6__________________________________________________________________ 77

•Unit7__________________________________________________________________ 91

•Unit8_________________________________________________________________ 103

•Unit9_________________________________________________________________ 115

•Unit10________________________________________________________________ 127

•Unit11________________________________________________________________ 141

•Unit12________________________________________________________________ 157

•Unit13________________________________________________________________ 175

•Unit14________________________________________________________________ 191

•Unit15________________________________________________________________ 203

•Unit16________________________________________________________________ 215

•Unit17________________________________________________________________ 225

•Unit18________________________________________________________________ 237

•Unit19________________________________________________________________ 253

•Unit20________________________________________________________________ 263

•Unit21________________________________________________________________ 277

•Apendices ____________________________________________________________ 297


SugerenciasMetodológicas

1. Leer,estudiarymemorizarlasdefinicionesyreglasgramaticalesdadasenlasdiferentesunidadesdelcurso.

2. Estudiarlasilustraciones,losejemplosdadosylapronunciaciónfiguradaindicadaenalgunoscasos.

3. Resolverlosejerciciosdadoscomotarea.Uselápizdegrafitoparaescribir.

4. CompararlasrespuestasdadasporUd.conlasdadasenlasClavesdeRespuestasycorrijasuserrores.

5. Sihubieramuchasrespuestasincorrectas(másdeun20%),estudiardenuevolasdefinicionesyreglasdadasal

iniciodelaunidadpertinenteyvolverahacerlosejercicios.

6. Estudiarenloposibleconotra(s)persona(s)paracomparar,discutirypracticarlosejerciciosdados.

7. Estudiarymemorizarloslistadosdepalabras(sustantivos,adjetivos,verbos,preposiciones,etc.),frasesyexpresiones

idiomáticasqueaparecenalfinaldecadaunidad.

8. Distribuiren formaadecuadael tiempodeestudio,demodoquehayaunacontinuidadyregularidad.Noes

convenienteestudiarvariashorasdeunasolavezydejarpasarmuchotiempoantesdeiniciarotraetapa.

9. Aprovecharcualquiermomentolibreparaestudiar,estudiaryestudiar.EsteesfuerzorealizadoporUd.rendirásus

frutosyletraerámuchassatisfacciones.


TABLEOFCONTENTS

PARTONE:ELEMENTARYLEVEL

UNIT1• TOBE(Present,PastandFuture)

• THEENGLISHALPHABET

• THEPHONETICALPHABET

• What?,Who?,How?,When?,Why?,Howold?Howlong?Whattime?

• This,That,These,Those;A(N);The;At,On,In;Until,For

• Now,today;yesterday,thedaybeforeyesterday;lastweek/lastyear/last

Monday,tomorrow,thedayaftertomorrow,nextweek,twodaysago

UNIT2

• THERETOBE

(Present,PastandFuture)

• SOME-NOTANY-NO-ANY

• CARDINALNUMBERS

• VOCABULARY:

-People

• Howmuch?Howmany?

• Much,many,little,few,alot,lotsof,verylittle,veryfew

UNIT3

• HAVEGOT/HASGOT

• ADJECTIVES

• ARTICLESI-DefiniteandIndefinite

• TELLINGTHETIME

• VOCABULARY:

-Adjectives

• Uncountablenouns:money,sugar,milk,water,work,etc.

• Countablenouns:people,men,students,books,etc.

• O´clock,quarterpast/to,halfpast,minutespast/to

• Inthemorning/afternoon/evening;atnight

• Noon/midday,midnight

UNIT4

• PRESENTCONTINUOUSTENSE

• INFINITIVESANDGERUNDS

• TIMEANDDATES

• ORDINALNUMBERS

• QUESTIONWORDS1

Fordescribingpeopleandthings.

• VOCABULARY:

-Numerals,TimeandDates

• Now,atpresent,atthemoment,atthistime,temporarily,forthetime

being.

• Howold?,Howtall?,Howfar?,Howlong?,Howhigh?,Howfast?,

Howdeep?,Howthick?,Howwide?,Howbig?,Whatcolor?,Whatsize?,

Whatshape?,Whatis/are.........like?

UNIT5

• SIMPLEPRESENTTENSE

• ADVERBSOFFREQUENCY

• QUESTIONWORDSII

Forrequestinginformation.

• ARTICLESII-Generalandspecific

• RELATIVEPRONOUNS:Whoand

Which

• VOCABULARY:

-Timeexpressions(I)

-Clothes

• Everyday,everyweek,everymonth,etc.

• Always,generally,usually,often,sometimes,never,etc.

• Onceaday,twiceaweek,threetimesayear,etc.

• What?,Who?,Which?,Why?,Where?,How?Whom?,Whose?,How

much?,Howmany?,Howoften?,Howlong?,Whattime?,Whatkindof?,

Whatsortof?,etc.

Ashortcourseinenglishforadultstudents10

UNIT7 • PASTCONTINUOUSTENSE

• IMPERATIVEFORM

• ARTICLESIII-Nationalities,

professions,titlesandranks;

streets,cities,countriesand

geographicalnames.

• EXCLAMATORYFORM

• VOCABULARY:

-Thehouse

• Atthattime,at10:30lastnight,etc.,WhenPeterarrivedthismorning,

whentheygotmarried,etc.

• Openthedoor,please.Please,don´tdothat.

• AnAmerican,aChilean,anEnglishman,etc.

• Adoctor,anengineer,asecretary,etc.

• Mr.Scott,Cpt.Jones,Dr.White,etc.

• OnFifthAvenue,InSaltLakeCity,InCanada,intheUSA,inNorthCarolina,

intheWestIndies.

• Whatatallwoman!,Whatbeautifulflowers!Whatniceweather!

Howtallsheis!Howquicklytimepasses!

UNIT8 • SIMPLEFUTURETENSEI:Will

• RELATIVEPRONOUNS:Who,

Whom,Whose

• SOMEBODY/SOMEONE,

SOMETHING,SOMEWHERE

ANDDERIVEDWORDS

• VOCABULARY:

-TheCity

• Johnwillcomeheretomorrow/thedayaftertomorrow/nextweek/next

month/atthistimetomorrow/atthistimenextyear,etc.

• Hesaidthathewastired.

Hetoldmethathewastired.

• Whoishe?Whomdidyousee?Whoseisthatcar?Whosecareisit?:The

manwithwhomMaryisworkingnow,Themanwhosecarisparkedoutside.

• Somebody/someone,something,somewhere,notanybody/notanyone,

notanything,notanywhere,nobody/noone,nothing,nowhere

UNIT9 • SIMPLEFUTURETENSEII:

AM/IS/ARE+GOINGTO.......

• ITTAKES......../ITTOOK......./

ITWILLTAKE......=DEMORAR

• COMPARISONOFADJECTIVES

• VOCABULARY:

-Food

• Johnisgoingtocomeheretomorrow/thedayaftertomorrow/next

week,etc.

• Ittakesme20minutesto.....

• Howlongdoesittaketo....?

• Short-shorterthan-theshortest

• Intelligent,moreintelligentthan,themostintelligent

• Asfastas.......

• Good-better-best,etc.

UNIT10 • SIMPLEFUTURETENSEIII:

AM/IS/ARE+ING

• MODALVERBS:CAN,MUST,

MAY,SHOULD,OUGHTTO

• HAVETO=TENERQUE

• VOCABULARY:

-PartsOfTheBody

-TimeExpressionsII

• Johniscomingheretomorrow/thedayaftertomorrow,etc.

• Bobcanswimverywell;Petermustbehereat8:15tomorrow;You

mayusethephonenow;Theyshouldt/oughttobemorecarefulofwhat

theysay

• Ihavetobuyanotherdictionary.Thisoneistooold

UNIT11 • FUTURECONTINUOUSTENSE

• MAKINGREQUESTS

• ASKINGFORPERMISSION

• OFFERINGTODOSOMETHING

• INVITINGORSUGGESTINGTO

DOSOMETHINGTOGETHER

• ALSO,TOO,ASWELL,SO;

• NOT...EITHER,NEITHER/NOR

• BUT

• POSITIONOFDIRECTAND

INDIRECTOBJECTS

• VOCABULARY:

• OurHealth

• Theywillbeworkingatthistimetomorrow/thedayaftertomorrow,etc.

• Can/Will/Could/Wouldyouopenthedoorplease?Wouldyou

mindopeningthedoor,please?

• CanI/MayI/DoyoumindifIopenthewindow?

• ShallI/Doyouwantmeto/Wouldyoulikemetoopenthewindow?

• Shallwe/Wouldyouliketo/Whydon´twe/Let´sgotoadisco

tonight;Howaboutgoingtoadiscotonight?

• TheboyalsospeaksItalian;HespeaksItalian,too/aswell;Theboy

speaksItalianandsodoesthegirl.

• Peterdoesn´tlikegolfandIdon´tlikeiteither;Peterdoesn´tlikegolfand

neitherdoI.

• TheboyspeaksItalian,butthegirldoesn´t..

• Bobsentsomeflowerstohisgirlfriend;Bobsenthisgirlfriendsome

flowers;Bobsenthersomeflowers.


PARTTWO:INTERMEDIATELEVEL

UNIT12 • PRESENTPERFECTTENSE

• PLURALIZATIONOFNOUNS

• USEOFINFINITIVESAND

GERUNDSI

VERB+GERUND

• VOCABULARY:

-PrepositionsandConnectors

• Ihaveseenthatmovie

• Maryhasn´tfinishedtypingityet

• Havetheyarrivedalready?

• Just,before,lately,once,twice,threetimes,never,already,notyet,yet/

already?,since,for,ever

• Book/books;brush/brushes;knife/knives;baby/babies;day/days;etc.

• Irregularpluralforms

• Enjoyplaying,keeptalking,etc.

• Goskiing,goshopping,etc.

UNIT13• PRESENTPERFECT

CONTINUOUSTENSE

• USEOFINFINITIVESAND

GERUNDSII

A. Verb+to-infinitive

B.Verb+somebody+bare

infinitive

C.Verb+gerund/bare

infinitive

D.Verb+somebody+bare

infinitive/to-infinitive

E.Verb+ing/to-infinitive

• TAGENDINGS

• VOCABULARY:

-SportsandRecreation

• Ihavebeenworkingallday

• Theyagreedtomeetoutsidethetheater.

• Hewillletthemplay

• Hewantsustogo,too

• Isawhercrossing/crosstheroad.

• I´llhelpyoudo/todothat

• Iliketoplaying/toplaygolf

• Thefloorneedscleaning/tobecleaned

• Heworkswell,doesn´the?

• Hedidn´tcometothemeeting,didhe?

UNIT14• PASTPERFECTTENSE

• ADVERBS:FORMATIONAND

COMPARISON

• REFLEXIVEPRONOUNS

• PASTTENSEOF“GOINGTO”

• VOCABULARY:

-Nature

• Hehadseenthefilmbefore

• Thetrainhadalreadyleftwhenhearrived

• Quickly,carefully,certainly,etc.

• Fast,hard,early,late,soon

• Morequickly,morecarefully,etc.

• Sooner,harder,earlier,etc.

• Hecuthimself;Hehimselfdidit;Helivesallbyhimself

• Weweregoingtoplayfootballbutitbegantorain

UNIT15• PASTPERFECTCONTINUOUS

TENSE

• PASTTENSEOFSHOULD/

OUGHTTO

• WOULDRATHER/HADBETTER

• MODALVERBSII:

• COULDDOSOMETHING

-COULDHAVEDONE

SOMETHING

-MUST/CAN/MUSTHAVE,/

CAN´THAVEDONE

SOMETHING

-MAY,MIGHT,MAYHAVE/MIGHT

HAVEDONESOMETHING

• VOCABULARY:

-TheWeather

• Hehadbeenworkingallday

• Heshouldhavestudiedharder./Heoughttohavedoneit

• You´dbettertakeataxiifyouwanttobetherebeforeyourtrainleaves

• Wecouldgotothemovie

• Wecouldhavegonetothemovie

• Hemustbeverytired

• Hecan´tbehungryalready

• Hemusthavegonehome

• Hecan´thavedonethatalone

• Itmay/mightbetrue

• Youmusthave/mighthaveleftitintheshop


UNIT16 • FUTUREPERFECTTENSE

• SEQUENCEOFVERBTENSES

• THEPRESENTTENSEAFTER

WHEN,ASSOONAS,UNTIL,

ETC.

• USEOFELSE,ORELSE/

OTHERWISE

• VOCABULARY:

-TheWorkshop

• Theywillhavefinishedtheworkbythen

• Hesayshe´stired/Hesaidhewastired.

• WhenIseehertomorrow.......

• Doyouneedanythingelse?

• I´lltakeataxi,orelseI´llmissmyflight.

UNIT17 • THEPASSIVEVOICE

• BESUPPOSEDTO

• VOCABULARY:

-TheArmedForcesI

• Thebookwaspublishedin1998

• Thetrainissupposedtoarriveat9:45

UNIT18 • CONDITIONALSENTENCES

• SUBJUNCTIVEAFTERWISH

• VERB+PRESENTOF

SUBJUNCTIVE

• VOCABULARY:

-TheArmedForcesII

• Ifyoustudyhardyou´llpassthecourse

• Ifyoustudiedharderyou´dgetbettermarks

• Ifyouhadstudiedharderyouwouldhavepassedthecourse

• IwishIcouldswim

• IwishIhadseenher

• Iwishitwouldstopsnowing

• Isuggestthatshewaitafewminutes.

UNIT19 • REPORTEDSPEECH

A.STATEMENTS

B.QUESTIONS

C.COMMANDS,ORDERS

• VOCABULARY:

-RegularandIrregularVerbs

• Hesaidhewantedtogo

• Hetoldmethathewantedtogo

• Heaskedmewheretheywere

• Hetoldmetositdown

UNIT20 • USEFULENGLISHPHRASES

ANDEXPRESSIONSIN

ENGLISHFORTRAVELLERS

• Atasocialgathering

• Atahotel

• Atarestaurant

• Howtogettoplaces

• Atthestation/airport

• Shopping

UNIT21 • ASSESSMENTTEST • Student’sQuestionBooklet

• AnswerSheet

• AnswerKey

• Teacher’sTextScript

BASICENGLISHGRAMMAR

STRUCTURESANDVOCABULARY

PARTONE

ELEMENTARYLEVEL


UNIT1

PARTI.TOBE(SEROESTAR)

A. ELTIEMPOPRESENTE:AM/æm/,IS/iz/,ARE/a:r/

1. ElverboTOBEtienetresformaseneltiempopresente:AM-IS-ARE

Iam/aiæm/ (Yosoy/estoy)Youare/iúá:r/ (Túeres/estás)Heis/hi:íz/ (Eles/está)Sheis/shi:íz/ (Ellaes/está)Itis/itíz/ (Es/está)

Weare/wi:á:r/ (Nosotros/assomosoestamos)Youare/iúá:r/ (Uds.son/están)

Theyare/δéiá:r/ (Ellos/asson/están)

Enconversación,normalmenteseusanlascontraccionesI’m.You´re,He´s,She´s,It´s,We´re,They´re.

Escuche,repitayaprenda:

What?/wót/¿Qué?¿Cuál?;Who?/hu:/¿Quién?;Where?/wéar/¿Dónde?;How?/háu/¿Cómo?;This/δis/este/a,That/δæt/ese/a;These/δí:z/estos/as;Those/δóuz/esos/asA/a/(antesdecons.)un/a;,An/an/(antesdevocal)un/a;The/δe(antesdecons.),δi/(antesdevocal)el,la,los,las;At/æt/en;In/in/en;On/on/encimade;Now/náu/ahora;Today/tudéi/Hoydía;Thanks/δæηks/gracias;Thankyou/δæηkiu:/gracias;Fine/fáin/bien;Verywell/vériuél/muybien;Muchbetter/matchbéter/muchomejor

Whatisthis?/wótizδis/¿Quéesesto? Itisapen./itsapén/Esunlápiz

What´sthat?/wotsδæt/¿Quéeseso? It´sanambulance./itsanæmbiulans/Esunaambulancia

Whatarethese?/wóta:rδí:z/,¿Quésonéstos? Theyarebooks./δeia:rbúks/Sonlibros

Whatarethose?/wóta:rδóuz/,¿Quésonesos? They´recars./δeirká:rz/Sonautos

Isthisapen?/izδisapén/ Yes,itis.It´sapen/iés,itiz.itsapén/

Isthatahouse?/isδætaháus/ Yes,Itis.It´sahouse./iésitizitseháus/

Arethesebooks?/a:rδí:zbúks/ Yes,theyare.They´rebooks./iés,δeiá:r.δeirbúks/

Arethosecars?/á:rδóuzká:rz/ Yes,theyare.They´recars./iés,δeiá:r.δeirká:rz/

Whoisthatman?/húizδætmæn/ He´sMr.Jones,thenewinstructor./hi:zδeniú:instráktor/

Who´sthatwoman?/hú:zδætwúman/. She´sMissBlack,thesecretary./shi:zδesékretri/

Whoarethosemen?/hú:a:rδóuzmén/ They´reBob,JimandTom,thestudents./δeirδestiú:dents/

WhereisBob?/wéarizbób/ He´sathome./hi:zathóum/

Where´sthecar?/wéarzδeká:r/ It´sinthegarage./itsinδegáridll/

Where´sthebook?/wéarzδebúk/ It´sonthedesk./itsonδedésk/

Wherearethecars?/wéara:rδeká:rz/ They´reinthecarpark./δéirinδeká:rpá:rk/

Wherearethestudents?/wéara:rδestiú:dents/ They´reinthelab./δéirinδelæb/

Howareyou?/háuá:riu:/ I´mfine,thanks./áimfáin,θæηks/

How´sJohn?/háuzdllón/ He´smuchbetter,thanks./hí:zmátchbéter,θæηks/

Howarethechildren?/háua:rδetchíldrn/ They´reverywell,thankyou./δeirvériwélθæηkiu/

2.Laformanegativaseexpresausandolapalabranot.NormalmenteformandolascontraccionesISN´T/íznt/

oAREN´T/á:rent/

Iamnot/aiæmnót/ ---------------------------- I´mnot/aimnót/

Youarenot/iúá:rnót/ Youaren´t/iuá:rent/ You´renot/iúrnót/

Heisnot/hi:iznót/ Heisn´t/hí:íznt/ He´snot/hí:znót/

Sheisnot/shí:iznót/ Sheisn´t/shí:íznt/ She´snot/shí:znót/

Itisnot/itiznót/ Itisn´t/itíznt/ It´snot/itsnót/

Wearenot/wí:a:rnót/ Wearen´t/wí:á:rent/ We´renot/wí:rnót/

Theyarenot/δeia:rnót/ Theyaren´t/δeiá:rent/ They´renot/δeirnót/


Escuche,repitayaprenda: isnot/iznót/,isn´t/íznt/;arenot/a:rnót/,aren´t/á:rent/;

here/híar/aquí;there/δéar/allí;overthere/óuverδéar/allá

Iamnotapilot./páilot/ ---------------------------- I´mnotapilot

Theyarenotstudents/stiú:dnts/. Theyaren´tstudents. They´renotstudents.

Heisnothere/híar/. Heisn´there. He´snothere.

Theyarenotthere/(éar/ Theyaren´tthere. They´renotthere.

Itisnotatrain./tréin/ Itisn´tatrain. It´snotatrain.

Bobisnotverywell/vériwél/ Heisn´tverywell. He´snotverywell.

Thestudentsarenotinthelab/læb/. Theyaren´tinthelab. They´renotinthelab.

Escuche,repitayaprendaestaspreguntasyrespuestas:

Isthisapen?/pén/ No,itisn´t.(It´snotapen.)It´sapencil./pénsl/

Isthatatank?/tæηk/ No,itisn´t.(It´snotatank.)It´satruck./trák/

Arethesebooks?/búks/ No,theyaren´t.(They´renotbooks.)They´remagazines./mægazinz/

Arethosechairs?/tchéarz/ No,theyaren´t.(They´renotchairs).They´retables/téiblz/.

3.Laformainterrogativaseexpresamediantesimpleinversióndeordenconelsujetodelaoración.

AmI?/amai/ Aren´tI?*/á:rentai/ Arewe?/á:rwí:/ Aren´twe?/á:rentwi:/

Areyou?/á:riú:/ Aren´tyou?/á:rentiu:/ Areyou?/á:riú:/ Aren´tyou?/á:rentiú:/

Ishe?/ízhí:/ Isn´the?/íznthi:/

Isshe?/ízshí:/ Isn´tshe?/ízntshi:/ Arethey?/á:rδei/ Aren´tthey?/á.rentδei/

Isit?/ízit/ Isn´tit?/ízntit/

* DebidoaquenoexisteunacontracciónparaAMNOT,habitualmenteseusaAREN¨Tenestecaso.En

conversacióncoloquialseusalacontracciónAIN¨T/éint/Ejemplo:Aren´tIyourfriend?Ain´tIyourfriend?

Escuche,repitayaprenda:

AmIright?/ámáiráit/¿Estoycorrecto? Aren´tIright?/á:rentairáit/Noestoyenlocierto?

Areyouallright?/á.riu:ó:lráit/¿Estásbien? Aren´tyoutired?/á:rentiutáiard/¿Noestáscansado?

Isheacaptain?/ízhi:akáptin/Eséluncapitán? Isn´tsheanurse?/ízntshi.ane:rs/¿Noesellaunaenfermera?

Aretheybusy?/á:rδeibízi/¿Estánellosocupados? Aren´ttheyhappy?/á:rentδeihæpi/¿Noestánellosfelices?

Ismyanswercorrect?/ízmaiá:nserkorékt/ Isn´tthisquestioncorrect?/ízntδiskwéstchionkorékt/

EXERCISES

Ex.1.UsethecorrectformoftheverbTOBE(am/is/are)

1.Theteacher______intheclassroomnow. 6.DoctorSmith_____busyrightnow.

2.JohnandMary_____goodfriends. 7.Thetrain_____tenminuteslate.

3.Themen______tired. 8.______anundergraduatestudent.

4.Thosevehicles______slow-moving.(vehículoslentos) 9.Theinstructor´sname_____JohnDoe.

5.Thoseweapons______powerful.(armas-poderosas) 10.Theinstructors_____inthestaff-room.(saladeprofs.)

Ex.2.Answerthesequestions,asintheexample

IsTomapilot? Yes,heis.He´sapilot.

1.Areyouintheoffice? Yes,_____________ _______________________________________

2.IsthatmanMr.Clark? Yes,_____________ _______________________________________

3.Arewereadytogo? ________________ _______________________________________

4.AmIagoodinstructor? ________________ _______________________________________

5.Arethestudentsinclass? ________________ _______________________________________

6.IsMissJonesasecretary? ________________ _______________________________________

7.Isthisamodernplane? ________________ _______________________________________


8.Arethemanualsupdated?(actualizados) ________________ _______________________________________

9.Isthebankopen? ________________ _______________________________________

10.Areyouhungry?(hambriento) ________________ _______________________________________

Ex.3.Answerthequestionsasintheexample:

Aretheyinstructors?(students) No,theyarenot.(Theyaren´tinstructors)

They´restudents

1.Aretheboysangry?enojados(hungry)hambrientos No,_________________ (_________________________ )

___________________________________

2.Areyouthirsty?sedientos(hungry) ____________________ (_________________________ )

___________________________________

3.IsBobathome?encasa(atwork)eneltrabajo ____________________ (_________________________ )

___________________________________

4.Arethechildrenhappy?felices(sad)tristes ____________________ (_________________________ )

___________________________________

5.Isyourbrotheradoctor?(anengineer) ____________________ (_________________________ )

___________________________________

6.AreyourfriendsAmerican?(British) ____________________ (_________________________ )

___________________________________

7.Areyouanavyofficer?(anarmyofficer) ____________________ (_________________________ )

___________________________________

8.Isthetableclean?limpia(dirty)sucia ____________________ (_________________________ )

___________________________________

9.Arethemenold?viejos(young)jóvenes ____________________ (_________________________ )

___________________________________

10.IsCpt.Bowmanonduty?deservicio(offduty)defranco____________________ (_________________________ )

___________________________________

Ex.4Askquestions,asintheexamplebelow:

TheBrowns-athome AretheBrownsathome?

1.Themanager/inhisoffice ___________________________________________________

2.PeterandJohn/inclass ___________________________________________________

3.Thecourse/interesting ___________________________________________________

4.Yourfriends/fromCanada ___________________________________________________

5.Thecomputer/connectedtoInternet ___________________________________________________

6.Thepackage/lightorheavy(livianoopesado) ___________________________________________________

7.Thepictures/clear(nítidas,claras) ___________________________________________________

8.Thechildren/intheplayground.(patio) ___________________________________________________

9.TheCD´s/inthedrawer(gaveta) ___________________________________________________

10.Themaps/inthelibrary(biblioteca) ___________________________________________________

Ex.5.Askquestionsusingthewh-wordsWhat?,Who?,Where?,How?,asintheexample:

It´saplane. What´sthis?oWhat´sthat?

1.It´saknife ___________________________________________________

2.They´rebooks ___________________________________________________

3.Thecigarettesareinthebag ___________________________________________________

4.I´mfine,thanks ___________________________________________________

5.Thecat´sunderthesofa ___________________________________________________

6.It´sachair ___________________________________________________

7.Thatboy´smybrother ___________________________________________________

8.Thebooksareonthetable ___________________________________________________

9.Thechildrenaretired ___________________________________________________

10.Thatwoman´smywife ___________________________________________________


Ex.6.Completeandpractisethesedialogueswithapartner.

1. Robert : Howdoyoudo?Myname______RobertBrown.

Jack : Howdoyoudo?Myname______JackRichardson.Where______youfrom,Mr.Brown?

Robert : I______American.I______fromAppleton,Wisconsin.

Jack : Oh.That______veryinteresting.

2. Frank : Hello.Myname______Frank.What______yourname?

John : Myname______John.How______you?

Frank : I______fine,thanks.______youastudenthere?

John : No,I______not.I______aninstructor.

Frank : Oh.Pleasedtomeetyou,Sir.

3. Peter : Hello,Mike

Michael : Hello,Peter.Who______thatgirl?

Peter : She______Mary.She______anewstudent.

Michael : Where______shefrom?

Peter : She______fromAustralia.

Michael : ______shesingle?

Peter : No,she____________.She______married.

Michael : Oh.That´sbadnews.

4. Jack : Where______you,Jim?

Jim : I______here,inthelibrary.

Jack : ______youalone?

Jim : No,I____________.I______withmyfriendJanet.Comeandmeether.

(pausa)

Jim : This______Janet.She______myclassmate.She______fromLondon.

Jack : Hello,I______gladtomeetyou,Jane.How______you?

Janet : I______fine,Jack.I´mgladtomeetyou,too.

B. ELTIEMPOPASADO:WAS/woz/-WERE/wer/

1. ElverboTOBEtienelassiguientesformaseneltiempopasado:WAS/woz/-WERE/wer/

Iwas/aiwóz/(yoera/estaba/fui/estuve)

Youwere/iú:wé:r/(Túeras/estabas/fuiste/estuviste)

Hewas/hí:wóz/(Elera/estaba/fue/estuvo)

Shewas/shi:wóz/(Ellaera/estaba/fue/estuvo)

Itwas/itwóz/(era/estaba/fue/estuvo)

Wewere/wi:wé:r/(Nos.éramos/estábamos/fuimos/estuvimos)

Youwere/iú:wé:r/(Uds.eran/estaban/fueron/estuvieron)

Theywere/δeiwé:r/(Ellos/asan/estaban/fueron/estuvieron)

Escuche,leayaprenda:

When?/wén/,¿Cuándo?Why?/wái/,¿Porqué?;Howold?/háuóuld/¿Quéedad?

Lastweek/lá:stwí:k/;lasemanapasadaTwodaysago/tú:déizagóu/HacedosdíasYesterday/jésterdei/ayer;

Thedaybeforeyesterday/δedéibifórjésterdei/anteayerLastnight/la:stnáit/anoche

Iwasverybusyyesterday./aiwozvéribíziiésterdei/ (Yoestuvemuyocupadoayer)

Johnwasathomealldaytoday./dllónwozathóumó:ldéitudéi/ (Johnestuvoencasatodoeldíahoy)

WewereinParislastyear/wiwé:rinpárisla:stíar/ (NosotrosestuvimosenParisdelañopasado)

Marywasthebeststudentinmyclass./mériwozδebéststiú:dentinmaiklás/ (Maryeralamejoralumnademicurso)

Theywereverygoodfriends./δeiwé:rvérigudfréndz/ (Elloseran/fueronmuybuenosamigos)

Mr.Jacksonwasherethreeweeksago./místerdjæksonwozhíarθrí:wí:ksagóu/ (MrJacksonestuvoaquíhace3semanas).


2. LaformanegativaseexpresausandoNOTdespuésdeWASoWERE.Normalmenteseusanlascontracciones

WASN´T/wóznt/oWEREN´T/wé:rent/.


Iwasnotverybusylastweek./aiwoznótvéribízilá:stwí:k/ (Yonoestuvemuyocupadolasemanapasada)

Johnwasn´tathomethismorning./dllónwózntathóumδismórnin/ (Johnnoestuvoencasaestamañana)

Weweren´tinNewYorklastyear./wiwé:rentinniú:iórklá:stíar/ (NosotrosnoestuvimosenN.Y.elañopasado)

Marywasn´tagoodstudentathighschool./mériwózntagúdstiú:dentatháiskú:l/ (Marynoeraunabuenaalumnaenelliceo)

Theyweren´tveryhardworking./δeiwé:rntvérihá:rdwérkiη/ (Ellosnoeranmuytrabajadores)

3. LaformainterrogativaseexpresainvirtiendoelordendeWAS/WEREconelsujeto


Wereyouinclassthismorning?/we:riú:inklásδismórnin/ (¿Estuvisteenclaseestamañana?)

WasJohnsickyesterday?/wozdllónsíkiésterdi/ (¿EstuvoJohnenfermoayer?)

WasMaryagoodstudentatschool?/wozmériagúdstiú:dentatskú:l/ (¿EraMaryunabuenaalumnaenelcolegio?)

Wherewereyouatthistimeyesterday?/wéarwé:riúatδistáimiésterdi/ (¿Dóndeestabasaestahoraayer?)

WhywasJimabsentfromwork?/wáiwozdllímæbsentfromwé:rk/ (¿PorquéestuvoJimausentedeltrabajo?)

EXERCISES:

Ex.1.CompletethesesentenceswiththeproperformoftheverbTOBE,presentorpast:

1. John______inNewYorkthedaybeforeyesterdaybuthe______inChicagotoday.

2. They______freetoday,butthey______atworkyesterday.

3. Today______Monday.Yesterday______Sunday.

4. Where______theJohnsonslastweekend?Where______theytoday?

5. Theelevator______outoforderlastnight,butit______workingwellnow.

6. John______n´tintheofficeattenthismorningbecausehe______atameeting.

7. Bob______verysickyesterday,buthe______muchbettertoday.

Ex.2.Changethefollowingsentencesintoa)Negativeb)interrogative

1. Thesecretarywasbusyatmidday. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

2. Theyweregoodfriendsatschool. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

3. Theweatherwasfinethatday. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

4. Themenweretiredafterthelongwalk. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

5. Marywaslateforthetrainthismorning. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

6. Henrywasatthemovieat7P.M. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

Ex.3.Askquestionsusingwh-wordslikeWhat?Where?When?,Why?,How?,Howold,Who?

1. Tomwasathomeatmidnightlastnight. ___________________________________________________

2. Johnwasinthecaratthatmoment. ___________________________________________________

3. Lizwasinbedbecauseshewassick. ___________________________________________________

4. TheSmithswereinChilein1985. ___________________________________________________

5. Georgewasalittlebetterthismorning. ___________________________________________________

6. MrClarkwasabout85yearsoldwhenhedied. ___________________________________________________


C. ELTIEMPOFUTURO:WILLBE/willbi:/

1. EltiempofuturodelverboTOBEseexpresamedianteelusodelVerboModalWILLseguidodelinfinitivoBE.Normalmenteseusalacontracción‘llenlaconversacióndiariainformal.

Iwillbe/aiwilbí:/(Yoseré/estaré)

Youwillbe/iú:wilbí:/(Túserás/estarás)

Hewillbe/hi:wilbí:/(Elserá/estará)

Shewillbe/shí:wilbí:/(Ellasserá/estará)

Itwillbe/itwilbí:/(Será/estará)

Wewillbe/wí:wilbí:/(Nos.seremos/estaremos)

Youwillbe/iú:wilbí:/(Uds.serán/estarán)

Theywillbe/δeiwilbí:/(Ellos/asseránestarán)

Tambiénsepuedenusarlassiguientescontracciones:

I´llbe/áilbí:/ You´llbe/iu:lbí:/ He´llbe/hí:lbí:/ They´llbe/δeilbí:/


Howlong?/háulóη/¿Cuántotiempo?Until/antíl/hasta;For/for/porWhattime?/wóttáim/¿Quéhora?Tomorrow/tumórou/mañana;

Nextweek/´nekstwi:k/lapróximasemana;Thedayaftertomorrow/δedéiá:ftertumórou/pasadomañana

Iwillbeverybusythisafternoon./áiwilbí:véribíziδisa:fternú:n/.Estarémuyocupadoestatarde

Johnwillbeinclassuntil1o´clock./dllónwilbí:inklá:santilwánoklók/Johnestaráenclaseshastala1

It´llbehottomorrow./ítlbí:hottumórou/Estarácalurosomañana

I´llbeonleavefortwoweeks./ailbí:onlí:vfortú:wí:ks/Yoestaréconpermisopordossemanas

2. LaformanegativaseexpresausandolapalabraNOTdespuésdelverbomodalWILLNormalmenteseusa

lacontracciónWON´T/wóunt/.


Iwillnotbeverybusytomorrrow./aiwilnótbí:bízitumórou/Noestarémuyocupadomañana

Marywillnotbeathometoday./mériwilnótbí:athóumtudéi/Marynoestaráencasahoydía.

Theywon´tbehereallday./δeiwóuntbí:híaró:ldei/Ellosnoestaránaquítodoeldía

Itwon´tbecoldtonight./itwóuntbí:kóuldtunáit/Noestaráfrioestanoche

3. LaformainterrogativaseexpresausandoelverbomodalWILLolacontracciónWON´Tdelantedelsujeto.


Willyoubefreetomorrowevening?/wiliú:bí:frí:tumórouí:vnin/¿Estaráslibremañanaenlanoche?

Willthetestbedifficult?/wilδetéstbí:dífikalt/¿Serádificillaprueba?

WilltheybehereonMonday?/wilδeibí:híaronmándei/¿estaránellosaquíellunes?

Won´tyoubeatthemeeting?/wóuntiú.bi:atδemí:tin/¿Noestarástúenlareunión?

Whenwilltheybehereagain?/wénwilδeibí:híaragéin/¿Cuándoestaránellosaquínuevamente?

HowlongwilltheybeinWashington?/háuloηwilδeibí:inwóshiδton/¿CúantotiempoestaránellosenWashington?

Whattimewillyoubeback?/wóttáimwiliu:bí:bæk/¿AquéhoraestaráUd.deregreso?

EXERCISES:

Ex.1.Completethesentencesasintheexample:

Johnisnotathometoday,buthe (willbeathome) tomorrow.

1. TomandJackaren´tinthesameclassthissemester,butthey_______________________________ nextsemester.

2. Johnisn´tabsenttoday,buthe _________________________________________________ thedayaftertomorrow.

3. Itisnotverycoldnow,butit______________________________________________________________ thisevening.

4. Wearenotbusyrightnow,butwe _________________________________________________________ afterlunch.

5. Iamnotinmyofficeatthemoment,butI ________________________________________________ intenminutes.

6. Mr.Johnsonwasnotatthemeetinglastweek,buthe_______________________________________ nextMonday.

7. Theweatherwasnotverynicelastmonth,butit_____________________________________________ nextmonth.


Ex.2.Changethefollowingsentencesintothenegativeandtheinterrogativeforms.

1. Johnwillbeinclasstoday. ___________________________________________

___________________________________________

2. It´llbehottomorrow. ___________________________________________

___________________________________________

3. Myfriendswillbeherebefore12. ___________________________________________

___________________________________________

4. Theprogramwillbeinteresting. ___________________________________________

___________________________________________

5. Mary´llbeintheofficeallmorning. ___________________________________________

___________________________________________

6. I´llbeinthefirstteam. ___________________________________________

___________________________________________

7. Theywillbeinthenexttownbeforemidday. ___________________________________________

___________________________________________

Ex.3.AskquestionsusingWhere?,When?,Why?How?,Howlong?,Whattime?,etc.

1. Alltheshopswillbeclosedtomorrowbecauseit´sSunday. ___________________________________________

2. IwillbefreenextTuesdaymorning. ___________________________________________

3. Thestudentswillbeinthelabthisafternoon. ___________________________________________

4. Theywillbehereatten-thirty. ___________________________________________

5. Theweatherwillbeverynicethismonth. ___________________________________________

6. MarywillbeinNewYorknextweekend. ___________________________________________

7. ShewillbebackinChileonWednesday. ___________________________________________

8. Theywillbeathomealldaybecausetheweatherisnotgood. ___________________________________________

9. Mr.Johnsonwillbeabsentfromworkforthreedays? ___________________________________________

Ex.4.Answerthefollowingquestions,inEnglish.

1. Wherewereyouatthistimeyesterday? ___________________________________________

2.Whenwillyoubeonvacationagain? ___________________________________________

3.Howareyoutoday? ___________________________________________

4.WhowasabsentfromclasslastMonday? ___________________________________________

5.Whyisyourfriendinbedatthistime? ___________________________________________

6.Wherewereyoulastweekend? ___________________________________________

7.WhowaswithyouatthepartylastSaturday? ___________________________________________

8.Whenisthenextgeneralmeeting? ___________________________________________

9.Wherewillyoubeatthistimetomorrow? ___________________________________________

10.WhywereyouabsentfromclasslastFriday? ___________________________________________

Ex.5.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish:

1.Ellosestaránmuyocupadosmañanaenlamañana. ___________________________________________

2.Esosniñosnosonmuybuenosalumnos. ___________________________________________

3.¿Dóndeestántusamigosahora? ___________________________________________

4.¿Quiénestuvoaquíestamañana? ___________________________________________

5.Nosotrosnoestuvimosaquílasemanapasada. ___________________________________________

6.Ellaseráunaexcelentesecretaria. ___________________________________________

7.Ellosfueronbuenosamigosenelcolegio ___________________________________________

8.Losinformesnoestabanlistostodavía. ___________________________________________

9.MrJacksonestuvoenlaoficinatodoeldía. ___________________________________________

10.Cuándoestánelloslibrestodoeldía? ___________________________________________

11.¿Quiéneraesehombre? ___________________________________________

12.Estenoesunlibromuyinteresante. ___________________________________________

13.Alguienestuvoaquíayerenlatarde. ___________________________________________

14.¿CuándoestaráUd.enesaciudadnuevamente? ___________________________________________


PARTII. THEENGLISHALPHABET

Vowels: A E I O U

/éi/ /i:/ /ái/ /óu/ /iú/

Consonants: B C D G P T V

/bi:/ /si:/ /di:/ /dlli:/ /pi:/ /ti:/ /vi:/

F L M N S X Z

/ef/ /el/ /em/ /en/ /es/ /eks/ /zed/*

J H K Y Q W R

/dlléi/ /eitch/ /kei/ /uái/ /kiú/ /dábliu/ /a:r/

*EnInglésAmericanolaletraZsepronuncia/zi:/

PRACTICEEXERCISES:

Ex.1.¿Puedeleerestasseriesdeletras?

1. E-I-O-A-E-I-E-O-U-I-U-A-E

2. P-G-B-V-T-C-Z-L-F-N-S-X-D-B-C-L-M-X-V-B

3. J-Y-Q-W-H-K-Y-R-C-L-H-G-N-Y-Q-T-X-W-R-Z-J-K-F

4. E-C-L-M-X-V-B-A-I-B-D-X-S-N-F-O-G-U-Q-Y-W-A

5. U-I-E-J-O-G-K-A-T-E-P-I-W-O-Q-A-X-O-I-A

Ex.2.Escuche,leayaprenda:

1. Howdoyouspellyourfirstname?/háudiu:spélio:rfe:rstnéim/

2. MylastnameisVasquez,that´sV-A-S-Q-U-E-Z./máila:stnéimisváskes,δætsvi:éiéskiúi:zéd/

3. TomworksforIBMinLA./tómwé:rksforáibí:éminéléi/

Ex.3.Practiqueestosdiálogosconalgúnamigo:

1. A: Mybrother´snameisIgnacio. 2. A: WhendidyoubuyyourVCR?

/máibráδerznéimizignásio/ /wéndidiú:báiio:rví:sí:á.r/

B: Canyouspellthat,please B: Lastmonth.IboughtitatthePX

/kániu:spélδætplí:z/ /lá:stmánθáibó:titatδepí:éks/

A: I-G-N-A-C-I-O A: Wasitveryexpensive?

/aidllí:énéisí:áióu/ /wózitekspénsiv/

B: Thankyou B: No,itonlycostmeeighty-fivedollars

/θæηkiu:/ /nóuitóunlikóstmi:éitifáivdólarz/

Ex.4.¿Puededeletrearestaspalabras?

Yorkshire Washington geography Kalamazoo Japan whisky

Mexico Quebec Chicago Venezuela Shanghai Tokyo


Ex.5.Estudieestassiglas(acronyms)deusofrecuente:

USA BBC PLO ATM DC CEO

B.C. UCLA USSR OAS COD UK

A.D. VAT VCR IBM GPS UNO

FBI UFO NBT CIA GMT DEA

OK NCO CO IRA MIA MP

ITT PTO ADC MIT Ph.D FOB

a.m. p.m. EST APC OBE CIF

¿Puedeagregaralgunasotrassiglasdeusofrecuente?

________________ ________________ ________________ ________________

________________ ________________ ________________ ________________

________________ ________________ ________________ ________________

________________ ________________ ________________ ________________

THEPHONETICALPHABET

Thisalphabetisusedinradio/telephonecommunicationtospelldifficultwords:

asin /azin/ comoen for /fo:r/ para

A asin Alfa/álfa/ N for November/nouvémber/

B asin Bravo/brávou/ O for Oscar/óskar/

C asin Charlie/tchá:rli/ P for Papa/pápa/

D asin Delta/délta/ Q for Quebec/kuibék/

E asin Echo/ékou/ R for Romeo/rómiou/

F asin Foxtrot/fókstrot/ S for Sierra/siéra/

G asin Golf/gólf/ T for Tango/táηgou/

H asin Hotel/houtél/ U for Uniform/íunifo:rm/

I asin India/índia/ V for Victor/víktor/

J asin Juliett/dlluliét/ W for Whisky/wíski/

K asin Kilo/kílou/ X for X-ray/éksréi/

L asin Lima/líma/ Y for Yankee/iáηki/

M asin Mike/máik/ Z for Zulu/zúlu/

Examples:

1. MynameisJUAN.Ispell:JforJuliett;Uforuniform;AforalfaandNforNovember:JUAN

2. Thecommander´slastnameisCLARK.Ispell:CasinCharlie;LasinLima,AasinAlfa;RasinRomeoandKas

inKilo:CLARK


KEYTOANSWERS

UNIT1

Part1

A.

Ex.1.1.is2.are3.are4.are5.are6.is7.is8.am9.is10.are

Ex.2.1.Yes,Iam.I´mintheoffice.2.Yes,heis.He´sMr.Clark.3.Yes,weare-We´rereadytogo.4.Yes,youare.You´rea

goodinstructor.5.Yes,theyare.They´reinclass.6.Yes,sheis.She´sasecretary.7.Yes,itis.It´samodernplane.

8.Yes,theyare.They´reupdated.9.Yes,itis.It´sopen.10.Yes,Iam.I´mhungry.

Ex.3.1.No,they´renot.Theyaren´tangry.They´rehungry.2.No,I´mnot.I´mnotthirsty.I´mhungry.3.No,he´snot.Heisn´t

athome.He´satwork.4.No,they´renot.Theyaren´thappy,They´resad.5.No,he´snot.Heisn´tadoctor.He´san

engineer.6.No,they´renot.Theyaren´tAmerican.They´reBritish.7.No,I´mnot.I´mnotannavyofficer.I´maarmy

officer.8.No,it´snot.Itisn´tclean.It´sdirty.9.No,they´renot.Theyaren´told.They´reyoung.

Ex.4.1.Isthemanagerinhisoffice?2.ArePeterandJohninclass?3.Isthecourseinteresting?4.Areyourfriendsfrom

Canada?5.Isthecomputerconnectedtointernet?6.Isthepackagelightorheavy?7.Arethepicturesclear?8.

Arethechildrenintheplayground?9.AretheCD´sinthedrawer?10.Arethemapsinthelibrary?

Ex.5.1.What´sthis/that?2.Whatarethese/those?3.Wherearethecigarettes?.?4.Howareyou?5.Where´sthecat?

6.What´sthis/that?7.Who´sthatboy?8.Wherearethebooks?9.Howarethechildren?10.Who´sthatwoman?

Ex.6.1.R:isJ:is-areR:am-amJ:is

2.F:is-isJ:is-areF:am-AreJ:am-am

3.M:isP:is-isM:isP:isM:isP:isn´t-is

4.Ja:areJi:amJa:areJi:amnot-am(pause)is-is-isJa:am-areJa:am

B.

Ex.1.1.Was-is2.Are-were3.Is-was4.Were-are5.Was-is6.Was-was7.Was-is

Ex.2.1.Thesecretarywasn´t...../Wasthesecretary....?2.Theyweren´t...../Werethey....?3.Theweatherwasn´t......

/Wastheweather....?4.Themenweren´t...../Werethemen.....?5.Marywasn´t...../WasMary....?6.Henry

wasn´t....../WasHernry....?

Ex.3.1.WherewasTomat....?2.Whowasinthecar.....?3.WhywasLizinbed?4.WhenweretheSmiths....?5.How

wasGeorge....?6.HowoldwasMrClarkwhen....?

C.

Ex.1.1.willbeinthesameclass2.willbeabsent3.willbeverycold4.willbeverybusy5.willbeinmyoffice6.willbe

atthemeeting7.willbeverynice.

Ex.2.1.Johnwon´tbe...../WillJohnbe....?2.Itwon´tbe...../Willitbe....?3.Myfriendswon´tbe.../Willmyfriendsbe....?

4.Theprogramwon´tbe.../Willtheprogrambe...?5.Marywon´tbe.../WillMarybe...?6.Iwon´tbe.../WillIbe....?

Ex.3.1.Whywillalltheshopsbeclosedtomorrow?2.Whenwillyoubefree?3.Wherewillthestudentsbethisafternoon?

4.Atwhattimewilltheybehere?5.Howwilltheweatherbethismonth?6.WhenwillMarybeinNewYork?7.When

willshebebackinChile?8.Whywilltheybeathomeallday?9.HowlongwillMrJohnsonbeabsentfromwork?

Ex.4.(openanswers)

Ex.5.1.They´llbeverybusytomorrowmorning.2.Thosechildrenarenotverygoodstudents.3.Whereareyourfriends

now?4.Whowasherethismorning?5.Weweren´there lastweek.6.She´llbeanexcellentsecretary7.They

weregoodfriendsatschool.8.Thereportsweren´treadyyet.9.MrJacksonwasintheofficeallday.10.Whenare

theyfreeallday?11.Whowasthatman?12.Thisisn´taveryinterestingbook.13.Somebodywashereyesterday

afternoon/evening.14.Whenwillyoubeinthatcityagain?


UNIT2PARTI.THERETOBE(HABER,EXISTIR)

A. PRESENTTENSE:THEREIS-THEREARE

Estasexpresionesseusanpara indicar laexistenciadealgo.Sonequivalentesa laexpresiónHAY,encastellano.THEREIS/δearíz/seusaconsustantivossingularesoincontables.THEREARE/δeará:r/seusaconsustantivosplurales.Normalmente,enelsingular,seusalacontracciónTHERE´S/δéarz/.

Thereisabookonthedesk/δearízebúkonδedésk/(Hayunlibrosobreelescritorio)There´sacarinthecarpark./δéarzeká:rinδeká:rpa:rk/(Hayunautoenelestacionamiento)There´ssomewaterintheglass./δéarzsamwóterinδeglæs/(Hayaguaenelvaso)Thereare10studentsinmyclass./δeará:rténstiúdentsinmaiklæs/(Hay10alumnosenmicurso)Therearesomechairsintheroom/δeará:rsamtchéarzinδerúm/(Hayalgunassillasenlasala)

LaformanegativaseexpresaconTHEREISNOT/THEREISN´T/δearíznt/oTHEREARENOT/THEREAREN´T/δeará:rent/

Thereisnotabookonthedesk./δeariznótebúkonδedésk/

Thereisn´tacarinthecarpark./δéaríznteká:rinδeká:rpa:rk/

Thereisn´tanywaterintheglass./δéaríznténiwóterinδeglæs/

There´snowaterintheglass/δéarznóuwóterinδeglæs/

Therearenot10studentsinmyclass./δeara:rnótténstiúdentsinmaiklæs/

Therearen´t10studentsinmyclass./δeará:rentténstiúdentsinmaiklæs/

Therearen´tanychairsintheroom./δeará:renténitchéarzinδerúm/

Therearenochairsintheroom./δeara:rnóutchéarzinδerúm/

LaformainterrogativasehacemediantesimpleinversióndelverboconlapalabraTHERE.

Isthereabookonthedesk?/ízδerebúkonδedésk/

Isthereacarinthecarpark?/ízδereká:rinδeká:rpa:rk/

Isthereanywaterintheglass?/ízδéréniwóterinδeglæs/

Arethere10studentsintheclass?/á:rδerténstiúdentsinmaiklæs/

Arethereanychairsintheroom?/á:rδerénitchéarzinδerúm/

Haydospalabras interrogativasestrechamenterelacionadasconThereisyThereare:HOWMUCH? /háumatch/(¿Cuánto?¿Cuánta?)yHOWMANY?/háuméni/(¿Cuántos?¿Cuántas?)

Howmuchwhiskyisthereintheglass? There´sverylittle(whisky).Howmuchiceisthereintheglass? There´salot(ofice).Howmuchwateristhere? Thereisn´tany(water).There´snowater.Howmanydoorsarethereinthisroom? There´sonlyone(door).Howmanywindowsarethere? Therearethree(windows).Howmanychairsarethere? Therearen´tany(chairs).Therearenochairs.

Comoud.haadvertido, lapalabraSOME /sám/ (algo,algunos/as)solamenteseusaenformaafirmativa.En lasinterrogacionessedebeusarlapalabraANY/éni/.EnlaformanegativasepuedeusarNOTANY/noténi/oNO/nóu/.

Estudielasiguientetabla:

Affirmative SOME There´ssomewaterintheglass./δéarzsamwóterinδeglá:s/Therearesometreesinthegarden/δéará:rsamtrí:zinδegá:rdn/

Negative NOTANY Thereisn´tanywaterintheglass./δearíznténiwóterinδeglá:s/Therearen´tanytreesinthegarden./δeará:renténitrí:zinδegá:rdn/

NO There´snowaterintheglass./δéarznóuwóterinδeglá:s/Therearenotreesinthegarden./δeará:rnóutrí:zinδegá:rdn/

Interrogative ANY? Isthereanywaterintheglass?/izδearzéniwóterinδeglá:s/Arethereanytreesinthegarden?./a:rδearénitrí:zinδegá:rdn/


NoteelusodeLITTLE/lítl/(poco/a),FEW/fiú:/(pocos/as)yALOTOF/elótov/(bastante/bastantes)

There´sverylittlewaterintheglass/δéarzvérilítlwóterinδeglá:s/HaymuypocaaguaenelvasoThere´salotoficeinmyglass./δéarzelótováisinmaiglá:s/HaybastantehieloenmivasoThereareveryfewdesksintheroom./δeara:rvérifiú:desksinδerú:m/HaymuypocosescritoriosenlasalaTherearealotofchairsintheroom./δeara:relótovtchéarzinrú:m/Haybastantessillasenlasala.

Laexpresiónalotofnormalmenteseusaenoracionesafirmativas.En lasoracionesnegativase interrogativasseprefiereusarlaspalabrasmuchomany,segúnseaelcaso

Affirmative alotofThere´salotofsugarinthebowl/δéarzelótovshúgarinδebóul/Therearealotofbooksontheshelf./δéará:relótovbuksonδeshélf/

Negativenotmuchnotmany

Thereisn´tmuchsugarinthebowl./δéarízntmutchshúgarinδebóul/

Therearen´tmanybooksontheshelf./δéará:rentménibuksonδeshélf/

Interrogativemuch?many?

Istheremuchsugarinthebowl?/izδéarmutchshúgarinδebóul/

Aretheremanybooksontheshelf?/á:rδéarménibuksonδeshélf/

ElartículoindefinidoA/AN(un,una)notieneunaformaparaelplural,porlotantoseomite.NormalmenteelartículoA/ANsereemplazaporlaspalabrasSOME/sam/algunos/as,SEVERAL/séverl/varios/as,MANY/méni/muchos/as.

Thereisatreeinthegarden. Therearetreesinthegarden Therearesometreesinthegarden Thereareseveraltreesinthegarden. Therearemanytreesinthegarden.

CuandoTHEREIS/THEREAREvanseguidasdirectamenteporunsustantivo,enlasnegacionesgeneralmenteseusalapalabraNO/nóu/

There´swaterinthatbottle.There´snowaterinthatbottle.Thereareflowersinthegarden.Therearenoflowersinthegarden

Finalmente,estudielasiguientetabla

Thereis

somealotofmuchalittleverylittleno/notany

milkinthisbottle

Thereare

someseveralmanyalotofafewveryfewno/notany

flowersinthegarden.

EXERCISES

Ex.1.CompletethesentencesusingTHEREISorTHEREARE:

1._______________________ somebooksontheshelf.2._______________________ verylittlemoneyleftinthebox.3._______________________ onlyonestudentinthelabnow.4._______________________ veryfewpeopleattheconference.


5._______________________ nomoremilkinthejug.6._______________________ nomorecassettesinthebox.7._______________________ notimeleft.8._______________________ severalhelicoptersintheairfield.9._______________________ somelettersforyouonthedesk.

10._______________________ alotofmistakesinyourcomposition.

Ex.2.Changethefollowingstatementsintothenegativeform.

1.There’salotoffruitinthebasket. ___________________________________________________2.Therearealotofstudentsabsent. ___________________________________________________3.There´ssomemoremeatinthefridge. ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________4.Therearesomeextrachairsintheroom. ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________5.There´satelephoneintheroom. ___________________________________________________6.Therearealotofpeopleintheroom. ___________________________________________________7.Therearesomemorecleanglasses. ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________8.Thereare30daysinFebruary. ___________________________________________________9.There´ssomemoremoneyinmypocket. ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________

10.There´scentralheatingintheroom. ___________________________________________________

Ex.3.Changethefollowingsentencesintotheinterrogativeform.

1.There´sahotelneartheTrainingCenter. ___________________________________________________2.Therearesomestudentsabsenttoday. ___________________________________________________3.There´salotoffreetimeinthemornings. ___________________________________________________4.There´ssomemorecoffeeinthecup. ___________________________________________________5.Therearemorethan10students. ___________________________________________________6.Therearemorewomenthanmen. ___________________________________________________7.Thereisanotherchairinthatroom ___________________________________________________8.Therearesomemorebooks. ___________________________________________________9.Thereare24hoursinaday. ___________________________________________________

10.There´satrainforParisinthemorning. ___________________________________________________

Ex.4.Completethefollowingquestionsandanswers.UseHOWMUCH......ISTHERE?OrHOWMANY..........ARETHERE?inthequestions,andTHERE’SorTHEREAREintheAnswers.

Ej.:(Howmany) dictionaries(arethere)? (Thereare)8,sir.1. ___________________ money ______________? ________________ verylittle.2. ___________________ doors________________inthelab? ________________ justone.3. ___________________ milk _________________inthejug? ________________ nomilkinit.4. ___________________ videotapes___________? ________________ veryfew.5. ___________________ work_________________today? ________________ alotofwork.6. ___________________ people_______________intheroom?. ________________ alot.7. ___________________ butter________________inthedish? ________________ justalittle.8. ___________________ secretaries____________here? ________________ two.9. ___________________ women ______________inthatgroup? ________________ fiveorsix.10.___________________ men_________________inthecrew? ________________ fourmen.

Ex.5.UseLITTLE,FEW,ALOTintheblankspaces.

1.Therearevery______________________________ booksintheschoollibrary.2.There´s____________________________________ milkleftinthebottle.3.There´svery________________________________ iceinmyglass.4.There´s____________________________________ ofnoiseinthisroom.


5.Thereare__________________________________ oftreesinthatpark.6.Thereareonlya____________________________ ticketsavailable.7.Thereare__________________________________ studentsabsentfromclasstoday.8.There´s____________________________________ ofsugarinmycoffee.It´stoosweet.9.Thereare__________________________________ oferrorsinmybill.

10.There´sjusta ______________________________ whiskyleftinthebottle.

B. PASTTENSE:THEREWAS-THEREWERE

ElpasadodeTHEREIS/THEREAREseexpresausandoTHEREWAS/δearwóz//THEREWERE/δearwe:r/Lanegaciónseexpresausando lapalabraNOTdespuésdeWASyWERE.Normalmenteseusan lascontraccionesTHERE

WASN´T/δearwózent/THEREWEREN´T/δearwé:rent/.LainterrogaciónseexpresainvirtiendoelordendelaspalabrasWASyWEREconlapalabraTHERE.

Escuche,leayaprenda

Therewasalotofnoiseintheroom/δearwaselotovnóisinδerú:m/Habíabastanteruidoenlasala.

Thereweremanypeopleabsent./δearwe:rménipí:plæbsent/Habíamuchaspersonasausentes.

Therewasn´tanybeerinthecan./δearwóznténibíarinδekæn/Nohabíanadadecervezaenlalata.

Thereweren´tmanybooksonthedesk./δearwé:rntménibuksonδedésk/Nohabíamuchoslibrossobreelescritorio.

WasthereaTVintheroom?/wozδearetÍ:ví:inδerú:m/¿Habíauntelevisorenlahabitación?

Howmanypeoplewerethereattheparty?/háumenipí:plwe:rδearatδepá:rti/(¿Cuántagentehabíaenlafiesta?).

EXERCISES:

Ex.1.ChangeintothePastTense:

1.There´salotofworkintheofficetoday. _________________________________________________________2.Therearetwobooksmissingfromtheshelf. _________________________________________________________3.Howmuchmilkisthereinthefridge? _________________________________________________________4.Therearen´tmanyhotelsinthistown. _________________________________________________________5.Isthereenoughmoneyforthetrip? _________________________________________________________6.Howmanypeoplearethereonboard? _________________________________________________________7.Thereisn´tmuchtimetotalk. _________________________________________________________8.Thereareveryfewpeopleinthepub. _________________________________________________________9.Aretheremanyerrorsinthebill? _________________________________________________________

10.There´sverylittlewhiskyleft. _________________________________________________________

Ex.2.Answerthesequestions,usingtheinformationgiveninparenthesis:

1. Howmanystudentswerethereinthisclasslastyear?(about20) _________________________________________________________________________2. WeretheremanypeopleatthemeetinglastMonday?(No,notmorethan30) _________________________________________________________________________3. HowmuchfreetimewasthereduringtheBasicTrainingPeriod?(verylittle,ofcourse) _________________________________________________________________________4. Wasthereenoughbreadforallthepeople?(yes,morethanenough) _________________________________________________________________________5. Howmanystudentswerethereinthelaboratory?(notany) _________________________________________________________________________6. HowmanydayswerethereinFebruarythatyear?(29,itwasaleapyear) _________________________________________________________________________7. Weretheremanycarsinthestreetatthattime?(Yes,lotsofcars) _________________________________________________________________________


C.FUTURETENSE:THEREWILLBE

ElfuturodeTHEREIS/THEREAREseexpresaconlaformaTHEREWILLBE/δearwilbí:/.EnlaconversacióndiariaWILLseuneconlapalabraTHERE,formandolacontracciónTHERE´LLBE/δearlbí:/.


TherewillbeaverygoodprogramonTVtonight/δearwilbí:everigudpróugramontí:ví:tunaít/.Habráunmuybuenprograma

enlaTVestanoche.

Therewillbetwomoretestsnextweek./δearwilbí:tú:mó:rtéstsnekstwí:k/.Habrádospruebasmáslapróximasemana.

There´llbeanothermeetingthisevening./δearlbí:anáδermí:tiηδisí:vniη/.Habráotrareuniónestatarde.

There´llbesomemorerainnextweekend. /δearlbí:sámmó:r réinnékstwikénd/.Habráalgomásde lluviaelpróximofinde

semana

Laformanegativaseexpresausando lapalabraNOTdespuésdelverbomodalWILL,normalmenteformando lacontracciónWON´T/wóunt/Enlaspreguntas,elverbomodalWILLprecedealapalabraTHERE.


TherewillnotbeagoodprogramonTVtonight./δearwilnotbí:egudpróugramontí:ví:tunáit/.Therewillnotbeanothermeetingthisevening./δearwilnotbí:anáδermí:tiηδisí:vniη/

Therewon´tbetwomoretestsnextweek./δearwóuntbí:tú:mó:rtestsnekstwí:k/

WilltherebeagoodprogramonTVthisevening?/wilδearbí:agudpróugramontí:ví:δisí:vnin/

Willtherebeanymorerainnextweekend?/wilδearbí.enimó:rréinnekstwi:kend/

Howmanytestswilltherebenextweek?/háuménitéstswilδearbí:nekstwí:k/

EXERCISES:

Ex.1.Changeintothefuturetense.

1. Thereisalotoffreetimeintheevening. ___________________________________________________2. Therearesomewomenatthemeeting. ___________________________________________________3. Thereisn´tanyfoodleftinthefridge. ___________________________________________________4. Howmanypeoplearethereatthereception? ___________________________________________________5. Howmuchmoneyisthereinthebox? ___________________________________________________6. Isthereanymorework? ___________________________________________________7. Aretheremorethantenstudentsinyourclass? ___________________________________________________

Ex.2.UsetherighttenseofThereToBe(Present,PastorFuture).

1.Howmanywomen____________________________ atthepartylastSaturday?2.____________________________________________ alotofnoiseinthisroomnow.3.____________________________________________ severaltreesintheparknow.4.Howmuchfreetime __________________________ nexttime?5.____________________________________________ verylittlefoodinthefridgenow.6.____________________________________________ notanymoreexercisesinthebooknow.7.____________________________________________ alotofnoiseatthediscolastnight.8.____________________________________________ veryfewflowersinourgarden.9.Howmanystudents___________________________ inyourclasslastyear?

10.____________________________________________ muchmilkleft.Justoneortwobottles.

Ex.3.TranslatetheprevioussentencesintoSpanish.

1.______________________________________________________________2.______________________________________________________________3.______________________________________________________________4.______________________________________________________________5.______________________________________________________________


6.______________________________________________________________7.______________________________________________________________8.______________________________________________________________9.______________________________________________________________

10.______________________________________________________________

Ex.4.AnswerthesequestionsinEnglish.

1.Howmanydaysarethereinaweek? ______________________________________________2.HowmanydayswilltherebeinFebruarynextyear? ______________________________________________3.Howmanystudentswerethereinyourclasslastyear? ______________________________________________4.Howmanycomputersarethereinyouroffice? ______________________________________________5.Howmanypeoplewerethereintheroomat8:30? ______________________________________________6.Willtherebeanothermeetingthisweek? No,__________________________________________7.WastheremuchworktodointheofficelastMonday? Yes,__________________________________________8.Arethereanyspellingmistakesintheletter? No,__________________________________________ No,___________________________________________9.Howmuchmoneyisthereinyourwallet? ______________________________________________

10.Howmanyeggsarethereinadozen? ______________________________________________

Ex.5.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish

1.Habráotrareunióngeneralelpróximoviernes. ______________________________________________2.Habíasolamentedoshotelesenesepueblo. ______________________________________________3.¿Hayunrestaurantcercadeaquí? ______________________________________________4.¿Cuántodinerohayenlabilletera? ______________________________________________5.Nohabíamuchagenteeneledificioaesahora. ______________________________________________6.Nohabráotroconciertohastalapróximasemana. ______________________________________________7.Nohaytiempoparaconversar. ______________________________________________8.Habíamuypocotiempolibredurantelamañana. ______________________________________________9.¿Cuántosautoshabíaenelestacionamientoesatarde? ______________________________________________

10.Habíamuypocosniñosenlacalleesedía. ______________________________________________11.Nohabrámuchospartidosdefútbolestefindesemana. ______________________________________________12.Haymuchoruidoenestasalaahora.. ______________________________________________


PARTII.NUMBERS


1one/uán/ 2two/tu:/ 3three/δri:/ 4four/fo:r/ 5five/fáiv/

6six/siks/ 7seven/sévn/ 8eight/éit/ 9nine/náin/ 10ten/ten/

11eleven/ilévn/ 12twelve/tuélv/ 13thirteen/δertín/ 14fourteen/fo:rtín/ 15fifteen/fiftín/

16sixteen/sikstín/ 17seventeen/sevntín/ 18eighteen/eitín/ 19nineteen/naintín/

20twenty/tuénti/ 30thirty/δérti/ 40forty/fórti/ 50fifty/fífti/ 60sixty/síksti/

70seventy/sévnti/ 80eighty/éiti/ 90ninety/náinti/

100onehundred/uánhándred/ 200twohundred/túhándred/

1,000onethousand/uánθáuzand/ 2,000twothousand/túθáuzand/

200,000twohundredthousand/tú:hándredθáuzand/ 2,000,000twomillion/túmílion/

5,362fivethousandthreehundredandsixty-two/faivθáuzandθri:hándredandsíkstitú:/

45,971fortyfivethousandninehundredandseventy-one/fórtifáivθáuzandnainhándredandséventiuán/

Importante:

1. Laspalabrastwenty,thirty,forty,etcsiemprevanseguidasdeunguiónantesdelnúmerounitario.Ej,21.twenty-one,32thirty-two,45forty-

five,68sixty-eight,94ninety-four.

2. Laspalabrashundred,thousand,millionybillionnosepluralizaneninglés.Ej.400fourhundred;5,000fivethousand,3,000,000threemillion.

3. Lapalabrahundredsiemprevaseguidadeand;laspalabrasthousand,millionybillionnovanseguidasdeand.

Ej.365threehundredandsixty-five;5,387fivethousand,threehundredandeighty-seven;463,265fourhundredandsixty-threethousand,two

hundredandsixty-five.

4. Laspalabrashundred,thousandymillionsepluralizansolamenteenlassiguientesexpresiones,paraindicarlomismoque“lotsof...”Ej.There

arehundredsof/lotsoftreesinthepark;Therewerethousandsof/lotsofpeopleinthestadium;Therearemillionsof/lotsofstarsinour

galaxy

5. Alescribircifraseninglés,elpuntoescomaylacomaespunto.Ej.12.5%;70.45km;US$4,365.80

Ex.1Readandthenwritethesenumbers

a)12 b)56 c)79 d)94 e)33 f)28 g)148h)597 i)846 j)1,285 k)6,394 l)24,973 m)256,875 n)5,687,328

a) _____________________________________________ b)________________________________________________c) _____________________________________________ d)________________________________________________e) _____________________________________________ f) ________________________________________________g) _________________________________________________________________________________________________h) _________________________________________________________________________________________________i) _________________________________________________________________________________________________j) _________________________________________________________________________________________________k) _________________________________________________________________________________________________l) _________________________________________________________________________________________________m)_________________________________________________________________________________________________n) _________________________________________________________________________________________________


BASICVOCABULARY:Studythesewords

PEOPLE

GENERAL

person/pε:rsn/ persona man/men/mæn/men/ hombre/speople/pí:pl/ gente,personas woman/women/wuman/wímen/ mujer/eschild/children/tcháild/tchildrn/ niño/s,pequeño/s gentleman/dlléntlman/ caballeroboy/boi/ niño lady/léidi/ damagirl/gε:rl/ niña kids/kidz/ chicos,niños

FAMILYANDRELATIVES

grandparents/grandpéarents/ abuelos dad,daddy/dæd,dædi/ papá,papigrandfather/grandfa:δer/ abuelo mom,mommy/mam,mámi/ mamá,mamigrandmother/grandmáδer/ abuela grandpa/grænpa:/ abuelitograndchildren/grandtchildren/ nietos granny/græni/ abuelitagrandson/grándsan/ nieto father-in-law/fá:δerinló:/ suegrogranddaughter/granddó:ter/ nieta mother-in-law/maδerinló:/ suegraparents/péarents/ padres son-in-law/saninló:/ yernohusband/házband/ esposo,marido daughter-in-law/dó:terinló:/ nuerawife/waif/ esposa,mujer brother-in-law/bráδerinló:/ cuñadofather/fá:δer/ padre sister-in-law/sísterinló:/ cuñadamother/máδer/ madre step-father/stepfá:δer/ padrastrochildren/tchíldren/ hijos,niños step-mother/stepmáδer/ madrastrason/sán/ hijo step-son/stepsan/ hijastrodaughter/dó:ter/ hija step-daughter/stepdó:ter/ hijastrabrother/bráδer/ hermano step-brother/stepbráδer/ hermanastrosister/síster/ hermana step-sister/stepsíster/ hermanastrauncle/áηkl/ tío foster-father/fósterfá:δer/ padreadoptivoaunt/a:nt/ tía foster-mother/fóstermáδer/ madreadoptivanephew/néfiu/ sobrino god-father/godfá:δer/ padrinoniece/ni:s/ sobrina god-mother/godmáδer/ madrinacousin/kázin/ primo


KEYTOANSWERS

UNIT2

PartI

A.

Ex.1.1.Thereare2.Thereis3.Thereis4.Thereare5.Thereis6.Thereare7.Thereis8.Thereare9.Thereare10.Thereare

Ex.2.1.Thereisn´tmuch...2.Therearen´tmany...3.Thereisn´tanymore.../There´snomore...4.Therearen´tanyextra.../Therearenoextra...5.Thereisn´ta...6.Therearen´tmany...7.Therearen´tanymore.../Therearenomore...8.Therearen´t30...9.Thereisn´tanymore.../There´snomore...10.There´snocentral...

Ex.3.1.Isthereahotel...?2.Arethereanystudents...?3.Istheremuchfree...?4.Isthereanymore...?5.Aretheremorethan...?6.Aretheremore...?7.Isthereanother...?8.Arethereanymore...?9.Arethere24...?10.Isthereatrain...?

Ex.4.1.Howmuch...isthere?There´s...2.Howmany...arethere...?There´s...3.Howmuch...isthere...?There´s...4.Howmany...arethere?Thereare...5.Howmuch...isthere...?There´s...6.Howmany...arethere...?Threare...7.Howmuch...isthere...?There´s...8.Howmany...arethere...?Thereare...9.Howmany...arethere...?Thereare...10.Howmany...arethere...?Thereare...

Ex.5.1.few2.little3.little4.alot5.alot6.few7.few8.alot9.alot10.little

B.

Ex.1.1.Therewas...2.Therewere...3.Howmuchmilkwasthere...?4.Thereweren´t...5.Wasthereenough...?6.Howmanypeoplewerethere...?7.Therewasn´t...8.Therewere...9.Werethere...?10.Therewas...

Ex.2.1.Therewereabout20.2.No,thereweren´tmorethan303.Therewasverylittle,ofcourse.4.Yes,therewasmorethanenough.5.Thereweren´tany6.Therewere29.Itwasaleapyear.7.Yes,therewerelotsofcars.

C.

Ex.1.1.Therewillbealot...2.Therewillbesome...3.Therewon´tbeany...4.Howmanypeoplewilltherebe...?5.Howmuchmoneywilltherebe...?6.Willtherebeany...?7.Willtherebemorethan...?

Ex.2.1.Werethere2.There´s3.Thereare4.Willtherebe5.There´s6.Thereare7.Therewas8.Thereare9.werethere10.Thereisn´t

Ex.3.1.¿Cuántasmujereshabíaenlafiestaelsábadopasado?2.Haybastanteruidoenestasalaahora.3.Hayvariosárbolesenelparqueahora4.¿Cuántotiempolibrehabrálapróximavez?5.Haymuypocacomidaenelrefrigeradorahora6.Nohaymásejerciciosenellibroahora7.Habíabastanteruidoenladiscotecaanoche8.Haymuypocasfloresennuestrojardín9.¿Cuántosalumnoshabíaentucursoelañopasado?10.Nohaymuchalechesobrante.Sólounaodosbotellas.

Ex.4.1.Therearesevendays.2.There´llbe28days.3.Therewere...students.4.There´s justone/Thereare...computers.5.Therewere...people.6.No,therewon´tbeanothermeeting7.Yes,therewasalotofwork.8.No,therearen´tany./No,therearenospellingmistakes.9.Thereisn´tmuchmoneyinit.10.Therearetwelveeggs.

Ex.5.1.TherewillbeanothergeneralmeetingnextFriday.2.Therewereonlytwohotelsinthattown.3.Istherearestaurantnearhere.4.Howmuchmoneyisthereinthewallet?5.Thereweren´tmanypeopleinthebuildingatthattime.6.Therewon´tbeanotherconcertuntilnextweek.7.Thereisnotimetotalk.8.Therewasverylittlefreetimeduringthemorning.9.Howmanycarswerethereinthecarparkthatafternoon/evening?10.Therewereveryfewchildreninthestreetthatday.11.Therewon´tbemanyfootballgames/matchesthisweekend.12.There´salotofnoiseinthisroomnow.


PartII.

Ex.1.a)twelveb)fifty-sixc)seventy-nined)ninety-foure)thirty-threef)twenty-eightg)onehundredandforty-eighth)fivehundredandninety-seven i)eighthundredandforty-six j)onethousand,twohundredandeighty-fivek)sixthousand,threehundredandninety-fourl)twenty-fourthousand,ninehundredandseventy-threem)twohundredandfifty-sixthousand,eighthundredandseventy-fiven)fivemillion,sixhundredandeighty-seventhousand,threehundredandtwenty-eight.


UNIT3PARTI.HAVEGOT=TENER

Estaexpresiónverbalseusaespecialmenteeninglésbritánico(ysolamenteeneltiempopresente)paraindicarposesiónopropiedad,esdecir,significaTENER.EnelPresenteAfirmativoseconjugadelasiguientemanera:

Ihavegot/aihavgót/ I´vegot/aivgót/ (yotengo)Youhavegot/iú:havgót/ You´vegot/iu:vgot/ (tútienes)Hehasgot/hi:hazgót/ He´sgot/hi:zgót/ (éltiene)Shehasgot/shi:hazgót/ She´sgot/shi:zgót/ (ellatiene)Ithasgot/ithazgót/ It´sgot/itsgót/ (él/ellatiene)Wehavegot/wi:havgót/ We´vegot/wi:vgót/ (nos.tenemos)Youhavegot/iú:havgót/ You´vegot/iú:vgót/ (uds.tienen)Theyhavegot/δéihavgót/ They´vegot/δéivgót/ (ellostienen)


Ihavegotacar./aihavgóteká:r/ I´vegotacar/aivgóteká:r/ (Yotengounauto)

Peterhasgotmanyfriends./pí:terhazgótménifréndz/ Peter´sgotmanyfriends./pí:terzgót.../

(Petertienemuchosamigos)

Theyhavegotabighouse./δeihavgótebígháus/ They´vegotabighouse./δeivgót.../

(Ellostienenunacasagrande)

Mydoghasgotlongears./maidóghazgótloδíarz/ Mydog´sgotlongears./maidógzgót.../

(Miperrotieneorejaslargas)

Theroomshavegotcentralheating./δerú:mzhavgótséntrlhí:tiδ/ (Lashabitacionestienencalefaccióncentral)

EnlaformanegativaseusaHAVENOGOTyHASNOTGOT.NormalmenteseusanlascontraccionesHAVEN´T

GOT/hδventgót/yHASN´TGOT/hδzentgt/


Ihavenotgotacar./aihavnotgót.../ Ihaven´tgotacar./aiháventgót...r/

Peterhasnotgotmanyfriends./pí:terhaznotgót.../ Peterhasn´tgotmanyfriends./pí:terházentgót.../

Theyhavenotgotabighouse./δeihavnotgót.../ Theyhaven´tgotabighouse./δeiháventgot.../

Mydoghasnotgotlongears./maidóghaznotgót.../ Mydoghasn´tgotlongears./maidógházentgót.../Theroomshavenotgotcentralheating./δerú:mzhavnotgót.../Theroomshaven´tgotcentralheating./δerú:mzháventgót.../

LaformainterrogativasehaceporsimpleinversióndelsujetoyHAVEoHAS:


Haveyougotacar?/haviúgót.../ No,Ihaven´tgotone(one=acar)HasPetergotmanyfriends?/hazpí:tergót.../ Yes,he´sgotalot.(offriends)Havetheygotabighouse?/havδeigót.../ No,theyhaven´t.They´vegotasmallone.Hasthedoggotlongears?/hazδedóggót.../ Yes,ithas.It´sgotverylongones.(ones=ears)HavetheroomsgotaTV?/havδeru:mzgot.../ No,theyhaven´tgotone.Butthey´vegotaradio.Howmuchmoneyhaveyougot? I´vegotverylittle(money).I´veonlygot5dollars.HowmanybrothersandsistershasBobgot? He´sgotonesisterandtwobrothers.

EXERCISES:

Ex.1CompletethefollowingsentencesusingHAVEGOTorHASGOT

1.John_____________________________ anewuniform.2.Hans ____________________________ longblackhair.


3.Thesoldiers ______________________ averygoodinstructor.4.We______________________________ asmallhouseinthecountry.5.Thebook_________________________ 200pages.6.I ________________________________ threechildren,asonandtwodaughters.7.Mary_____________________________ anewbluedress.8.Myfriends________________________ alotofmoney.9.Myflat___________________________ twobedrooms.

10.Thecar __________________________ fourwheels.

Ex.2Changeintothenegativeform

1.She´sgotblueeyesandblackhair. ___________________________________________________2.They´vegotalotoffriendsthere. ___________________________________________________3.Myfather´sgotamoderncar. ___________________________________________________4.Bob´sgotabigfamily. ___________________________________________________5.We´vegotasmallclassroom. ___________________________________________________6.I´vegotsomecigarettes. ___________________________________________________7.Nancy´sgotacomputer. ___________________________________________________8.Thehousehasgotagarden. ___________________________________________________9.Myfriendshavegotatelephone. ___________________________________________________

10.Thestudentshavegotsomeexperience. ___________________________________________________

Ex.3Changeintotheinterrogativeform:

1.You´vegotmanythingstodotoday. ___________________________________________________2.Bob´sgotsomemoney. ___________________________________________________3.You´vegotalighter. ___________________________________________________4.They´vegotourtelephonenumber. ___________________________________________________5.Bob´sgotouraddress. ___________________________________________________6.Bob´ssisterhasgotacar. ___________________________________________________7.They´vegotabigfamily. ___________________________________________________8.Theboyhasgotblackshoes. ___________________________________________________9.You´vegotyourpassporthere. ___________________________________________________

10.Thestudentshavegotanewinstructor. ___________________________________________________

Ex.4AskquestionswithHOWMUCH...?/HOWMANY...?

1.They´vegottwocars. ___________________________________________________2.I´vegotthreechildren. ___________________________________________________3.Acarhasgotfourwheels. ___________________________________________________4.Bob´sgotfivedollars. ___________________________________________________5.Theflathasgottwobathrooms. ___________________________________________________6.We´vegot2bottlesofmilk. ___________________________________________________7.They´vegotverylittlefreetime. ___________________________________________________

Ex.5Answerthesequestions:

1.Howmuchmoneyhaveyougotinyourpockets? ___________________________________________________2.Howmanychildrenhaveyougot? ___________________________________________________3.Hasyourwife/husbandgotacar? ___________________________________________________4.Hasyourparents´housegotagarden? ___________________________________________________5.Haveyougotadogoracat? ___________________________________________________6.HaveyougotanyfriendsinEurope? ___________________________________________________7.Howmanyroomshasyourhousegot? ___________________________________________________8.Haveyougotabiglibraryathome? ___________________________________________________9.Haveyougotanybrothersorsisters? ___________________________________________________

10.Haveyougotacomputerathome? ___________________________________________________


PARTII.

A. ADJECTIVES

Eninglés,losadjetivossiempreprecedenalossustantivos:

Tomisatallman.MaryisabeautifulwomanThisisaninterestingbookThatisabigcar

Además,soninvariables,esdecirlamismapalabraseusaenelsingular,plural,masculinoofemenino.Porlotanto,eladjetivotall/to:l/sepodríatraducircomoalto,alta,altos,altas.

Themanisverytall.Thewomanisverytall.Themenareverytall.Thewomenareverytall.

Además,todoslossustantivosactúancomoadjetivoscuandoprecedenaotrosustantivo.Enestoscasosnodebenpluralizarse(porquelosadjetivosnuncasepluralizan!!).

Anapple Anappletree ThreeappletreesAdollar Aone-dollarbill Afive-dollarbillAnexercise Oneexercisebook TenexercisebooksAhotel Ahotelmanager Twohotelmanagers

B. ARTICLES(I)

1. ELARTÍCULOINDEFINIDOA(un,una)seusaparareferirseaunartículocualquiera,noespecífico.Ej.Thisisabook./δisizabúk/(Esteesunlibro).That´sagirl./δætsagé:rl/(Esaesunaniña).There´sacarinthestreet./δéarzaká:rinδestrí:t/

(Hayunautoenlacalle).

ElartículoAsetransformaenANantesdeunapalabrainiciadaconunsonidovocalounah“muda”.Ej.Thisisanapple./δisizanæpl/(Estaesunamanzana).That´sanorange./δætsanórindll/(Esaesunanaranja).Thisisanoldcar/δisizan

óuldká:r/(Esteesunautoviejo).Heisanhonestman./hí:izanónestmæn/(Elesunhombrehonrado).

La letrauseconsideravocalenpalabrascomoumbrella /ambréla/,perotambiénsepronunciacomounasemi-consonanteenpalabrascomouniform/iúnifo:rm/.Porlotantosedeberdecir:Thisisanumbrella/δisizanambréla/

(Esteesunparaguas)yThisisauniform/δisizaiúnifo:rm/(Esteesununiforme).Haypalabrasquecomienzanconunaletraopronunciadacomo/w/,encuyocasosetratacomosemi-consonante.Compare:Thisisanorange./δisizanórindll/(Estaesunanaranja).Thisisaone-wayticket./δisizawánweitíkit/(Esteesunboletodeida).

Elarticuloindefinidoa/annotieneplural.Ej.Thisisahouse/δisizaháus/(Estaesunacasa).Thesearehouses./δi:za:r

háusiz/(Estassoncasas).Thatisatree/δætizatrí:/(Eseesunárbol).Thosearetrees/δóuza:rtrí:z/(Esossonárboles).That´sananimal/δætsanænimal/(Eseesunanimal).Thoseareanimals/δóuza:rænimalz/(Esossonanimales).

Debidoaquea/annotieneunaformaparaelplural,ensulugarseusannormalmentepalabrascomosome/sam/

(algunos/as),several/séveral/(varios/as)omany/méni/(muchos/as).

Ejemplo.Thereisatreeinthegarden Therearetreesinthegarden Therearesometreesinthegarden Thereareseveraltreesinthegarden Therearemanytreesinthegarden

2. ELARTÍCULODEFINIDOTHE(el,lalos,las)seusaparareferirseaobjetosespecíficos,determinados.Seusatantoconsustantivossingularescomoconplurales.

Ej.Thereisabookonthedesk.Thebookisold.Thereareseveralbooksonthedesk.Thebooksareold.

Compare: Showmeaphotograph(Muéstrameunafotografía)(cualquierafotografía) Showmethephotograph(Muéstramelafotografía)(unafotografíaespecífica)


Exe.1.Usetheindefinitearticlesaoran

1.________pencil 17.________ car2.________apple 18.________ usedcar3.________egg 19.________ moderncar4.________envelope 20.________ youngwoman5.________umbrella 21.________ oldwoman6.________hour 22.________ one-dollarbill7.________honor 23.________ five-dollarbill8.________house 24.________ hotel9.________banana 25.________ instrument

10.________bigbanana 26.________ musicalinstrument11.________exercise 27.________ answer12.________easyexercise 28.________ question13.________difficultexercise 29.________ impertinentquestion14.________university 30.________ usualquestion15.________olduniversity 31.________ unusualquestion16.________newuniversity 32.________ hardlesson

Ex.2.Changethefollowingsentencesintotheplural.

1.Thatisapicture ___________________________________________________2.Thisisacar. ___________________________________________________3.Isthisanenvelope? ___________________________________________________4.Thatmanisn´tateacher. ___________________________________________________5.I´vegotafriendinSanFrancisco. ___________________________________________________6.They´vegotahorseonthefarm. ___________________________________________________7.Peter´sgotanewpen. ___________________________________________________8.Thisboyisn´tanewstudent. ___________________________________________________9.Thisisaninterestingnovel. ___________________________________________________

10.Isthatwomananurse? ___________________________________________________11.Isthatmananengineer? ___________________________________________________12.There´sayellowflowerinthegarden. ___________________________________________________13.Isthatanappletreeorapeartree? ___________________________________________________14.Ihaven´tgotacigarette. ___________________________________________________

Ex.3.Changethesesentencesintotheplural,usesome,manyorseveral

1.There´satreeinthegarden. ___________________________________________________2.There´sawomanintheoffice. ___________________________________________________3.TherewasacaraccidentlastSunday. ___________________________________________________4.Thereisanewstudentinthisclass. ___________________________________________________5.Therewillbeaninterestingprogramtonight ___________________________________________________6.I´vegotaquestionforyou. ___________________________________________________7.They´vegotaninterestingbookinthelibrary ___________________________________________________8.Theboy´sgotabookinEnglish. ___________________________________________________9.Thereisaletterforyou,Mr.Smith. ___________________________________________________

10.I´vegotacoininmypocket. ___________________________________________________11.I´vegotamagazineonmydesk. ___________________________________________________12.There´satextbookontheteacher´sdesk. ___________________________________________________13.Thestudenthasgotanewnotebook. ___________________________________________________14.Thereisastudentinthelaboratorynow. ___________________________________________________15.Pleaseshowmeaphotograph. ___________________________________________________


PARTIII. TELLINGTHETIME(Diciendolahora)

Whattimeisit,please?/wóttáimizitplí:z/¿Quéhoraesporfavor?

What´sthetime,please?/wótsδetáimplí:z/¿Cuáleslahoraporfavor?

It´stentoeight/itsténtuéit/Sondiezparalasocho

Lea,escucheyaprenda:

oćlock/oklók/ quarterpast/kuórterpá:st/ halfpast/ha:fpá:st/ quarterto/kuórtertú:/

01:00 It´soneoćlock 05:00 It´sfiveoćlock07:15 It´squarterpastseven 10:15 It´squarterpastten06:30 It´shalfpastsix 12:30 It´shalfpasttwelve09:45 It´squartertoten 03:45 It´squartertofour

past/pá:st/ to/tu:/ minutespast/mínitspá:st/ minutesto/mínitstu:/

Nota:Lapalabra“minutes”generalmenteseomitedespuésde5omúltiposde5.

05:10 It´sten(minutes)pastfive 11:25 It´stwenty-five(minutes)pasteleven02:40 It´stwenty(minutes)tothree 09:55 It´sfive(minutes)toten

01:27 It´stwenty-sevenminutespastone07:38 It´stwenty-twominutestoeight.

midday/míddei/mediodía noon/nu:n/mediodía midnight/mídnait/medianochea.m./éiém/ p.m./pí:ém/

inthemorning/inδemó:rniη/ (enlamañana,hastalas12:00)intheafternoon/inδia:fternú:n/ (enlatarde,de13:00-17:00)intheevening/inδií:vniη/ (enlatarde/noche,de18:00-21:00)atnight/atnáit/ (enlanoche,despuésdelas21:00)

12:00 It´smidday/It´snoon 24:00It´smidnight05:00a.m. It´sfiveoćlocka.m./ei.em/ It´sfiveoćlockinthemorning04:00p.m. It´sfouroćlockp.m./piiem/ It´sfouroćlockintheafternoon07:00p.m. It´ssevenoćlockp.m./piiem/ It´ssevenoćlockintheevening10:00p.m. It´stenoćlockp.m./piiem/ It´stenoćlockatnight

EXERCISES

Ex.1.MatchthetimesinColumnAwiththesentencesisColumnB

A. 12:20B. 08:30C. 09:45D. 02:15E. 07:05F. 08:55G. 03:10H. 04:50I. 04:00J. 12:40K. 06:25L. 10:35

1.It´stwentytoone2.It´saquarterpasttwo3.It´stenpastthree4.It´sfivetonine5.It´stentofive6.It´stwenty-fivetoeleven7.It´sfivepastseven8.It´shalfpasteight9.It´stwentypasttwelve

10.It´saquartertoten11.It´stwenty-fivepastsix12.It´sfouroćlock

A B C D E F G H I J K L


Ex.2.Writedownthetimesandread:

Whattimeisit?What´sthetime?

1.09:00 It´s________________________________________________________________________________2.08:50 ___________________________________________________________________________________3.03:30 ___________________________________________________________________________________4.11:45 ___________________________________________________________________________________5.01:15 ___________________________________________________________________________________6.09:05 ___________________________________________________________________________________7.10:14 ___________________________________________________________________________________8.24:00 ___________________________________________________________________________________9.02:57 ___________________________________________________________________________________

10.08:00a.m. ___________________________________________________________________________________11.04:00p.m. ___________________________________________________________________________________12.11:00p.m. ___________________________________________________________________________________13.03:25 ___________________________________________________________________________________14.12:00 ___________________________________________________________________________________15.03:20 ___________________________________________________________________________________16.10:05 ___________________________________________________________________________________17.01:45 ___________________________________________________________________________________18.11:30 ___________________________________________________________________________________19.05:25 ___________________________________________________________________________________20.08:15 ___________________________________________________________________________________21.04:35 ___________________________________________________________________________________22.01:38 ___________________________________________________________________________________23.10:18 ___________________________________________________________________________________24.09:00 ___________________________________________________________________________________



ADJECTIVES

ENGLISH SPANISH ENGLISH SPANISH

angry/ægri/ airado,enojado late/leit/ tarde,atrasadobad/bæd/ malo lazy/léizi/ flojobig/big/ grande light/lait/ claro,livianoblunt/blant/ romo,sinpunta long/loη/ largobright/bráit/ brillante narrow/nárrou/ angosto,estrechobusy/bízi/ ocupado new/niu:/ nuevoclear/klíar/ claro nice/náis/ bonito,agradablecold/kould/ frio,helado odd/o:d/ raro,impar(números)comfortable/kámfortbl/ cómodo old/ould/ viejocool/ku:l/ fresco pleased/pli:zd/ satisfecho,contentocurved/kεrvd/ curvo poor/púar/ pobre,insatisfactoriocheap/tshi:p/ barato pretty/príti/ bonitodark/da:rk/ oscuro rich/ritch/ rico,adineradodear/díar/ caro,apreciado right/rait/ correcto,derechodeep/di:p/ profundo rough/ra:f/ tosco,brusco,agitadodifficult/dífikalt/ dificil sad/sæd/ tristedull/dal/ opaco,fome sharp/sha:rp/ agudo,puntiagudoearly/ε:rli/ temprano,precursor short/sho:rt/ corto;bajodeestaturaeasy/í:zi/ fácil silly/síli/ tonto,leso,ingenuoempty/émti/ vacío sleepy/slí:pi/ soñolientoeven/í:vn/ parejo,par(números) slow/slou/ lentoexpensive/ikspénsiv/ caro small/smo:l/ pequeñofast/fæst/ rápido,fijo, soft/soft/ suavefat/fæt/ gordo straight/streit/ rectofoolish/fúlish/ tonto,leso strange/streindll/ extrañofree/fri:/ libre,gratis stupid/stiu:pid/ estúpidofull/ful/ lleno,completo tall/to:l/ altogood/gud/ bueno thick/δik/ gruesohappy/hæpi/ feliz thin/δin/ delgadohard/ha:rd/ duro,dificil thirsty/δ:rsti/ sedientohard-working/há:rdwe:rkiη/ esforzado tiny/táini/ diminutohealthy/hélδi/ saludable,sano tired/táiard/ cansadoheavy/hévi/ pesado,intenso ugly/ágli/ feohigh/hai/ alto uneven/aní:vn/ disparejo,noplanohot/hot/ caliente warm/wo:rm/ temperadohuge/hiudll/ enorme wide/waid/ ancho,ampliohungry/háηgri/ hambriento wise/waiz/ sabio,sensatoill,sick/il,sik/ enfermo,indispuesto wonderful/wánderful/ maravillosointeresting/íntrestiη/ interesante wrong/roη/ equivocado,incorrectolarge/la:dll/ grande young/jaη/ joven

COLO(U)RS

Whatcolouristhecar? It´swhite.WhatcoloursistheChileanflag? It´sblue,whiteandred.

black/blæk/ negro orange/órindll/ anaranjadowhite/wait/ blanco gray,grey/grei/ gris,plomogreen/gri:n/ verde purple/pε:rpl/ moradoblue/blu:/ azul pink/piηk/ rosadored/red/ rojo darkblue/dá.rkblú:/ azuloscurobrown/bráun/ café lightblue/láitblú:/ azulclaro,celesteyellow/yélou/ amarillo


KEYTOANSWERS

UNIT3

PartI.

Ex.1.1.hasgot2.hasgot3.havegot4.havegot5.hasgot6.havegot7.hasgot8.havegot9.hasgot10.has

got

Ex.2.1.Shehasn´tgotblue...2.Theyhaven´tgotmanyfriends...3.Myfatherhasn´tgota...4.Bobhasn´tgota...5.We

haven´tgota...6.Ihaven´tgotanycigarettes./I´vegotnocigarettes7.Nancyhasn´tgoa...8.Thehousehasn´tgot...

9.Myfriendshaven´tgot...10.Thestudentshaven´tgotanyexperience./Thestudentshavegotnoexperience.

Ex.3.1.Haveyougotmany...?2.HasBobgotanymoney?3.Haveyougota...?4.Havetheygotour...?5.HasBob

gotour...?6.HasBob´ssistergota...?7.Havetheygota...?8.Hastheboygotblack...?9.Haveyougotyour...?10.

Havethestudentsgota...?

Ex.4.1.Howmanycarshavetheygot?2.Howmanychildrenhaveyougot?3.Howmanywheelshasacargot?

4.HowmuchmoneyhasBobgot?5.Howmanybathroomshastheflatgot?6.Howmuchmilkhavewegot?/how

manybottlesofmilkhavewegot?7.Howmuchfreetimehavetheygot?

Ex.5.(openanswers)

PartII.

B.

Ex.1.1.a2.an3.an4.an5.an6.an7.an8.a9.a10.a11.an12.an13.a14.a15.an16.a17.a18.a19.a20.

a21.an22.a23.a24.a25.an26.a27.an28.a29.an30.a31.an32.a

Ex.2.1.Thosearepictures2.Thesearecars3.Aretheseenvelopes?4.Thosemenaren´tteachers5.I´vegotfriendsin

S.F.6.They´vegothorses...7.Peter´sgotnewpens8.Theseboysaren´tnewstudents9.Theseareinterestingnovels

10.Arethosewomennurses?11.Arethosemenengineers?12.Thereareyellowflowers...13.Arethoseappletrees

orpeartrees?14.Ihaven´tgotcigarettes

Ex.3.1.Therearesometrees...2.Therearemanywomen...3.Therewereseveralcaraccidents...4.Therearesome

newstudents...5.Therewillbemanynewstudents...6.I´vegotseveralquestions...7.They´vegotsomeinteresting

books...8.Theboyhasgotsomebooks...9.Thereareseveralletters...10.I´vegotsomecoins...11.I´vegotseveral

magazines...12.Therearemanytextbooks...13.Thestudenthasgotsomenewnotebooks14.Therearemany

students...15.Please,showmesomephotographs.

PartIII.

Ex.1.A-9B-8C-10D-2E-7F-4G-3H-5I-12J-1K-11L-6

Ex.2.1.It´snineoćlock2.It´stentonine3.It´shalfpastthree4.It´squartertotwelve5.It´squarterpastone6.It´s

fivepastnine7.It´sforteenminutespastten8.It´stwelveoćlock/midnight9.It´sthreeminutestothree10.It´seight

oćlockinthemorning11.It´sfouroćlockintheafternoon12.It´selevenoćlockatnight13.It´stwenty-fivepastthree

14.It´stwelveoćlock/noon15.It´stwentypastthree16.It´sfivepastten17.It´squartertotwo18.It´shalfpasteleven

19.It´stwenty-fivepastfive20.It´squarterpasteight21.It´stwenty-fivetofive22.It´stwenty-twominutestotwo23.

It´seighteenminutespastten24.It´snineoćlock

Bl47

UNIT4

PARTI.ELTIEMPOPRESENTECONTINUO(THEPRESENTCONTINUOUSTENSE)

Introducción:LosTiemposContínuos

SontiemposcontinuosoprogresivostodosaquellostiemposverbalesqueseexpresanconunaformadelverboTO

BEyelGERUNDIODEUNVERBOPRINCIPAL.Estostiemposverbalesseusanparaespecificarquéestamos,

estábamosoestaremoshaciendoenunmomentodeterminado.

Esconvenienterecordaraquíqueelgerundiodeunverboprincipalseformaagregando-INGalinfinitivo.Estesufijo

sepronuncia/iη/.Haytresgruposdeverbos,segúnlaortografíausadaenlaformacióndelgerundio:

GrupoA: Verbosterminadosenconsonantequeagregan-ingalinfinitivo:

tospeak/spi:k/(hablar) speaking/spi:kiη/(hablando)

toeat/i:t/(comer) eating/í:tiη/(comiendo)

towork/we:rk/(trabajar) working/wé:rkiη/(trabajando)

GrupoB:Sielinfinitivoterminaen-emuda,estaletraseomitealformarengerundio:

tolive/liv/(vivir) living/líviη/(viviendo)

towrite/ráit/(escribir) writing/ráitiη/(escribiendo)

GrupoC:Sielinfinitivoestáformadoporconsonante+vocal+consonanteocons.+cons.+vocal+cons.,la

últimaconsonantedebeserduplicada:

Tosit/sit/(sentarse) sitting/sítiη/(sentándose)

Tocut/kat/(cortar) cutting/kátiη/(cortando)

Tostop/stop/(detener,parar) stopping/stópiη/(deteniendo,parando)

Toswim/suim/(nadar) swimming/suímiη/(nadando)

ELTIEMPOPRESENTECONTINUOOPROGRESIVO.

El tiempoPresenteContinuooProgresivoestá formadoporelPresentedelverboTOBE (AM/S/ARE)másun

GERUNDIOdeunverboprincipalyseusaparaexpresaraccionesqueseestánrealizandoNOW/náu/(ahora)oAT

THISTIME/atδistáim/(aestahora),ATTHEMOMENT/atδemóument/(enestemomento).ATPRESENT/atprézent/(en

estosdías,actualmente),TEMPORARILY/temporárili/(temporalmente),FORTHETIMEBEING/forδetáimbí:iδ/(mientras

tanto,transitoriamente).


They´relivinginNewYorkatpresent./δéia:rliviηinniuiórkatprézent/(EllosestánviviendoenN.Y.enlaactualidad).

Mary´sworkinginRoom10now./mérizwé:rkiηinrúmténnáu/(MaryestátrabajandoenlaOf.10ahora)

Herbert´shavinglunchatthemoment./hé:rbertshæviνlántchatδemóument/(Herbertestáalmorzandoenestemomento)

Forthetimebeing,I´mlivingwithmybrotherJohn./forδetáimbí:iηáimlívinwiδmaibráδerdllón/(Transitoriamente,estoy

viviendoconmihermanoJohn)

LaformanegativaseexpresausandoNOTdespuésdelverboTOBE.ElusodelascontraccionesISN´TyAREN´T

esfrecuenteenlaconversacióndiaria.


TheyarenotlivinginNewYorkatpresent. They´renotlivinginNewYorkatpresent.

Theyaren´tlivinginNewYorkatpresent.

MaryisnotworkinginRoom10now. Mary´snotworkinginRoom10now.

Maryisn´tworkinginRoom10now.

Forthetimebeing,IamnotlivingwithmybrotherJohn.I´mnotlivingwithmybrotherJohn


LaformainterrogativaseexpresamediantesimpleinversióndelverboTOBE(AM,IS,ARE)conelsujeto.Enlas

preguntasnegativasseusanlascontraccionesISN´T/AREN´Tdelantedelsujeto.


AretheylivinginNewYorkatpresent? Aren´ttheylivinginNewYorkatpresent?

IsMaryworkinginRoom10now? Isn´tMaryworkinginRoom10now?

AreyoulivingwithyourbrotherJohn? Aren´tyoulivingwithyourbrotherJohn?

AmIdoingtheexercisecorrectly? Aren´tIdoingtheexercisecorrectly?

CuandodeseamosformularpreguntasintroducidasporunapalabrainterrogativacomoWhat,Where,When,How,

Howoften,etc.,debemosmantenerelmismoordendepalabrasusadoenlaspreguntassimples.


JohnislivinginNewYorkatpresent. WhereisJohnlivingatpresent?

Thechildrenareplayingsoccer. Whatarethechildrenplaying?

Iamwearingasweaterbecauseit´scold. Whyareyouwearingasweater?

Lapreguntamásfrecuenteenestetiempoverbales:

WHATAREYOUDOING?/wótariúdu:iη/(¿quéestáshaciendo?)

EXERCISES

Ex.1.Escuche,leayaprendaestosverbos:

INFINITIVE GERUND SPANISH

Toanswer/á:nser/ answering/á:nseriη/ responder/respondiendo

Toarrive/erráiv/ arriving/erráiviη/ llegar/llegando

Toask/a:sk/ asking/á:skiη/ preguntar/preguntando;

Toaskfor/a:skfo:r/ askingfor/á:skiηfo:r// pedir/pidiendo,solicitar/solicitando

Tobuy/bái/ buying/báiiη/ comprar/comprando

Toclose/klouz/ closing/klóuziη/ cerrar/cerrando

Tocome/kam/ coming/kámiη/ venir/viniendo

Tocut/kat/ cutting/kátiη/ cortar/cortando

Todo/du:/ doing/dú:iη/ hacer/haciendo(actividades)

Todrink/driηk/ drinking/dríηkiη/ beber/bebiendo

Todrive/dráiv/ driving/dráiviη/ conducir/conduciendo

Todry/drái/ drying/dráiiη/ secar/secando

Toeat/i:t/ eating/í:tiη/ comer/comiendo

Tofinish/fínish/ finishing/fínishiη/ terminar/terminando

Tofix/fiks/ fixing/fíksiη/ reparar/reparando;arreglar/arreglando/fijar/fijando

Togive/giv/ giving/gíviη/ dar/dando

Togo/gou/ going/góuiη/ ir/yendo

Tohelp/help/ helping/hélpiη/ ayudar/ayudando

Toinvite/inváit/ inviting/inváitiη/ invitar/invitando

Tolearn/le:rn/ learning/lé:rniη/ aprender/aprendiendo

Toleave/li:v/ leaving/lí:viη/ partir/partiendo;dejar/dejando

Tolistento/lísntu/ listeningto/lísniηtu/ escuchar/escuchando

Tolive/liv/ living/liviη/ vivir,viviendo

Tolookat/lukat/ lookingat/lúkiηat/ mirar/mirando

Tomake/meik/ making/méikiη/ hacer/haciendo

Toopen/óupn/ opening/óupniη/ abrir/abriendo

Topay/pei/ paying/péiiη/ pagar/pagando

Toplay/pléi/ playing/pléiiη/ jugar/jugando;tocar/tocando(uninstr.)

Toput/put/ putting/pútiη/ poner/poniendo

Toread/ri:d/ reading/rí:diη/ leer/leyendo

Toreceive/risí:v/ receiving/risí:viη/ recibir/recibiendo


Torain/réin/ raining/réiniη/ llover/lloviendo

Torun/ran/ running/rániη/ correr/corriendo

Tosay/séi/ saying/séiiη/ decir/diciendo

Tosell/sel/ selling/séliη/ vender/vendiendo

Tosend/send/ sending/séndiη/ enviar/enviando

Tosing/siη/ singing/síηiη/ cantar/cantando

Tosit/sit/ sitting/sítiη/ sentarse/sentándose

Tosleep/sli:p/ sleeping/slí:piη/ dormir/durmiendo

Tospeak/spi:k/ speaking/spí:kiη/ hablar/hablando

Tospend/spend/ spending/spéndiη/ gastar/gastando;pasar/pasando(tiempo)

Tostart/sta:rt/ starting/stá:rtiη/ empezar/empezando,comenzar/comenzando

Tostay/stéi/ staying/stéiiη/ permanecer/permaneciendo(quedarse)

Tostudy/stádi/ studying/stádiiη/ estudiar/estudiando

Totake/téik/ taking/téikiη/ tomar/tomando;llevar/llevando

Totalk/to:k/ talking/tó:kiη/ conversar/conversando

Totell/tel/ telling/téliη/ decir/diciendo;contar/contando(narrar)

Tothink/θiηk/ thinking/θíηkiη/ pensar/pensando;creer/creyendo

Totravel/trævel/ travelling/træveliη/ viajar/viajando

Totryto/tráitu/ tryingto/tráiiηtu/ tratarde/tratandode;intentar/intentando

Towaitfor/weitfo:r/ waitingfor/wéitiηfo:r/ esperar/esperando

Towalk/wo:k/ walking/wó:kiη/ caminar/caminando

Towash/wosh/ washing/wóshiη/ lavar/lavando

Towatch/wotch/ watching/wótchiη/ observar/observando

Towear/wéar/ wearing/wéariη/ usar/usando(ropas)

Towork/we:rk/ working/wé:rkiη/ trabajar/trabajando;funcionar/funcionando

Towrite/ráit/ Writing/ráitiη/ escribir/escribiendo

Ex.2.Escuche,leayaprendaestasactividadesfrecuentes:

Gettingup/gétiηap/ levantándose

Havingabath/ashower/hæviηeba:θ/esháuer/ tomandounbaño/unaducha

Gettingdressed/gétiηdrést/ vistiéndose

Havingbreakfast/lunch/dinner/hæviηbrékfast//lantch/díner/ desayunando/almorzando/cenando

Goinghome/towork/totheoffice/góuiηhóum/tuwe:rk/tuδiófis/ yendoacasa/altrabajo/alaoficina

Drivinghome/towork/totheoffice/dráiviηhóum/tuwe:rk/tuδiófis/./ yendoenautoacasa/trabajo/of.

Readingletters/thenewspaper/rí:diηlétez/δeniuzpéiper/ leyendocartas/eldiario

Workingintheoffice/wé:rkiηinδiófis/ trabajandoenlaoficina

Talkingwithfriends/tó:kiηwiδfréndz/ conversandoconamigos

Leavingtheoffice/lí:viηδiófis/ saliendodelaoficina

Doingtheshopping/dú:iηδeshópiη/ haciendolascompras

Buyingthepaper/cigarettes/báiiηδepéiper/sígaréts/ comprandoeldiario/cigarrillos

WatchingTV/wótchiηtí:ví:/ mirandoTV

Listeningtothenews/totheradio/lísniηtuδeniú:z/réidiou/ escuchandolasnoticias/laradio

Writingtoafriend/ráitiηtuefrénd/ escribiendoaun/aamigo/a

Callingupafriend/kóliηápefrénd/ llamandoaun/aamigo/a(porfono)

Playingcards/soccer/pléiiηkárdz/sóker jugandocartas/football

Walkingtothepark/wó:kiηtuδepa:rk/ caminandoalparque

Runningacrossthepark/rániηakrósδepá:rk/ corriendoatravésdelparque

Doingexercise/dú:iηéksersaiz/Workingout/wérkiηáut/ haciendoejercicio(gimnasia)

Visitingamuseum/vízitiηamiu:zíam/ visitandounmuseo

Studyingforatest/stádiiηforetést/ estudiandoparaunaprueba

Washingthecar/wóshiηδeká:r/ lavandoelauto

Cleaningthehouse/klíiniηδeháus/ limpiandolacasa

Makingthebed/méikiηδebéd/ haciendolacama

Tidyinguptheroom/táidiiηápδerú:m/ ordenandoelcuarto

Cookingameal/kúkiηami:l/ cocinandounacomida

Preparingsomedrinks/pripéariηsamdríηks/ preparandoalgunostragos

Goingtobed/góuiηtubéd/ acostándose


Ex.3.Completethefollowingsentences,usingthePresentContinuoustenseoftheverbprovided.

1.I______________________________ tothenewsatthemoment.(listen)

2.Thestudents_________________________ toschoolnow.(go)

3.Mr.Smith____________________________ forthebus.(wait)

4.Forthetimebeing,Mary__________________________ asasecretary.(work).

5.Ourfriends___________________________ DisneyWorldtoday.(visit)

6.Thetrain_____________________________ atthestationatthistime.(arrive)

7.You___________________________ theexerciseswellnow.(do)

8.They__________________________ theweekendinMiami.(spend)

9.Look!Thebus___________________________overthere!(come)

10.Listen!Thosechildren____________________________ Spanish!(speak)

11.There´samaninthegarden.He__________________________ thegrass.(cut)

12.Thereareseveralstudentsinthegym.They___________________________ (workout)

Ex.4.Changeintoa)negativeandb)interrogative

1. ThechildrenarewatchingTV ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

2. John´shavingbreakfastnow. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

3. Bill´sansweringthephone. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

4. I´mhelpingJohnwiththework ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

5. Thegirl´swashingthedishes. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

6. Thecadet´ssleepinginclass. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

7. It´srainingveryhardnow. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

8. Thestudentsarewritingacomposition. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

9. You´redoingtheexercisecorrectly. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

10.Thedog´sdrinkingmilk. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

11.Theboy´ssinginganEnglishsong. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

12.We´remakingalotofprogress. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

Ex.5.AskquestionsusingquestionswordlikeWhat,Where,Why,etc.

1. Mary´seatinganapplenow. ___________________________________________________

2. JohnandhisfriendsarewatchingTV. ___________________________________________________

3. They´relivinginBristolatpresent. ___________________________________________________

4. I´mansweringaletter. ___________________________________________________

5. Thestudentsarereadingastory. ___________________________________________________

6. Georgeistravellingbyplane. ___________________________________________________

7. Heisn´tworkingbecauseit´sSunday. ___________________________________________________

8. Billy´swearingthenewsweater. ___________________________________________________

9. I´msingingbecauseI´mhappy. ___________________________________________________

10.Themenarerunningnow. ___________________________________________________

11.I´mtryingtoopenthewindow. ___________________________________________________

12.They´relookingatthehorses. ___________________________________________________


Ex.6.CompletethedialogsusingtheverbsprovidedinthePresentContinuoustense.Studythemandpractise

themwithafriend:

1. Hans : Hello,Bob!Where______you____________?(go)

Bob : Tothepostoffice.

Hans : I___________(go)there,too.Why______n´tyou____________(drive)yourcar?

Bob : It´sinthegarage.They____________(fix)thebrakes.

2.Jane : Where´sBilly?

Peter : He´sinhisroom.

Jane : What______he___________?(do)Idon´tthinkhe____________(sleep).

Peter : No,heisn´t.He____________(study)foratest.

Jane : He______always____________!(study).That´swhyhe___________(do)sowellatschoolthisyear

Peter : Well,he____________(plan)tostudyengineering,youknow..

3.Robert:Wherearethechildren?

Mary : Billy____________(watch)TVintheliving-room.AndBetty´sinthekitchen.Ithink

she____________(cook)dinner.AndJim´sinhisroom.He____________(sleep),ofcourse!

Robert: Well,let´sgoforawalk,then.

Mary : Great!Let´sdothat.


PARTII.

A. TIMEANDDATES

day/déi/díaweek/wí:k/semanamonth/manθ/mesyear/yíar/añoseason/sí:zn/estación

Thereare365days/déiz/inayear.Thereare52weeks/wí:ks/inayear/jíar/

Therearetwelvemonths/mánθs/inayear.Themonthsoftheyearare:

January/dlláñiuari/ Enero July/dllulái/ Julio

February/fébruari/ Febrero August/ó:gast/ Agosto

March/má:rtch/ Marzo September/septémber/ Septiembre

April/éiprl/ Abril October/októuber/ Octubre

May/méi/ Mayo November/nouvémber/ Noviembre

June/dllú:n/ Junio December/disémber/ Diciembre

Therearefourseasons/sí:zonz/inayear:Winter/uínter/Invierno,Spring/spriη/Primavera,Summer/sámer/Verano,and

Autumn/ó:tom/(orFall/fó:l/)Otoño

Therearesevendaysinaweek.Thedaysoftheweekare:

Monday/mándi/ Lunes Thursday/δérzdi/ Jueves Sunday/sándi/ Domingo

Tuesday/tiú:zdi/ Martes Friday/fráidi/ Viernes

Wednesday/wénzdi/ Miércoles Saturday/sæterdi/ Sábado

Mondayisthefirst (primer)dayoftheweek.Tuesdayisthesecond (segundo)day.Thethird (tercer)dayoftheweekis

Wednesday,andThursdayisthefourth(cuarto)day.Fridayisthefifth(quinto)day,andthesixth(sexto)dayisSaturday.

Theseventh(séptimo)andlast(último)dayoftheweekisSunday.

OrdinalNumbers:Losnúmerosordinales,ademásdeusarseparaindicarordenolugardeprecedencia,seusanpara

expresarfechas.Losnúmerosordinalesson:

1st. First/fé:rst/ 11th Eleventh/ilévenθ/ 21st Twenty-first/tuéntifé:rst/

2nd Second/sékond/ 12th Twelfth/tuélfθ/ 22ndTwenty-second/tuéntisékond/

3rd Third/θé:rd/ 13th Thirteenth/θe:rtí:nθ/ 23rd Twenty-third/tuéntiθé:rd/

4th Fourth/fó:rθ/ 14th Fourteenth/fortí:nθ/ 24th Twenty-fourth/tuéntifó:rθ/

5th Fifth/fifθ/ 15th Fifteenth/fiftí:nθ/ 25th Twenty-fifth/tuéntifífθ/

6th Sixth/sixθ/ 16th Sixteenth/sikstí:nθ/ 26th Twenty-sixth/tuéntisíksθ/

7th Seventh/sévenθ/ 17th Seventeenth/seventí:nθ/ 27th Twenty-seventh/tuéntisévenθ/

8th Eighth/éitθ/ 18th Eighteenth/eití:nθ/ 28th Twenty-eighth/tuéntiéitθ/

9th Ninth/náinθ/ 19th Nineteenth/naintí:nθ/ 29th Twenty-ninth/tuéntináinθ/

10thTenth/ténθ/ 20th Twentieth/tuéntieθ/ 30th Thirtieth/θértieθ/

31st Thirty-first/θé:rtifé:rst/

Escuche,leayaprenda

ThedatetodayisWednesdaythefirstofMay,twothousandtwo/δedéittudéiizwénzdiδefé:rstovméitú.θáuzand

tú:/otambién,Wednesday,Maythefirst,twothousandtwo/wénzdiméiδefé:rsttú.θáuzandtú:/(Lafechadehoyes

MiércolesprimerodeMayode2002)

IwasbornonthefifteenthofAugust,nineteenseventy-five/aiwozbó:rnonδefiftí:nθovó:gastnáintinséventifáiv/,o

también,onAugustthefifteenth,nineteenseventy-five/onó:gastδefiftí:nθnáintinséventifáiv/(Yonacíel15deAgosto

de1975).

Jane´sbirthdayisonthetwenty-fifthofJune/dlléinzbé:rθeiisonδetuéntifífθovdllú:n/,otambién,onJunethetwenty-

fifth/ondllú:nδetuéntifífθ/(ElcumpleañosdeJaneesel25deJunio)


EXERCISES

Ex.1.Writethefollowingdates,asintheexamples:

1.12.09.1963 ThetwelfthofSeptember,nineteensixty-three

2.05.05.1938 ________________________________________________________________________________

3.02.11.1906 ________________________________________________________________________________

4.18.07.1900 ________________________________________________________________________________

5.10.08.2000 ________________________________________________________________________________

6.01.01.2001 ________________________________________________________________________________

7.18.09.1810 ________________________________________________________________________________

8.05.12.1978 ________________________________________________________________________________

9.12.03.1893 ________________________________________________________________________________

10.04.30.1999 Aprilthethirtieth,nineteenninety-nine

11.08.27.1987 ________________________________________________________________________________

12.02.28.1956 ________________________________________________________________________________

13.10.12.1492 ________________________________________________________________________________

14.07.02.1956 ________________________________________________________________________________

Ex.2.Answerthefollowingquestions:

1.Whenisyourbirthday? ____________________________________________________________

2.Whenwasyourfatherborn? ____________________________________________________________

3.Whatdayistoday? ____________________________________________________________

4.What´sthedatetoday? ____________________________________________________________

5.Howmanydaysarethereinaweek? ____________________________________________________________

6.Whataretheseasonsoftheyear? ____________________________________________________________

7.What´syourfavo(u)riteseason? ____________________________________________________________

8.Whatarethedaysoftheweek? ____________________________________________________________

9.Whatarethemonthsoftheyear? ____________________________________________________________

10.What´sthefirstmonthoftheyear? ____________________________________________________________

11.What´sthethirddayoftheweek? ____________________________________________________________

12.What´sthelastmonthoftheyear? ____________________________________________________________

13.Howmanymonthsarethereinayear? ____________________________________________________________

14.Howmanyhoursarethereinaday? ____________________________________________________________

15.WhenisNewYear´sDay? ____________________________________________________________

16.When´sourIndependenceDay? ____________________________________________________________


B. QuestionWords(1)Describingpeopleandthings

Escuche,leayaprenda

ENGLISH SPANISH EXAMPLE

Howold?/háuóuld/

Howtall?/háuto:l/

Howfar?/háufa:r/

Howlong?/háulóη/

Howhigh?/háuhái/

Howfast?/háuf(st/

Howdeep?/háudi:p/

Howthick?/háu(ik/

Howwide?/háuwáid/

Howbig...?/háubig?/

Howwell...?/háuwel/

Howheavy...?/hauhévi/

Whatcolor?/hwotkólor/

Whatsize?/hwotsáiz/

Whatshape?/hwotshéip/

Whatis/are...like?*

/wot.Iz/a:r...láik/

¿Quéedad?

¿Quéestatura?

¿Quédistancia?

¿Quélongitud?

¿Quéaltura?

¿Quévelocidad?

¿Quéprofundidad?

¿Quéespesor/grosor?

¿Quéanchura/ancho?

¿Cuángrande?

¿Cuánbien?

¿Cuántopesa?

¿Quécolor?

¿Quétamaño/talla?

¿Quéforma?

¿Cómoes/son...?(Descripcióndecosas)

(Descripcióndepersonasencuantoasu

carácter)

Howoldareyou?I´m21yearsold

Howtallareyou?I´m1.70meterstall

Howfaristheairpòrt?It´sabout20km.away

Howlongistheriver?It´s85km.long.

Howhighisthathill?It´sabout1,200mt.high

Howfastisthetrainmoving?Atabout90k/h

Howdeepisthelake?It´s120mt.deep

Howthickisthatwall?It´sabout40cm.thick

Howwideistheroad?About15mt.wide

Howbigisthehouse?Ithasgotfiverooms

Howwelldoyoudrive?Idriveverywell

Howheavyisthebox?Itweighs5kilos

Whatcoloristhecar?It´slightblue

Whatsizeisthisshirt?It´sextralarge

Whatshapeisafootball?It´sround

Whatisthehouselike?It´sverycomfortable

Whataretheroomslike?They´reverysmall

What´sMarylike?She´sveryniceandfriendly.

Notaimportante: ComoUd.habráadvertido,eningléssedebeusarelverboBE(am/is/are/was/were,etc.)paradescribirobjetos.Encastellano

normalmenteseusaelverbotener:Howoldareyou?Iam35=¡QueedadtieneUd?Yotengo35

Ex.1.Studythesewords:

Nouns Adjectives

age/éidll/edad

length/leθ/longitud

width/wiθ/anchura

thickness/θiknis/grosor

distance/dístans/distancia

speed/spí:d/velocidad

depth/depθ/profundidad

height/háit/estatura;altura

size/saiz/tamaño,talla

shape/shéip/forma

weight/wéit/peso

old/ould/anciano,viejo;young/yaη/joven

old/ould/viejo;new/niú:/nuevo

long/loη/largo;short/sho:rt/corto

wide/wáid/ancho;narrow/nærrou/angosto

thick/θik/grueso;thin/θin/delgado

distant/dístant/distante;nearby/níarbai/cercano

fast/fa:st/veloz;slow/slóu/lento

deep/dí:p/profundo;shallow/shálou/pocoprofundo

tall/tó:l/alto;short/shó:rt/bajodeestatura

high/hái/alto;low/lóu/bajo

small/smó:l/pequeño;big/big/grande

tiny/táini/diminuto;huge/hiu:dll/enorme

round/ráund/redondo;square/skwear/cuadrado;

rectangular/rektængiular/rectangular,triangular/traiængiular/triangular;oval/óuval/ovalado

heavy/hévi/pesado;light/láit/liviano


B. QuestionWords(1)Describingpeopleandthings

Escuche,leayaprenda


Howold?/háuóuld/

Howtall?/háuto:l/

Howfar?/háufa:r/

Howlong?/háulóη/

Howhigh?/háuhái/

Howfast?/háuf(st/

Howdeep?/háudi:p/

Howthick?/háu(ik/

Howwide?/háuwáid/

Howbig...?/háubig?/

Howwell...?/háuwel/

Howheavy...?/hauhévi/

Whatcolor?/hwotkólor/

Whatsize?/hwotsáiz/

Whatshape?/hwotshéip/

Whatis/are...like?*

/wot.Iz/a:r...láik/

¿Quéedad?

¿Quéestatura?

¿Quédistancia?

¿Quélongitud?

¿Quéaltura?

¿Quévelocidad?

¿Quéprofundidad?

¿Quéespesor/grosor?

¿Quéanchura/ancho?

¿Cuángrande?

¿Cuánbien?

¿Cuántopesa?

¿Quécolor?

¿Quétamaño/talla?

¿Quéforma?

¿Cómoes/son...?(Descripcióndecosas)

(Descripcióndepersonasencuantoasu

carácter)

Howoldareyou?I´m21yearsold

Howtallareyou?I´m1.70meterstall

Howfaristheairpòrt?It´sabout20km.away

Howlongistheriver?It´s85km.long.

Howhighisthathill?It´sabout1,200mt.high

Howfastisthetrainmoving?Atabout90k/h

Howdeepisthelake?It´s120mt.deep

Howthickisthatwall?It´sabout40cm.thick

Howwideistheroad?About15mt.wide

Howbigisthehouse?Ithasgotfiverooms

Howwelldoyoudrive?Idriveverywell

Howheavyisthebox?Itweighs5kilos

Whatcoloristhecar?It´slightblue

Whatsizeisthisshirt?It´sextralarge

Whatshapeisafootball?It´sround

Whatisthehouselike?It´sverycomfortable

Whataretheroomslike?They´reverysmall

What´sMarylike?She´sveryniceandfriendly.

Notaimportante: ComoUd.habráadvertido,eningléssedebeusarelverboBE(am/is/are/was/were,etc.)paradescribirobjetos.Encastellano

normalmenteseusaelverbotener:Howoldareyou?Iam35=¡QueedadtieneUd?Yotengo35

Ex.1.Studythesewords:

Nouns Adjectives

age/éidll/edad

length/leθ/longitud

width/wiθ/anchura

thickness/θiknis/grosor

distance/dístans/distancia

speed/spí:d/velocidad

depth/depθ/profundidad

height/háit/estatura;altura

size/saiz/tamaño,talla

shape/shéip/forma

weight/wéit/peso

old/ould/anciano,viejo;young/yaη/joven

old/ould/viejo;new/niú:/nuevo

long/loη/largo;short/sho:rt/corto

wide/wáid/ancho;narrow/nærrou/angosto

thick/θik/grueso;thin/θin/delgado

distant/dístant/distante;nearby/níarbai/cercano

fast/fa:st/veloz;slow/slóu/lento

deep/dí:p/profundo;shallow/shálou/pocoprofundo

tall/tó:l/alto;short/shó:rt/bajodeestatura

high/hái/alto;low/lóu/bajo

small/smó:l/pequeño;big/big/grande

tiny/táini/diminuto;huge/hiu:dll/enorme

round/ráund/redondo;square/skwear/cuadrado;

rectangular/rektængiular/rectangular,triangular/traiængiular/triangular;oval/óuval/ovalado

heavy/hévi/pesado;light/láit/liviano

BASICVOCABULARY:Studythesewords:

NUMERALS

CARDINALNUMBERS ORDINALNUMBERS

1one/wan/ uno 1stfirst/fε:rst/ primero

2two/tu:/ dos 2ndsecond/séknd/ segundo

3three/θri:/ tres 3rdthird/θε:rd/ tercero

4four/fo:r/ cuatro 4thfourth/fo:rθ/ cuarto

5five/faiv/ cinco 5thfifth/fifθ/ quinto

6six/siks/ seis 6thsixth/siksθ/ sexto

7seven/sévn/ siete 7thseventh/sévnθ/ séptimo

8eight/eit/ ocho 8theighth/éitθ/ octavo

9nine/nain/ nueve 9thninth/náinθ/ noveno

10ten/ten/ diez 10thtenth/ténθ/ décimo

11eleven/ilévn/ once 11theleventh/ilévnθ/ décimoprimero

12twelve/twélf/ doce 12thtwelfth/twelfθ/ décimosegundo

13thirteen/θε:rtí:n/ trece 13ththirteenth/θε:rtí:nθ/ décimotercero

14fourteen/fortí:in/ catorce 14thfourteenth/fo:rtí:nθ/ décimocuarto

15fifteen/fiftí:n/ quince 15thfifteenth/fiftí:nθ/ décimoquinto

16sixteen/sikstí:n/ dieciséis 16thsixteenth/sikstí:nθ/ décimosexto

17seventeen/sevntí:n/ diecisiete 17thseventeenth/sevntí:nθ/ décimoséptimo

18eighteen/eití:n/ dieciocho 18theighteenth/eití:nθ/ décimooctavo

19nineteen/naintí:n/ diecinueve 19thnineteenth/naintí:nθ/ décimonoveno

20twenty/twénti/ veinte 20thtwentieth/twéntieθ/ vigésimo

21twenty-one/twéntiwán/ veintiuno 21sttwenty-first/twéntifε:rst/ vigésimoprimero

22twenty-two/twéntitú:/ veintidós 22ndtwenty-second/twéntiséknd/ vigésimosegundo

30thirty/θε:rti/ treinta 30ththirtieth/θε:rtieθ/ trigésimo

31thirty-one/θε:rtiwán/ treintayuno 31stthirty-first/θε:rtifε:rst/ trigésimoprimero

40forty/fó:rti/ cuarenta 40thfortieth/fó:rtieθ/ cuadragésimo

50fifty/fífti/ cincuenta 50thfiftieth/fíftieθ/ quincuagésimo

60sixty/síksti/ sesenta 60thsixtieth/síkstieθ/ sexagésimo

70seventy/sévnti/ setenta 70thseventieth/sévntieθ/ septuagésimo

80eighty/éiti/ ochenta 80theightieth/éitieθ/ octogésimo

90ninety/náinti/ noventa 90thninetieth/naintieθ/ nonagésimo

100onehundred/wanhúndrid/ cien 100thonehundredth/wanhándreθ/ centésimo

1,000onethousand/wanθáuznd/ mil 1,000thonethousandth/wanθáuzndθ/ milésimo

1,000,000onemillion/wanmílion/ unmillón 1,000,000thonemillionth/wanmílionθ/ millonésimo

TIMEANDDATES

1. Unitsoftime

second/séknd/ segundo month/mánθ/ mes

minute/mínit/ minuto season/sí:zon/ estación,temporada

hour/áuar/ hora year/yíar/ año

day/dei/ día century/séntchuri/ siglo

week/wi:k/ semana

2. Daysoftheweek

Monday/mándi/ Lunes Saturday/sætεrdi/ Sábado

Tuesday/tíu:zdi/ Martes Sunday/sándi/ Domingo

Wednesday/wénzdi/ Miércoles

Thursday/θε:rzdi/ Jueves

Friday/fráidi/ Viernes

Nota:EnInglés,losdíasdelasemanaylosmesesdelañosiempreseescribenconmayúsculas.


3. Seasonsoftheyear

summer/sámer/ verano winter/wínter/ invierno

autumn/fall/ó:tm//fó:l/ otoño spring/spriη/ primavera

4. Monthsoftheyear

January/dllániuari/ Enero July/dllulái/ Julio

February/fébruari/ Febrero August/ó:gast/ Agosto

March/ma:rtch/ Marzo September/septémber/Septiembre

April/éiprl/ Abril October/októuber/ Octubre

May/mei/ Mayo November/nouvémber/ Noviembre

June/dllu:n/ Junio December/disémber/ Diciembre

5. Dates

TodayisMonday,2ndMay,2001(thesecondofMay,twothousandone)

HewasbornonJanuary26th,1957(Januarythetwenty-sixth,nineteenfifty-seven)


KEYTOANSWERS

UNIT4

PartI

Ex.3.1.amlistening2.aregoing3.iswaiting4.isworking5.arevisiting6.isarriving7.aredoing8.arespending9.

iscoming10.arespeaking11.iscutting12.areworkingout

Ex.4.1.Thechildrenaren´twatchingTV/ArethechildrenwatchingTV?2.Johnisn´thavingbreakfastnow/IsJohn

havingbreakfastnow?3.Billisn´tansweringthephone/IsBillansweringthephone?4.I´mnothelpingJohn.../Am

IhelpingJohn...?5.Thegirlisn´twashingthedishes/Isthegirlwashingthedishes?6.Thecadetisn´tsleeping.../Is

thecadetsleeping...?7.Itisn´training.../Isitraining...?8.Thestudentsaren´twriting.../Arethestudentswriting...?

9.Youaren´tdoingtheexercises.../Areyoudoingtheexercises...?10.Thedogisn´tdrinkingmilk/Isthedogdrinking

milk?11.Theboyisn´tsinging.../Istheboysinging...?

Ex.5.1.What´sMaryeatingnow?2.WhatareJohnandhisfriendsdoing?3.Wherearetheylivingatpresent?4.

Whatareyoudoing?5.Whatarethestudentsreading?6.How´sGeorgetravelling?7.Whyisn´theworking?8.Which

sweaterisBillywearing?9.Whyareyousinging?10.Whatarethemendoingnow?11.Whatareyoutryingtodo?

12.Whataretheylookingat?

Ex.6.1.Hans:are-goingHans:amgoing/are-drivingBob:arefising2..Jane:is-doing/issleepingPeter:is

studyingJane:is-studyiung/isdoingPeter:isplanning.3.Mary:iswatching/iscooking/issleeping

PartII

Ex.1.2.ThefifthofMay,nineteenthirty-eight3.ThesecondofNovember,nineteenohsix4.TheeighteenthofJuly,

nineteenhundred5.ThetenthofAugust,twothousand6.ThefirstofJanuary,twothousandone7.Theeighteenthof

September,eighteenten8.ThefifthofDecember,nineteenseventy-eight9.ThetwelfthofMarch,eighteenninety-three

11.Augustthetwenty-seventh,nineteeneighty-seven12.Februarythetwenty-eighth,nineteenfifty-six13.October

thetwelfth,forteenninety-two14.Julythesecond,nineteenfifty-six

Ex.2.1.It´son...2.Hewasbornon...3.Today´s...4.Thedatetodayis...5.Therearesevendays6.Theseasonsof

theyearareWinter,SpringSummerandAutumn/Fall7....ismyfavorityseason.8.ThedaysoftheweekareMonday,

Tuesday,Wednesday,Thursday,Friday,SaturdayandSunday.9.ThemonthsoftheyearareJanuary,February,March,

April,May,June,July,August,September,October,NovemberandDecember10.ThefirstmonthoftheyearisJanuary

11.ThethirddayoftheweekisWednesday12.ThelastmonthoftheyearisDecember13.Therearetwelvemonths

inayear14.Therearetwenty-fourhoursinaday15.NewYear´sdayisonthefirstofJanuary.16.OurIndependence

DayisonSeptembertheeighteenth.


UNIT5

PARTI.ELTIEMPOPRESENTESIMPLE(THESIMPLEPRESENTTENSE)

Estetiemposeusaparaexpresaraccionesqueocurrenadiario,enformahabitual.Lasexpresionesdetiempoquemás

seusanenestetiempoverbalsonaquellasquellevanlapalabraEVERY/évri/,comoeveryday/évridéi/(todoslosdías),

everymorning/évrimó:niη/(todaslasmañanas),everyweekend/évriwikénd/(todoslosfinesdesemana).Tambiénseusan

conestetiempolosADVERBIOSDEFRECUENCIA(quenoindicancuando,sinoqueconquéfrecuenciaocurrenlas

accionesindicadasporelverbo).Sonadverbiosdefrecuencia:always/ó:lwiz/(siempre),generally/dllénerali/(generalmente),

usually/íushuali/(usualmente),often/ófn/(amenudo),sometimes/sámtaimz/(aveces),rarely/réarli/(raravez),seldom

/séldom/(raramente),hardlyever/há:rdliéver/(casinunca),never/néver/(nunca).Lasexpresionesquellevanlapalabraevery

habitualmentevanubicadasalfinaldelaoración,mientrasquelosadverbiosdefrecuenciavanubicadossiempreantesdel

verboprincipal.Tambiénsonfrecuentesenestetiempoverballosadverbiosdetiempoformadosporonce/wáns/(unavez),

twice/twáis/(dosveces),threetimes/θri:táimz/(tresveces),severaltimes/sévraltáimz/(variasveces),manytimes/ménitáimz/

(muchasveces),etc,seguidasdelasfrasesaday/edéi/(aldía),aweek/ewi:k/(alasemana),amonth/emánθ/(almes),etc.

Enlaformaafirmativa,elSUJETO(I,You,Thestudents,YouandI,etc.)vaseguidoporelINFINITIVOdeunverbo

principal.

EsimportantedestacaraquíqueenelPresenteSimpleafirmativonoseusaelverbomodalDO/DOES(estátácito).

Cuandodecimos“IspeakSpanisheveryday”estamosdiciendo“IdospeakSpanisheveryday”.Cuandodecimos,“The

secretaryanswersthetelephone”estamosdiciendo“Thesecretarydoesanswerthetelephone”.Estosecomprueba

cuandoqueremosexpresaroracionesnegativasointerrogativas:IdonotspeakSpanisheveryday/DoIspeakSpanish

everyday?;Thesecretarydoesnotanswerthetelephone/Doesthesecretaryanswerthetelephone?


IspeakSpanisheveryday./aispí:kspánishévridéi/(Yohabloespañoltodoslosdías)

Wegotothebeacheverysummer./wi:góutuδebí:tchévrisámer/(Nos.vamosalaplayatodoslosveranos)

IoftenseeMaryattheclub./aiófnsí:mériatδekláb/(YoamenudoveoaMaryenelclub)

TheyalwayscomehereonSaturday./δéiólwizkámhíaronsæterdi/(Ellossiemprevienenacálossábados)

Thestudentsplaysocceronceaweek./δestiúdentspléisókerwánsewi:k/(Losalumnosjueganfútbolunavezala

semana)æ

Cuandoelsujetoestercerapersonadelsingular(he,she,it,theboy,thetelephone,etc)sedebeagregaruna-so

-esalverboprincipal.


HespeaksSpanishandEnglishwell./hi:spí:ksspánishandínglishwel/(Elhablaespañoleinglésbién)

Thesecretaryanswersthetelephone./δesékretriánserzδetélifoun/(Lasecretariacontestaelteléfono)

Thebusstopshere./δebásstópshíar/(Elbusparaaquí)

Bobwashesthecaronsaturday./bóbwóshizδeka:ronsæterdi/(Boblavaelautolossábados)*

MywifewatchesTVintheevening./maiwáifwótchiztí:ví:inδií:vniη/(MimujermiraTVenlastardes)*

JohnplaystenniseveryFridayafternoon./dllónpléizténizévrifráidia:fternú:n/(Johnjuegaténistodoslosviernesenlastardes)**

JohnstudiesFrenchonFridaymorning. /dllónstádiz fréntchonfráidimó:niη/Johnestudia francés losviernesen la

mañana)**

Thesunrisesintheeast./δesánráizizinδií:st/(Elsolapareceeneleste)***

Johnchangesthebatteriesonceamonth./dllóntchéidllizδebátrizwánsemánθ/(Johncambialasbateríasunavezalmes)***

Notas: Enla3ra.personadelsingular(he,she,it),sedebenconsiderarlassiguientesreglas:

* Losverbosterminadosen-s,-sh,-ch-,-x,o-zdebenagregar-esalverbo.Estesufijopluralsepronuncia/iz/yesunasílabamás:

washes/wóshiz/,watches/wótshiz/.

** Losverbosterminadosen-yprecedidadeconsonantetransformandichaletraen-ies:study-studies.Sila-yestáprecedida

devocalseagrega-s:play/plei/,plays/pléiz/.

*** Losverbosregularesterminadosen-se,-ce,-gesóloagregan-senlatercerapersonadelsingular,peroesesufijosepronuncia

/iz/ypasaaserunasílabamás:rise/ráiz/-rises/ráiziz/,change/tchéindll/-changes/tchéindlliz/.

Losverboshave,do,ygotienenlassiguientesformasenla3ra.Personadelsingular:has/hæz/,does/daz/,goes/góuz/.


EnlaformanegativasedebeusarelverbomodalDO/du/seguidodelapalabraNOT(normalmenteformandolacontracción

DON¨T/dóunt/)máselinfinitivodelverboprincipal.EnlatercerapersonaldelsingularsedebeusarDOES/dáz/seguido

deNOT(normalmenteformandolacontracciónDOESN´T/dáznt/)máselInfinitivodelverboprincipal(sinagregar-s/-es)


IspeakSpanisheveryday. Idonotspeak/du:nótspí:k/Spanisheveryday.

Wegotothebeacheverysummer. Wedon´tgo/dóuntgóu/tothebeacheverysummer.

Thestudentsplaysoccereveryday. Thestudentsdon´tplay/dóuntpléi/soccereveryday.

HespeaksEnglishwell. Hedoesnotspeak/daznótspí:k/Englishwell

Thebusstopshere. Thebusdoesn´tstop/dázntstóp/here.

MywifewatchesTVinthemorning. Mywifedoesn´twatch/dázntwótch/TVinthemorning.

Bobchangesthebatteriesonceamonth Bobdoesn´tchange/dáznttchéindll/thebatteriesonceamonth.

Myfriendshaveanewcar. Myfriendsdon´thave/dóunthæv/anewcar.

MaryhasmanyfriendsinCanada. Marydoesn´thave/dáznthæv/manyfriendsinCanada

Wehavelunchatschooleveryday. Wedon´thavelunch/dóunthævlántch/atschooleveryday.

ParaexpresarinterrogacionesdebemosanteponerlosverbosmodalesDO/DOESalsujeto.Enlaspreguntasnegativas

sedebenanteponerlascontraccionesDON´T/DOESN¨T


Doyouspeak/diuspí:k/Spanisheveryday?.

Dowego/duwigóu/tothebeacheverysummer?.

Dothestudentsplay/duδestiú:dentspléi/soccereveryday?.

Doeshespeak/dázhi:spí:k/Englishwell?

Doesthebusstop/dázδebásstóp/here?.

Doesyourwifewatch/dáziorwáifwótch/TVinthemorning?

DoesBobchange/dázbobtchéindll/thebatteriesonceamonth?

Doyourfriendshave/duiorfréndzhæv/anewcar?

DoesMaryhave/dázmérihæv/manyfriendsinCanada?

Doyouhavelunch/diuhævlántch/atschooleveryday?

Don´tyouspeak/dóuntiuspí:k/Spanishathome?

Doesn´tMarywork/dázntmériwérk/onSaturday?

Nota: Elverbotohave(tener)esunverboprincipal,porlotantonecesitaelverbomodaldo/doesenlasnegacioneseinterrogaciones.Recuerde

queeninglésbritánicogenertalmenteseprefiereusarlaexpresiónhavegot/hasgot(VerUnit3).Cuandoseusaelverbotohavepara

expresarlaideadeservirse,comer,beber,oexperimentar,comoentohavebreakfast(desayunar),otohaveagoodtime(pasarlo

bien,divertirse),sedebeusardo/doesenlasnegacioneseinterrogaciones)

Myfriendshaveanewcar = Myfriendshavegotanewcar

Myfriendsdon´thaveanewcar = Myfriendshaven´tgotanewcar.

MaryhasmanyfriendsinCanada = MaryhasgotmanyfriendsinCanada.

Marydoesn´thavemanyfriendsinCanada = Maryhasn´tgotmanyfriendsinCanada

CuandodeseamosformularpreguntasintroducidasporpalabrasinterrogativascomoWHAT,WHERE,WHEN,HOW,

HOWMUCH,etc.,debemosmantenerelmismoordenusadoenlasinterrogacionessimples.


Whatlanguagedoyouspeakathome?/wótláηguidlldiúspí:kathóum/

Whendotheygotothebeach?/wénduδeigóutuδebí:tch/

Wheredoesthebusstop?/wéardazδebásstóp/

WhydoesJohnchangethebatterieseverymonth?/wáidazdllóntchéindllδebáterizévrimánθ/

Lapreguntamáshabitualenestetiempoverbales:

WHATDOYOUDO?/wótdiudúu/(¿Quéhaceud.?)


EXERCISES

Ex.1.Studythefollowingexpressionsoftime:

EveryMonday/évrimándi/ Todosloslunes

EveryTuesday/évritiú:zdi/ Todoslosmartes

EveryWednesday/évriwénzdi/ Todoslosmiércoles

EveryThursday/évriθérzdi/ Todoslosjueves

EveryFridaymorning/évrifráidimó:niη/ Todoslosviernesenlamañana

EverySaturdayafternoon/évrisæterdiaftenún/ Todoslossábadosenlatarde.

EverySundayevening/évrisándií:vniη/ Todoslosdomingosenlatarde

Everymorning/évrimó:niη/ Todaslasmañanas

Everyafternoon/évriafternún/ Todaslastardes(13:00-17:00)

Everyevening/évrií:vniη/ Todaslastardes(18:00-21:00)

Everyday/évridéi/ Todoslosdías

Everynight/évrináit/ Todaslasnoches

Everyweek/évriwi:k/ Todaslassemanas

Everymonth/évrimánθ/ Todoslosmeses

Everyyear/évriyiar/ Todoslosaños

Onceaday/wánsedéi/ Unavezaldía

Twiceaweek/twáisewiik/ Dosvecesalasemana

Threetimesayear/θri:táimzeyíar/ Tresvecesalaño

Severaltimesamonth/sévrltáimzemánθ/ Variasvecesalmes

Always/ó:lweiz/ Siempre

Frequently/fríkwentli/ Frecuentemente

Usually/iúshuali/ Usualmente

Generally/dllénerali/ Generalmente

Sometimes/sámtaimz/ Aveces

Often/ófn/ Amenudo

Rarely/réarli/ Raramente

Hardlyever/hárdliéver/ Casinunca

Seldom/séldom/ Raravez

Never/néver/ Nunca

Inthesummer/inδesámer/ Enelverano

Intheautumn/fall/inδió:tom/fo:l/ Enelotoño

Inthewinter/inδewínter/ Enelinvierno

Inthespring/inδespriη/ Enlaprimavera

Ex.2.Completetheconjugationofthefollowingverbs:

Affiirmative Negative Interrogative

a. Iworkhereeveryday Idon´tworkhereeveryday DoIworkhereeveryday?

You__________________________ You________________________ ______ you _______________ ?

Bill___________________________ Bill_________________________ _______Bill _______________ ?

Ann__________________________ Ann________________________ ______Ann_______________ ?

We __________________________ We_________________________ _______ we_______________ ?

They_________________________ They _______________________ ______ they_______________ ?

b. IwatchTVafterdinner. Idon´twatchTVafterdinner. DoIwatchTVafterdinner?

You__________________________ ____________________________ __________________________ ?

Bill___________________________ ____________________________ __________________________ ?

Ann__________________________ ____________________________ __________________________ ?

We __________________________ ____________________________ __________________________ ?

They_________________________ ____________________________ __________________________ ?


c. Igotothemovieseverynight Idon´t______________________ DoI______________________ ?

You__________________________ ____________________________ __________________________ ?

Bill___________________________ ____________________________ __________________________ ?

Ann__________________________ ____________________________ __________________________ ?We __________________________ ____________________________ __________________________ ?They_________________________ ____________________________ __________________________ ?

d. IplaytennisonSaturday ____________________________ __________________________ ?

You__________________________ ____________________________ __________________________ ?

Bill___________________________ ____________________________ __________________________ ?

Ann__________________________ ____________________________ __________________________ ?

We __________________________ ____________________________ __________________________ ?

They_________________________ ____________________________ __________________________ ?

e. IstudyEnglisheveryday. ____________________________ __________________________ ?

You__________________________ ____________________________ __________________________ ?

Bill___________________________ ____________________________ __________________________ ?

Ann__________________________ ____________________________ __________________________ ?

We __________________________ ____________________________ __________________________ ?

They_________________________ ____________________________ __________________________ ?

f. Ihavedinneratwork. ____________________________ __________________________ ?

You__________________________ ____________________________ __________________________ ?

Bill___________________________ ____________________________ __________________________ ?

Ann __________________________ ____________________________ __________________________ ?

We __________________________ ____________________________ __________________________ ?

They_________________________ ____________________________ __________________________ ?

g. Idotheexerciseswell. ____________________________ __________________________ ?

You__________________________ ____________________________ __________________________ ?

Bill___________________________ ____________________________ __________________________ ?

Ann__________________________ ____________________________ __________________________ ?

We __________________________ ____________________________ __________________________ ?

They_________________________ ____________________________ __________________________ ?

Ex.3.CompletethefollowingsentencesusingtheSimplePresentTenseoftheverbsgiveninparentheses.ThentranslatethemintoSpanish

1.Thechildren ________________________atthistimeeverymorning.(getup)2.Weseldom___________________________ totheNorthinthesummer.(go)3.I ______________________________ breakfastat7:15everymorning.(have)4.John_______________________ thenewspaperonthetraineveryday.(read)5.Thestudentssometimes_________________________rugbyatschool.(play)6.Peter___________________ bridgewithhisfriendseveryFridaynight.(play)7.Thetrain ______________________inLondonat7:50everymorning.(arrive)8.Myriam__________________________ theflooronceortwiceaweek.(wash)9.Inever____________________________________Spanishatschool.(speak)

10.Themanagergenerally _________________ theofficeafter8:00p.m.(leave)11.MywifeandIoften_____________________________ inthatrestaurant.(eat)12.MrSmith________________________ TVafterdinnereveryevening.(watch)

Ex.4.Changethefollowingsentencesintoa)negative,b)interrogative,andc)Wh-questions:

1.Marylikestodrinkcoffeewithmilk. _________________________________________________ _______________________________________________ ? _______________________________________________ ?2.Theylivenearhere. _________________________________________________ _______________________________________________ ? _______________________________________________ ?


3.PeterwatchesTVeverynight. _________________________________________________ _______________________________________________ ? _______________________________________________ ?

4.Thebusleavesat7:45 _________________________________________________

_______________________________________________ ?

_______________________________________________ ?

5.ThatmanspeaksGerman. _________________________________________________

_______________________________________________ ?

_______________________________________________ ?

6.Theyworkouteverymorning. _________________________________________________

_______________________________________________ ?

_______________________________________________ ?

7.Bobalwaysdrinksbeer. _________________________________________________

_______________________________________________ ?

_______________________________________________ ?

8.Theyhavetwocars. _________________________________________________

_______________________________________________ ?

_______________________________________________ ?

9.Peterdoeseverythingwell. _________________________________________________

_______________________________________________ ?

_______________________________________________ ?

10.Theycomeheretwiceaweek. _________________________________________________

_______________________________________________ ?

_______________________________________________ ?

Ex.5.Askquestionsusingwh-wordslikeWHAT,WHERE,WHEN,HOW,etc.

1.ShelivesnearWimbledon. _______________________________________________ ?

2.Theyplaygolftwiceaweek. _______________________________________________ ?

3.Theygetupat7:15everymorning. _______________________________________________ ?

4.Thestudentsneedmorepractice. _______________________________________________ ?

5.JohngoestoPucóninthesummer. _______________________________________________ ?

6.Marycomestoworkbybus. _______________________________________________ ?

7.WegototheclubonFriday. _______________________________________________ ?

8.TheygototheparkonSunday. _______________________________________________ ?

9.MarygoesshoppingonSaturday. _______________________________________________ ?

10.Theyneedtwentydollars. _______________________________________________ ?

11.Theyhavetwocarsnow. _______________________________________________ ?

12.Hewalkstoworkbecausehehasn´tgotacar. _______________________________________________ ?

13.Theydon´tlikethecarbecauseit´stoosmall. _______________________________________________ ?

14.Sheusuallysleepssixhourseverynight. _______________________________________________ ?

Ex.6.AnswerthesequestionsinEnglish:

1.Howmanyweeksarethereinayear? _________________________________________________

2.Bobisintheoffice.What´shedoing? _________________________________________________

3.Howmanylegshasadoggot? _________________________________________________

4.Arethereanytreesinyourgarden? _________________________________________________

5.Thechildrenareinthepark.Whataretheydoing? _________________________________________________

6.Whatdoyoudoafterdinnereveryevening? _________________________________________________

7.Howmuchfreetimeisthereinanintensivecourse? _________________________________________________

8.HowoftendoesyourEnglishteacherusetheVCRinc?_________________________________________________

9.Wheredoyouusuallyspendyoursummervacatio _________________________________________________

10.Whendoesapersongotoseeadoctor? _________________________________________________


Ex.7.Completethesentencesusingoneofthefollowing:

cause(s) open(s) close(s) speak(s) drink(s) live(s) take(s)place

1. Ann __________________________ Germanverywell.

2. Inever___________________________ coffee.

3. Theswimmingpool_________________________at9:00a.mand_____________________ at6:30p.m.everyday.

4. Baddriving__________________________ manyaccidents.

5. Mygrandparents________________________ inaverysmallapartment.

6. TheOlympicGames___________________________everyfouryears.

Ex.8.Puttheverbintothecorrectform.

1. Janet_______________________________ teaveryoften..(not/drink)

2. Whattime_________________________________inBritain?(thebanks/close)

3. A:’Where__________________________________from?’(Martin/come)B:‘He’sScottish’.

4. A:‘What__________________________________?’(you/do)B:’I’manelectricalengineer’.

5. It__________________________meanhourtogettowork.(take)Howlong__________________ you?(it/take)

6. I___________________________thepiano(play)butI______________________itverywell(not/play).

7. Idon’tunderstandthissentence.What_____________________________________(thisword/mean)?

Ex.9.Useoneofthefollowingverbstocompletethesesentences.Sometimesyouneedthenegative:

believeeat go flow make rise grow tell translate

1. Theearth_____________________________________roundthesun.

2. Rice __________________________________ inBritain.

3. Thesun _____________________________________intheeast.

4. Bees__________________________________ honey.

5. Vegetarians _______________________________________ meat.

6. Anatheist____________________________________inGod.

7. Aninterpreter______________________________________ fromonelanguageintoanother.

8. Aliarissomeonewho ____________________________________ thetruth.

9. TheRiverAmazon_____________________________intotheAtlanticOcean.

Ex.10.(Review)UsethePresentContinuousortheSimplePresent,oftheverbgiveninparentheses:

1.MybrotherJim__________________________ inBostonatpresent.(work)

2.Thesecretarygenerally_________________________theofficeat7:30everyevening.(leave)

3.Mr.Scott____________________________ thenewsonTVatthemoment.(watch)

4.Weseldom_______________________ tothecoastinthewinter.(go)

5.Look!John__________________________ overthere.(come)

6.Mary__________________________ tovisitusonceortwiceamonth.(come)

7.Forthetimebeing,Tom _____________________________ asamechanic.(work)

8.Where________________ they _____________________atpresent?(live)

9.Where________________ theyusually_________________ inthesummer?(go)

10.What _________________ theboy___________________atthemoment?(do)

11.Look!It __________________________ torain!Let´sgoinside.(begin)

12.Thebar_______________________ at6:45and_____________________at10:30everyday.(open/close)

13.We________not___________________ anythingspecialrightnow.We_______ just____________ TV.(do/watch)

14.Hello,Bob!What_____________you _______________ therenow?(do)

15.YoumustalwaysspeaktohiminEnglish.He ______________ not________________ Spanish.(understand)

16.Listen!Somebody_______________________ thepianoupstairs.Whocanitbe?(play)

17.What ___________ you______________________doingwhenyouareathome?(like)

18.Why____________ you______________________Englishnow?AreyouplanningtogototheUSA?(study)

19.Why____________ youalways ____________________ homesolateeverynight?(Get)

20.Lookatthatman.He___________________________agreenuniform.Hemustbeapoliceofficer.(wear)


Ex.11.(Review)CompletethesentencesbyusingtheSimplePresentorthePresentContinuousoftheverbs

provided.

1.Shhh!!Thelittleboy(sleep)_____________________ .He(sleep)__________________ fortenhourseverynight.

2.RightnowI´minclassandI(sit)_______________________ atmydesk.Iusually(sit)_______________________at

thesamedeskinclasseveryday.

3.MustafacomesfromSaudiArabia.He(speak) _________________________ Arabic.Arabicishisnativelanguage,

butrightnowhe(speak)_____________________English.

4.Ourteacher(stand,not) _____________________uprightnow.He(sit)_______________onthecornerofhisdesk.

5.It´s7o´clocknow.Mrs.Black´sathome.She(eat)_________________________________ dinner.Shealways(eat)

dinnerwithherfamilyaroundsixo´clock.

6.It(rain,not)__________________rightnow.Thesun(shine) ________________ andthesky(be)___________blue.

7.(Rain,it), _________________muchintheSouthinthewinter?

8.Lookoutofthewindow.(Rain,it)______________________ now?ShouldItakemyumbrella?

9.It´s7:30a.m.nowandtheWilsonsareintheirkitchen.Mrs.Wilson(sit)______________________atthebreakfast

table.She(read)________________________ themorningpaper.She(read)____________________________ the

newspapereverymorning.MrWilson(pour)____________________________________ acupofcoffee.He(drink)

_________________________twocupsofcoffeeeverymorningbeforehe(go) towork.

There´sacartoononTVnow,butthechildren(watch,not)___________________________________ it.They(play)

withtheirtoysinstead.Theyusually(watch)_____________________ cartoons

inthemorning,butthismorningthey(pay,not) ____________________________ anyattentiontotheTV.Mrand

MrsWilson(watch,not)__________________________ TVeither.They(like,not)__________________________

towatchcartoons.

10.Alice(take,not)____________________________thebustoworkeveryday.Sheusually(walk)

_______________________________instead.(Take,you) _______________________thebustogettoworkevery

day,or(walk,you)__________________________________ sometimes?


PARTII.

A. QUESTIONWORDS.(II)Studythefollowinglistofinterrogativewords


What?/wot/

Who?/hu:/

Which?/witch/

When?/wen/

Why?/wai/

Where?/wéar/

How?/hau/

Whose?/hu:z/

Whom?/hu:m/

Howmuch?/háumátch/

Howmany?/háuméni/

Howoften?/háuófn/

Howlong?/háulong/

Whattime?/wottáim/

Whatkindof?/wotkáindov/

Whatsortof?/wotsortov/

Where...from?*/wéar..from/

Where...to?*/wéar..tu/

Who...with?*/hu:...wiϑ/

Who...about?*/hu:..abáut/

Who...for?*/hu:..for/

What...for?*/wot...for/

What...with?*/wot...wiϑ/

What...about?*/wot...abáut/

What...at?*/wot...at/

Whatdo/does...looklike?

/wótdu/daz...lúkláik/

¿Qué?

¿Cuál/es?

¿Quién/es/?

¿Cuál/es?

¿Cuándo?

¿Porqué?

¿Dónde?

¿Cómo?

¿Dequién?

¿Aquién?

¿Cuánto/a?

¿Cuántos/as?

¿Conquéfrecuencia?

¿Cuántotiempo?

¿Quéhora?

¿Quéclase/tipode?

¿Quéclase/tipode?

¿Dedónde?

¿Haciadónde?

¿Conquién?

¿Acercadequién?

¿Paraquién?

¿Paraqué?

¿Conqué?

¿Acercadequé?

¿Haciaqué?

¿Cómoes/son...?

(Descripcióndepersonas-físico)

Whatisthat?;Whatdoyouwanttoeat?

What´syourname?;What´syouropinion?

Whoisthatman?;Whowantstoplay?

Whichbookismine?Whichcardoyoulikebest?

Whenisyourbirthday?WhendoyouwatchTV?

WhyisTomabsenttoday?Whyareyouleaving?

WhereisMrSmith?Wheredoyoulive?

Howareyoutoday?Howdoyoufeeltoday?

Whoseisthatcar?Whoseaddressdoyouneed?

Whomdidyousee?TowhomisBobspeaking?

Howmuchmoneyisthereinthewallet?

Howmanystudentsarethereinyourclass?

Howoftendoyouplaytennis?

Howlongdoestheprogramlast?

Whattimeisit?Atwhattimedoyougetup?

Whatkindofbooksdoyouliketoread?

WhatsortofprogramsdoyouwatchonTV?

Wherearetheyfrom?

Whereareyougoingto?

Whodoyoupracticegolfwith?

Whoaretheytalkingabout?

Whoisthisletterfor?

Whatisthisfor?Whatdoyouuseaknifefor?

Whatdoyoutakephotographswith?

Whataretheytalkingabout?

Whatareyoulookingat?

WhatdoesBettylooklike?She´stallandthin.

Nota: Muyamenudo, laspreguntasquecomienzanconPreposición+Whom/What,/Where,normalmentetrasladan lapreposiciónalfinal.

Ejemplos:

Fromwhereisshe? =Whereisshefrom?;

Aboutwhataretheytalking?=Whataretheytalkingabout?;

Withwhomwillyougo? =Whowillyougowith?(Altrasladarlapreposición,whomvuelveaserwho)

Ex.1.Askthecorrespondingwh-questionforeachofthefollowinganswers

1.Susanisverythinandhasgotblueeyes. _________________________________________________ ?

2.Theyneedtwenty-fivedollars. _________________________________________________ ?

3.Annlikesapples,orangesandpears _________________________________________________ ?

4.WegototheSouthinthesummer. _________________________________________________ ?

5.MrJacksongetsupat6:45everymorning. _________________________________________________ ?

6.MyfriendscomefromSanDiego,California _________________________________________________ ?

7.Jackvisitshisparentstwiceamonth. _________________________________________________ ?

8.Theboysusuallytalkaboutfootball. _________________________________________________ ?

9.Theboysometimeswearshisfather´sshoes _________________________________________________ ?

10.Ittakesmeabout20minutestogetthere. _________________________________________________ ?

11.Igotherethreetimesaweek. _________________________________________________ ?

12.BobplaysgolfwithhisbossonSunday. _________________________________________________ ?

13.MrJenkinswritesabouthistripsroundtheworld. _________________________________________________ ?

14.Theylookatthestarswiththetelescope. _________________________________________________ ?

15.Wetakephotographswithacamera. _________________________________________________ ?

16.IlikeMarybecauseshe´sveryfriendly. _________________________________________________ ?


17.MrWilliamsonusuallytravelsbyplane. _________________________________________________ ?

18.Annwritesdetectivestories. _________________________________________________ ?

19.Thestudentsgotothegymafterlunch. _________________________________________________ ?

20.Bobgoestobedearlywhenhe´stired. _________________________________________________ ?

B. ARTICLES(II)

ElartículodefinidoTHEseusaparareferirseasustantivosdeterminadosoespecíficosyseusaconsustantivos

singularesoplurales,esdecir,setraducecomoel,la,losylas.ElartículoindefinidoA/ANseusaconsustantivos

singularesnodeterminadosniespecíficos.

Ejemplos:

Thesecretaryworksinthelaboratoryeveryday.

Thesecretariesworkinthelaboratoryeveryday

ThebookwhichIwantisonthetable.

ThebookswhichIwantareonthetable.

Leaycompare:

Ineedadictionary.(Necesitoundiccionario)(general)Thatisacar.(Eseesunauto)(general)

Ineedthedictionarywhichisontheshelf.(Necesitoeldiccionarioqueestásobrelarepisa)(específico)

ThatisthecarwhichIlikebest.(Eseeselautoquemegustamás)(específico)

Nosedebeusarningúnarticulocon lossutantivos incontables (water,milk,money,experience,happiness,etc)o

sustantivosplurales(books,cats,students,people,men,etc.)cuandoestamosrefiriéndonosaellosenformageneral.

Perosídebemosusarelarticulodefinidothecuandonosreferimosasustantivosenformaparticularoespecífica.

Leaycompare:

General Específico

Waterisgoodforthehealth. Thewaterinthisglassisnotclean.

Goldisanimportantmetal. Thegoldinthisringisofgoodquality.

BooksareexpensiveinChile. Thebooksonthatshelfareveryexpensive

Girlsworkharderthanboys. Thegirlsinthisgroupworkveryhard.

Ex.1.Supplythedefinitearticle(the)wherenecessaryinthefollowing:

Example:__________ freshairisgoodforthehealth.(Freshairisgoodforthehealth.)

1. ___________airinthisroomisnotgood.

2. ___________historyisaninterestingsubject.

3. Wearestudying______________historyofFrance.

4. Wehave______________ goodlightinourclassroom.

5. ___________lightinthisroomisnotgood.

6.Ialwaysdrink________________waterwithmymeals.

7. ___________waterinthisglassisdirty.

8. ___________leatherintheseshoesisverygood.

9. Weget________________ leatherfromtheskinsofanimals.

10.Weallneed_______________freshair.

11.___________airinlargecitiesisnotveryfresh.

12.Welike_________ animals.

13.___________animalsinthatphotographarewildanimals.

14.Weeat_______________ meatalmosteveryday.

15.___________fishintherefrigeratorisfresh.

16.___________childrenliketowatchcartoons.

17.Doyousell ____________ stampshere?


18.Ilikecollecting _______________stampsand______________ coins

19.___________stampsand______________ coinsinthiscollectionareinteresting.

20.Mr.Joneshasgot_____________Englishbooksandmagazines.____________ magazinesareveryeasytoread.

C.PRONOMBRESRELATIVOSWHOYWHICH

1. Cuandoqueremosespecificaracercadequépersona,animalocosaestamoshablando,debemosusar las

pronombresrelativosWHOoWHICH.AmbaspalabrassetraducenenespañolconlapalabraQUE.

Eninglés,elpronombrerelativoWHOseusaconlaspersonas,mientrasqueconlosanimalesylascosasdebemos

usarWHICH..

Lealossiguientesejemplos:

ThemanwhoistalkingwithJohnisanengineer.

Thepeoplewhoarewaitingoutsidethetheaterwanttobuyticketsfortheconcert.

Thisisthebookwhichweuseinclass.

Thedogwhichisinthegardenisacockerspaniel.

2. Normalmenteelrelativowhichseomitecuandoprecedeaunnombreopronombre:

Thisisthebookwhichweuseinclass. Thisisthebookweuseinclass.

3. Las fraseswho is/areywhich is/aregeneralmenteseomitenenoracionescomo lasqueseexpresana

continuación

Thebookwhichisonthedeskisabilingualdictionary. ? Thebookonthedeskisabilingualdictionary.

Idon´tknowthemanwhoisinMr.Smith´soffice. ? Idon´tknowthemaninMr.Smith´soffice.

Thewomanwhoiscrossingtheroadismywife. ? Thewomancrossingtheroadismywife.

Theplanewhichisflyingoverthecityisaspyplane. ? Theplaneflyingoverthecityisaspyplane.

Thewomenwhoarewearingawhiteuniformarenurses. ? Thewomenwearingawhiteuniformarenurses.

ThecarswhichareimportedfromJapanarereallygood. ? ThecarsimportedfromJapanarereallygood.

Themenwhoaretrainedatourschoolaregoodpilots. ? Thementrainedatourschoolaregoodpilots.

Ex.1FillintheblankswithWHOorWHICH:

1.Thegirl_____________________ iswithhimishissister.

2.Thebook___________________ Iwantisonthetable.

3.Theman ___________________ isdrivingthecarismyfather.

4.Isthisthecamera__________________ youareplanningtobuy?

5.Isthatthebus__________________ goestotheairport?

6.Thechairon ________________ Iamsittingisverycomfortable.

7.Johnisthestudent_________________ speaksEnglishwell.

8.Thebooks__________________ arelistedinthatcatalogueareinEnglish.

9.IsitMrWilliamson _________________ wantstoseethemanager?

10.Themagazine__________________ isonthesofaisasportsmagazine.

11.Themovie__________________ isonattheRextodayisverygood.

12.Isthisthenewspaper__________________ youreadeveryday?

13.Arethesetheenvelopes__________________youneed?

14.Thepeople ____________________ aredescribedinthestoryareveryinteresting.

15.Themen ___________________ areworkinginthatroomareengineers.

16.Arethesetheboys___________ studywithyou?

17.Theman ___________________ iswalkingdowntheroadisthepostman.

18.Isthisthecomputer__________ youuseeveryday?

19.Doyouknowthewoman _____ iscomingoverthere?

20.Thatisexactlythecar________ Iwouldliketohave.(Iwouldlike=megustaría)


Ex.2.TranslatethesentencesinthepreviousexerciseintoSpanish.

1.______________________________________________________________________________________________

2.______________________________________________________________________________________________

3.______________________________________________________________________________________________

4.______________________________________________________________________________________________

5.______________________________________________________________________________________________

6.______________________________________________________________________________________________

7.______________________________________________________________________________________________

8.______________________________________________________________________________________________

9.______________________________________________________________________________________________

10.______________________________________________________________________________________________

11.______________________________________________________________________________________________

12.______________________________________________________________________________________________

13.______________________________________________________________________________________________

14.______________________________________________________________________________________________

15.______________________________________________________________________________________________

16.______________________________________________________________________________________________

17.______________________________________________________________________________________________

18.______________________________________________________________________________________________

19.______________________________________________________________________________________________

20.______________________________________________________________________________________________

Ex.3,RewritethesentencesinEx.1,omittingtherelativepronounWHICH,orthewordgroupsWHOIS/ARE

oWHICHIS/AREwheneveritispossible,asintheexample:

1.Thegirlwithhimishissister

2.______________________________________________________________________________________________

3.______________________________________________________________________________________________

4.______________________________________________________________________________________________

5.______________________________________________________________________________________________

6.______________________________________________________________________________________________

7.______________________________________________________________________________________________

8.______________________________________________________________________________________________

9.______________________________________________________________________________________________

10.______________________________________________________________________________________________

11.______________________________________________________________________________________________

12.______________________________________________________________________________________________

13.______________________________________________________________________________________________

14.______________________________________________________________________________________________

15.______________________________________________________________________________________________

16.______________________________________________________________________________________________

17.______________________________________________________________________________________________

18.______________________________________________________________________________________________

19.______________________________________________________________________________________________

20.______________________________________________________________________________________________

Ex.4.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.Underlinetheword(s)whichcanbeomittedineveryday

conversation.

1. ElhombrequeestáconversandoconMaryeselDr.Smith.

______________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Loslibrosqueestánsobreesasillasonmíos.

______________________________________________________________________________________________

3.Ellibrosobreelqueellosestánconversandoesunbest-seller

______________________________________________________________________________________________

4.Laspersonasqueestántrabajandoenesaoficinasoningenieros.

______________________________________________________________________________________________


5.EllaeslasecretariaquetrabajaconelProfesorStephens

______________________________________________________________________________________________

6.Esteeselbusquenosllevaaltrabajotodaslasmañanas.

______________________________________________________________________________________________

7.Estossonloslibrosquenosotrosusamosenlasclasesdeinglés.

______________________________________________________________________________________________

8. ¿Conocestúalhombrequeestátrabajandoenellaboratoriodeidiomas?

______________________________________________________________________________________________

9. Loszapatosquenosotrosfabricamossondemuybuenacalidad.

______________________________________________________________________________________________

10.¿Esesteelcomputadorqueustedquierecomprar?

______________________________________________________________________________________________



CLOTHES/klou(z/Vestuario

suit/siu:t/ traje dress/dres/ vestido

coat/kout/ abrigo blouse/bláuz/ blusa

jacket/dllákit/ chaqueta skirt/ské:rt/ falda

trousers/tráuserz/ pantalones raincoat/réinkout/ impermeable

shirt/shé:rt/ camisa cardigan/ká:rdigan/ chalecodelana

T-shirt/ti:shé:rt/ polera handkerchief/hændkertchi:f/ pañuelo

tie/tái/ corbata stockings/stókiηz/ medias

sweater/suéter/ suéter briefs/bri:fs/ calzoncillo

hat/hæt/ sombrero cap/kæp/ gorra

socks/sóks/ soquetes galoshes/gæloshiz/ galochas

shoes/shu:z/ zapatos sneakers/sní:kerz/ zapatillas

boots/bu:ts/ botas sandals/sændalz/ sandalias

gloves/glavz/ guantes waistcoat/wéiskout/ chalecodeterno

umbrella/ambréla/ paraguas slip/slip/ enagua

scarf/ská:rf/ bufanda kerchief/ké:rtchi:f/ pañuelo

belt/belt/ cinturón bracelet/bréislet/ brazalete

glasses/glá:siz/ lentes wristwatch/rístwotch/ relojpulsera

earring/íarriη/ aro,arete fingerring/fíηgerriη/ anillo

sunglasses/sanglá.siz/ lentesparasol parka/pá:rka/,anorak/ánorak/ parka

furcoat/fé:rkóut/ abrigodepiel leatherjacket/léδerdllákit/ chaquetadecuero

swimsuit/swimsiut/ trajedebaño necklace/néklis/ collar

trunks/tránks/ trajedebaño


KEYTOANSWERS

UNIT5

PartI

Ex.2.

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

Youworkhereeveryday

Billworkshereeveryday

Annworkshereeveryday

Weworkhereeveryday

Theyworkhereeveryday

YouwatchTVafterdinner

BillwatchesTVafterdinner

AnnwatchesTVafterdinner

WewatchTVafterdinner

TheywatchTVafterdinner

Yougotothemoviesevery..

Billgoestothemovies...

Anngoestothemovies...

Wegotothemovies...

Theygotothemovies...

YouplaytennisonSaturday

Billplaystennis...

Annplaystennis...

Weplaytennis...

Theyplaytennis...

YoustudyEnglisheveryday

BillstudiesEnglish...

AnnstudiesEnglish...

WestudyEnglish...

TheystudyEnglish...

Youhavedinneratwork...

Billhasdinneratwork...

Annhasdinneratwork...

Wehavedinneratwork...

Theyhavedinneratwork...

Youdotheexerciseswell

Billdoestheexerciseswell

Anndoestheexerciseswell

Wedotheexerciseswell

Theydotheexerciseswell

Youdon´tworkhere...

Billdoesn´tworkhere...

Anndoesn´tworkhere...

Wedon´tworkhere...

Theydon´tworkhere...

Youdon´twatchTV...

Billdoesn´twatchTV...

Anndoesn´twatchTV...

Wedon´twatchTV...

Theydon´twatchTV...

Youdon´tgotothemovies...

Billdoesn´tgotothemovies...

Anndoesn´tgotothemovies...

Wedon´tgotothemovies...

Theydon´tgotothemovies...

Youdon´tplaytennis...

Billdoesn´tplaytennis...

Anndoesn´tplaytennis...

Wedon´tplaytennis...

Theydon´tplaytennis...

Youdon´tstudyEnglish...

Billdoesn´tstudyEnglish...

Anndoesn´tstudyEnglish...

Wedon´tstudyEnglish...

Theydon´tstudyEnglish...

Youdon´thavedinner...

Billdoesn´thavedinner...

Anndoesn´thavedinner...

Wedon´thavedinner...

Theydon´thavedinner...

Youdon´tdotheexercises...

Billdoesn´tdotheexercises...

Anndoesn´tdotheexercises...

Wedon´tdotheexercises...

Theydon´tdotheexercises...

Doyouworkhere...?

DoesBillworkhere...?

DoesAnnworkhere...?

Doweworkhere...?

Dotheyworkhere...?

DoyouwatchTV...?

DoesBillwatchTV...?

DoesAnnwatchTV...?

DowewatchTV...?

DotheywatchTV...?

Doyougotothemovies...?

DoesBillgotothemovies...?

DoesAnngotothemovies...?

Dowegotothemovies...?

Dotheygotothemovies...?

Doyouplaytennis...?

DoesBillplaytennis...?

DoesAnnplaytennis...?

Doweplaytennis...?

Dotheyplaytennis...?

DoyoustudyEnglish...?

DoesBillstudyEnglish...?

DoesAnnstudyEnglish...?

DowestudyEnglish...?

DotheystudyEnglish...?

Doyouhavedinneratwork?

DoesBillhavedinneratwork?

DoesAnnhavedinneratwork?

Dowehavedinneratwork?

Dotheyhavedinneratwork?

Doyoudotheexerciseswell?

DoesBilldotheexerciseswell?

DoesAnndotheexerciseswell?

Dowedotheexerciseswell?

Dotheydotheexerciseswell?

Ex.3.1.getup2.go3.have4.reads5.play6.plays7.arrives8.washes9.speak10.leaves11.eat12.watches

Ex.4.1.Marydoesn´tlike.../DoesMarylike.../WhatdoesMaryliketodrink?2.Theydon´tlive.../Dotheylive..?/

Wheredothey live?3.Peterdoesn´twatch.../DoesPeterwatch...?/WhatdoesPeterdoeverynight?4.Thebus

doesn´tleave.../Doesthebusleave...?/Whattimedoesthebusleave?5.Thatmandoesn´tspeak.../Doesthatman

speak...?Whatlanguagedoesthatmanspeak?6.Theydon´tworkout.../Dotheyworkout...?/Whendotheywork

out?7.Bobdoesn´talwaysdrink.../DoesBobalwaysdrink...?/WhatdoesBobalwaysdrink?8.Theydon´thave.../Do


theyhave...?/Howmanycarsdotheyhave?9.Peterdoesn´tdo.../DoesPeterdo...?/HowdoesPeterdoeverything?

10.Theydon´tcome.../Dotheycome...?/Howoftendotheycomehere?

Ex.5.1.Wheredoesshelive?2.Howoftendotheyplaygolf3.Atwhattimedotheygetupeverymorning?4.What

dothestudentsneed?5.WheredoesJohngointhesummer?6.HowdoesMarycometowork?7.Whendoyougo

totheclub?8.WhatdotheydoonSunday?9.WhatdoesMarydoonSaturday?10.Howmuchmoneydotheyneed?

11.Howmanycarsdotheyhavenow?12.Whydoeshewalktowork?13Whydon´ttheylikethecar?14.Howmany

hoursdoessheusuallysleepeverynight?

Ex.6.1.Therearefifty-twoweeksinayear.2.He´sworking3.It´sgotfourlegs4.Yes,therearesometrees/No,there

aren´tanytrees5.They´replaying/running/etc.6.IusuallywatchTV/readabook/etc.7.Thereisverylittlefreetime

8.Hehardlyever/neverusesit.9.Iusuallyspendmysummervacationin...10.He/shegoestoseeadoctorwhen

he/sheissick

Ex.7.1.speaks2.drink3.opens-closes4.causes5.live6.takeplace

Ex.8.1.doesn´tdrink2.dothebanksclose3.doesMartincome4.doyoudo5.takes/doesittake6.play-don´t

play7.doesthiswordmean?

Ex.9.1.goes2.doesn´tgrow3.rises4.make5.don´teat6.doesn´tbelieve7.translates8.doesn´ttell9.flows

Ex.10.1.isworking2.leaves3.iswatching4.go5.iscoming6.comes7.isworking8.are-living9.do-go10.is-

doing11.isbeginning12.opens-closes13.are-doing/are-watching14.are-doing15.does-understand16.isplaying

17.do-like18.are-studying19.do-get20.iswearing

Ex.11.1.issleeping/sleeps2.amsitting/sit3.speaks/isspeaking4.isnotstanding/issitting5.iseating/eats6.isnot

raining/isshining/is7.Doesitrain8.Isitraining9.issitting/isreading/reads/ispouring/drinks/goes/are

notwatching/areplaying/watch/arenotpaying/arenotwatching/don´tlike10.doesnottake/walks/Doyou

take/doyouwalk

PartII.

A.

Ex.1.1.WhatdoesSusanlooklike?2.Howmuchmoneydotheyneed?3.WhatkindoffruitdoesAnnlike?4.Where

doyougointhesummer?5.AtwhattimedoesMrJacksongetupeverymorning?6.Wheredoyourfriendscome

from?7.HowoftendoesJackvisithisparents?8.Whatdotheboysusuallytalkabout?9.Whoseshoesdoestheboy

sometimeswear?10.Howlongdoesittakeyoutogetthere?11.Howoftendoyougothere?12.WhodoesBobplay

golfwithonSunday?13.WhatdoesMrJenkinswriteabout?14.Whatdotheylookatwiththetelescope?15.What

doyoutakephotographswith?16.WhydoyoulikeMary?17.HowdoesMrWilliamsonusuallytravel?18.Whatkind

ofstoriesdoesAnnwrite?19.Wheredothestudentsgoafterlunch?20.WhendoesBobgotobedearly?

B.

Ex.1.1.Theair2.History3.thehistory4.goodlight5.Thelight6.water7.Thewater8.Theleather9.leather10.

freshair11.Theair12.animals13.Theanimals14.meat15.Thefish16.Children17.stamps18.stamps-coins19.

Thestamps-thecoins20.Englishbooks/Themagazines

C.

Ex.1.1.Thegirlwhoiswithhimishissister2.ThebookwhichIwantisonthetable3.Themanwhoisdrivingthe

carismyfather4.Isthisthecamerawhichyouareplanningtobuy?5.Isthatthebuswhichgoestotheairport?

6.ThechaironwhichIamsittingisverycomfortable7.JohnisthestudentwhospeaksEnglishwell.8.Thebooks

whichare listed in thatcatalogueare inEnglish9. Is itMrWilliamsonwhowants tosee themanager?10.The

magazinewhichisonthesofaisasportsmagazine11.ThemoviewhichisonattheRextodayisverygood.12.Is

thisthenewspaperwhichyoureadeveryday?13.Arethesetheenvelopeswhichyouneed?14.Thepeoplewho

aredescribedinthestoryareveryinteresting.15.Themenwhoareworkinginthatroomareengineers.16.Arethese

theboyswhostudywithyou?17.Themanwhoiswalkingdowntheroadisapostman18.Isthisthecomputer

whichyouuseeveryday?19.Doyouknowthewomanwhoiscomingoverthere?20.Thatisexactlythecarwhich

Iwouldliketohave.


Ex.2.1.Laniñaqueestáconélessuhermana2.El libroquequieroestásobre lamesa3.Elhombrequeestá

conduciendoelautoesmipadre4.¿Esestalacámaraqueestásplaneandocomprar?5.¿Eseseelbusquevaal

aeropuerto?6.Lasillasobrelaqueestoysentadoesmuycomfortable7.Johneselalumnoquehablainglésbien.

8.Loslibrosqueestánincluidosenesecatálogoestáneninglés9.¿EselSr.Williamsonquienquiereveralgerente?

10.Larevistaqueestásobreelsofáesunarevistadeportiva11.LapelículaqueestáencartelerahoydíaenelRex

esmuybuena.12.¿Esesteeldiarioqueud.leetodoslosdías?13.¿Sonestoslossobresqueud.necesita?14.

Laspersonasqueestándescritasenelcuentosonmuyinteresantes.15.Loshombresqueestántrabajandoenesa

salasoningenieros.16.¿Sonestoslosniñosqueestudiancontigo?17.Elhombrequeestábajandoelcaminoesel

cartero.18.¿Esesteelcomputadorqueud.usatodoslosdías?19.¿Conocesalamujarquevieneallá?20.Esees

exactamenteelautoquemegustaríatener

Ex.3.1.Thegirlwithhimishissister2.ThebookIwantisonthetable3.Themandrivingthecarismyfather4.Is

thisthecamerayouareplanningtobuy?5.Isthatthebuswhichgoestotheairport?6.ThechairIamsittingonisvery

comfortable7.JohnisthestudentwhospeaksEnglishwell.8.ThebookslistedinthatcatalogueareinEnglish9.Isit

MrWilliamsonwhowantstoseethemanager?10.Themagazineonthesofaisasportsmagazine11.Themovieonat

theRextodayisverygood.12.Isthisthenewspaperyoureadeveryday?13.Arethesetheenvelopesyouneed?14.

Thepeopledescribedinthestoryareveryinteresting.15.Themenworkinginthatroomareengineers.16.Arethese

theboyswhostudywithyou?17.Themanwalkingdowntheroadisapostman18.Isthisthecomputeryouuseevery

day?19.Doyouknowthewomancomingoverthere?20.ThatisexactlythecarIwouldliketohave.

Ex.4.1.ThemanwhoistalkingwithMaryisDrSmith.2.Thebookswhichareonthatchairaremine.3.Thebook

aboutwhichtheyaretalkingisabest-seller/Thebooktheyaretalkingaboutisabest-seller4.Thepeoplewhoare

working inthatofficeareengineers.5.SheisthesecretarywhoworkswithProfessorStephens6.This isthebus

whichtakesustoworkeverymorning7.ThesearethebookswhichweuseintheEnglishlessons8.¿Doyouknow

themanwhoisworkinginthelanguagelaboratory?9.Theshoeswhichwemakeareofverygoodquality.10.Isthis

thecomputerwhichyouwanttobuy?


UNIT6

PARTI.ELTIEMPOPASADOSIMPLE(TheSimplePastTense)

Estetiemposeusaparaexpresarunaacciónqueserealizóoqueocurrióenelpasado.Lasexpresionesmásusadas

enestetiempoverbalsonaquellasquellevanantepuestalapalabraLAST,comolastweek(lasemanapasada),last

year(elañopasado),lastweekend(elfindesemanapasado,lastnight(anoche),lastMondaymorning(ellunes

pasadoenlamañana),etc.TambiénseusanenestetiempoverballasexpresionesquellevanlapalabraAGO,comotwo

daysago(hacedosdías),severalweeksago(hacevariassemanas),alongtimeago(hacemuchotiempo).Además

estánlasexpresionesyesterday(ayer),thedaybeforeyesterday(anteayer),yesterdaymorning/afternoon/evening

(ayerenlamañana/tarde/noche),thatday(esedía),ounahoraofechapasada,comoat10:15thismorning(alas

10:15deestamañana),onSeptember18th,1810(el18deSeptiembre,1810)


1. Iboughtthecarlastyear/aibó:tδeká:rlá:stíar/ (Yocompréelautoelañopasado)

2. Petercameherethreedaysago./pí:terkéimhíarθrí:déizagóu/ (Petervinoacáhacetresdías)

3. Theysawagoodfilmyesterday./δéisó:egudfílmiésterdi/ (Ellosvieronunabuenapelículaayer)

4. Marycleanedthehouseyesterdaymorning.

/mériklí:ndδeháusiésterdimó:rniη/ (Marylimpiólacasaayerenlamañana.

5. Weworkedhardthatday./wí:wé:rkthá:rdδatdéi/ (Nosotrostrabajamosduroesedía)

6. Theystoppedtalkingwhentheteacherarrived

/δeistópttó:kiηwenδetí:tcher rráivd/ (Ellosdejarondeconversarcuandoelprofesorllegó.)

Comoud.pudoadvertiratravésdelosejemplosanteriores,elTiempoPasadoSimpleseexpresaconelSUJETO

máselPASADOdeunverboprincipal.AligualqueeneltiempoPresenteSimple,aquíelpasadodelverbomodalDo

(DID)noseusaenlaformaafirmativa(estátácito)Cuandodecimos“Iboughtthecarlastyear”estamosdiciendo“I

didbuythecarlastyear”,comocomprobaremosalexpresarlasnegacioneseinterrogaciones:Ididnotbuythecar

lastyear;DidIbuythecarlastyear?

Importante:Esnecesarioaquíaprenderelpasado,tantodelosVerbosRegulares(aquellosqueagregan-ed/-dparaformarelPasadoyelPasado

Participio)comodelosVerbosIrregulares(aquellosverbosquenosiguendicharegla).EnlosEjemplos1,2,3lostrespasadoscorrespondena

VerbosIrrregulares,mientrasquelosdelosejemplos4,5y6sondeVerbosRegulares:1.Tobuy-bought-bought;2.Tocome-came-come;3.

Tosee-saw-seen;4.Toclean-cleaned-cleaned;5.Towork-worked-worked6.tostop-stopped-stopped

Lapronunciacióndelsufijo-d/-edes/d/o/t/(nunca/ed/!!).Losverbosterminadosen-t,-te,-d,-de,comotowant,tocomplete,toneed,todecide

tambiénagregan-ed/-d,peroestesufijodebeserpronunciado/id/comoenwanted/wóntid/,completed/komplí:tid/,needed/ní:did/,decided/disáidid/.

Losinfinitivosquetienencons+vocal+consocons+cons+voc+consdebenduplicarlaúltimaconsonante:tostop-stopped(verformaciónde

gerundiosUNIT4).

LaformanegativaseexpresausandoDIDNOT/didnót/seguidodelINFINITIVO(NoelPasado)deunverboprincipal.

Amenudo,enlaconversacióndiaria,seusalacontracciónDIDN´T/dídnt/.


Ididn´tbuythecarlastyear./aidídntbái.../

Peterdidn´tcomeherethreedaysago./pí:terdidntkám.../

Theydidn´tseeagoodfilmyesterday./δéidídntsí:.../

Marydidn´tcleanthehouseyesterdaymorning./mérididntklí:n.../

Wedidn´tworkhardthatday./wí:dídntwé:rk.../

LaformainterrogativaseexpresaanteponiendoelverbomodalDIDoDIDN´Talsujetoyelverboprincipal,aligual

queenlaformanegativa,vaenINFINITIVO.


Didyoubuyyourcarlastyear?/dídiú:bái.../

DidPetercomeherethreedaysago?/dídpí:terkám.../

Didtheyseeagoodfilmyesterday?/dídδéisí:.../

DidMarycleanthehouseyesterdaymorning?/dídmériklí:n.../


Didyouworkhardthatday?/dídiúwé:rk.../

Didn´tyoubuyyourcarlastyear?/dídntiúbái.../

Didn´tPetercomeherethreedaysago?/dídntpí:terkám.../

CuandoseformulaunapreguntaintroducidaporunapalabrainterrogativacomoWHAT,WHERE,WHEN,HOW,etc.,

sedebemantenerelmismoordendepalabrasdelasinterrogacionessimples:


Whendidyoubuyyourcar?/wéndídiú:bái.../

WhydidPetercomehere3daysago?/wáidídpí:terkám.../

Wheredidtheyseeagoodfilmyesterday?/wéardídδéisí:.../

Whydidn´tMarycleanthehouseyesterdaymorning?/wáidídntmériklí:n.../

Whendidyouworkhard?/wéndídiúwé:rk.../

Lapreguntamáshabitualdeestetiempoverbales:

WHATDIDYOUDO?/wótdidiúdúu/(¿Quéhizoud.?)

EXERCISES:

Ex.1.StudythePastTenseformofthefollowingregularverbswhicharemostfrequentlyused.

INFINITIVE PASTTENSE SPANISH

Toanswer/á:nser/ answered/á:nserd/ contestar,responder

Toarrive/arráiv/ arrived/arráivd/ llega

Toask/a:sk/ asked/a:skt/ preguntar,pedir

Tocarry/kærri/ carried/kærrid/ transportar,llevar

Toclean/kli:n/ cleaned/kli:nd/ limpiar

Toclose/klóuz/ closed/klóuzd/ cerrar

Todry/drái/ dried/dráid/ secar

Toenjoy/endllói/ enjoyed/endllóid/ disfrutar,gustar

Tofinish/fínish/ finished/fínisht/ terminar

Tohate/heit/ hated/héitid/ odiar,nogustar

Tohelp/hélp/ helped/helpt/ ayudar

Tohope/hóup/ hoped/hóupt/ esperar,desear

Toinvite/inváit/ invited/inváitid/ invitar

Tolisten/lísn/ listened/lísnd/ escuchar

Tolocate/loukéit/ located/loukéitid/ ubicar,localizar

Tolook/luk/ looked/lukt/ mirar

Tolove/láv/ loved/lávd/ amar,gustar

Toneed/ni:d/ needed/ní:did/ necesitar

Toprefer/priféar/ preferred/priféard/ preferir

Torain/rein/ rained/réind/ llover

Toreceive/risí:v/ received/risí:vd/ recibir

Toremember/rimémber/ remembered/rimémberd/ recordar

Torepair/ripéar/ repaired/ripéard/ reparar,arreglar

Torepeat/ripí:t/ repeated/ripí:tid/ repetir

Torequest/rikwést/ requested/rikwéstid/ solicitar,pedir

Tosmoke/smóuk/ smoked/smóukt/ fumar

Tostart/sta:rt/ started/stá:rtid/ comenzar,partir

Tostay/stéi/ stayed/stéid/ quedarse,permanecer

Tostudy/stádi/ studied/stádid/ estudiar

Tosuggest/sadllést/ suggested/sadlléstid/ sugerir

Totalk/to:k/ talked/tó:kt/ conversar

Totry/trái/ tried/tráid/ tratar,esforzarse

Touse/iú:z/ used/iú:zd/ usar,utilizar

Tovisit/vízit/ visited/vízitid/ visitar

Towait/weit/ waited/wéitid/ esperar,atender


Towalk/wo:k/ walked/wó:kt/ caminar

Towant/wont/ wanted/wóntid/ querer

Towash/wosh/ washed/wósht/ lavar

Towatch/wotch/ watched/wótcht/ observar,mirar

Towish/wish/ wished/wísht/ desear

Towork/we:rk/ worked/wé:rkt/ trabajar,funcionar

Ex.2.StudythePastTenseformofthefollowingIrregularverbswhicharemostfrequentlyused:

INFINITIVE PASTTENSE SPANISH

Tobegin/bigín/ began/bigæn/ empezar,comenzar

Tobring/briη/ brought/bro:t/ traer

Tobuild/bild/ built/bilt/ construir

Tobuy/bái/ bought/bo:t/ comprar

Tocome/kam/ came/kéim/ venir

Tocut/kat/ cut/kat/ cortar

Todo/du:/ did/did/ hacer

Todrink/driηk/ drank/dræηk/ beber

Todrive/dráiv/ drove/dróuv/ manejar,conducir

Toeat/i:t/ ate/eit/ comer

Tofall/fo:l/ fell/fel/ caer

Tofeel/fi:l/ felt/felt/ sentir(se)

Tofind/fáind/ found/fáund/ hallar,encontrar

Toforget/forgét/ forgot/forgót/ olvidar

Toget/get/ got/got/ conseguir,obtener,(getto=llegaraunlugar)

Togive/giv/ gave/géiv/ dar

Togo/góu/ went/wént/ ir

Tohave/hæv/ had/hæd/ tener,comer,servirse

Tohear/híar/ heard/he:rd/ oir

Tokeep/ki:p/ kept/kept/ guardar,mantener

Toknow/nóu/ knew/niú:/ saber,conocer

Tolearn/le:rn/ learnt/le:rnt/learned/le:rnd/ aprender,saber,enterarse

Toleave/li:v/ left/léft/ partir,salir,dejar

Tolend/lend/ lent/lent/ prestar

Tolose/lu:z/ lost/lost/ perder,extraviar

Tomake/meik/ made/méid/ hacer,fabricar

Tomeet/mi:t/ met/met/ reunirse,conocer

Topay/péi/ paid/péid/ pagar

Toput/put/ put/put/ poner,colocar

Toread/ri:d/ read/red/ leer

Torun/ran/ ran/ræn/ correr,administrar

Tosay/séi/ said/sed/ decir

Tosee/si:/ saw/so:/ ver

Tosell/sel/ sold/sóuld/ vender

Tosend/send/ sent/sént/ enviar

Toshut/shat/ shut/shat/ cerrar

Tosing/siη/ sang/sæη/ cantar

Tosit/sit/ sat/sæt/ sentarse

Tosleep/sli:p/ slept/slépt/ dormir

Tospeak/spi:k/ spoke/spóuk/ hablar

Tospend/spénd/ spent/spént/ gastar,pasartiempo

Tostandup/stændáp/ stoodup/stu:dáp/ pararse

Toswim/swim/ swam/swæm/ nadar

Totake/téik/ took/tuk/ |tomar,llevar

Toteach/ti:tch/ taught/to:t/ enseñar

Totell/tel/ told/tóuld/ contar,narrar,decir

Tothink/θiηk/ thought/θo:t/ pensar,creer

Toshine/sháin/ shone/shon/ brillar

Tounderstand/anderstænd/ understood/anderstúd/ entender,comprender


Towear/wéar/ wore/wo:r/ vestir,desgastar

Towrite/ráit/ wrote/róut/ escribir

Ex.3.ChangethefollowingsentencesintotheSimplePastTense.Rememberthatyouhavetousetheword

LASTinsteadofEVERYintheexpressionsoftime

1.Petercomeshereeveryweek. __________________________________________ lastweek.

2.IbuythenewspapereverySunday. ___________________________________________________

3.TheygotoEuropeeveryyear. ___________________________________________________

4.Maryvisitsherparentseverymonth. ___________________________________________________

5.IwritetoMaryeveryweek-end. ___________________________________________________

6.TheyeatfisheveryFriday. ___________________________________________________

7.BobwashesthecareverySaturday. ___________________________________________________

8.WewatchTVeverynight. ___________________________________________________

9.ThepostmanbringsalettereveryMonday. ___________________________________________________

10.Wehaveatesteveryweek. ___________________________________________________

11.Theboyreadsabookeverymonth. ___________________________________________________

12.Igivetheboyapresenteveryyear. ___________________________________________________

13.PeterdrivestoBaltimoreeverySunday. ___________________________________________________

14.Weenjoyourvacationeverysummer. ___________________________________________________

15.Itrainsalothereeverywinter. ___________________________________________________

16.Theyreceivealettereveryweek. ___________________________________________________

17.Isleepwelleverynight. ___________________________________________________

18.Fathertellstheboyastoryeverynight. ___________________________________________________

19.MothermakesanapplepieeverySaturday. ___________________________________________________

20.Theyselllotsofbookseveryyear. ___________________________________________________

Ex.4.Changethefollowingsentencesintoa)negative,b)interrogativeandc)Wh-questions:

1.Wewenttoworkbybus. __________________________________________________

__________________________________________________?

__________________________________________________?

2.Petercamehereyesterday. __________________________________________________

__________________________________________________?

__________________________________________________?

3.Iwantedtodrinktea. __________________________________________________

__________________________________________________?

__________________________________________________?

4.Theysawthecaraccident. __________________________________________________

__________________________________________________?

__________________________________________________?

5.Johnsoldhishousefor120,000dollars. __________________________________________________

__________________________________________________?

__________________________________________________?

6.TheyboughtthecarinParis. __________________________________________________

__________________________________________________?

__________________________________________________?

7.Theboydidtheexercisewell. __________________________________________________

__________________________________________________?

__________________________________________________?

8.WehaddinnerattheClub. __________________________________________________

__________________________________________________?

__________________________________________________?

9.WewrotetheletterinSpanish. __________________________________________________

__________________________________________________?

__________________________________________________?

10.TheystudiedEnglishinLondon. __________________________________________________

__________________________________________________?

__________________________________________________?


Ex.5.AskquestionsusingquestionwordslikeWhat,Where,When,How,Howoften,Howmuch,etc.Ineach

case,theunderlinedpartmustbetheanswerofthequestionasked.

1.Hewenttothezooyesterday. __________________________________________________?

2.Thechildrengotupat6:30 __________________________________________________?

3.Hewenttothedoctorbecausehewasill. __________________________________________________?

4.Petersawthefilmlastweek. __________________________________________________?

5.Theycameherebytaxi. __________________________________________________?

6.Theboywantedtoplay. __________________________________________________?

7.Hedidn´tgobecausehewastired. __________________________________________________?

8.TheystayedinVancouverforaweek. __________________________________________________?

9.Billspentonehundreddollars. __________________________________________________?

10.Bobdidthesameexercisethreetimes. __________________________________________________?

Ex.6.Answerthefollowingquestionswithcompletesentences:

1.WheredidyougolastSaturdayevening? ___________________________________________________

2.WhendidyoubegintostudyEnglish? ___________________________________________________

3.Howlongdidittakeyoutogetheretoday? ___________________________________________________

4.Whatdidtheteachertellyoutodo? ___________________________________________________

5.Whatdidyoueatfordinnerlastnight?. ___________________________________________________

6 DidyouwatchTVlastnight?Ifso,Whatdidyouwatch?_________________________________________________

7.Whattimedidyougetupthismorning? ___________________________________________________

Ex.7.Answerthesequestionsusingtheinformationgiveninparentheses,asintheexample:

Didyougobybus?(taxi) No,Ididn´t(gobybus).Iwentbytaxi.

1.DidtheywatchTVlastnight?(listentotheradio) ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

2.DidJohngooutlastnight?(stayathome) ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

3.Didyoueatfishforsupper?(chicken) ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

4.DidMarysendyouafax?(aletter) ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

5.Didtheywalktothepark?(takeabus) ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

6.DidPetersay“yes”(“No”) ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

7.DidyoureadthebookinEnglish?(French) ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

8.Didtheydrinkbeer?(wine) ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

9.DidJohnwriteapoem?(ashortstory) ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

10.Didthewomanbuyadress?(ajacket) ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

11.DidyouseeMarylastSunday?(yesterday) ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

12.DidJackhavelunchathome?(atwork) ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

13.Didtheoldmanfeelwell?(weakandtired) ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

14.DidthemanspeaktoyouinEnglish?(French) ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

15.DidMr.Smithcomeinthemorning?(atmidday) ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________


16.DidyouflyAmericanAirlines?(UnitedAirlines) ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

17.Didyougivetheboyanapple?(somemoney) ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

18.Didthesecretaryleavetheofficeearly?(late) ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

19.DidJanewearashortskirt?(alongone) ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

20.Didhebreakhisarmintheaccident?(hisleg) ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________


PARTII.“USEDTO+INFINITIVE”

Estaexpresiónseusaparareferirseaactividadesqueantesserealizabanenformaregularyquesehandejadode

hacer.Equivaleallaterminación-abao-íadelespañol.EnlasoracionesnegativasquesiguenaunaoraciónconUSED

TOnormalmenteseusanlasexpresionesnot...anymore,not...anylongeronolonger(antesdelverboprincipal)


Iusedtoplay/áiiu:sttuplei/footballwellwhenIwasyoung.Idon´tplaywellnow.(Yojugabafútbolbiencuandoera

joven.Ahoranojuegobien)

Theyusedtovisit/δeiiú:sttuvízit/useverysummer.Theydon´tvisitusinthesummeranymore/anylonger.(Ellosnos

visitabantodoslosveranos.Ellosnonosvisitanmásenelverano.

Bobusedtolove/iú:sttuláv/herverymuch.Henolongerloveshernow.Boblaamabamucho.Ahorayanola

ama.

Jimdidn´tusetowork/dídntiú:stuwé:rk/veryhardatschool,butheusedtoget/iú:sttugét/verygoodgradesanyway.

Jimnoestudiabamuchoenelcolegio,perodetodosmodosobteníabuenasnotas.

Wheredidyouusetospend/didiúiú:stuspénd/yoursummervacationwhenyouwereyoung?¿Dóndepasabastus

vacionesdeveranocuandoerasjoven?

EXERCISES

Ex1. IntroduceUSEDTObychanging the italicizedverbs.Explain thechange inmeaning,as in the

examples

Bobworkedinthecarfactory. Bobusedtoworkinthecarfactory.(Hedoesn´tworkthere

now)

Mr.Scottsmokedcigars. Mr.Scottusedtosmokecigars.(Hedoesn´tsmokecigars

anymore/Hedoesn´tsmokecigarsanylonger/Henolonger

smokescigars)

1.UnclePaullivedinthathouse.(not...now)

___________________________________________________

2.MaryspokeItalianathome.(not...anymore) ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

3.Anncametoclassontimeeveryday.(not...now) ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

4.Peterwasagoodstudent.(nolonger) ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

5.Irodethesubwaytowork.(not...anylonger) ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

6.BillbroughtherflowerseveryFriday.(not...anymore) ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

7.Motherplayedthepianowell.(not...now) ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

8.Billhelpedmewithmyhomework.(not...anylonger) ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

9.JohnKerrywenttothatschool.(not...now) ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

10.WeexportedshoestotheUSA.(nolonger) ___________________________________________________


PARTIII.

A.POSSESSIVEADJECTIVESANDPOSSESSIVEPRONOUNS

Estudielasiguientetabla:

SubjectPronouns PossessiveAdjectives PossessivePronouns

I/ai/

You/iú:/

He/hi:/

She/shi:/

It/it/

We/wi:/

You/iú:/

They/δéi/

My/mái/=mi

Your/ió:r/=su(deUd.)

His/hiz/=su(deél)

Her/hé:r/=su(deella)

Its/its/=su(deunanim.ocosa)

Our/áuar/=nuestro

Your/ió:r/=vuestro

Their/δéar/=su(deellos)

Mine/máin/=mío

Yours/ió:rz/=suyo,deud.

His/hiz/=suyo,deél

Hers/hé:rz/=suyo,deella

--------------------------

Ours/áuarz/=nuestro

Yours/ió:rz/=vuestro

Theirs/δéarz/=suyo(deellos)

Unpossessiveadjective(adjetivoposesivo)siempreacompañaaunsustantivoparaindicarposesión.Unpossessivepronoun

(pronombreposesivo)reemplazaaunadjetivoposesivoyunsustantivoquehasidomencionadoconanterioridad.


I´vegotabook.Thisismybook.(milibro)Thebookismine(mío)

Maryboughtthiscarlastyear.Itishercar.(suauto).Thecarishers.(deella)

They´vegotahouse.Thisistheirhouse(nuestracasa).Thehouseistheirs.(denosotros)

LaposesióntambienseexpresausandoelSaxongenitive(genitivosajón),esdeciragregandounapóstrofe+S(´s)

alosnombresosustantivosreferidosapersonas.


ThisisthebookofJohn. ThisisJohn´sbook.

ThehouseofMrSmithisverybig. Mr.Smith´shouseisverybig.

Thatisthecarofmybrother. That´smybrother´scar.

Con lossustantivospluralessolamentesedebeagregarunapóstrofe, salvoqueseansustantivosplurales

irregulares.


Thebookofthestudentisnew. Thestudent´sbookisnew.

Thebooksofthestudentsarenew. Thestudents´booksarenew.

Thisisthehouseofmyparents. Thisismyparents´house.

ThenamesofthechildrenareBobandJoe. Thechildren´snamesareBobandJoe.

EXERCISES

Ex.1.Fillintheblankswiththecorrectpossessiveadjective.

1.Iwalkto______chair

2.Johnwalksto______desk.

3.Youwalkto______schooleverymorning.

4.Mrs.Clarkgoesto______officeeveryday

5.Theywentbackto______seatsandbegantowrite.

6.Theteacherwriteswith______pen.

7.Wemovedto______newhouselastmonth..

8.MrandMrs.Jonestake______childrentotheparkonSunday.


9.Thedogwags______tail.

10.Mybrotherdrives______careveryday..

Ex.2.ChangethewordsinitalicstoPossessiveform:

1.ThisisthebookofJohn. (ThisisJohn’sbook.)

2.ThisisthepenofHelen. ___________________________________________________

3.Thedeskoftheteacherisnew. ___________________________________________________

4.That’sthehomeofmyteacher. ___________________________________________________

5.Thefriendofmysisterisverysick. ___________________________________________________

6.TheofficeofMr.Smithisverylarge. ___________________________________________________

7.ThisisthenotebookofWilliam. ___________________________________________________

8.He’stheteacherofHelen ___________________________________________________

9.He’salsotheteacherofmyfriend. ___________________________________________________

10.ThisisthewifeofMrSmith ___________________________________________________

11.Thehouseofmyfriendsisbeautiful ___________________________________________________

12.Thatistheroomoftheteachers. ___________________________________________________

13.What´sthenameofthatman? ___________________________________________________

14.Whatarethenamesofthosemen? ___________________________________________________

Ex.3.Substitutepossessivepronounsfortheitalicizedwords:

1.This(book)ismybook. (Thisbookismine.)

2.This(room)isherroom. ___________________________________________________

3.This(office)isJohn’soffice. ___________________________________________________

4.Hetookhisbookandleftmybook. ___________________________________________________

5.These(newspapers)aretheirnewspapers. ___________________________________________________

6.These(cigarettes)arePeter´scigarettes. ___________________________________________________

7.That(notebook)isHelen’snotebook. ___________________________________________________

8.This(notebook)ismynotebook. ___________________________________________________

9.Isthis(pencil)yourpencil? ___________________________________________________

10.Isthis(coat)yourcoatorhercoat? ___________________________________________________

11.These(seats)areourseats. ___________________________________________________

12.This(desk)istheteacher’sdesk. ___________________________________________________

Ex.4.Completethefollowingbyaddingthenecessarypossessivepronoun:

1.Ihaveadog;thedogismine.

2.Johnhasadog;thedogis_______________.

3.Helenhasacat;thecatis_______________.

4.Youhaveapen;thepenis_______________.

5.Mr.Joneshasanewcar;thecaris_______________.

6.Maryhasanewpen;thepenis_______________.

7.WehavetwoEnglishbooks;theEnglishbooksare_______________.

8.HelenandMaryhavetwoEnglishbooks;theEnglishbooksare_______________.

9.Ihaveadogandacat;thedogandthecatare_______________.

10.Youhaveadogandacat;thedogandthecatare_______________.


B.SUBJECTPRONOUNSANDOBJECTPRONOUNS

Estudielasiguientetabla.

SubjectPronouns ObjectPronouns

I/ai/ Me/mi:/

You/iú:/ You/iú:/

He/hi:/ Him/him/

She/shi:/ Her/he:r/

It/it/ It/it/

We/uí:/ Us/az/

You/iú:/ You/iú:/

They/δei/ Them/δem/

LosSUBJECTPRONOUNS(pronombresnominativos)reemplazanalsujetodeunaoración:LosOBJECTPRONOUNS

(pronombrescomplementarios)reemplazanaundirectobject(complementodirecto)oaunindirectobject(complemento

indirecto)y,porlotanto,siemprevanubicadosdespuésdeunverboprincipalodeunapreposición.

EXERCISES

Ex.1.Substitutethecorrectpronounfortheitalicizedwordorwords:

1.JohnlikesMary. ___________________________________________________

2.Williamstudiesthebook ___________________________________________________

3.ShespeakswithJohn. ___________________________________________________

4.Iunderstandtheteacherverywell. ___________________________________________________

5.TheteacherlikesMaryandWilliam. ___________________________________________________

6.Bobstudieshisbookeveryday. ___________________________________________________

7.JimgoeswithMaryandmetothelesson. ___________________________________________________

8.Ilikethissongverymuch. ___________________________________________________

9.JamesgoeswithJohnandAlicetotheclub. ___________________________________________________

10.PedrospeakswithHeleninEnglish. ___________________________________________________

11.IknowWilliamandhiswifeverywell. ___________________________________________________

12.JanetsenttheinvitationstoMaryandme. ___________________________________________________

13.Theyaretalkingabouttheaccident. ___________________________________________________

14.IsthisletterforMr.Jonesorforhiswife? ___________________________________________________

Ex.2.Answerthesequestionsusingtheexpressionsoftimeprovidedinparentheses.Useobjectpronouns

(me,you,him,her,it,us,them)insteadofnames

1.WhendidyouseePeter?(2daysago) (Isawhim2daysago).

2.Whendidyoubuythecar?(5yearsago) ___________________________________________________

3.WhendidhevisitMary?(lastSundayafternoon) ___________________________________________________

4.Whendidshesendtheletters?(lastMonday) ___________________________________________________

5.Whendidtheywashthecar?(2weeksago) ___________________________________________________

6.Whendidyouvisityourparents?(lastweekend) ___________________________________________________

7.Whendidhegethisdiploma?(alongtimeago) ___________________________________________________

8.Whendidshespendthemoney.(lastsummer) ___________________________________________________

9.WhendidyouspeaktoTom?(yesterdaymorning) ___________________________________________________

10.Whendidheinviteyou?(lastmonth) ___________________________________________________

11.Whendidtheyeattheapples?(thismorning) ___________________________________________________

12.WhendidshemeetRobert?(lastFridaymorning) ___________________________________________________



PROFESSIONSANDOCCUPATIONS

actor/(ktor/ actor lawyer/ló:yer/ abogado

actress/(ktres/ actriz manager/mænidller/ gerente

architect/á:rkitekt/ arquitecto mechanic/mekænik/ mecánico

artist/á:rtist/ artista newsagent/niuzéidllent/ agentedediarios

baker/béiker/ panadero newspaperboy/niu:zpéiperbói/suplementero

barber/bá:rber/ barbero,peluquero painter/péinter/ pintor

butcher/bútcher/ carnicero photographer/fotógrafer/ fotógrafo

chemist/kémist/ farmacéutico,boticario pilot/páilot/ piloto

clergyman/klε:rdlliman/ clérigo,sacerdote plumber/plámer/ plomero,gásfiter

clerk/klε:rk/ vendedor policeman/polísman/ policía

cook/kuk/ cocinero postman/póustman/ cartero

conductor/kondáktor/ inspector(trenes) priest/pri:st/ sacerdote,cura

doctor/dóktor/ doctor receptionist/risépshonist/ recepcionista

dress-maker/drésméiker/modista salesman/séilzman/ vendedor

driver/dráiver/ chofer,conductor secretary/sékretri/ secretaria

electrician/elektríshn/ electricista shoe-maker/shu:méiker/ zapatero

engineer/endlliníar/ ingeniero singer/si(ger/ cantante

farmer/fá:rmer/ granjero steward/stiú:ard/ sobrecargo

firefighter/fáiarfáiter/ bombero stewardess/stiú:ardes/ azafata

fireman/fáiarman/ bombero student/stiúdent/ alumno

florist/flórist/ florista tailor/téilor/ sastre

gardener/gá:rdner/ jardinero technician/teknishan/ técnico

greengrocer/gri:ngróuser/verdulero teacher/ti:tcher/ profesor

grocer/gróuser/ almacenero telephonist/télifonist/ telefonista

hair-dresser/héardreser/ peinadora touristguide/túristgáid/ guíaturístico

hostess/hóustes/ azafata vicar/víkar/ vicario,cura

janitor/dllánitor/ conserje waiter/wéiter/ garzón

jeweller/dllúeler/ joyero waitress/wéitres/ garzona

journalist/dllórnalist/ periodista watch-maker/wotchméiker/ relojero

judge/dlládll/ juez writer/ráiter/ escritor


KEYTOANSWERS

UNIT6

PartI

Ex.1.&2.StudyListofRegularandIrrgularVerbs

Ex.3.1.Petercamehere...2.Iboughtthe...3.Theywentto.4.Maryvisitedher...5.Iwroteto...6.Theyatefish...7.

Bobwashedthe...8.WewatchedTV...9.Thepostmanbroughta...10.Wehada...11.Theboyread/red/a...12..

Igavethe...13.Peterdroveto...14.Weenjoyedour...15.Itrainedalot...16.Theyreceiveda...17.Isleptwell...18.

Fathertoldthe...19.Mothermadean...20.Theysoldlotsof...

Ex.4.(didn´t=didnot)1.Wedidn´tgoto.../Didwegoto...?/Howdidwegotowork?2.Peterdidn´tcome.../Did

Petercome...?/WhendidPetercomehere?3.Ididn´twanttodrink.../DidIwanttodrink...?/WhatdidIwantto

drink?4.Theydidn´tseethe.../Didtheyseethe...?/Whatdidtheysee?5.Johndidn´tsellhis.../DidJohnsellhis...?

/HowmuchdidJohnsellhishousefor?6.Theydidn´tbuythe.../Didtheybuythe...?/Wheredidtheybuythecar?7.

Theyboydidn´tdothe.../Didtheboydothe...?/Howdidtheboydotheexercise?8.Wedidn´thavedinner.../Did

wehavedinner...?/Wheredidwehavedinner?9.Wedidn´twritethe.../Didwewritethe...?/Whatlanguagedidwe

writetheletterin?10.Theydidn´tstudy.../Didtheystudy.../WheredidtheystudyEnglish?

Ex.5.1.Wheredidhegoyesterday?2.Atwhattimedidthechildrengetup?3.Whydidhegotothedoctor?4.When

didPeterseethefilm?5.Howdidtheycomehere?6.Whatdidtheboywanttodo?7.Whydidn´thego?8.Howlong

didtheystayinVancouver?9.HowmuchmoneydidBillspend?10.HowmanytimesdidBilldothesameexercise?

Ex.6.(openanswers)1.Iwentto...2.IbegantostudyEnglish(...ago/last.../in...)3.Ittookmeabout...4.He/she

toldmeto...5.Iate...6.Yes,Idid.Iwatched.../No,Ididn´t.7.Igotupat...

Ex.7.1.No,theydidn´t(watchTV).Theylistenedtotheradio.2.No,Hedidn´t(goout).Hestayedathome.3.No,I

didn´t(eatfish).Iatechicken.4.Noshedidn´t(sendmeafax).Shesentmealetter.5.No,theydidn´t(walk)Theytook

abus.6.No,hedidn´t(say“yes”).Hesaid“No”7.No,Ididn´t(readitinEnglish).IreaditinFrench.8.No,theydidn´t

(drinkbeer).Theydrankwine.9.No,hedidn´t(writeapoem).Hewroteashortstory.10.No,shedidn´t(buyadress).

Sheboughtajacket.11.No,Ididn´t(seeherlastweek).Isawheryesterday.12.No,hedidn´t(havelunchathome)

Hehadlunchatwork.13.No,hedidn´t(feelweel).Hefeltweakandtired.14.No,hedidn´t(speaktomeinenglish).

HespoketomeinFrench.15.No,hedidn´t(comeinthemorning).Hecameatmidday.16.No,Ididn´t(flyAmerican)I

flewUnitedAirlines.17.No,Ididn´t(givehimanapple).Igavehimsomemoney.18.No,shedidn’t(leaveearly)Sheleft

late.19.No,shedidn´t(wearashortskirt).Sheworealongone.20.No,hedidn´t(breakhisarm).Hebrokehisleg.

PartII

Ex.1.1.UnclePaulusedtoliveinthathouse.Hedoesn´tlivetherenow2.MaryusedtospeakItalianathome.She

doesn´tspeakitathomeanymore3.Annusedtocometoclassontimeeveryday.Shedoesn´tcometoclasson

timeeverydaynow4.Peterusedtobeagoodstudent.Henolongerisagoodstudent5.Iusedtoridethesubway

towork.Idon´trideittoworkanylonger6.BillusedtobringherflowerseveryFriday.Hedoesn´tbringherflowerson

Fridayanymore7.Motherusedtoplaythepianowell.Shedoesn´tplayitwellnow8.Billusedtohelpmewithmy

homework.Hedoesn´thelpmewithitanylonger9.JohnKerryusedtogotothatschool.Hedoesn´tgotothatschool

now10.WeusedtoexportshoestotheUSA.WenolongerexportshoestotheUSA.

PartIII.

A.

Ex.1.1.my2..his3.your.4..her5.their.6.his/her.7.our.8.their.9.its10.his

Ex.2.2.ThisisHelen´spen.3.Theteacher´sdeskisnew.4.That´smyteacher´shome5.Mysister´sfriendisverysick

6.MrSmith´sofficeisverylarge7.ThisisWilliam´snotebook8.He´sHelen´steacher9.He´salsomyfriend´steacher10.

ThisisMrSmith´swife.11.Myfriends´houseisbeautiful12.That´stheteachers´room.13.What´sthatman´sname?

14.Whatarethosemen´snames?


Ex.3.2.Thisroomishers.3.ThisofficeisJohn´s4.Hetookhisbookandleftmine.5.Thesenewspapersaretheirs.

6.ThesecigarettesarePeter´s.7.ThatnotebookisHelen´s.8.Thisnotebookismine.9.Isthispencilyours?10.Isthis

coatyoursorhers?11.Theseseatsareours.12.Thisdeskistheteacher´s.

Ex.4.1.mine2.his3.hers4.yours5.his6.hers7.ours8.theirs9.mine10.yours

B.

Ex.1.1.her2.it3.him4.him/her5.them6.it7.us8.it9.them10.her11.them12.us13.it14.himorher?.

Ex.2.2.Iboughtit5yearsago.3.HevisitedherlastSundayafternoon.4.ShesentthemlastMonday5.Theywashed

it2weeksago6.Ivisitedthemlastweekend.7.Hegotitalongtimeago.8.Shespentitlastsummer.9.Ispoketo

himyesterdaymorning.10.Heinvitedmelastmonth.11.Theyatethemthismorning.12.ShemethimlastFriday

morning.


UNIT7

PART1.ELTIEMPOPASADOCONTINUOOPROGRESIVO(THEPASTCONTINUOUSTENSE)

Estetiempoverbalseusaparaexpresarunaacciónqueseestabarealizandoenunmomentooenunafechadeterminada

enelpasado.EnestetiempoverbalsedebeusarelpasadodelverboToBe (WAS /woz/,oWERE /we:r/)másel

gerundiodeunverboprincipal.Lasexpresionesdetiempoquenormalmenteseusanconelpasadocontínuoson

aquellasqueindicanunahoraexactaenelpasado,comoat10oćlockthismorning/atténoklókδismó:niη/,atmidday

lastSunday/atmíddeilá:stsándi/,etc.

TambiénsonimportanteslasexpresionescompuestasporWhen+SUBJECT+PastTensecomoWhenIgothome

lastnight/wenaigothóumla:stnáit/.


Iwasdrivingtotheairportat10oćlockthismorning./aiwozdráiviηtuδiéarpo:rtattenoklókδismó:niη/

(Yoibaconduciendoalaeropuertoalas10deestamañana)

TheywereplayingfootballatmiddaylastSunday./δéiwe:rpléiηfútbolatmíddeilá:stsándi/

(Ellosestabanjugandofútbolalmediodíaeldomingopasado)

HewasvisitinghisparentsinDetroitonthe5thofJune./hí:wozvízitiηhizpéarentsinditróitonδefifθovdllú:n/

(ElestabavisitandoasuspadresenDetroitel5dejunio)

Iwassleepingwhenthetelephoneranglastnight./áiwozslí:piηwendetélifounræηla:stnáit/

(Yoestabadurmiendocuandosonóelteléfonoanoche)

WewerehavinglunchwhenourfriendJackarrivedlastSunday./wí:we:rhæviηlantchwenáuerfrénddllækarráivdlá:stsándi/

(NosotrosestábamosalmorzandocuandonuestroamigoJackllegóelDomingopasado))

LaformanegativaseexpresausandolapalabraNOTdespuésdewas/were.Normalmenteseusanlascontracciones

WASN´T/wóznt/oWEREN´T/wé:rent/:


Iwasnotdrivingtotheairportat10oćlockthismorning./aiwózntdráiviη.../

TheywerenotplayingfootballatmiddaylastSunday./deiwé:rentpléiiη.../

Hewasn´tvisitinghisparentsinDetroitonthe5thofJune./hi:wózntvízitiη.../

Iwasn´tsleepingwhenthetelephoneranglastnight./aiwózntsli:piη.../

Weweren´thavinglunchwhenourfriendJackarrivedlastSunday./wi:wé:renthæviηlántch.../

Laforma interrogativaseexpresamediante la inversióndelordendelsujetoy losverbosWAS/WERE (o las

contraccionesWASN´T/WEREN´T)


WasIdrivingtotheairportat10oćlockthismorning?/wozáidráiviη.../

WeretheyplayingfootballatmiddaylastSunday?/we:rδéipléiiη.../

Wasn´thevisitinghisparentsinDetroitonthe5thofJune?/wóznthi:vízitiη.../

Weren´tyousleepingwhenthetelephoneranglastnight?/wé:rentiúslí:piη.../

WerewehavinglunchwhenourfriendJackarrivedlastSunday?/we:rwí:hæviηlántch.../


EnlaspreguntasintroducidasconpalabrasinterrogativascomoWhat,Where,Why,etc.sedebemantenerel

mismoordendelasinterrogacionessimples:


Whatwereyoureadingwhentheteacherenteredtheroom?/wótwe:riúrí:diη.../

WhereweretheyplayingfootballatmiddaylastSunday?/wéarwe:rδeipléiiηfútbol.../

Whyweren´ttheyhavinglunchwhenJackarrived?/wáiwé:rntδeihæviηlántch.../

Whywasn´theworkingat9o´clockthismorning?/wáiwóznthí:wé:rkiη.../


Whatwereyoudoing...?/wótwe:riú:dúiη.../(¿Quéestabahaciendoud....?)

EXERCISES

Ex.1.Complete the followingsentencesusing theverbsgiven inparentheses in thePastContinuous

Tense

1.Thesun _________________________ whenPetergotupthismorning.(shine)

2.Bill_________________________thereportwhenMr.Jenkinsenteredtheroom.(read)

3.Thestudents___________________________ rugbywhenitbegantorain.(play)

4.We ________________________theroadwhentheaccidenthappened.(cross)

5.Atthattime,everyone _________________________togotowork.(getready)

6.I________________________tothecoastwhenthecarbrokedown.(drive)

7.We ________________________neartheriverthatevening.(camp)

8.Ann________________________inGermanywhenthewarbrokeout.(live)

9.Whenwegottothestation,thetrain________________________ .(leave)

10.We ________________________whenthelightswentoutlastnight.(havedinner)

11.Mrs.Brown____________________________ theshoppingwhenshehadtheaccident.(do)

12.MaryandJohn _______________________________intheparkwhenwesawthemyesterday.(walk)

Ex.2.Changethefollowingsentencesintoa)negativeform,andb)interrogativeform:

1.Shewashavingabath. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

2.Wewererunningdowntheroad. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

3.Thesoldiersweredoingexercise ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

4.Alicewasmakingthebeds. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

5.ThechildrenwerewatchingTV. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

6.Themenweregoingtowork. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

7.Theboyswerestudyingforatest. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

Ex.3.AskquestionsusingquestionwordslikeWho,Where,What,How,etc.Ineachcase,theunderlined

partmustbetheanswertoyourquestion.

1.Theywerewalkingintheparkatmidday. ___________________________________________________

2.Marywaseatingasandwichinherroom. ___________________________________________________

3.Peterwasn´tworkingbecausehewasonvacation. ___________________________________________________

4.Thegeneralswereworkingintheconferenceroom. ___________________________________________________

5.Iwasgettingdressedwhenyoucalledmeupthismorning.______________________________________________


6.Mrs.Whitewaslyingonthesofabecauseshewastired._________________________________________________

7.Thesoldierswerejoggingwhenitbegantorain. ___________________________________________________

8.Bobwastakingashowerwhenthefirestarted. ___________________________________________________

9.Whenthewarbrokeout,theywerelivinginthenorthofFrance. __________________________________________

10.Morethantenpeoplewerestandingoutsidethebuilding._______________________________________________


1. Ellosestabanjugandobridgeaesahora. ___________________________________________________

2. Yonoestabadurmiendocuandoellosllegaron ___________________________________________________

3. JuanysusamigosestabanmirandoTVenesemomento._______________________________________________

4. Cuandollegué,todosestabanconversando ___________________________________________________

5. ¿Quéestabahaciendoud.aesahora? ___________________________________________________

6. ¿Porquénoestabanellostrabajandoesedía? ___________________________________________________

7. ¿Dóndeestabanviviendotuspadrescuandoseconocieron?____________________________________________

8. ¿Quéestabashaciendoaestahoraayer? ___________________________________________________

9. Yoestabaescuchandolasnoticiasenesemomento.___________________________________________________

Ex.5.AnswerthefollowingquestionsinEnglish.Givecompleteanswers.

1.Whatwereyoudoingatthistimeyesterday? ___________________________________________________

2.WherewereyouworkinginDecemberlastyear? ___________________________________________________

3.Wherewereyourparentslivingwhentheygotmarried?__________________________________________________

4.WhatwereyoudoingwhenJackphonedyoulastnight?_________________________________________________

Ex.6.(Review)Fillintheblankspacesusingtheverbsprovidedintheappropriateverbtense.Youmustuse

eitherthePastSimpleorthePastContinuousTensesonly.

1.I___________________________verywelllastnight.(sleep)

2.I___________________________soundlywhenyou______________________________ lastnight.(sleep...arrive)

3.They_______________________totheofficewhenI__________________________ themthismorning.(go..see)

4.Peter_______________________hiswifeLyndawhenhe__________________________ inChicago(meet...live)

5.We ________________________golfwhenit ______________________________ torainyesterday.(play...begin)

6.Bill________not_____________intheofficewhentheboss____________________intotheroom.(work...walk)

7.WhenJohn ______________________ uslastnight,we____________________________ (callon...havedinner)

8.Peter_______________________theaccidentwhilehe_______________________________ home.(have...drive)

9.What_______________________you______________________________________ lastSaturdayafternoon?(do)

10.What_______________________you________________________________________ atthistimeyesterday?(do)

11.Mr.Johnson______________________ inNewYorkwhenhe_____________________ chairmanofthecompany.

(work...become)

12.He_________________________thenewspaperwhilehe ______________________ thebustowork.(read...ride)


PARTII.

A. THEIMPERATIVEFORM(LAFORMAIMPERATIVA)

Laformaimperativaseusaparadarórdenesoparasolicitarservicios.Lasórdenesosolicitudesseexpresanmedianteel

usodelINFINITIVOsinsujeto(elpronombreyou,estaimplícitoenlaorden).NormalmenteseusalapalabraPLEASE,

yaseaaliniciooalfinaldelaordenosolicitud.

Escucheleayaprenda:

(You)Comehere/kámhíar/ Vengaparaacá

(You)Listentome/lísntumí:/ Escúchame

Please,(you)openthewindow./pli:zóupnδewíndou/ Porfavor,abralaventana

(you)Speakmoreslowly,please/spí:kmó:rslóuli/ Hablemáslento,porfavor

ParaexpresarunaordennegativasedebeusarlacontracciónDON´T/dóunt/antesdelinfinitivo

Escucheleayaprenda:

Don´tcomehere Novengaparaacá

Don´tlistentome Nomeescuche.

Please,don´topenthewindow. Porfavor,noabralaventana

Don´tspeaksofast,please Nohabletanrápido,porfavor.(so/sou/=tan)

EXERCISES

Ex.1.Changethefollowingsentencesintotheimperativeform:AddthewordPLEASEattheendofyour

sentence:

Youlookatthemap Lookatthemap,please

1.Youdrinkmilkeverymorning. ___________________________________________________

2.Youspellyourfirstname. ___________________________________________________

3.Youcomeheretomorrowmorning. ___________________________________________________

4.Youcallmeupafter9o´clock. ___________________________________________________

5.Youhaveanothercupofcoffee. ___________________________________________________

6.Youeatmoreslowly. ___________________________________________________

7.Youfillupthetank. ___________________________________________________

8.Youstudyhardeveryday. ___________________________________________________

9.Youwriteyouransweronthewhiteboard. ___________________________________________________

10.Youlistentothestorycarefully. ___________________________________________________

Ex.2.Changethefollowingimperativesentencesintothenegativeform:

Speakslowly,please. Don´tspeaksoslowlyplease.(so=tan)

1.Eatmybreadandbutter,please. ___________________________________________________

2.Workhard,please ___________________________________________________

3.Workslowlyplease. ___________________________________________________

4.Listentohimplease. ___________________________________________________

5.Comeagainthisafternoon,please ___________________________________________________

6.Drivefastplease. ___________________________________________________

7.Drinkblackcoffee. ___________________________________________________

8.Takeataxi. ___________________________________________________

9.Saythatagain,please. ___________________________________________________

10.GiveMarymynewaddress,please ___________________________________________________


B. ARTICLES(III)

Nosedebeusarningúnartículodelantedelosnombresdepersonas,ciudades,estados,países,continentes,montes,

callescuandoestossonusadoscomonombrespropios.Tampocosedebeanteponerartículoa losnombresde

personascuandoéstosvanprecedidosdetítulos(Mr.,Sir,,Lady,Mrs.,Ms.,Miss,Dr.,Prof.,President,Senatoretc.)o

grados(Gen.,Cpt.Sgt.,etc.)

Escucheleayaprenda

WhendidtheygotoEurope?

DidyouseeMarythismorning?

TheylivedinNewYorkCityforseveralyears.

HelivesonFifthAvenue.

TheyarecomingbackfromChina.They´veclimbedMountEverest.

LadyMacbethfaintedwhenshesawthebodyofherhusbandlyingonthefloor.

MrDePontiinvitedDr.WhitetoafamousItalianrestaurantthatevening.

PresidentBushandSenatorPaynewillmeetat10:15nextTuesday.

Gen.JohnsonorderedSgt.Smithtosendthemessagerightaway.

Sinembargosedebeusarelartículodefinidothedelantedelosnombresgeográficos(ríos,mares,cordilleras,volcanes,

canales.etc.)ytambiéndelantedelosnombresdepaísescompuestosdeAdj.+Sust.(exceptocuandoeladjetivoes

unpuntocardinal).Noseusathedelantedelosnombresdecontinentes.

Escucheleayaprenda

TheMississippiandtheMissouririversareinCentralUnitedStates.

ThePacificOceanismuchlargerthantheAtlanticOcean.

TheUnitedStatesandSouthKoreawillsignanewfreetradeagreement.

TheyareplanningtospendaweekintheWestIndies.

Cuandolosnombresdeciudadesopaísescumplenlafuncióndeadjetivosestosvanprecedidosdelartículodefinido

the.

Escuche,leaycompare:

NewYorkisalargecity.

TheNewYorkCitysubwaysgoveryfast.

(adj.)

SantiagoisthecapitalofChile.

TheSantiagonewspapersarenotveryexpensive.

(adj.)

EXERCISES

Ex.1.Supplythedefinitearticlethewherenecessary:

1.Weplantospendourvacationin__________Mexicoand__________NorthCarolina.(Weplantospendourvacation

inMexicoandNorthCarolina.)

2.Laterwewanttovisit__________DominicanRepublic.

3.__________HudsonRiverlieswestof__________NewYorkCity.

4.__________UnitedStates,__________China,__________UnitedKingdomand__________SovietUnionwere

permanentmembersoftheUNSecurityCommittee..

5.Someshipscancross__________AtlanticOceanfrom__________Franceto__________UnitesStates.

6.Youshouldtakeatripsometimeto__________WestIndies.

7.__________PanamaCanaljoins__________Atlanticand__________PacificOceans.

8.Theprincipalcityof__________Germanyis__________Berlin.

9.Hespentseveralweeksin__________Italyandseveralweeksin__________Spain.

10.Weliveon__________MadisonAvenuenear__________CentralParkStation.


11.Lotsofoiltankersgofrom_________PersianGulfto_________MediterraneanSeathrough_________SuezCanal.

12.Theyliveon__________ClarkStreetin__________SaltLakeCity,in__________Utah.

Ex.2.Fillintheblankswiththecorrectarticleswhereneeded:

1.Helivesin__________Mexico.(HelivesinMexico.)

2.__________Mexicanclimateiswarm.

3.Wewalkedalong__________Broadway.

4.__________Broadwaybusesareslow.

5.__________NewYorkcitytrafficisveryslow.

6.__________.Londonand__________Yorkarebeautiful__________Englishcities.

7.__________Englandisasmallcountry.

8._________Englishlanguageiseasy.

9.__________Europeisalargecontinent.

10.Some__________Europeancitiesareveryinterestingtovisit.

11.__________LondonSchoolofEconomicsisveryfamous.

C.THEEXCLAMATORYFORM(LAFORMAEXCLAMATIVA)

Lasexclamacioneseninglésseexpresandelasiguientemanera.Estudieelsiguientediagrama:

Structure Examples

What+a(n)+adj.+singularnoun(+S+V)! Whatabeautifulwoman(sheis)!Whataninterestingbook(youarereading)!

What+adj.+pluralnoun(+S+V)! Whatbeautifuleyes(youhave)!Whatnicepeople(wemetattheparty)!

What+adj.+uncountablenoun(+S+V)! Whatnicemusic(thisis)!Whatgoodcoffee(theyserved)!Whatterribleweather(wearehaving)!

How+adj./adv.(+S+V)! Howsilly(Iwas)!Howfast(you´redrivingTom)!Howexpensive(thatbookis)!

EXERCISES

Ex.1.SupplyWHATorWHATA(N)inthefollowingexclamatorysentences:

1.______________________ goodidea!

2.______________________ beautifulday!

3.______________________ prettyeyesshehas!

4.______________________ strangethingtosay!

5.______________________ easyexercise!

6.______________________ difficultlesson!

7.______________________ funnynametogiveadog!

8.______________________ goodwhisky!

9.______________________ happychild!

10.______________________ happychildren!

11.______________________ beautifulmusic!

12.______________________ largeroom!

13.______________________ foolishmistake!

14 ______________________ hotday!

15.______________________ beautifulweather!,


Ex.2.MakeexclamationsusingWhata(n)...!;What...!,orHow...!,asintheexample

Peterisaverytallman WhatatallmanPeteris!

HowtallPeteris!

1.Johnisaveryintelligentperson. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

2.Theyareverybeautifulwomen. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

3.Thisisaveryincrediblestory. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

4.Iwasaverystupidperson. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

5.Thistripisveryinteresting. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

6.MrJohnsonisaverypleasantman. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

7.Thismusicisveryromantic. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

8.Theseexercisesareverydifficult. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

9.Thiswhiskyisverygood ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

10.Thesephotographsareverybeautiful ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

11,NewYorkisafascinatingcity. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

12.Maryisaveryfriendlyperson ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

13.Theseshoesareveryexpensive. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

14.Themoviewasveryexciting. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

Ex.3.SupplyHOW,WHAT,orWHATA(N)inthefollowingexclamatorysentences:

1.______________________ prettygirl!

2.______________________ prettysheis!

3.______________________ strangeremarktomake!

4.______________________ wellsheswims!

5.______________________ hotitistoday!

6.______________________ hardsentencestheseare!

7.______________________ beautifuleyesshehas!

8.______________________ beautifullyshesings!

9.______________________ foolishthingtosay!

10. _____________________ hotweatherwearehaving!

11. _____________________ hotdayitistoday!

12. _____________________ quicklythetimepasses!

13. _____________________ wellshespeaksEnglish!

14. _____________________ excellentstudentheis!

Ex.4.ChangethesesentencestoexclamatoryformbyusingHOWorWHAT/WHATA(N),asindicated:

1.Sheplaysthepianowell. ___________________________________________________

2.Sheisanexcellentpianist. ___________________________________________________

3.Itisabeautifulday. ___________________________________________________

4.Herunsveryfast. ___________________________________________________

5.Sheplaystheviolinbeautifully. ___________________________________________________


6.Itisverycoldtoday. ___________________________________________________

7.It´sacolddaytoday. ___________________________________________________

8.Heisaverytallman. ___________________________________________________

9.Itwasverycoldlastnight. ___________________________________________________

10.Sheisverypretty. ___________________________________________________

11.Heisahandsomefellow. ___________________________________________________

12.Sheiswearingabeautifuldress. ___________________________________________________

13.Youhaveabeautifulnewcar. ___________________________________________________

14.Grandfathertoldusasadstory. ___________________________________________________

15.Wewereverytiredafterthewalk. ___________________________________________________

16.Itwasaveryfasttrain. ___________________________________________________

17.Annwasagenerouswoman. ___________________________________________________

18.Bobactedveryfoolishly. ___________________________________________________



THEHOUSE

a) Housing/háusiη/ Vivienda

apartment/apa:rment/ departamento(USA) farmhouse/fá.rmháus/ casadecampo

apartmentbuilding/apa:rmetbíldiη/edificiodedptos.(USA) flat/flæt/ departamento(BR)

blockofflats/blokovflæts/ edificiodedptos.(BR) house/háus/ casa

bungalow/báηgalou/ bungalow hut/hat/ choza,cabaña

condominium/kondomínium/ condominio semi-detachedhouse/sémi.../ casapareada

cottage/kótidll/ casadecampo,quinta terracehouse/térisháus/ casaenfila

detachedhouse/ditηtætchtháus/ casaaislada villa/vila/ casadeveraneo

b) PartsoftheHouse/partsov(eháus/PartesdelaCasa

ceiling/síliη/ cieloraso roof/ruf/ techo

door/do:r/ puerta staircase/stéarkéis/ escaleras

floor/flo:r/ piso wall/wo:l/ muralla

frontdoor/frántdó:r/ puertadecalle window/wíndou/ ventana

landing/lændiη/ descanso(deescaleras)

c) RoomsoftheHouse/ru:mzov(eháus/PiezasdelaCasa

attic/ætik/ ático laundryroom/ló:ndrirum/ lavandería

basement/béisment/ subterráneo library/láibreari/ biblioteca

bathroom/bá:θrum/ saladebaño lounge/láundll/ salon(Br)

bedroom/bédrum/ dormitorio pantry/pæntri/ despensa

cellar/sélar/ bodega(vinos) sittingroom/sítiηrum/ living

dining-room/dáiniηrum/ comedor study/stádi/ estudio

kitchen/kítchin/ cocina toilet/tóilet/ baño,excusado.w.c.

d)TheSitting-room/δesítiηrum/ElLiving

arm-chair/á:rmtchéar/ sillón porcelain/pó:rselein/ porcelana

carpet/ká:pit/ alfombra(BR) radioset/réidiouset/ radio

CDplayer/sí:dí:pléier/ reproductordeCD rug/rag/ alfombra(USA)

chair/tchéar/ silla sofa/sóufa/ sofá

china/tcháina/ lozafina, table/téibl/ mesa

clock/klok/ reloj telephone/télifoun/ teléfono

curtains/kértenz/ cortinas televisionset/télivillnset/ televisor

fireplace/faiarpléis/ chimenea VCR/vi:si:a:r/ video-grabadora

picture/píktcher/ cuadro

e) TheBedroom/δebédrum/ElDormitorio

alarmclock/alá:rmklók/ relojdespertador pillowcase/píloukéiz/ funda

bed/bédrum/ cama pillow/pílou/ almohada

bedspread/bédspred/ cubrecamas pyjama/pidllámaz/ pijamas

blanket/blæηkit/ frazada sheets/shi:ts/ sábanas

chestofdrawers/tchéstovdró:erz/ cómoda,cajonera slippers/slíperz/ zapatillas

nightgown/náitgáoun/ batadenoche wardrobe/wó:dróub/ ropero

nighttable/náittéibl/ velador

f) TheKitchen/δekítchin/LaCocina

broom/brú:m/ escoba mixer/mikser/ máquinalicuadora

canopener/kænóupner/ abrelatas(USA) napkin/nápkin/ servilleta


cooker/stove/range/kúker/stóuv/réindll/cocina(artefacto) oven/ávn/ horno

cookerybook/kúkribuk/ libroderecetas pan/pæn/ olla

corkscrew/korkskrú:/ sacacorchos plate/pléit/ plato

crockery/krókeri/ lozacorriente pot/pot/ cacerola

cup/kap/ taza refrigerator/refridlleréitor/ refrigerador

cupboard/kábord/ aparador rubbishbin/rábishbin/ basurero(BR)

cutlery/kátleri/ cuchillería saucer/só:ser/ platillo

dishwasher/dishwósher/ lavadoradevajilla silverware/sílverwéar/ platería

drier/dráier/ secadora sink/siηk/ lavaplatos

fork/fo:rk/ tenedor spoon/spú:n/ cuchara

freezer/frí:zer/ congeladora teapot/tí:pot/ teteraparaelté

fridge/frídll/ refrigerador teaspoon/tí:spun/ cucharadeté

fryingpan/fráiiηpæn/ sartén tinopener/tinóupener/ abrelatas(BR)

garbagecan/gá:rbidllkæn/ basurero(USA) toaster/tóuster/ tostadora

glass/glá:s/ vaso trashcan/træshkæn/ basurero(USA)

glassware/glá:swear/ cristalería tray/trei/ bandeja

kettle/kétl/ tetera vacuumcleaner/vækiumklí:ner/ aspiradora

knife/knives/náif/náivz/ cuchillo/s wallclock/wó:lklók/ relojdepared

microwaveoven/máikrouweivávn/ hornomicroondas washingmachine/wóshiηmashí:n/lavadoraderopa

g)TheBathroom/δebá:θrum/LaSaladeBaño

bathtub/bá:θtab/ tinadebaño shavingbrush/shéiviηbrash/ hisopo

coldwatertap/kóuldwó:tertæp/ llavedeaguafria shavingcream/shéiviηkrí:m/ cremadeafeitar

comb/kóum/ peineta shower/sháuer/ ducha

electricshaver/iléktrikshéiver/ afeitadora showercap/sháuerkæp/ gorradebaño

faucet/fó:set/ llavedelagua(USA) soapdish/sóupdish/ jabonera

hairbrush/héarbrash/ cepillodepelo tap/tæp/ llavedelagua(Br)

hairdryer/héardráier/ secadordepelo toothbrush/túθbrash/ cepillodedientes

hotwatertap/hotwó:tertæp/ llavedeaguacaliente toothpaste/tú:θpéist/ pastadental

lotion/lóushn/ loción towelrack/táuelræk/ pañera

mirror/míror/ espejo towel/táuel/ toalla

safetyrazor/séiftiréizor/ máquinadeafeitar washbasin/woshbéizin/ lavamanos

h) TheStudio/δestúdiou/LaSaladeEstudio

bookshelf/bukshelf/ repisaparalibros laptop/læptop/ PCportátil(US)

bookcase/bukkéis/ librero notebook/nóutbuk/ PCportátil(Br.)

chair/tchear/ silla note-pad/nóutpæd/ blockdeborrador

computer/kompiúter/ computador printer/prínter/ impresora

desk/desk/ escritorio punch/pantch/ perforadora

desklamp/desklæmp/ lámparadeescritorio scanner/skæner/ escáner

faxmachine/fæksmashí:n/ máquinafax stapler/stéipler/ corchetera

file/fail/ archivador telephone/télifoun/ teléfono

filingcabinet/fáiliηkábinet/ archivo typewriter/táipráiter/ máquinadeescribir

j) Outdoors/áutdó:rz/Elexterior

fence/fens/ reja orchard/ó:rtcha:rd/ huerto

garage/gará:dll/ garage path/pa:θ/ sendero

garden/gá:rdn/ jardín swimmingpool/suimiηpú:l/ piscina

gate/geit/ puerta(reja) vegetablegarden/védlletablgá:rdn/huerta

lawn/ló:n/ césped


UNIT7

Keytoanswers

PARTI

Ex.1.1.wasshining2.wasreading3.wereplaying4.werecrossing5.wasgettingready6.wasdriving7.werecamping

8.wasliving9.wasleaving10.werehavingdinner11.wasdoing12.werewalking

Ex.2.1.Shewasn´thaving.../Wasshehaving...?2.Weweren´trunning.../Werewerunning...?3.Thesoldiersweren´t

doing.../Werethesoldiersdoing...?4.Alicewasn´tmaking.../WasAlicemaking...?5.Thechildrenweren´twatching...

/Werethechildrenwatching...?6.Themenweren´tgoing.../werethemengoing...?7.Theboysweren´tstudying...

/Weretheboysstudying...?

Ex.3.1.Whatweretheydoingintheparkatmidday?2.WhatwasMaryeatinginherroom?3.Whywasn´tPeterworking?

4.Wherewerethegeneralsworking?5.WhatwereyoudoingwhenIcalledyouupthismorning?6.WhywasMrs.

Whitelyingonthesofa?7.Whatwerethesoldiersdoingwhenitbegantorain?8.WhatwasBobdoingwhenthefire

started?9.Whereweretheylivingwhenthewarbrokeout?10.Howmanypeoplewerestandingoutsidethebuilding?

Ex.4.1.Theywereplayingbridgeatthattime.2.Iwasn´tsleepingwhentheyarrived.3.Johnandhisfriendswere

watchingTVatthatmoment.4.WhenIarrived,everyonewastalking.5.Whatwereyoudoingatthattime?6.Why

weren´ttheyworkingthatday?7.Wherewereyourparentslivingwhentheymet?8.Whatwereyoudoingatthistime

yesterday?9.Iwaslisteningtothenewsatthatmoment.

Ex.5.(Openanswers)1.Iwas...(atthistimeyesterday.)2.Iwasworking...(inDecemberlastyear).3.Theywereliving

in...(whentheygotmarried/then).4.Iwas...(whenhephonedmelastnight)

Ex.6.1.slept2.wassleeping/arrived.3.weregoing/saw4.met/wasliving5.wereplaying/began

6.was-working/walked7.calledon/werehavingdinner8.had/wasdriving9.did-do10.were-doing11.was

working/became12.read/wasriding

PARTII

A.

Ex.1.1.Drinkmilkeverymorning,please2.Spellyourfirstnameplease.3.Comeheretomorrowmorningplease.4.Call

meupafter9o´clockplease5.Haveanothercupofcoffeeplease.6.Eatmoreslowlyplease7.Fillupthetankplease.

8.Studyhardeverydayplease.9.Writeyouransweronthewhiteboardplease.10.Listentothestorycarefullyplease.

Ex.2.1.Don´teatmybreadandbutterplease.2.Don´tworksohardplease.3.Don´tworksoslowlyplease.4.Don´t

listentohimplease5.Don´tcomeagainthisafternoonplease.6.Don´tdrivesofastplease.7.Don´tdrinkblackcoffee

please.8.Don´ttakeataxiplease.9.Don´tsaythatagainplease.10.Don´tgiveMarymynewaddressplease.

B.

Ex.1.2....theDominicanRepublic3.TheHudsonRiver/NewYorkCity4.TheUnitedStates,China,theUnitedKingdom

andtheSovietUnion5.TheAtlanticOcean...France...theUnitedStates6.TheWestIndies7.ThePanamaCanal...the

AtlanticandthePacificoceans8.Germany...Berlin9.Italy...Spain10.MadisonAvenue...CentralParkStation11....

thePersianGulf...theMediterraneanSea...theSuezCanal12....ClarkStreet...SaltLakeCity...Utah

Ex.2.2.TheMexicanclimate...3....Broadway.4.TheBroadwaybuses...5.TheNewYorkCitytraffic...6.London...

York...Englishcities7.England...8.TheEnglishlanguage...9.Europe...10.Europeancities...11.TheLondonSchool

ofEconomics...

C.

Ex.1.1.Whata...2.Whata...3.What...4.Whata...5.Whatan...6.Whata...7.Whata...8.What...9.Whata...10.

What...11.What...12.Whata...13.Whata...14.Whata...15.What...


Ex.2.1.WhatanintelligentpersonJohnis!/HowintelligentJohnis!2.Whatbeautifulwomentheyare!/Howbeautiful

theyare!/Howbeautifulthosewomenare!3.Whatanincrediblestorythisis!/Howincrediblethisstoryis!4.Whata

stupidpersonIwas!/HowstupidIwas!5.Whataninterestingtripthisis!/Howinterestingthistripis!6.Whatapleasant

manMr.Johnsonis!/HowpleasantMr.Johnsonis!.7.Whatromanticmusicthisis!/Howromanticthismusicis!8.

Whatdifficultexercisestheseare!/Howdifficulttheseexercisesare!9.Whatgoodwhiskythisis!/Howgoodthiswhisky

is!10.Whatbeautifulphotographstheseare!/Howbeautifulthesephotographsare!11.WhatafascinatingcityNew

Yorkis!/HowfascinatingNewYorkis!12.WhatafriendlypersonMaryis!/HowfriendlyMaryis!13.Whatexpensive

shoestheseare!/Howexpensivetheseshoesare!14.Whatanexcitingmovieitwas!/Howexcitingthemoviewas!

Ex.3.1.Whata...2.How...3.Whata...4.How...5.How...6.What...7.What...8.How...9.Whata...10.What...11.

Whata...12.How...13.How...14.Whatan...

Ex.4.1.Howwellsheplaysthepiano!2.Whatanexcellentpianistsheis!3.Whatabeautifuldayitistoday!4.How

fastsheruns!5.Howbeautifullysheplaystheviolin!6.Howcolditistoday!7.Whatacolddayitistoday!8.Whatatall

manheis!9.Howcolditwaslastnight!10.Howprettysheis!11.Whatahandsomefellowheis!12.Whatabeautiful

dresssheiswearing!13.Whatabeautifulnewcaryouhave!14.Whatasadstorygrandfathertoldus!15.Howtirewe

wereafterthewalk!16.Whatafasttrainitwas!17.WhatagenerouswomanAnnwas!18.HowfoolishlyBobacted!


UNIT8

PART1.ELTIEMPOFUTUROSIMPLETHESIMPLEFUTURETENSE

Estetiempoverbalseusaparareferirseaaccionesqueocurriránenelfuturo.Lasexpresionesdetiempofrecuentesen

estetiempoverbalsontomorrow/tumórou/mañana,thedayaftertomorrow/δedéiáftertumórou/pasadomañana,next

week/nékstwí:k/lapróximasemana,nextmonth/nékstmanθ/elpróximomes,nextyear/nekstyíar/elpróximoaño,inthree

months/inθrí:mánθs/dentrodetresmeses,bytheendofthisyear/baiδiéndovδisyíar/haciafinesdeesteaño,etc

ElFuturoSimplesepuedeexpresardetresmaneras,segúnlaideaquesedeseetransmitir:

1. SUBJECT+WILL+INFINITIVEparareferirseadecisiones,promesasodeterminaciones.

PeterwillcometoChilenextmonth./pí:terwilkámtutchilenekstmánδ/PetervendráaChileelpróximomes

2. SUBJECT+AM/IS/ARE+GOINGTO+INFINITIVEparareferirseaplanes, intenciones,osucesosque

evidentementeomuyprobablementeocurrirán.

PeterisgoingtocometoChilenextmonth./pí:terizgóuiδtukámtutchílenékstmanδ/PetervaaveniraChileelpróximo

mes.

3. SUBJECT+AM/IS/ARE+ING(PresentContinuous)parareferirseaactividadesagendadas,acordadaso

previstasconantelación.

Peter iscoming toChilenextmonth. /pí:ter izkámiδ tutchílenekstmánδ/Peterviene(tieneprevistovenir)aChileel

próximomes

ELFUTUROSIMPLECONWILL

EstaconstruccióngeneralmenteseusaparaexpresarelFuturoSimple,ysugierela ideadedecisión,promesao

determinación.EnlaconversacióndiariaWILLformalacontracción´LL.


Theywillvisitusnextweek-end./δéiwilvízitasnékstwí:kénd/Ellosnosvisitaránelproximofindesemana

Mary´llcometoworktomorrow./mérilkámtuwé:rktumórou/Maryvendráatrabajarmañana

I´llbeathomealldaynextSunday./áilbí:athóunó:ldeinekstsándi/Estaréencasatodoeldíaelpróx.Dgo.

EnlaformanegativaseusalapalabraNOTentreelverbomodalWILLyelInfinitivo.Enlaconversacióndiariase

prefiereusarlacontracciónWON´T/wóunt/


Theywillnotvisitusnextweekend.Theywon´tvisitusnextweekend./δeiwóuntvízitasnékstwí:kénd/

Marywillnotcometoworktomorrow.Marywon´tcometoworktomorrow./mériwóuntkám.Tuwé:rktumórou/

IwillnotbeathomealldaynextSunday.Iwon´tbeathome.../aiwóuntbí:athóumó:ldeinékstsándi/.

Enlainterrogación,sedebeanteponerelverbomodalWILL(olacontracciónWON¨T)alsujeto.Sisedeseaformular

unapreguntaintroducidaporWhat,When,Where,etc.,sedebemantenerelmismoordendepalabrasusadoenlas

preguntassimples:


Willtheyvisitusnextweek-end?/wilδeivízit.../Won´ttheyvisitusnextweek-end?/wóuntδeivízit.../

WillMarycometoworktomorrow?/wilmérikám.../Won´tMarycometowork?/wóuntmérikám.../

WillyoubeathomealldaynextSunday?/wiliu:bí:athóumo:ldéinekstsándi/

Whenwilltheyvisitus?/wénwilδeivízitás/

Whywon´tMarycometoworktomorrow?/wáiwóuntmérikámtuwé:rktumórou/


Lapreguntahabitualconestaconstrucciónverbales:

Whatwillyoudo?/wótwiliu:dú:/ ¿Quéharáud.?

EXERCISES:

Ex.1.Usetheverbsgiveninparenthesesinthefuturesimpletense,usingWILL

1.Thesoldiers________________________tothetopofthathilltomorrow.(march)

2.I________________________youapostcardfromWashingtonDC.(send)

3.Mylittlebrother________________________ahardtestnextMonday.(have)

4.MrJackson________________________hisoldcar.(sell)

5.Theinstructor________________________theoverheadprojector.(use)

6.Thegardener________________________adeepholeinthegroundtoplantthetree.(dig)

7.NASA________________________aspaceshiptoMarsnextweek.(launch)

8.ProfessorLee________________________aconferenceinParisnextmonth.(attend)

9.I________________________busyalldaytomorrow.(be)

10.We________________________anewhousesoon.(buy)

11.MrJackson________________________alimousinetotakehisgueststotheairport.(hire)

12.TheSmiths________________________toanewhouseintheSpring.(move)

Ex.2Changethefollowingsentencesintoa)negative,andb)interrogative.

1.Marywillgooutthisevening. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

2.Youwillsendthemafax. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

3.Thetrainwillarrivesoon. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

4.Johnwillaccepttheoffer. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

5.They´llgetmarriedinMay ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

6.MrSmithwillseeyoutomorrow. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

Ex.3.AskquestionsusingquestionwordslikeWhen,Where,What,How,Howlong,etc.Ineachcase,the

underlinedpartofthesentencemustbetheanswerforthequestionasked.

1.They´llgotothenorthinthesummer. ___________________________________________________

2.Johnwillgivetheanswernextweek. ___________________________________________________

3.Bobwillsellthecarbecauseit´sold. ___________________________________________________

4.Thesoldierswillwaitthereuntildawn. ___________________________________________________

5.MrSmithwillsendthemanothercatalog ___________________________________________________

6.Suewillnotbuythedressbecauseit´stooexpensive.___________________________________________________

7.They´llstayinTorontoforthreedays ___________________________________________________

8.We´llwaitforyouinthecafeteria ___________________________________________________

9.They´llneedfivevolunteers. ___________________________________________________

10.They´lltalkaboutmanythingstomorrow ___________________________________________________


PARTII.

A. USEOFSAYANDTELL

LosverbosSAYyTELLtienenelmismosignificado(DECIR),perodifierenencuantoasuuso.

ElverboSAYseusaenlossiguientescasos:

1. Antesodespuésdeunacitatextual

Johnsaid(toHelen),“Iloveyou,Helen”

Marysaid,“Iamverytiredafterthelongwalk”

Mr.Jacksonsaid(tohisstudents),“Pleasesitdownandlookatthemap”

“Iloveyouverymuch”,hesaid.

“Iamverytiredafterthelongwalk”,saidMary.

2. Antesdelaconjunciónthat

JohnsaidthathelovedHelen

Marysaidthatshewasverytiredafterthelongwalk.

3. Enposiciónfinal

Ididn´tunderstandwhatshesaid.

Sorry,whatdidyousay?

Whatareyougoingtosay?

ElverboTELLseusacuandosemencionaalinterlocutor,esdecir,lapersonaaquienselehabló.

JohntoldHelenthathelovedher.

Marytoldmethatshewasverytiredafterthelongwalk.

Mr.Jacksontoldhisstudentstositdownandlookatthemap.

(You)TellMarythatIwanttospeakwithher,please.

EXERCISES

Ex.1.FillintheblankswithSAYorTELL

1.John________________________thatheisverybusyatthemoment.

2.YesterdayI________________________myteacherthatIlikedmylessons.

3.John________________________yesterday,“I´mgoingtophoneyouassoonasIgethome”

4.Yesterday,MrJackson________________________usallabouthistriptoNepal.

5.Theboy________________________thathelikesgeographyverymuch.

6.Mary________________________herteacherthathermotherwassick.

7.MissBrown________________________thatshelovesspring.

8.“Iwillbebackatabout10:30”,________________________MrJonesbeforeleavingthehouse.

9.“Thisbookisveryinteresting“,she________________________

10.Bob________________________thathedoesn´tlikehotweather.

11.Canyou________________________mewheretheofficeis,please?

12.Please________________________JohnthatI´llsendhimthemoneytomorrow.

13.YesterdayJohn________________________hisfriendsthathewasplanningtogetmarried.

14.Didyouhearwhatshe________________________?

Ex.2ChangeSAYtoTELL.Thenmakewhateverotherchangesarenecessary.

1. Shesaid(tome)thatshewassick.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. MrSmithsaid(toPeter)thathewastoobusytogowithus.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Johnsaid(tohisfriends)thathecouldnotgowiththemtothepark.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________


4. Annsaid(totheofficer)thatshedidnotspeakFrench.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. Williamsaid(tothedoctor)thathehadaterribleheadache.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

6. Helensaid(tothetravelagent)thatshewastravellingalone.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

7. Theboysaid(tous)thathelikedtoswimintheriver.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

8. Theteachersaid(toPaul´sparents)thatPaulwasagoodstudent.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

9. Themansays(tome)thathewantstoseethemanagerimmediately.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

Ex.3.ChangeTELLtoSAY.Thenmakewhateverotherchangesarenecessary.

1. BobtoldmethathecouldspeakFrenchwell.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. ItoldmygirlfriendthatIwantedtogoforawalkinthepark.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. TheteachertoldJohnthatourcompositionswereverygood.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. MrSmithtoldhisfriendsthatheknewhowtoplaytennis.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. ItoldMrSmiththatIknewhowtoplay,too.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

6. Johntoldthepoliceofficerthathelivednearthechurch.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

7. Theboytellsmethathewantstodrinksomewater.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

8. Hetellsmethatshedoesn´twanttoparticipateinthegame.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

B. RELATIVEPRONOUNSWHO,WHOM,WHOSE

HabíamosvistoquelapalabraWHO?significa¿quién?Yqueademásesunpronombrerelativoyquesedebetraducir

conlapalabraQUEparaespecificaracercadequiénestamoshablando(Revisarelusodelospronombresrelativos

whoywhich,enBEGS&VOCUnit5)

Whoisthatman?

Themanwhoisinthecarisapoliceman.

Thecarwhichisoutsideisapolicecar.

LapalabraWHOsetranformaenWHOM/hu:m/despuésdelaspreposicionesycuandoactúacomocomplemento

directodeunverbo,yporlotantovaseguidodeunpronombreounnombre..

Withwhomwillyougototheparty?(Whowillyougotothepartywith?)

Imetamaninthestreet.ThemanwhomImetwasJohn´sfather.

Jimwastalkingaboutawoman.ThewomanaboutwhomJimwastalkingwashiswife.

LapalabraWHOSE/hu:z/(posesivodewho)sepuedetraducircomo¿dequién?eninterrogaciones,perotambiénes

elpronombrerelativocuyo(s)/cuya(s).

a) Whose?=¿Dequién?

Whoseisthishat?oWhosehatisthis?(elsustantivohatpuedeiralfinalojuntoawhose)

Whosearethesecigarettes?/Whosecigarettesarethese?(elsustantivohatpuedeiralfinalojuntoawhose)

Whoseisthatyellowsweater?(aquíelsustantivoestámodificadoporunadjetivo)


Whoseisthatbookonthedesk?(aquíelsustantivovaseguidodeunafraseadjetiva)

b) whose=cuyo(s)/cuya(s)

Amanwantstoseeyou,MrClark.Hisdaughtercalledyouthismorning

Themanwhosedaughtercalledyouthismorningwantstoseeyou,MrClark.

Themanisadoctor.Hiscarisparkedoutsidethebuilding.

Themanwhosecarisparkedoutsidethebuildingisadoctor.

EXERCISES

Ex.1.Choosethecorrectform.

1.To(who,whom)didyouwritealetterlastnight?

2.With(who,whom)doeshewanttospeak?

3.(Who,whom)isthebeststudentinyourclass?

4.(Who,whom)didyoumeetattheparty?

5.Theman(who,whom)telephonedyouismybrother.

6.Thewoman(who,whom)yousawismynewteacher.

7.About(who,whom)aretheytalking?

8.Thegirlwith(who,whom)Idancedwasverybeautiful.

9.From(who,whom)didyougetthemoney?

10.Theboy(who,whom)thepolicemenrescuedfromtheboatwasterrified.

Ex.2.FillintheblankspaceswithWho,Which,Whom,Whose

1.__________________jacketdoyoulikebest,theblueoneorthebrownone?

2.__________________pen-knifeisthis?Ithinkit´sPeter´s,butI´mnotquitesure.

3.With__________________willyougotothetheatertomorrow?

4.Heistheman__________________daughterwillparticipateinthecompetition.

5.Thisisn´tthedictionary__________________wegenerallyuseinclass.

6.Themanabout__________________theyaretalkingisawell-knownfootballplayer

7.__________________willyouaskforhelp?

8.__________________arethosecigarettesonthesmalltable?Aretheyyours?

9.Themanwith__________________JohnisspeakingisanAustralianpilot.

10.Thewoman__________________wemetatthepartywasafriendofPeter´s.

11.Thetrain__________________leavesat10:25isanexpresstrain.

12.__________________aretheytalkingabout?

13.Theman__________________Prof.ClarkmentionedinhislectureisafamousAmericanwriter.

14.Theboy__________________fatherdiedintheaccidentisstillinhospital.

15.__________________arethosebrownshoes__________________areunderthechair?

16.__________________areyoutalkingto?

17.Thechildrenwith__________________mysonisplayingarenotChilean.TheyareAmerican.

18.__________________wasworkingintheofficeat9o´clockthismorning?

19.With__________________willyouworkonthethesis?

20.Idon´tknow__________________watchthisis.Isityours?

21.Thechildren__________________areinRoomBare2ndgradestudents.

22.Everyonelikedthepoem__________________Prof.Smithreadinclassyesterday..

23.Isthatthebus__________________wemusttake?

24.Sheisthewoman__________________Ireallylove.

Ex.3.Combinethetwosentencestomakeonesinglesentence,usingWHO,WHOMorWHOSE

1. Imetamanyesterday.Hewrotedetectivestories.

Imetaman_______________________________________________________________________________________


2. Imetawomanyesterday.Herhusbanddiedinacaraccident.

Imetawoman ___________________________________________________________________________________

3. Petercametothepartywithayoungwoman.Thisistheyoungwoman.

Thisistheyoung__________________________________________________________________________________

4. Thepolicemeninterrogatedtheoldman.Hiscarwasparkedoutsidetheschool.

Thepolicemeninterrogated_________________________________________________________________________

5. There´samaninthelobby.Hewantstospeakwithyou.

There´saman____________________________________________________________________________________

6. Theycontactedaman.Theyfoundhiswalletinthestreet.

Theycontactedtheman___________________________________________________________________________

7. Youweretalkingtoamaninthelobby.Whereishe?

Whereistheman________________________________________________________________________________ ?.

Exercise4.Askquestionswithwhose,asintheexample.

Towhomdoesthispenbelong?(belong=pertenecer)Whosepenisthis?/Whoseisthispen?

Towhomdoesthatoldbluejacketbelong?Whoseisthatoldbluejacket?

1. Towhomdoesthiscarbelong? _________________________________________________ ?

2. Towhomdothesebooksbelong? _________________________________________________ ?

3. Towhomdoesthisbrandnewcarbelong? _________________________________________________ ?

4. Towhomdoesthatcoatbelong’ _________________________________________________ ?

5. Towhomdoesthisgoldringbelong? _________________________________________________ ?

6. Towhomdothecigarettesonthattablebelong? _________________________________________________ ?

7. Towhomdoesthiscamerabelong? _________________________________________________ ?

Ex.5.Makesynonymoussentencesusingtheverbbelonginsteadofthepossessives.

1.Thispenismine Thispen_________________________________________

2.Thathouseisours. _________________________________________________

3.That´snotyourleatherjacket. _________________________________________________

4.Thosekeysaremine. _________________________________________________

5.Isthatcaryours? _________________________________________________ ?

6.ThatisnotJohn´sbicycle.. _________________________________________________

7.Thesearen´tMary´sshoes. _________________________________________________

8.Arethesecigarettesyours? _________________________________________________ ?

9.Whoseisthiswatch? To ______________________________________________ ?

_________________________________________________ ?

10.Whoseglassesarethese? To ______________________________________________ ?

_________________________________________________ ?

11.Ithinkthatthiswalletisyours. _________________________________________________

12.I´msurethatthathouseisn´ttheirs. I´msure__________________________________________

13.Thishouseisours.Itisn´ttheirs. _________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

14.Thatcarisn´this.It´shers. _________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

15.Thissweaterisn´tmysister´s.It´smybrother´s _________________________________________________

_________________________________________________


C.SOMEBODY,SOMETHING,SOMEWHEREANDDERIVEDWORDS

Studythefollowingchart

Afirmative Some Somebody/someone Something Somewhere

NegativeNot...any Not...Anybody

Not...anyoneNot...anything Not...anywhere

No NobodyNoOne Nothing Nowhere

Interrogative Any Anybody/Anyone Anything Anywhere

EnlaBEGS&VOCUNIT2,habíamosaprendidoquelapalabraSOMEsolamenteseusabaenoracionesafirmativas,

yqueenlasinterrogacionessedebíausarANY.Enlasoracionesnegativashabíadosalternativas:sepodíausar

NOT...ANYoNO.Estamismareglasedebeseguiralusarlaspalabrasderivadas,esdecirconSomebody/Someone

(alguien)Something(algo,algunacosa).Somewhere(algunlugar,algunaparte),etc.

Estudielossiguientesejemplos:

1. I´vegotsomefriendsinAtlanta

Ihaven´tgotanyfriendsinAtlanta/I´vegotnofriendsinAtlanta

HaveyougotanyfriendsinAtlanta?

2.Isawsomebodyinthecar

Ididn´tseeanybodyinthecar/Isawnobodyinthecar

Didyouseeanybodyinthecar?

3.Theyneedsomethingnow.

Theydon´tneedanythingnow./Theyneednothingnow

Dotheyneedanythingnow?

4.Theywillgosomewhereafterthelesson

Theywon´tgoanywhereafterthelesson/Theywillgonowhereafterthelesson

Willtheygoanywhereafterthelesson?

EXERCISES

Ex.1.ChangetonegativeformUsea)NOT...ANYb)NO

1.Thereissomeoneintheroom ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

2.Isawsomebodyinthecorridor. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

3.Pleaseputitsomewhereinthisroom. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

4.Thereissomeoneatthedoor. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

5.HelivessomewhereinNewYork. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

6.Hetoldsomebodyaboutit. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

7.Hegavethebooktosomebody. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

8.Iputthemoneysomewhereinthisdraweryesterday.___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

9.TellsomebodyaboutPeter´sproblems. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

10.Hesaidsomethingtoher. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________


11.Hehassomethingtodo. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

12.He´sgoingtodosomethingnow. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

13.Theyfoundthemoneysomewhere. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

14.Theywillsendthegoodstosomeone. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

Ex.2.Changetoquestionform

1.Isawsomebodyatthedesk. _________________________________________________ ?

2.Hewentsomewherelastnight. _________________________________________________ ?

3.Shehassomethingtodo. _________________________________________________ ?

4.Hetoldsomebodyaboutit. _________________________________________________ ?

5.Sheputitsomewhere. _________________________________________________ ?

6.Thereissomeoneinthenextroom. _________________________________________________ ?

7.Somebodywantstospeaktohim. _________________________________________________ ?

8.1sawsomebodyIknew. _________________________________________________ ?

9.Hebroughtsomethingwithhim. _________________________________________________ ?

10.Hegaveittosomeone. _________________________________________________ ?

11.HetookthemsomewhereonLongIsland. _________________________________________________ ?

12.Ilikedsomethingabouther. _________________________________________________ ?

Ex.3.Rewritethefollowing“NO”sentencesinthemorecommon“NOT...ANY”negativeform:

1.Theyfoundnobodyathome. ___________________________________________________

2.Thereisnomorecoffee. ___________________________________________________

3.Theywantnothingtodrink. ___________________________________________________

4.Thereisnowhereforhimtosit. ___________________________________________________

5.Shespoketonooneaboutit. ___________________________________________________

6.1wantnomore,thankyou. ___________________________________________________

7.Hecanseenothingwithouthisglasses. ___________________________________________________

8.Wesawnobodyatallinthepark. ___________________________________________________

9.Theygaveusnothingtoeat. ___________________________________________________

10.Wewentnowhereafterthedance. ___________________________________________________



THECITY

airport/éarport/ aeropuerto park/pa:rk/ parqueall-you-can-eatrestaurant/ó:liukní:tréstrant/ pavement/péivment/ vereda(BR) restauranttenedorlibre pedestrian/pedéstrian/ peatónartgallery/á:rtgæleri/ galeríadearte pickup/pikáp/ camioneta(USA)baker’s/béikerz/ panadería planetarium/planetærium/ planetariobookshop/bukshop/ librería bridge/bridll/ puentepolicestation/polísstéishn/ cuarteldepolicia postoffice/póustófis/ oficinadecorreosbuilding/bíldiη/ edificio publiclibrary/páblikláibreari/ bibliotecapúblicabus/bás/ bus railwaystation/réilweistéishn/ estacióndetrenesbusstop/basstop/ paraderodebuses restaurant/réstorant/ restaurantbusterminal/basté:rminl/ terminaldebuses road/róud/ camino,calzadabutcher’s/bútcherz/ carnicería roundabout/ráundabáut/ rotondacab/kæb/ taxi(USA) school/skú:l/ colegio,escuelacafé/kæfei/ café shoeshop/shu:shop/ zapateríacafetería/kafitíria/ fuentedesoda,casino shop/shop/ tienda(BR)car/ka:r/ automóvil sidewalk/sáidwo:k/ vereda(USA)casino/kazínou/ casinodejuegos snackbar/snækbá:r/ fuentedesodachemist’s/kémists/ farmacia stationwagon/stéishnwágon/ ranchera(USA)church/tchértch/ iglesia stationer’s/stéishonerz/ librería(art.escrit.)cinema/sínema/ saladecine store/stóar/ tienda(USA)coach/kóutch/ businterurbano street/stri:t/ callecoffeeshop/kófishop/ cafetería street-car/strí:tká:r/ tranvíacollege/kólidll/ escuela(univ.) subway/sábwei/ pasobajonivel(BR)corner/kó:rner/ esquina subway/sábwei/ trensubterráneo(USA)crossroads/krósroudz/ cruce supermarket/supermá:rkit/ supermercadodepartmentstore/dipá:rmentstóar/tiendadedepart. tailor’s/téilorz/ sastreríadisco/dískou/ discoteca take-awayrestaurant/téikaweiréstrant/restaurantededry-cleaner’s/dráiklí:nerz/ lavaseco,tintorería platospreparadosparallevarestatecar/estéitká:r/ ranchera(BR) taxi/tæksi/ taxifirebrigade/fáiarbrigéid/ cuarteldebomberos teashop/ti:shop/ salóndetéflowershop/fláuershop/ florería theatre/θíater/ teatrogreengrocer’s/gri:ngróuserz/ verdulería townhall/táunhó:l/ municipalidadgrocer’s/gróuserz/ almacén(BR) trafficlights/træfiklaits/ semáforogrocerystore/gróuseristóar/ almacén(USA) trafficsign/træfiksáin/ señalizaciónhardwarestore/hárdwearstóar/ ferretería train/tréin/ trenhospital/hóspitl/ hospital travelagent´s/træveléidllents/ agenciadeviajeshostel/hóstel/ hostal truck/trak/ camióm(USA)hotel/houtél/ hotel tunnel/tánel/ tunneljeweller´s/dllúelerz/ joyería underground/andergráund/ trensubterráneo(BR)levelcrossing/lévelkrósiη/ cruceFFCC(BR) university/iunivérsiti/ universidadlorry/lorri/ camión(BR) van/væn/ camioneta(BR)museum/miuzíam/ museo zebracrossing/zibrakrósiη/ crucedezebranews-stand/niuzstænd/ puestodediarios zoo/zu:/ zoológiconight-club/náitklab/ boite


UNIT8

Keytoanswers

PARTI

A.

Ex.1.1.willmarch2.willsend3.willhave4.willsell5.willuse6.willdig7.willlaunch8willattend9.willbe10.will

buy11.willhire12.willmove

Ex.2.1.Marywillnotgoout.../WillMarygoout...?2.Youwon`tsend.../Willyousend...?3.Thetrainwon´tarrive.../

Willthetrainarrive...?4.Johnwillnotaccept.../WillJohnaccept...?5.Theywon`tgetmarried.../Willtheygetmarried?

6.MrSmithwon`tsee.../WillMrSmithsee...?

Ex.3.1.Wherewilltheygointhesummer?2.WhenwillJohngivetheanswer?3.WhywillBobsellthecar?4.How

longwillthesoldierswaitthere?5.WhatwillMrSmithsendthem?6.Whywon`tSuebuythedress?7.Howlongwill

theystayinToronto?8.Wherewillyouwaitforme/us?9.Howmanyvolunteerswilltheyneed?10.Whatwillthey

talkabouttomorrow?

PARTII.

A.

Ex.1.1.says2.told3.said4.told5.says6.told7.says8.said9.said10.says11.tell12.tell

13.told14.said

Ex.2.1.Shetoldmethat...2.MrSmithtoldPeterthat...3.Johntoldhisfriendsthat...4.Anntoldtheofficethat...5.

Williamtoldthedoctorthat...6.Helentoldthetravelagentthat...7.theboytoldusthat...8.TheteachertoldPaul`s

parentsthat...9.Themantellsmethat...

Ex.3.1.Bobsaidthathe...2.Isaidthat...3.Theteachersaidthat...4.MrSmithsaidthat...5.Isaidthat...6.John

saidthat...7.Theboysaysthat...8.Hesaysthatshe...

B.

Ex.1.1.whom2.whom3.Who4.Whom5.who6.whom7.whom8.whom9.whom10.whom

Ex.2.1.Which2.Whose3.whom4.whose5.which6.whom7.Who(m)8.Whose9.whom10.whom11.which

12.Who13.whom14.whose15.Whose-which16.Who17.whom18.Who

19.whom20.whose21.who22.which23.which24.whom

Ex.3.1....whowrotedetectivestories.2....whosehusbanddiedinacaraccident3....womanwithwhomPetercame

totheparty.4...theoldmanwhosecarwasparkedoutsidetheschool.5...whowantstospeakwithyou.6.whose

wallettheyfoundinthestreet.7....towhomyouweretalkinginthelobby?

Ex.4.1.Whosecaristhis?Whoseisthiscar?2.Whosebooksarethese?Whosearethesebooks?3.Whoseisthis

brandnewcar?4.Whosecoatisthat?Whoseisthatcoat?5.Whoseisthisgoldring?6.Whosearethecigaretteson

thattable?7.Whosecameraisthis?Whoseisthiscamera

Ex.5.1.belongstome2.Thathousebelongstous3.Thatleatherjacketdoesn`tbelongtoyou?4.Thosekeys

belongtome5.Doesthatcarbelongtoyou?6.Thatbicycledoesn`tbelongtoJohn.7.Thoseshoesdon´tbelong

toMary8.Dothesecigarettesbelongtoyou?9....whomdoesthiswatchbelong?/Whodoesthiswatchbelong

to?10....whomdotheseglassesbelong?/Whodotheseglassesbelongto?11.Ithink(that)thiswalletbelongs

toyou.12.I´msure(that)thathousedoesn´tbelongtothem.13.Thishousebelongstous.Itdoesn`tbelongto

them.14.Thatcardoesn´tbelongtohim.Itbelongstoher.15.Thissweaterdoesn´tbelongtomysister.Itbelongs

tomybrother.


C.Ex.1.1.Thereisn`tanyonein.../There´snoonein...2.Ididn´tseeanybodyin.../Isawnobodyin...3.Please,don´t

putitanywherein.../Please,putitnowherein...4.Thereisn`tanyoneat.../There`snooneat...5.Hedoesn´tlive

anywhere in.../He livesnowhere in...6.Hedidn´t tellanybody.../Hetoldnobody...7.Hedidn`tgivethebookto

anybody/Hegavethebooktonobody8.Ididn`tputthemoneyanywhere.../Iputthemoneynowhere...9.Don`ttell

anybodyabout.../Tellnobodyabout...10.Hedidn´tsayanything.../Hesaidnothing...11.Hedoesn`thaveanything

todo/Hehasnothingtodo12.Heisn´tgoingtodoanythingnow/He`sgoingtodonothingnow13.Theydidn´tfind

themoneyanywhere/Theyfoundthemoneynowhere14.Theywon´tsendthegoodstoanyone/They´llsendthe

goodstonoone.

Ex.2.1.DidIseeanybodyatthedesk.?2.Didhegoanywherelastnight?3.Doesshehaveanythingtodo?4.Did

hetellanybodyaboutit?5.Didsheputitanywhere?6.Isthereanyoneinthenextroom?7.Doesanybodywantto

speaktohim?8.DidIseeanybodyIknew?9.Didhebringanythingwithhim?10.Didhegiveittoanyone?11.Did

hetakethemanywhereonLongIsland?14.DidIlikeanythingabouther?

Ex.3.1.Theydidn´tfindanybodyathome2.Thereisn´tanymorecoffee.3.Theydon´twantanythingtodrink4.There

isn´tanywhereforhimtosit5.Shedidn`´tspeaktoanyoneaboutit6.Idon´twantanymore,thankyou.7.Hecan´tsee

anythingwithouthisglasses.8.Wedidn´tseeanybodyatallinthepark9.Theydidn´tgiveusanythingtoeat.10.We

didn´tgoanywhereafterthedance


UNIT9

PART1.ELFUTUROSIMPLEII(THESIMPLEFUTURETENSEII)

ELFUTUROSIMPLECONAM/IS/ARE+GOINGTO

Estaconstruccióngramaticalseusaparaexpresarintencionesoplanesqueprobablementesellevaranacaboenel

futurocercano.Equivalealaexpresión“Yovoya...”,“Túvasa...”,“Élvaa...”,etc.


Theyaregoingtovisitusnextweek-end./δéia:rgóuiηtuvízitasnékstwí:kénd/Ellosvanavisitarnoselpróximofinde

semana.

Maryisgoingtocometoworktomorrow/mérizgóuiηtukámtuwé:rktumórou/.Maryvaaveniratrabajarmañana

EnlanegaciónyenlainterrogaciónseaplicanlasmismasreglasdadasenelPresenteContinuo.


Theyaren´tgoingtovisitusnextweek-end./δéiá:rentgóuiηtuvízitasnékstwí:kénd/

Maryisn´tgoingtocometoworktomorrow./mériízntgóuiηtukámtuwé:rktumórou/.

Aretheygoingtovisitusnextweek-end?/á:rδéigóuiηtuvízitasnékstwí:kénd/

IsMarygoingtocometoworktomorrow?/izmérigóuiηtukámtuwé:rktumórou/.

Whenaretheygoingtovisitus?/wéna:rδéigóuiηtuvízitas/.

Whyisn´tMarygoingtocometoworktomorrow?/wáiizntmérigóuiηtukámtuwé:rktumórou/.

Lapreguntahabitualenestetiempoverbales:

Whatareyougoingtodo?/wóta:riúgóuiηtudú:/¿Quévahahacerud.?

EXERCISES

Ex.1.ChangethefollowingsentencesusingAM/IS/ARE+GOINGTOinsteadofWILL:

1. TomwillcometoChilenextyear. ___________________________________________________

2. They´lltraveltoMexicoinMarch. ___________________________________________________

3. Mr.Jacksonwillplaytennistomorrow ___________________________________________________

4. Janewillbuyabilingualdictionary. ___________________________________________________

5. Theinstructorwilluseavideo. ___________________________________________________

6. PaulwillgotoGermanyandFrance. ___________________________________________________

7. TheJohnsonswillspendtheirvacationinAcapulco. ___________________________________________________

8. IwillsendMaryapost-cardfromL.A. ___________________________________________________

Ex.2.Changethesentencesyouwroteinthepreviousexerciseintoa)negativeandb)interrogative

1. Tomisn´tgoingtocometoChilenextyear. IsTomgoingtocometoChilenextyear?

2. _____________________________________________ _______________________________________________ ?

3. _____________________________________________ _______________________________________________ ?

4. _____________________________________________ _______________________________________________ ?

5. _____________________________________________ _______________________________________________ ?

6. _____________________________________________ _______________________________________________ ?

7. _____________________________________________ _______________________________________________ ?

8. _____________________________________________ _______________________________________________ ?


Ex.3.AskquestionsusingquestionwordslikeWhen,Where,Howlong,etc.Ineachcasetheunderlinedpartofthesentencewillbetheanswertothequestionasked.

1. Billisgoingtotravelbyplane. _________________________________________________ ?

2. BobandJimaregoingtoswim. _________________________________________________ ?

3. We´regoingtobuyfruitanddrinks. _________________________________________________ ?

4. I´mgoingtogetbackfromworkat6:30. _________________________________________________ ?

5. They´regoingtofixtheengine. _________________________________________________ ?

6. She´snotgoingtogobecauseshe´stired. _________________________________________________ ?

7. Billisgoingtoanswerthequestion. _________________________________________________ ?

Ex.4.TranslatethefollowingsentncesintoEnglish

1. Ellosnovanaveniralafiestaestanoche. ___________________________________________________

2. Ellavaacomprarotropardezapatos. ___________________________________________________

3. ¿Quévashahacermañanaenlamañana? ___________________________________________________

4. ¿Vanaestaruds.encasaestatarde? ___________________________________________________

5. YovoyavisitaraMaryestefindesemana. ___________________________________________________

6. ¿Cuándovasavendertuauto? ___________________________________________________

PARTII.

A. LAEXPRESIONIDIOMATICAITTAKES.../ITTOOK.../ITWILLTAKE...

Estaexpresiónidiomáticaseusaparaexpresarlaideade“demorar”,“tomartiempo”

Studythefollowingchart:

Whom? Howlong? Todowhat?

PRESENT

Ittakes

MrClarkthestudents

us________________

about20minutes

about15minutes

aboutonehour

about2hours

todrivetohisoffice

toruntothestadium

towalkthatdistance

todrivetoViñadelMar

PAST

Ittook

thestudentsthemen

me________________

about1hour

sixmonths

morethanayear

alongtime

toanswerthequestions

tobuildthebridge.

tolearnEnglish

tobuildthepyramids

FUTUREItwilltake

youthemen

____________________

atleastanhour

twoyears

about10hours

totypethereport

tobuildthenewhighway.

toflyfromLondontoChicago


IttakesMrClarkabouttwentyminutestodrivetohisoffice/ittéiksmísterklá:rkabáuttwéntimínitstudráivtuhizófis/ElSr.Clarkdemoracercade20minutosenconducirasuoficina.

Ittookthestudentsaboutanhourtoanswerthequestions./ittukδestiú:dentsabáutanáuartuá:nserδekwéstchonz/

Losalumnosdemoraronmásomenosunahoraencontestarlaspreguntas.

Itwilltakeyouatleastanhourtotypethereport./itwiltéikiú:atlí:stanáuartutáipδeripó:rt/Ud.demoraráporlo

menosunahoraentipearelinforme

Laformanegativaseexpresamedianteelusode“Itdoesn´ttake...”,“Itdidn´ttake...”,o“Itwon´ttake...”.Laformainterrogativaseexpresacon“Doesittake...?”,“Didittake...?”,o“Willittake...?”



Itdoesn´ttakeMrClarkmorethantwentyminutestodrivetohisoffice.

DoesittakeMrClarkmorethantwentyminutestodrivetohisoffice?

Itdidn´ttakethestudentsmuchtimetoanswerthequestions.

Didittakethestudentsmuchtimetoanswerthequestions?

Itwon´ttakeyoumorethananhourtotypethereport.

Willittakeyoumorethananhourtotypethereport?.

Lapreguntahabitualconestaexpresiónidiomáticaes:

Howlongdoesittakeyouto...? ¿CuántotiemposedemoraUd.en...?

Howlongdidittakeyouto...? ¿CuántotiemposedemoróUd.en...?

Howlongwillittakeyouto...? ¿CuántotiemposedemoraráUd.en...?


HowlongdoesittakeMrClarktodrivetohisofficeeverymorning?

Howlongdidittakethestudentstoanswerthequestions?

Howlongwillittakeyoutotypethisreport?

EXERCISES

Ex.1.ChangethefollowingtointroduceITTAKES...,ITTOOK...orITWILTAKE...:

1.Icometoworkonthebusintenminutes.(Ittakesmetenminutestocometoworkonthebus.)

2.Ididmyexerciseinonehour. ___________________________________________________

3.Iwalkedtothestationinfifteenminutes. ___________________________________________________

4.WedrovetoPhiladelphiainonehour. ___________________________________________________

5.Ifoundmymistakeinafewminutes. ___________________________________________________

6.Idomyhomeworkeverynightinashorttime. ___________________________________________________

7.Theywillbuildthebridgeintwoyears. ___________________________________________________

8.ShelearnedtospeakEnglishinonlyoneyear. ___________________________________________________

9.Ifinishedtheworkinanhour. ___________________________________________________

10.Iwrotetheletterinafewminutes. ___________________________________________________

11.Theywillcompletetheworkinsixyears. ___________________________________________________

12.Hedoeshishomeworkeverydayinonehour. ___________________________________________________

Ex.2.Changetonegativeandtointerrogativeform.ThenaskaWh-questionwithHOWLONG?

1.IttookHerbertalongtimetowalkthere. Itdidn’ttakeHerbertalongtimetowalkthere.

DidittakeHerbertalongtimetowalkthere?

HowlongdidittakeHerberttowalkthere?

2.Ittakesmesevenminutestowalkthere. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

3.Ittookthemmanyyearstobuildtheroad. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

4.Ittakesmetenminutestogettherebysubway. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

5.Ittookhimseveralhourstofinishit. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________


6.Ittookamonthtocompletethework. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

7.Itwilltakealongtimetogetthere. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

8.Itwilltakeyouaweektoreadthisbook. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

9.Ittookthemtwodaystofindhim. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

10.Ittakesanhourtodothisexercise. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

11.IttakesmuchtimetolearnEnglish. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

12.Ittookanhourtodiscoverthemistake. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________


1. Yogeneralmentedemorodiezminutosencaminaracasadesdelaoficina.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Losalumnosdemoraronmásdedoshorasencontestartodaslaspreguntas.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Uds.demoraránporlomenostresmesesenprepararelinforme.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. ¿CuántotiempodemoróUd.enaprenderaconducirunauto?

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. ¿Cuántotiempodemoraremosnosotrosenaprenderahablaringlésbien?

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

6. ¿CuántotiempodemoraUd.usualmenteenducharsetodaslasmañanas?

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

7. Ellanodemorómuchotiempoenaprenderausarelcomputador.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

8. UnonodemoramásdedoshorasenviajardeSantiagoaPuertoMonttenavión.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

9. Ud.nodemorarámuchotiempoenleereseartículo

_________________________________________________________________________________________________


B. GRADOSDECOMPARACIONDELOSADJETIVOS

Cuandousamosunadjetivocalificativocomobeautiful,old,big,intelligentestamoshaciendocomparaciones.Cuando

decimosque“Maryisabeautifulgirl”estamoscomparándolaconotrasniñasquehemosvistoanteriormente.

Losadjetivostienencuatrogradosdecomparación:GradoPositivo,GradoComparativo,GradoSuperlativoyGradodeIgualdad.

1. ELGRADOPOSITIVOesaquelqueusamoscuandonoespecificamosconquépersonaocosaestamos

comparando.

Maryisabeautifulgirl.(Maryesunaniñahermosa)

Bobisanintelligentperson.(Bobesunapersonainteligente)

Ourhouseisverybig.(Nuestracasaesmuygrande)

Thiscarisveryold.(Esteautoesmuyviejo)

2. NosotrosusamoselGRADOCOMPARATIVOcuandoespecificamosconquépersonaocosaestamoscomparando:

MaryismorebeautifulthanhersisterAlice.(MaryesmáshermosaquesuhermanaAlaice)

BobismoreintelligentthanGeorge.(BobesmásinteligentequeGeorge)

Ourhouseisbiggerthanyourhouse.(Nuestracasaesmásgrandequevuestracasa)

Thiscarisolderthanthatone.(Esteautoesmásviejoqueese)

3. CuandousamoselGRADOSUPERLATIVOestamoscomparandounapersonaocosacontodaslasdemásde

suespecie.

Maryisthemostbeautifulgirlinthegroup.(Maryeslaniñamáshermosaenelgrupo)

BobisthemostintelligentpersonIknow.(Bobeslapersonamásinteligentequeconozco)

Ourhouseisthebiggesthouseintheneighborhood.(Nuestracasaeslacasamásgrandeenelbarrio)

Thisistheoldestcarinthistown(Esteeselautomásviejoenestepueblo)

4. CuandousamoselGRADODEIGUALDADestamosdiciendoquedospersonasocosastienenlamismacaracterística,

esdecirsoniguales.

MaryisasbeautifulashersisterAlice.(MaryestanhermosacomosuhermanaAlice)

BobisasintelligentasGeorge.(BobestaninteligentecomoGeorge)

Ourhouseisasbigasyourhouse.(Nuestracasaestangrandecomovuestracasa)

Thiscarisasoldasthatone.(Esteautoestanviejocomoese).

GRADOCOMPARATIVO

AlusarelGradoComparativodebemosobservarlassiguientesreglas:

a. Alosadjetivosdeunasílabadebemosagregarelsufijo-er:

small-smaller;tall-taller;short-shorter

b. Sieladjetivoestáformadoporcons.+vocal+consocons+cons+vocal+consdebemosduplicarlaúltimaconsonante:

big-bigger;hot-hotter;thin-thinner

c. Sieladjetivotienetresomássílabassedebeanteponerlapalabramore:

intelligent-moreintelligentimportant-moreimportant


d. Alosadjetivosdedossílabasdeorigensajón(quenoseparecenalespañol)seleagregaelsufijo-er;siesde

origenlatinoogriegoseleanteponelapalabramore.

pretty - prettier clever - cleverer

common - morecommon modern - moremodern

e. Existenalgunosadjetiivosquetienenunaformaexcepcionalenelgradocomparativo:

good - better little - less

bad - worse many - more

far - farther much - more

GRADOSUPERLATIVOAlusarelGradoSuperlativodebemosobservarlassiguientesreglas:

a. Alosadjetivosdeunasílabadebemosagregarelsufijo-est:

small-smallest tall-tallest; short-shortest

b. Sieladjetivoestáformadoporcons.+vocal+consocons+cons+vocal+consdebemosduplicarlaúltimaconsonante

big-biggest; hot-hottest; thin-thinnest

c. Sieladjetivotienetresomássílabassedebeanteponerlapalabramost:

intelligent-most intelligentimportant-mostimportant

d.Alosadjetivosdedossílabasdeorigensajón(quenoseparecenalespañol)seleagregaelsufijo-est;siesde

origenlatinoogriegoseleanteponelapalabramost.

pretty-prettiest clever-cleverestcommon-mostcommon modern-mostmodern

e.Existenalgunosadjetivosquetienenunaformaexcepcionalenelgradocomparativo:

good-best little-leastbad-worst many-mostfar-farthest much-most

GRADODEIGUALDADEstasoracionesseexpresanusandoas+adj.+as.En lasoracionesnegativaselgradode igualdadpuedeser

expresadoconnotas...asonotso...as,dependiendodelgradodediferenciaexistente

Heisastallashisbrother.

Heisnotastallashisbrother.(Elnoestanaltocomosuhermano)(suhermanoesligeramentemásalto)

Heisnotsotallashisbrother.(ElnoesTANaltocomosuhermano)(suhermanoesmuchomásalto)

EXERCISES

Ex.1.Supplythecomparativeformoftheadjectivesinparentheses

1.Philadelphiais...(largerthan)...Washington(large)

2.Johnis____________________________William(short)

3.Henryis____________________________I(tall)

4.Thisbookis____________________________thatbook.(old)

5.Theweathertodayis____________________________yesterday(bad)

6.Thissummeris____________________________lastsummer(hot)

7.Thisarticleis____________________________thatone.(interesting)


8.Isthisexercise____________________________thelastone?(difficult)

9.Theseapplesare____________________________those.(good)

10.Somepeopleare____________________________others.(healthy)

11.Thisroomis____________________________thatone.(light)

12.Isthisexercise____________________________thelastone?(important)

Ex.2.Completethesesentencesbyusingtheadjectivewhichistheoppositeoftheoneinitalics:

1.HenryisnottallerthanI.Henryis____________________________________________________________________

2.NewYorkisnotsmallerthanChicago.NewYorkis_____________________________________________________

3.Helenisnotyoungerthanhersister.Helenis__________________________________________________________

4.Thisstreetisnotwiderthanthatstreet.Thisstreetis ___________________________________________________

5.Thisexerciseisnotmoredifficultthanthelastone.Thisexerciseis _______________________________________

6.ThisbookisnotthickerthanmyFrenchbook.Thisbookis______________________________________________

7.ThisbookwasnotmoreexpensivethanmyFrenchbook.Thisbookwas__________________________________

8.Theweathertodayisnotbetterthanitwasyesterday.Theweathertodayis ________________________________

9.Theweathertodayisnotcolderthanitwasyesterday,.Theweathertodayis________________________________

Ex.3.Inthefollowing,introducethesuperlativeformortheadjectiveinparentheses:

1.Johnis____________________________boyintheclass(tall).

2.Todayis____________________________dayoftheyear.(hot)

3.NewYorkis____________________________cityintheUnitedStates.(interesting)

4.NewYorkisalso____________________________cityintheUnitedStates.(large)

5.Thisis____________________________appleofall.(sweet)

6.Thisis____________________________parkinthecity.(beautiful)

7.Johnis____________________________boyintheclass.(intelligent)

8.Heisalso____________________________studentintheclass.(good)

9.Henryis____________________________dancerintheschool.(bad)

10.Whichis____________________________cityinthiscountry?(large)

11.Thisis____________________________roominthewholebuilding.(light)

12.Whichstudentinyourclassknows____________________________Englishwords?(many)

13.Whichmaninthegrouphas____________________________money?(much)

14.Thatcityhas____________________________parksintheregion.(few)

15.Johnhas____________________________experienceincomputersinthegroup.(little)

Ex.4.Statetheadjectivesinparentheses,firstincomparativeform,andsecondinsuperlativeform.Usewordsofyourchoosingtocompleteeachsentence:

1.Henryis.........(tall) ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

2.Graceis.........(pretty) ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

3.Billis.........(intelligent) ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

4.Thisbookis.........(interesting) ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

5.Frankis.........(young) ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

6.TheEmpireStateBldg.is.........(tall) ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

7.TheMississippiRiveris.........(long) ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

8.Thisstreetis.........(wide) ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

9.Johnisa.........(good)student ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________


10.Thisexerciseis.........(easy) ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

Ex.5.Rewriteeachsentencetoshowequalityofcomparison.Stateeachsentencefirstinpositiveformandtheninnegativeform:

1. Johnistallerthanhisbrother. Johnisastallashisbrother.

Johnisn’tas/sotallashisbrother.)

2. Thisstreetiswiderthanthatone. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

3. Thisexerciseislongerthanthelast. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

4. HelenismorebeautifulthanMary. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

5.NewYorkismoreimportantthanWashingtonD.C. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

6. Ourapartmentislargerthanyours. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

7. Thiscorridorislargerthantheroom. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

8. Theskyisdarkerthanitwasyesterday. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

9. Thisbookisbetterthantheother. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

10.Theweathertodayisworsethanitwasyesterday. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

11.JohnmakesmoremistakesthanHenry. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

12.Therearemorepeopletodaythanyesterday ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

13.PeterhasmoremoneythanHenry ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

14.JohnhaslessexperienceincomputersthanI. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________



FOOD/fu:d/Losalimentos

1. Provisions/províllnz/Abarrotes

bread/bred/ pan mashedpotatoes/mæshtpotéitouz/purédepapas

biscuit/biskit/ galleta(Br) noodles/nú:dlz/ fideos

butter/báter/ mantequilla oil/oil/ aceite

cake/keik/ torta pepper/péper/ pimienta

candies/kændiz/ calugas rice/ráis/ arroz

coffee/kófi/ café saladdressing/sæladdrésiη/ aliñoparaensaladas

cookie/kúki/ galleta(USA) salt/sólt/ sal

cracker/kræker/ galletadeagua sauce/so:s/ salsa

cream/kri:m/ crema soup/su:p/ sopa

cheese/tchi:z/ queso Spaghetti/spagéti/ tallarines

chips/tchips/ papasfritas(Br) sugar/shúgar/ azúcar

egg/eg/ huevo sweets/suits/ dulces,pastillas

frenchfries/frénchfráiz/ papasfritas(USA) tea/ti:/ té

jam/dllæm/ mermelada,dulce toast/tóust/ tostada(s)

lard/la:rd/ manteca vinegar/vínegar/ vinagre

margarine/má:rdllari:n/ margarina

marmalade/má:rmeléid/ mermeladacítrica

2. Meals/mi:lz/Lascomidas

breakfast/brékfast/ desayuno hors-dóeuvres/o:dévre/ entremeses

brunch/brantch/ desayuno-almuerzo starter/stá:rter/ entrada

lunch/lantch/ almuerzo firstcourse/fé:rstkó:rz/ primerplato

supper/sáper/ cena(informal) maincourse/méinkó:rz/ platodefondo

dinner/díner/ cena(formal) dessert/dizé:rt/ postre

appetizer/apetáizer/ aperitivo

3. Meats/mi:ts/Carnes

beef/bi:f/ vacuno pheasant/féznt/ faisán

breast/brest/ pechuga pork/po:rk/ cerdo

chicken/tchikin/ pollo rib/rib/ costilla

chop/tchop/ chuleta sirloin/se:rloin/ lomo

duck/dak/ pato T-bone/tí:bóun/ entrecot

fillet/filét/ filete turkey/té:rki/ pavo

lamb/læm/ corderolechón veal/vi:l/ ternera

leg/leg/ pata,pié venison/vénison/ ciervo

mutton/mátn/ cordero wing/wiη/ ala

4. SeaFood/sí:fu:d/Pescadosymariscos

abalone/abalouni/ loco mackerel/mækerel/ caballa

clam/klæm/ almeja mussel/mázl/ cholga,mejillón

cockle/kókl/ caracol,berberecho oyster/óister/ ostra

cod/kod/ bacalao prawns/pro:nz/ gamba,camarones

congereel/kóngeri:l/ congrio salmon/sá:mon/ salmón

crab/kræb/ jaiva scallop/skálop/ ostión

eel/í:l/ anguila shellfish/shelfish/ mariscos

fish/fish/ pescado shrimps/shrimps/ langostinos

haddock/hædok/ abadejo,merlango sole/soul/,plaice/pléis/ lenguado

hake/heik/ merluza squid/skuid/ calamar

herring/hérriη/ arenque swordfish/sórdfish/ albacora/pezespada


kingcrab/kiηkræb/ centolla trout/traut/ trucha

lobster/lóbster/ langosta tunafish/tunafish/ atún

urchin/é:rchin/ erizo

5. Fruits/fru:ts/Frutas

apple/æpl/ manzana melon/mélon/ melón

apricot/éiprikot/ damasco orange/órindll/ naranja

banana/banana/ plátano peach/pi:tch/ durazno

blackberry/blækberi/ mora peanut/pí:nats/ maní

blueberry/blú:beri/ arándano pineapple/páinápl/ piña

cherry/cherries/tchérriz/ cerezas plum/plam/ ciruela

coconut/kókounat/ coco prunes/prú:nz/ ciruelassecas

cranberry/krænberi/ arándanoagrio quince/kuins/ membrillo

dates/déits/ dátiles raisins/réizinz/ pasas

gooseberry/gú:zberi/ grosella raspberry/ræzberi/ frambuesa

grapefruit/gréifru:t/ pomelo strawberry/stró:beri/ frutilla

grapes/greips/ uvas watermelon/wotermélon/ sandía

hazelnuts/héizlnats/ nueces

6. Vegetables/védlletablz/Verduras

celery/séleri/ apio garlic/gá:rlik/ ajo

artichoke/á:rtitchouk/ alcachofa lemon/lémon/ limón

asparragus/aspáragaz/ espárrago lettuce/létis/ lechuga

bean(s)/bi:n(z) poroto(s) onion/ánion/ cebolla

beetroot/bí:trut/ betarraga pea(s)/pi:(z)/ arveja(s)

broadbean/broudbí:n/ haba potato(es)/potéitou(z)/ papa(s)

cabbage/kæbidll/ repollo pumkin/pámkin/ zapallo

carrot/károt/ zanahoria raddish/rædish/ rábano

chicory/tchíkori/ chicoria red/greenpepper/péper/ pimentón/morrón

corn/kó:rn/ maíz,choclo spinach/spínidll/ espinaca

cucumber/kiukámber/ pepino tomato(es)/toméitou(z)/ tomate(s)

7. Beverages/bívridlliz/Bebestibles

beer/bíar/ cerveza redwine/rédwáin/ vinotinto

coffee/kófi:/ café sodawater/sóudawó:ter/ aguadesoda

drink/driηk/ trago softdrink/sóftdriηk/ refresco

herbaltea/hérbaltí:/ aguitadehierbas tea/ti:/ té

juice/dllu:s/ jugo water/wó:ter/ agua

lemonade/lémoneid/ limonada whitewine/wáitwáin/ vinoblanco

milk/milk/ leche wine/wáin/ vino


UNIT9

Keytoanswers

PARTI

Ex.1.1.Tomisgoingtocometo...2.Theyaregoingtotravelto...3.MrJackson´sgoingtoplay...4.Jane´sgoingto

buy...5.Theinstructor´sgoingtouse...

6.Paul`sgoingtogoto...7.TheJohnsonsaregoingtospend...8.I´mgoingtosendMary...

Ex.2.1.Tomisn´tgoingtocometo.../IsTomgoingtocometo...?2.Theyaren´tgoingtotravelto.../Aretheygoing

totravelto...?3.MrJacksonisn´tgoingtoplay.../IsMrJacksongoingtoplay...?4.Janeisn´tgoingtobuy.../IsJane

goingtobuy...?5.Theinstructorisn´tgoingtouse.../Istheinstructorgoingtouse...?

6.Paulisn´tgoingtogoto.../IsPaulgoingtogoto...?7.TheJohnsonsaren´tgoingtospend.../AretheJohnsons

goingtospend...?8.I´mnotgoingtosendMary.../AmIgoingtosendMary...?

Ex.3.1HowisBillgoingtotravel?2.WhatareBobandJimgoingtodo?3.Whatareyou/wegoingtobuy?4.What

time/Whenareyougoingtogetbackfromwork?5.Whataretheygoingtodo?6.Whyisn´tshegoingtogo?7.Who

isgoingtoanswerthequestion?

Ex.4.1.Theyaren´tgoingtocometothepartytonight.2.She´sgoingtobuyanotherpairofshoes.3.Whatareyou

goingtodotomorrowmorning?4.Areyougoingtobeathomethisevening?5.I´mgoingtovisitMarythisweekend?

6.Whenareyougoingtosellyourcar?

PARTII

A.

Ex.1.2..Ittookmeanhourtodomyexercise3.Ittookmefifteenminutestowalktothestation.4.Ittookusonehour

todrivetoPhiladelphia.5.Ittookmeafewminutestofindmymistake.6.Ittakesmeashorttimetodomyhomework

everynight7.Itwilltakethemtwoyearstobuildthebridge.8.IttookheronlyoneyeartolearntospeakEnglish.9.

Ittookmeanhourtofinishthework10.Ittookmeafewminutestowritetheletter.11.Itwilltakethemsixyearsto

completethework.12.Ittakeshimonehourtodohishomeworkeveryday.

Ex.2.2.Itdoesn´ttakemesevenminutesto.../Doesittakemesevenminutesto...?/Howlongdoesittakemeto...?

3.Itdidn´ttakethemmanyyearstobuild.../Didittakethemmanyyearstobuild...?/Howlongdidittakethemto

build...?4.Itdoesn´ttakemetenminutestoget.../Doesittakemetenminutestoget...?/Howlongdoesittakeme

toget...?5.Itdidn´ttakehimseveralhoursto.../Didittakehimseveralhoursto.../Howlongdidittakehimto...?6.

Itdidn´ttakeamonthto.../Didittakeamonthto...?/Howlongdidittaketo...?7.Itwon´ttakealongtimeto.../Will

ittakealongtimeto...?/Howlongwillittaketo...?8.Itwon´ttakeyouaweekto.../Willittakeyouaweekto...?/

Howlongwillittakeyouto...?9.Itdidn´ttakethemtwodaysto.../Didittakethemtwodaysto...?/Howlongdidit

takethemto...?10.Itdoesn´ttakeanhourto.../Doesittakeanhourto...?/Howlongdoesittaketo...?11.Itdoesn`t

takemuchtimeto.../Doesittakemuchtimeto...?/Howlongdoesittaketo...?12.Itdidn´ttakeanhourto.../Didit

takeanhourto...?/Howlongdidittaketo...?

Ex.3.1.Itgenerallytakesmetenminutestowalkhomefromtheoffice.2.Ittookthestudentsmorethantwohours

toanswerallthequestions.3.Itwilltakeyouatleastthreemonthstopreparethereport.4.Howlongdidittakeyou

tolearntodriveacar?5.HowlongwillittakeustolearntospeakEnglishwell?6.Howlongdoesitusuallytakeyou

totakeashowereverymorning?7.Itdidn´ttakeherverylong/muchtimetolearnhowtousethecomputer.8.It

doesn´ttakemorethantwohourstotravelfromSantiagotoPuertoMonttbyplane.9.Itwon´ttakeyouverylongto

readthatarticle.

B.

Ex.1.2.shorterthan3.tallerthan4.olderthan5.worsethan6.hotterthan7.moreinterestingthan8.moredifficult

than9.betterthan10.healthierthan11.lighterthan

12.moreimportantthan


Ex.2.1.shorterthanI2.biggerthanChicago3.olderthanhersister.4.narrowerthan5.easierthan6.thinnerthan

myFrenchbook7.cheaperthanmyFrenchbook8.worsethan itwasyesterday.9.warmer/hotter than itwas

yesterday.

Ex.3.1.thetallest2.thehottest3.themostinteresting4.thelargest5.thesweetest

6.themostbeautiful7.themostintelligent8.thebest9.theworst10.thelargest11.thelightest12.themost13.the

most14.thefewest15.theleast

Ex.4.(Openanswers)1.HenryistallerthanBill/Henryisthetallestpersoninthegroup.2.Graceisprettierthanher

sister./Graceistheprettiestgirl(whom)Iknow.3.BillismoreintelligentthanJames./Billisthemostintelligentperson

inmyclass.4.Thisbookismoreinterestingthanthatone./Thisisthemostinterestingbook(that)Ihaveeverread5.

Frankisyoungerthanhissister/Frankistheyoungestpersoninthe

family6.TheEmpireStateBuildingistallerthantheRCABuilding./TheEmpireState(Building)isthetallestbuilding

inNewYork.7.TheMississippiRiverislongerthantheColoradoRiver/TheMississippiRiveristhelongestriverinthe

USA8.Thisstreetiswiderthanmystreet./Thisisthewideststreetinthistown.9.JohnisabetterstudentthanPeter

/Johnisthebeststudentinmyclass.10.Thisexerciseiseasierthanthepreviousone./Thisistheeasiestexercise

inthisunit.

Ex.5.2.Thisstreetisaswideasthatone.Thisstreetisn´tas/sowideasthatone.3.Thisexerciseisaslongasthelast.

Thisexerciseisn´tas/solongasthelast.4.HelenisasbeautifulasMary.Helenisn´tas/sobeautifulasMary.5.New

YorkisasimportantasWashington./NewYorkisn´tas/soimportantasWashington.6.Ourapartmentisaslargeas

yours.Ourapartmentisn´tas/solargeasyours.7.Thiscorridorisaslargeastheroom. Thiscorridorisn´tas/solarge

astheroom.8.Theskyisasdarkasitwasyesterday.Theskyisn´tas/sodarkasitwasyesterday.9.Thisbookisas

goodastheother.Thisbookisn´tas/sogoodastheother.10.Theweathertodayisasbadasitwasyesterday.The

weathertodayisn´tas/sobadasitwasyesterday.11.JohnmakesasmanymistakesasHenry.Johndoesn´tmake

as/somanymistakesasHenry.12.Thereareasmanypeopletodayasyesterday.Therearen´tas/somanypeople

todayasyesterday.13.PeterhasasmuchmoneyasHenry.Peterdoesn´thaveas/somuchmoneyasHenry.14.

JohnhasaslittleexperienceincomputersasI.Johndoesn´thaveas/solittleexperienceincomputersasI..


UNIT10

PART1.ELFUTUROSIMPLEIII(THESIMPLEFUTURETENSEIII)

ELFUTUROSIMPLECONAM/IS/ARE+GERUNDIO

Comoprobablementeud.haadvertido,enestavarianteseusalamismaestructuradelPresenteContínuo(S+AM/IS/ARE+ING/.Estaconstruccióngramaticalseusaparareferirseaactividadesquehansidoacordadas,agendadas,previstasofijadasconanticipaciónparaunafechapróxima.


Theyarevisitingusnextweek-end./δéia:rvízitiηasnékstwí:kénd/(Theyacceptedourinvitation)

Mary´scomingtoworktomorrow./mérizkámiηtuwé:rktumórou/(Sheconfirmedthismorning)

Losverbosmáscomúnmenteusadosenestavariantesonaquellosqueindicanmovimientoodesplazamientodeunoa

otrolugar,porejemplo:togo,tocome,tovisit,totravel,tofly,todrive,toattend,tohavelunch/dinner,toleave,toarrive,tocomeback,tostay,etc.

LasformanegativaeinterrogativaseexpresaenlamismaformaquesehizoconelPresenteContínuo


Theyaren´tvisitingusnextweek-end./δéiá:rentvízitiηasnékstwí:kénd/

Maryisn´tcomingtoworktomorrow./mériízntkámiηtuwé:rktumórou/

Aretheyvisitingusnextweek-end?/á:rδéivízitiηasnékstwí:kénd/

IsMarycomingtoworktomorrow?/izmérikámiηtuwé:rktumórou/

Whenaretheyvisitingus?/wéna:rδéivízitiηás/

Whyisn´tMarycomingtoworktomorrow?/wáiízntmérikámiηtuwé:rktumórou/

Lapreguntamásfrecuenteenestetiempoes:

Whatareyoudoingtomorrowmorning/onSunday/etc?/wótá:riudú:iηtumóroumó:rniη/onsándi/etc.

(Quétienesprevisto/planificadohacermañanaenlamañana/eldomingo/etc.)

EXERCISES

Ex.1Practicethesequestionsandanswerswithafriend:

WhatareyoudoingonFridaynight? I´mgoingtoadiscowithsomefriends.

Whatareyoudoingnextweek-end? I´mvisitingmysisterinNewJersey.

What´sthebossdoingthisafternoon? He´sattendingameeting.

Whatareyouandyourwifedoingnextsummer? We´regoingtoCancunagain.

Howareyougettingthere? We´reflying/We´regoingbyplane.

Whenareyouleaving? We´releavingonJanuary21st.

Howlongareyoustayingtherethistime? We´restayingtherefor10days.

Ex.2.MakesentencesusingthePresentContinuoustorefertofutureactivities,likeintheexample:

TheJohnsonsinvitedmefordinnernextFridayevening.Iacceptedtheirinvitation.(havedinner)

I´mhavingdinnerwiththeJohnsonsnextFridayevening.

1. MrMitchellwantstovisitSydneynextweek.Hewenttohistravelagentthismorningandboughtanairticket(fly).

MrMitchell_____________________________________________________________________________________

2. Johnwroteinhisdiary:“Monday10:30ConferenceatYMCAAuditorium”(attend)

John__________________________________________________________________________________________


3. Iwanttoplaytennistomorrow.IaskedBobifhewantedtoplaywithmeandhesaid,“Yes,ofcourse!”(play)

I______________________________________________________________________________________________

4. Jim:“Whydon´twegotoadiscotonight,Mary?”.Mary:“Yes,let´sgo”!(go)

JimandMary __________________________________________________________________________________

5. Wejustgotatelegramfromourdaughter.Itsays,“Arrivingon8:15trainSaturdaymorning”(arrive)

Ourdaughter___________________________________________________________________________________

6. Mr.Brownsaidtous,“I´mafraid,Ican´tcometoyourweddingpartyonFriday.I´llbeawayonabusinesstrip”.

(notattend)

MrBrown______________________________________________________________________________________

7. It´s8:15now.Thedepartureofourtrainisat8:25.Wemusthurryup.(leave)

Ourtrain_____________________________________________________________ intenminutes.Let´shurryup.

Ex.3.Dr.NovoaisgoingtotheUSAnextweek.FirstheisvisitingWashingtonDCandthenheisattendingaConferenceinHouston,Texas.WritesentencesindicatingDr.Novoa´sactivitiesinWashingtonandinHouston.Usetheinformationgivenbelow:

Dr.Novoa´sSchedule

Mon. 10:30 MeetingattheUSMedicalAssn. Thurs. 07:40 FlytoHouston,Texas 19:30 ReceptionattheWhiteHouse 14:00 ConferenceatHoustonMedicalCenter

Tues. 09:30 PlaytenniswithDr.Brown Fri. 08:00 Conference,NasaSpaceCenter 11:30 CeremonyatLincolnMemorial 12:45 LunchwithfriendsatWaldorfHotel 20:00 DinnerpartyatUS.SurgeonsClub 16:00 FlybacktoWashington,DC

Wed. 10:00 VisitBethesdaMedicalCenter Sat. 10:15 FlybacktoChile.UnitedAirlinesFlight908 19:45 Concert,atKennedyCenter fromNationalAirport.

Nowcompletethesentencesusingtheinformationgiveninthechart.Asyoucansee,Dr.Novoawillhaveaverybusyweeknextweek.

1.OnMondaymorning,he´sattendingameetingattheUSMedicalAssociation.

2.OnMondayevening,he´s________________________________________________________________________

3.He´s_______________________________________________________________________ onTuesdaymorning.

4.Afterthat,he___________________________________________________________________________________

5.Intheevening, _________________________________________________________________________________

6.OnWednesdaymorning,_________________________________________________________________________

7.Afterdinner,____________________________________________________________________________________

8.At7:40AMonThursday,he______________________________________________________________________

9.OnThursdayafternoon,he_______________________________________________________________________

10.OnFridaymorning,he_______________________________________________________ atNasaSpaceCenter

11.Atmidday,he´s_______________________________________________________________ attheWaldorfHotel.

12.Rightafterlunch,at16:00,he ____________________________________________________________________

13.HeisarrivinginWashingtonDC.,lateintheevening.

14.At10:15onSaturday,Dr.Novoa____________________________backtoChile.HeisarrivingatArturoMerino

Airportatabout21:15.

Ex.4.AnswerthesequestionsinEnglish.Makecompletesentences:

1.Whatareyoudoingthisevening? ___________________________________________________

2.Whereareyougoingonvacationthisyear? ___________________________________________________

3.WhatareyoudoingnextFridayevening? ___________________________________________________

4.WhenareyourfriendsfromNewYorkcomingtovisityou?____________________________________________

5.HowisMrJacksontravellingtoJapan,byboatorplane?_____________________________________________

6.WhatareyoudoingonSaturday? ___________________________________________________

7.Whattimeareyougettinghometonight? ___________________________________________________



1.Maryvendráavernoslapróximasemana. ___________________________________________________

2.Ellosvanaestarconnosotrosvariosdías. ___________________________________________________

3.EstanochetenemosprevistocenarconMr.Jones___________________________________________________

4.YonovoyasalirdeStgo.estefindesemana. ___________________________________________________

5.Teprometoquenoharéesonuevamente. ___________________________________________________

6.Creoqueellanovaaaceptarnuestrainvitación. ___________________________________________________

7.¿Quéharánellosconeldineroquerecibieron? ___________________________________________________

8.¿CuandotienenellosprevistoviajaralosEEUU? ___________________________________________________

9.¿Aquehoravasallegardeltrabajoestatarde? ___________________________________________________

10.Segúnelitinerario,¿aquehoravamosallegarallá?__________________________________________________

PARTII.MODALVERBS(I)

A. CAN,MUST,MAY,SHOULD/OUGHTTO

EstosVerbosModales(tambiénllamadosdefectivosoespeciales)tienenlossiguientessignificados:

Spanish Synonym Example

CAN 1.PODER= sercapazde.

2.PODER= serposible

3.PODER= tenerpermisopara

(Informal)

1.Beableto2.Bepossibleto3.Beallowedto

1. Bobcanswimwell.

=Bobisabletoswimwell

2. Youcanseethelakefromhere.

=It´spossible(foryou)tosee

thelakefromhere

3. Youcanusemycomputer,Bob

=Youareallowedtousemy

computer

MUST 1.DEBER= tenerque(obligación/

necesidadad)

2.DEBER= tenerque(deducción/

conclusión)

1.haveto

2.Ithink.../Iassume...

1. Youmustobeyorders.

=Youhavetoobeyorders.

2. Hemustbeover70yearsold.

=Ithink/assumeheisover...

MAY 1.PODER= tenerpermiso(formal)

2.PODER= serposibleoprobable

1.beallowedto

2.belikelyto;probably

1. Youmayleavenow

=Youareallowedtoleave

now.

2. Itmayraintomorrow.

=Itislikelytoraintomorrow.

It´llprobablyraintomorrow.

SHOULDOUGHTTO

1.DEBERÍA= consejo,

recomendación

1.beadvisableto/convenient/hadbetter

1. Youshouldstudyeveryday./

Yououghttostudyeveryday

=Itisconvenientforyoutostudyeveryday.

Youhadbetterstudyeveryday

Estosverbosmodalesoespecialesacompañanaunverboprincipalytienenlassiguientescaracterísticas:

• VanseguidosdeuninfinitivosinTO(excepto,OUGHTTO...)

Ej.Hecanswimwell.(Nosedebedecir,“Hecantoswim”)

• Noagregan-senlatercerapersonasingulareneltiempopresente.

Ej.Hecanswimwell.(Nosedebedecir,“Hecansswimwell”)

• NieganagregandolapalabraNOT(formandoenalgunoscasosunacontracción)

Ej.Hecannot/can´tswimwell(cannoteselúnicocasoenqueelverbomodalynotvanunidos)

• Interroganmediantesimpleinversiónconelsujeto.

Ej.Canheswimwell?

• RaravezseusaelverbomodalOUGHTTOenoracionesnegativasointerrogativas.


Estosverbostienenlossiguientessignificadosyusos:

Can(Poder)

1.Para indicarcapacidad,habilidadodestreza.

2.Para indicarque laposibilidadparahaceralgo.

3. (Informal)Paradaropedirpermisooautorización.

4.(Negative).Paraindicarincredulidadoasombro.

Johncanswimverywell.(Johnpuedenadarbien)Marycan´tplaytheguitar.(Marynopuedetocarlaguitarra)CanyouspeakEnglish?(¿PuedeUd.hablarInglés?)

Youcanseethelakefromthiswindow.(Ud.puedeverellagodesdeestaventana)Wecan´tusetheelevatornow.It´soutoforder.(Nopodemosusarelascensorahora.Estádescompuesto)

Youcanleavenow,Peter.(Puedesretirarteahora,Peter)CanIturnontheTV,dad?(¿Puedoencendereltelevisor,papá?)

Thatcan´tbetrue!(Esonopuedesercierto!)Ican´tbelievemyeyes!(Nopuedocreerloqueestoyviendo!)

Must(Deber)

1.Paraindicarobligación.

2. (Positive)Para indicarsuposiciónodeducción.

3.Paraexpresarincredulidadoasombro

Youmustobeyalltrafficregulations.(Ud.debeobedecerlasleyesdeltránsito)Studentsmustn´tsmokeinthelaboratory.(Losalumnosnodebenfumarenellaboratorio)

He´swearingagreenuniform.Hemustbeapoliceman.(Elestáusandoununiformeverde.Debeserunpolicía)Askthesecretary.ShemustknowwhereMrJacksonisnow.(Pregúntelealasecretaria.ElladebesaberdóndeestáelSrKacksonahora)

Youmustbejoking!(Debesestarbromeando!)Itmustbeamistake!(Debeserunerror!)

May(Poder)

1. (formal).Parapedirodarpermisooautorización.

2.Paraindicarposibilidadoprobabilidad

Youmayleavenow,ifyouwish.(Ud.puederetirarse,silodesea)Youmaynotusethistelephoneatanytime.(Uds.Nopuedenusaresteteléfonoaningunahora)MayIsmokehere,Sir?(¿Puedofumaraquí,Sr.?)

It´sgettingcloudy.Itmayraintomorrow.(Seestánublando.Puedequelluevamañana)Don´tgetonthatchair,Tommy.Youmayfalldownandbreakanarm.(Notesubasaesasilla,Tommy.Tepuedescaeryquebrarunbrazo)

Cigarettesmokingmaycausecancer! (Fumarcigarrillospuedeproducircancer)

Should/OughtTo(Debería)

1.Paradarconsejos,reprocharoindicarundebermoral

Youdon´tlookwell.Ithinkthatyoushouldseeadoctor/...yououghttoseeadoctor/iu:ó:ttusí:edóktor/(Notevesbien.Creoquedeberíasverunmédico)Youshouldnotsmokesomuch,Joe.It´snotgoodforyourhealth.(Nodeberíafumartanto.Noesbuenoparatusalud)YoushouldfeelproudofbeingaChilean.(Deberíassentirteorgullosodeserchileno)

EXERCISES

Ex.1.CompletetheblankswithCAN,MUST,MAYoSHOULD,segúncorresponda.

1.Gentlemen,you____________askquestionsattheendofthepresentation,ifyoulike.

2.Heisaretiredcivilservant.He____________beover65yearsoldnow.

3.You____________studyharderifyouwanttogetbettergrades.

4.Ijustputonmyglasses.NowI____________readbetter.

5.You____________haveapassportandavisatoentertheUnitedStates.

6.You____________takeyourumbrellaincaseitrainsthisafternoon,John.

7.____________Iuseyourpenplease,Sir?

8.____________Ihaveanotherpieceofcake,mother?

9.You____________notdothatagain.It´sdangerous.You____________easilyfallandbreakyourleg.


10.You____________bepunctualforthemeeting.Thebossgetsveryangrywhenpeoplearelate.

11.Themanisverystrong.He____________liftthatheavyboxeasily.

12.He____________n´tbeanengineer.Heisonly18yearsold!

13.MissClark____________typefastbutshe____________n´tuseacomputer.

14.Thelittlebird____________n´tflyyet.It´stooyoung.

15.You____________comeandvisitusanyday,John.You´llbewelcometoourhome.

16.Whydon´tyouphoneathishome.He____________bethere.Hesometimesgoeshomeforlunch.

17.Whydon´tyougivethemsomemoremoney?You____________bemoregenerous.They´reverypoor.

18.What____________Idoinordertoimprovemypronunciation,professor?

19.You____________paybycreditcardorbycheque.Wedon´tacceptcash.

20.Youaretoofat,Billy.Ithinkyou____________goonadiet.

21.It´salmostmidnightnow.They____________besleepingatthistime.

22.You____________inserttwocoinsintheslotifyouwanttousethetelephone.

23.Idon´tknowwhythey´retalking.They____________beworkinginstead.

24.He____________n´tbedrivingthecar!Hedoesn´tknowhowtostartacar.

Ex.2Changethefollowingsentencesintoa)negative,b)interrogativeandc)Wh-question:

1.Bobcanspeakthreelanguages. ____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

2.Theyshouldtakeataxi. ____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

3.Wemustgobecauseit´slate. ____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

4.TheymayuseRoom203. ____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________


1.Uds.puedenfumaraquí. ____________________________________________________________

2.Elpuedecorrermuyrápido. ____________________________________________________________

3.Ud.debevenirmañananuevamente. ____________________________________________________________

4.Puedequeellosnosvisitenmañana. ____________________________________________________________

5.Elnopuedehablarespañolbién. ____________________________________________________________

6.¿Quédeberíahaceryoahora? ____________________________________________________________

7.¿Puedestúayudarmeestatarde? ____________________________________________________________

8.¿Puedosentarmeaquí,señor? ____________________________________________________________

9.Esopuedesucedernuevamente. ____________________________________________________________

10.Eltrabajómuyduro.Debeestarcansado.____________________________________________________________

B. HAVETO=TENERQUE

ElverbomodalMUST(deber)tieneunsinónimo:laexpresiónidiomáticaHAVETO.Apesardesersinónimos,enel

usodíarioHAVETOseutilizafrecuentementeparaexpresarideadenecesidad,mientrasqueMUSTenfatizamásla

ideadeobligación.


Imustgotothehospitaltoseeafriend.(Yodeboiralhospitalaveraunamigo)

Ihavetogotothehospitaltoseeafriend.(Yotengoqueiralhospitalaveraunamigo)

Petermustworkuntillatethisevening.(Peterdebetrabajarhastatardeestanoche)

Peterhastoworkuntillatethisevening.(Petertienequetrabajarhastatardeestanoche)


DebidoaqueelverbomodalMUSTnotieneunaformaparaexpresarelpasado,nitampocosepuedeusarenotros

tiemposverbales,esnecesariorecurriralaformacorrespondientedeHAVETO.


(Present) Imustgotothehospitaltoseeafriend =Ihavetogotothehospitaltoseeafriend

(Yodeboiralhospitalaveraunamigo) (Yotengoqueiralhospitalaveraunamigo)

(Past) =Ihadtogotothehospitaltoseeafriend.

(Yotuvequeiralhospitalaveraunamigo)

(Future) =Iwillhavetogotothehospitaltoseeafriend.

(Yotendréqueiralhospitalaveraunamigo)

(Present) Petermustworkuntillatethisevening. =Peterhastoworkuntillateeveryevening.

(Peterdebetrabajarhastatardeestanoche) (Petertienequetrabajarhastatardetodaslasnoches)

(Past) =Peterhadtoworkuntillateyesterdayevening.

(Petertuvoquetrabajarhastatardeayer)

(Future) =Peterwillhavetoworkuntillatethisevening.

Petertendráquetrabajarhastatardeestanoche)

EnlaformanegativadeHAVETOsedebenusar,aligualqueconlosverbosprincipales,losverbosmodalesDO/DOES,DID,WILL+NOTolascontraccionesDON´T/DOESN´T,DIDN´T,WON´T.


Peterdoesn´thavetoworkuntillateeveryevening

Peterdidn´thavetoworkuntillateyesterdayevening

Peterwon´thavetoworkuntillatethisevening

Enlasinterrogacionesdebemosanteponerlosverbosmodalesdo/does/did/willalsujeto


DoesPeterhavetoworkuntillateeveryevening?

DidPeterhavetoworkuntillateyesterdayevening?

WillPeterhavetoworkuntillatethisevening?

EXERCISES

Ex.1.SubstitutethecorrectformofHAVEToforMUSTinthefollowing:

1.Imustworktonight. ___________________________________________________

2.Johnmustgooutoftownthisafternoon. ___________________________________________________

3.Youmustreadthisarticle. ___________________________________________________

4.MaryandJohnmustflytoParistoday. ___________________________________________________

5.Theymuststaythereatleastanhour. ___________________________________________________

6.Imustgetupearlyeveryday. ___________________________________________________

7.Wemustwriteacompositioneachnight. ___________________________________________________

8.1mustwritemanyletters. ___________________________________________________

9.Wemustprepareourlessonseverynight. ___________________________________________________

10.MarymuststudyFrenchnextyear. ___________________________________________________

11.Johnmustalsotakeanotherlanguage. ___________________________________________________

12.Wemustlearnmanynewwordseveryday. ___________________________________________________


Ex.2.ReadthefollowingwithMUST.Then.changetopastandfuturetime:

1.1mustmustleaveatonce. Ihad to leave atonce. (atonce= rightaway== immediately)

Iwillhavetoleaveatonce.

2.He __________ gotothehospitalrightaway. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

3.We__________ makereservationsatonce. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

4.He __________ learnallthenewwords. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

5.We__________ hurryinordertogetthereearly. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

6.He __________ spendmoretimeonhisEnglish. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

7.She__________ attendclasseveryday. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

8.I____________ answerthisletteratonce. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

9.We__________ telephoneherrightaway. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

10.He __________ stayathomeandrest. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

Ex.3.Changetopastandfuturetime:

1.Ihavetoworktoday. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

2.Johnhastobehereattwoo’clock. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

3.Maryhastocomewithhim. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

4.Wehavetostudytonight. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

5.Theyhavetowritemanyletters. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

6.Youhavetowaitafewminutes. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

7.Theyhavetocomebacklater. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

8.Weallhavetowriteashortstory. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

9.Wehavetogotothehospitalthisafternoon. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

10.Hehastoseeadoctor. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

11.JohnhastostophisEnglishlessons. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

12.Ihavetogetupearly. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

Ex.4.Changetonegativeform:

1.Theyhavetostudyveryhard. ___________________________________________________

2.Hehadtobethereattwoo’clock. ___________________________________________________

3.Wehavetogetupearly. ___________________________________________________

4.Wehavetowriteacompositiontonight. ___________________________________________________

5.Wehadtomeethimatnoon. ___________________________________________________

6.Mr.Smithhastogooutoftown. ___________________________________________________


7.Theyhadtoleaveearly. ___________________________________________________

8.Ihavetobuyanewpen. ___________________________________________________

9.WehavetoworkonSunday. ___________________________________________________

10.Johnhadtogotothehospital. ___________________________________________________

11.Wehavetoprepareourhomeworkeveryday. ___________________________________________________

12.Wewillhavetolearnmanynewwords. ___________________________________________________

Ex.5.Changetointerrogativeform.Then,askquestionswithWHEN,WHERE,WHATTIME,WHY,etc.

1. Hehadtoleaveatnoon. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

2. Wehavetogetupat6.00everymorning. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

3. Theyhavetostudyeveryday. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

4. Theyhavetorentanapartmentsoon. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

5. Hehadtobuyseveralnewbooks. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

6. Hehadtoleaveatipforthewaiter. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

7. Hehadtoreturnyesterday. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

8. Hewillhavetowaitafewminutes. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

9. Theywillhavetocomebacklater. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

10.Hehastowearacoatbecauseit´scold.. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

11.Shehastorestawhilebecauseshe´stired ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

12.Hehastotakemoreexercise. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________


BASICVOCABULARY: PARTSOFTHEBODY/pá:rtsovδebódi/LasPartesdelCuerpo

1. TheHead/(ehed/Lacabeza

beard/bíard/ barba lip/lip/ labio

brains/breinz/ cerebro moustache/mustá:sh/ bigote

cheek/tchi:k/ mejilla mouth/mauθ/ boca

chin/tchin/ mentón neck/nek/ cuello

ear/iar/ oreja nose/nouz/ nariz

eye/ai/ ojo nostrils/nóstrilz/ fosasnasales

eyebrow/aibrau/ ceja pupil/piu:pl/ pupila

eyelash/áilæsh/ pestaña sideburns/sáidbernz/ patillas

eyelid/áilid/ párpado skull/skal/ cráneo

face/feis/ cara temple/témpl/ sien

forehead/fo:red/ frente throat/θrout/ garganta

hair/héar/ cabello tongue/táη/ lengua

Head/héd/ cabeza tooth/teeth/tu:θ,ti:θ/ diente(s)

jaw/dllo:/ mandíbula

2. TheTrunk/(etruηk/Eltronco

back/bæk/ espalda intestines/intéstinz/ intestinos

backbone/bækboun/ espinadorsal kidney/kídni/ riñón

bladder/bláder/ vejiga liver/líver/ hígado

bowels/báuelz/ vientre,entrañas lung/laη/ pulmón

breast/brest/ pecho,mamas navel/néivl/ ombligo

buttocks/bátoks/ nalgas ribs/ribz/ costillas

chest/tchést/ pecho,torax spleen/spli:n/ bazo

gallbladder/golbláder/ vesícula stomach/stómak/ estómago

heart/ha:rt/ corazón waist/weist/ cintura

hip/hip/ cadera

3. TheLimbs/(elimz/Lasextremidades

ankle/æηkl/ tobillo limbs/limz/ extremidades

arm/a:rm/ brazo littlefinger/lítlfiηger/ meñique

armpit/á:rmpit/ axila middlefinger/mídlfiηger/ cordial

calf/ka:f/ pantorrilla nail/neil/ uña

elbow/élbou/ codo palm/pa:m/ palma

finger/fíηger/ dedo(mano) ringfinger/riηfiηger/ anular

foot/feet/fu:t,fi:t/ pie/s shin/shin/ canilla

hand/hænd/ mano shoulder/shóulder/ hombro

heel/hi:l/ talón sole/soul/ planta(delpie)

indexfinger/índeksfiηger/ índice thigh/θai/ muslo

knee/ni:/ rodilla thumb/θam/ pulgar

kneecap/ni:kap/ rótula toe/tou/ dedo(delpie)

knuckle/nákl/ nudillo wrist/rist/ muñeca

leg/leg/ pierna

4. RelatedWords/riléitidwe:rdz/Palabrasrelacionadas

corn/ko:rn/ callo sigh/sai/ suspiro

cough/kof/ tos sneeze/sni:z/ estornudo

freckle/frékl/ peca wart/wo:rt/ verruga

hiccough/híkap/ hipo wrinkle/rínkl/ arruga

mole/moul/ lunar yawn/io:n/ bostezo

Pinsandneedles/pinzanní:dlz/calambres


TIMEEXPRESSIONS/táimiksprésh nz/ExpresionesdeTiempo

now/náu/ ahora

atthismoment/atδemóument/ enestemomento

atpresent/atprézent/ enlaactualidad

forthetimebeing/forδetáimbi:iη/ transitoriamente,porahora

rightnow/raitnáu/ ahoramismo

today/tudéi/ hoydía

yesterday/yésterdi/ ayer

tomorrow/tumórou/ mañana

thismorning/δismó:rniη/ estamañana

thisafternoon/δisa:fternú:n/ estatarde

thisevening/δisí:vniη/ estatarde

tonight/tunáit/ estanoche

tomorrowmorning/tumóroumó:niη/ mañanaenlamañana

yesterdayafternoon/yésterdia:fternú:n/ ayerenlatarde

lastnight/la:stnáit/ anoche

lastweek/la:stwí:k/ lasemanapasada

nextMonday/nekstmándi/ elpróximolunes

lastTuesdaymorning/la:sttíuzdimó:rniη/ elmartespasadoenlamañana

nextSundayafternoon/nekstsándia:fternú:n/ elpróximodomingoenlatarde

thedayaftertomorrow/δedéia:ftertumórou/ pasadomañana

thedaybeforeyesterday/δedéibifó:riésterdi/ anteayer

inthemorning/inδemó:rniη/ enlamañana

intheafternoon/inδia:fternú:n/ enlatarde

intheevening/inδií:vniη/ enlatarde

atnight/atnáit/ por/durantelanoche

aweeknextMonday/ewí:kneksmándi/ ellunessubsiguiente

aweeklastSunday/ewí:kla:stsándi/ eldomingoantepasado

inDecemberlastyear/indisémberla:styíar/ endiciembredelañopasado

inthesummerof1976/inδesámerovnáintinséventisíks/ enelveranode1976

everyday/évridéi/ todoslosdías

everyweek/évriwí:k/ todaslassemanas

everymonth/évrimánθ/ todoslosmeses

everyyear/évriyíar/ todoslosaños

everyMondaymorning/évrimándimó:niη/ todosloslunesenlamañana

everyotherday/évriáδerdéi/ díapormedio

everyotherthreedays/évriáδerθrí:déiz/ cadatresdías

onceaday/wansedéi/ unavezaldía

twiceaweek/twáisewí:k/ dosvecesalasemana

severaltimesamonth/sévraltáimzemánθ/ variasvecesalmes

manytimesayear/ménitáimzeyíar/ muchasvecesalaño

alongtimeago/elóηtáimagóu/ hacemuchotiempo/muchotiempoatrás

manyyearsago/méniyíarzagóu/ hacemuchosaños

tenminutesago/ténmínitsagóu/ hacediezminutos

notverylongago/nótvériloηagóu/ nohacemuchotiempo

agesago/éidllizagóu/ hacemuchísimotiempo

ashortwhileago/eshortwáilagóu/ haceunrato,unratoatrás

immediately/immídlliatli/ inmediatamente

atonce/atwáns/ deinmediato

rightaway/ráitewéi/ alinstante,“altiro”

assoonaspossible/assú:naspósibl/ loantesposible,lomásprontoposible

always/ó:lweiz/ siempre

generally/dllénerali/ generalmente

usually/iúshuali/ usualmente

frequently/fríkwentli/ frecuentemente

often/ó:fn/ amenudo

occasionally/okéillonali/ ocasionalmente


sometimes/sámtaimz/ aveces

rarely/réarli/ raramente

seldom/séldom/ raravez

hardlyever/ha:dliéver/ casinunca

never/néver/ nunca

fromtimetotime/fromtáimtutáim/ devezencuando

onceinawhile/wánsinewáil/ devezencuando.

nowandthen/náuanδén/ devezencuando.


Keytoanswers

UNIT10

PARTI.

Ex.2.1.MrMitchellisflyingtoSydneynextweek.2.JohnisattendingaconferenceatYMCAat10:30onMonday.3.

I´mplayingtenniswithBobtomorrow.4.JimandMaryaregoingtoadiscotonight.5.Ourdaughterisarrivingonthe

8:15trainonSaturdaymorning.6.MrBrownisn´tattendingourweddingpartyonFriday.

Ex.3.2.AttendingareceptionattheWhiteHouse3.PlayingtenniswithDrBrown4.IsattendingaceremonyatLincoln

Memorial.5.He´sattendingadinnerpartyattheUSSurgeonsClub6.He´svisitingBethesdaMedicalCenter.7.He´s

attenddingaconcertattheKennedyCenter.8.He´sflyingtoTexas.9.He´sattendingaconferenceathoustonMedical

Center.10.He´sattendingaconferenceatNasaSpaceCenter.11.He´shavinglunchwithsomefriendsattheWaldorf

Hotel.12.He´sflyingbacktoWashingtonDC.14.He´sflyingbacktoChilefromNationalAirport.

Ex.4.Openanswers

Ex.5.1.Marywillcometoseeusnextweek.2.They´regoingtostayseveraldayswithus.3.We´rehavingdinnerwith

MrJonesthisevening.4.I´mnotgoingoutofSantiagothisweekend.5.IpromiseyouIwillneverdothatagain.6.I

think/believeshe´snotgoingtoacceptourinvitation7.Whatwilltheydowiththemoneytheyreceived?8.Whenare

theytravelingtotheUSA?9.Atwhattimeareyougoingtoarrive/getbackfromworkthisevening?10.Accordingto

theschedule,atwhattimearewegettingthere?

PARTII.

A.Ex.1.1.May2.Must3.Should/oughtto4.Can5.Must6.Should/oughtto7.May8.Can9.Must/should-can

/may10.Must11.Can12.Can´t13.Can-can´t14.Can´t15.Can/must16.May17.Should/oughtto18.Should

19.Must20.Should/oughtto21.Must22.Must23.Should/oughtto24.Can´t

Ex.2.1.Bobcan´tspeak.../CanBobspeak...?/HowmanylanguagescanBobspeak?2.Theyshouldn´ttake.../

Shouldtheytake...?/Whatshouldtheydo?3.Wemustnotgo.../Mustwego...?/Whymustwego?4.Theymay

notuse.../Maytheyuse...?/Whichroommaytheyuse?

Ex.3.1.Youcan/maysmokehere.2.Hecanrunveryfast.3.Youmustcomeagaintomorrow.4.Theymayvisitus

tomorrow5.Hecan´tspeakSpanishwell.6.WhatshouldIdonow?7.Canyouhelpmethisafternoon?8.MayIsit

here,Sir?9.Thatmay/canhappenagain.10.Heworkedveryhard.Hemustbetired.

B.Ex.1.1.Ihavetowork..2.Johnhastogoout...3.Youhavetoread...4.MaryandJohnhavetofly...5.Theyhaveto

stay...6.Ihavetogetup...7.Wehavetowrite...8.Ihavetowrite...9.Wehavetoprepare...10.Maryhastostudy...

11.Johnalsohastotake...12.Wehavetolearn

Ex.2.2.Hehadtogo.../He´llhavetogo...3.Wehadtomake.../We´llhavetomake...4.Hehadtolearn.../He´ll

havetolearn...5.Wehadtohurry.../We´llhavetohurry...6.Hehadtospend.../He´llhavetospend7.Shehadto

attend.../She´llhavetoattend...8.Ihadtoanswer.../I´llhavetoanswer...9.Wehadtotelephone.../We´llhaveto

telephone...10.Hehadtostay.../He´llhavetostay...

Ex.3.1.Ihadtowork.../I´llhavetowork...2.Johnhadtobe.../Johnwillhavetobe...3.Maryhadtocome.../Mary

willhavetocome...4.Wehadtostudy.../We´llhavetostudy...5.Theyhadtowrite.../They´llhavetowrite...6.You

hadtowait.../You´llhavetowait...7.Theyhadtocomeback.../They´llhavetocomeback...8.Weallhadtowrite...

/We´llhavetowrite...9.Wehadtogo.../We´llhavetogo...10.Hehadtosee.../He´llhavetosee...11.Johnhadto

stop.../John´llhavetostop.12.-Ihadtogetup.../I´llhavetogetup...

Ex.4.1.Theydon´thavetostudy...2.Hedidn´thavetobe...3.Wedon´thavetogetup...4.Wedon´thavetowrite...

5.Wedidn´thavetomeet...6.MrSmithdoesn´thavetogo...7.Theydidn´thavetoleave...8.Idon´thavetobuy...9.

Wedon´thavetowork...10.Johndidn´thavetogo...11.Wedon´thavetoprepare...12.Wewon´thavetolearn...


Ex.5.1.When/Whattimedidhehavetoleave?2.Whattimedowe/youhavetogetupeverymorning?3.What

dotheyhavetodoeveryday?4.Whendotheyhavetorentanapartment?5.Whatdidhehavetobuy?6.Whatdid

hehavetoleaveforthewaiter?7.Whendidhehavetoreturn?8.Howlongwillhehavetowait?9.Whenwillthey

havetocomeback?10.Whydoeshehavetowearacoat?11.Whydoesshehavetorestawhile?12.Whatdoes

shehavetodo?


UNIT11

PARTI.ELTIEMPOFUTUROCONTINUO(THEFUTURECONTINUOUSTENSE)

EstetiempoverbalseexpresaconelfuturodelverboBE(WILLBE)máselGERUNDIOdeunverboprincipalyseusa

parareferirseaaccionesqueestaránrealizándoseaunahoraofechadeterminadaenelfuturo,cuandootraacción

ocurra.PorlotantosonfrecuenteslasexpresionesdetiempocompuestasporWHEN+SUBJECT+PRESENT+

TOMORROW/NEXTMONDAY,etc,comowhenyoucomehomethisevening/weniú:kamhóumδisí:vniη/(cuando

túvengasacasaestatarde),owhentheprogramstartstonight/wenδepróugramstá:rtstunáit/(cuandoelprograma

comienceestanoche).Tambiénseusanexpresionesdetiempocomo,attenoćlocktomorrow/atténoklóktumórou/

(mañanaalas10:00),atmiddaynextSaturday/atmíddeinékstsæterdi/(almediodíaelpróximosábado),atthistime

tomorrow/atδistáimtumórou/”(aestahoramañana).


1. Wewillbehavinglunchat1oćlocktomorrow./wi:wilbí:hæviη/lántchatwánoklóktumórou/Nosotrosestaremosalmorzando

alaunamañana.

2. TheywillbeworkinginthelaboratoryatthistimenextMonday./δéiwilbí:wé:rkiηinδelabóratriatδistáimnékstmándi/Ellos

estarántrabajandoenellaboratorioaestahoraelpróximolunes.

3. LyndawillbetravellinginEuropeatthistimenextmonth./líndawilbí:tráveliηiniúropatδistáimnékstmánθ/Lyndaestará

viajandoenEuropaenestafechaelpróximomes.

4. Thechildrenwillbesleepingwhentheprogramstartstonight./δetchíldrenwilbí:slí:piηwenδepróugramstá:rtstunáit/Los

niñosestarándurmiendocuandoelprogramacomienceestanoche

5. ThePresidentwillbeflyingtoTokyoatthistimeonTuesday/δeprézidentwilbí:fláiiηtutókiouatδistáimontiú:zdi/ElPresidente

estarávolandohaciaTokioaestahoraelmartes

Laformanegativaylaformainterrogativaseexpresacomoeneltiempofuturosimple,esdecir,conWILLNOT/

WON´TenlasnegacioneseinvirtiendoelordendelsujetoconelmodalWILLenlasinterrogaciones:


1. Theywon´tbeworkinginthelaboratoryatthistimenextMonday./δéiwóuntbí:wé:rkiηinδelabóratriatδistáimnékstmándi/

2. Thechildrenwillnotbesleepingwhentheprogramstartstonight./δetchíldrenwilnótbí:slí:piηwenδepróugramstá:rtstunáit/

3. WilltheybetravellinginEuropeatthistimenextmonth?/wílδéibí:tráveliηiniú:ropatδistáimnékstmánθ/

4. WhatwillthePresidentbedoingatthistimeonTuesday?/wótwilδeprézidentbí:dú:iηatδistáimontíu:zdi/

Lapreguntahabitualenestetiempoes:

WHATWILLYOUBEDOING?/wótwiliú:bí:dú:iη/(¿Quéestaráhaciendoud.?)

EXERCISES:

Ex.1.Completethefollowingsentencesusingtheverbsgiveninparentheses,intheFutureContinuousTense:

1.At10oćlocktomorrowmorning,I________________________here.(work)

2.Atthistimenextmonth,we________________________intheUSA.(travel)

3.I________________________toworkatthistimetomorrowmorning.(drive)

4.TheBrowns________________________somefriendsat9thisevening(entertain)

5.MrScottandhisfriends________________________Torontonextweekend.(visit)

6.Jane________________________theshoppingatmiddaytoday.(do)

7.We________________________socceratthistimenextSaturday.(play)

8.Thestudents________________________inthegymafter7thisevening.(workout)

9.I________________________televisionwhenyoucomehometonight.(watch)

10.What_____________you________________________atthistimetomorrow?(do)


Ex.2.Changethefollowingsentencesintoa)negativeandb)interrogative:

1.They´llberunningupthehillatmidday. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

2.Hanswillbeworkingallmorningtomorrow. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

3.Thestudentswillbetakingatestat10. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

4.Mikewillbewashinghiscarinthemorning. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

Ex.3.AskquestionsusingquestionwordslikeWhat,Where,Howlong,etc.

1.They´llbehavingdinnerat8thisevening. ___________________________________________________

2.JanetwillbetravellinginAsiafor2weeks. ___________________________________________________

3.I´llbeworkinginthelabtomorrowmorning. ___________________________________________________

4.Jimwon´tbeworkingtomorrowbecauseit´saholiday.___________________________________________________

5.I´llbestayingattheCarltonHotelinLondon. ___________________________________________________

6.Thetrainwillbearrivingat12:30tomorrow. ___________________________________________________

7.Mr.JacksonwillbeattendingameetingatthistimeonThursday.__________________________________________

___________________________________________________

8.Myfriendswillbetakingtheirfinalexamsbythistimenextmonth. _________________________________________

___________________________________________________

Ex.4.UsetheverbsprovidedintheSimpleFutureortheFutureContínuousTense:

1.They________________________dinnerat8:45thisevening.(have)

2.They________________________Brazilnextmonth.(visit)

3.Atthistimetomorrow,we________________________,ofcourse.(work)

4.Mr.Smith________not__________________homefordinnertonight.(come)

5.They________________________inBostonatthistimenextyear.(live)

6.They________________________ataChineserestauranttonight.(havedinner)

7.Mary________________________dinnerwhenJohngetshometonight.(cook)

8.Where_________they________________________whentheyvisitParisinJune?(stay)

9.What_______________you________________________atmiddayonSunday?(do)

10.___________they________________________theirholidaysinChileagainnextyear?(spend)

Ex.5.ReviewPractice.Usetheproperverbtenseoftheverbsprovided.UsethePresent,thePastortheFuturetenses,intheirSimpleorContínuousforms:

1.Listen!Mary______________________________thepianonow.(play)

2.We________________________ourvacationinMajorcanextyear.(spend)

3.At10:30lastnight,we______________________________television.(watch)

4.Johnusually______________________________hereonTuesday.(come)

5.Mr.Helms________________________averygoodmovielastnight.(see)

6.They_________not________________________Englishveryoften.(practise)

7.What___________you________________________atthistimeyesterday?(do)

8.They____________not________________________thestoryatthemoment.(read)

9.What_____________theJohnsons________________________lastSaturday?(do)

10.W___________Mary________________________atthistimetomorrow?(do

11.____________n´tyou________________________thenewspaperthismorning?(buy)

12.Jane__________n´t__________________________toseemeeveryday.(come)

13.____________youalways________________________homeatmidday?(phone)

14._________yourfriends__________________youwhenyouarrivedattheirhomeyesterday?(expect)

15.Where_______________they__________________whenWorldWarIIstarted?(live)

16.Howoften________yourfriend________________________toyou?(write)

17.Whattime__________________you__________________thismorning?(getup)

18.Whattime__________________you__________________heretomorrow?(be)


19.They______________n´t________________________outtonightbecauseit´stoocold.(go)

20.When_____________theJohnsons________________________,todayortomorrow?(arrive)

21.Howlong__________you________________________atthehotelthistime,twoorthreenights?(stay)

22.Walternever______________________________inbed,asarule.(smoke)

23.A:Why________you________________________yoursweateryesterday?(puton)

B:Becauseitwastoocold.

24.A:Why________n´tHelen_____________________abroadonhervacationlastsummer?(travel)

B:Becauseshehatesflying.

PARTII

A. MAKINGREQUESTS-(SOLICITANDOSERVICIOSOFAVORES)

Parasolicitarqueunapersonahagaalgúnservicioofavor,generalmenteseusanlassiguientesfórmulas:

• Canyou.+infinitive...please?(Informal) Canyouopenthedoorplease?

• Willyou+infinitive...,please?(Informal) Willyouhelpmeplease?

• Imperative,please+willyou?(Informal) Listentomeplease,willyou?

• Couldyou+infinitive...,please?(Formal) Couldyouspeakmoreslowly,please?

• Wouldyou+infinitive...,please?(Formal) Wouldyousignyournamehere,please?

• Wouldyoumind+...ing...please?(Muyformal) Wouldyoumindwaitingoutside,please?

Normalmenteestassolicitudesserespondenconexpresionescomolassiguientes:

• Withpleasure/wiδpléllar/Conmuchogusto

• Sure/shúar/seguro

• Certainly/sé:rtenli/Porcierto

• Ofcourse/ovkó:rz/Porsupuesto


1. A:Couldyouhelpme,please? 2.A:Willyoulendmeyourpen,please? B:Withpleasure B:Sure

EXERCISES

Ex.1.Asksomebodytodothefollowingthings,usingCanyou...,please?,orWillyou...please?,insteadofthesimpleimperativeform.(insteadof=envezde)

1. Speakmoreslowly. ___________________________________________________

2. Helpmeopenthesuitcase. ___________________________________________________

3. Openthewindow. ___________________________________________________

4. Comebackthisafternoon.. ___________________________________________________

5. Payattention,.. ___________________________________________________

6. Bequiet.. ___________________________________________________

7. Sitonthischair. ___________________________________________________

Ex.2.Asksomebodytodothefollowingthings,usingCouldyou...please?orWouldyou...please?

1.Speakmoreslowly. ___________________________________________________

2.Waitformeinthelobby. ___________________________________________________

3.Repeatyourquestion. ___________________________________________________

4.Signyournamehere. ___________________________________________________

5.Turntheradiodown. ___________________________________________________


6.Takeoffyourhat. ___________________________________________________

7.Usetheotherelevator. ___________________________________________________

Ex.3.RepeatthepreviousexerciseusingthepoliteformWouldyoumind...ing,please?

1Speakmoreslowly. ___________________________________________________

2.Waitformeinthelobby. ___________________________________________________

3.Repeatyourquestion. ___________________________________________________

4.Signyournamehere. ___________________________________________________

5.Turntheradiodown. ___________________________________________________

6.Takeoffyourhat. ___________________________________________________

7.Usetheotherelevator. ___________________________________________________

Ex.4.Makerequests.Followtheinstructionscarefully.

1. YouwantSr.PereztohelpyoutranslatethisletterintoSpanish.Askhim.

You:_________________________________________________________________ ?

Peter:WithPleasure

2. Youwantafriendtogiveyouahand(=helpyou).Askhim.

You:__________________________________________________________ ,John?

John:Certainly.

3. Youwantsomebodytospellhis/hersurnameforyou.Askhim/herpolitely.

You:_________________________________________________________________ ?

He/She:Yes,ofcourse.S-M-I-T-H,Smith

4. YouwantMaríatocallyouuptomorrowmorning.Askhertodothatinformally.

You:María,__________________________________________________________ ?

María:Yes,certainly.Atwhattimedoyouwantmetocallyouup?

5. YouwantyourbrotherTomtoturndowntheradio.Askhim.

You:____________________________________________________________ ,Tom?

Tom::Ofcourse.Ididn´tknowyouwerestudying.

6. Youwantastrangertoshowyouthewaytotherailwaystation.Askhim.

You:_________________________________________________________ ,please?

Stranger:Sure,Walkalongthisstreetasfarasthetrafficlightsandthenturnleft.

B. ASKINGFORPERMISSION(SOLICITANDOPERMISO)

Parasolicitarpermisoparahaceralgodebemosusarlassiguientesfórmulas:

• CanI+Infinitive?(Informal) CanIopenthedoor?

• MayI+Infinitive?(Formal) MayIaskaquestion?

• DoyoumindifI+Infinitive?(Formal) DoyoumindifIsmoke?

• Wouldyouallowmeto+Infinitive?(Formal) Wouldyouallowmetousethephone?

Normalmenteestassolicitudesserespondenconexpresionescomo:

• Sure,goahead.• Pleasedo.• Pleasedon´t.


A:CanIuseyourcomputer,John? A:DoyoumindifIopenthewindow?B:Sure,goahead. B:Pleasedon´t.It´stoocold.


EXERCISES

Ex.1.Askpermissiontodothings.Followtheinstructionscarefully.

1. YouwanttoturnontheTV.Askyourmother´spermission.

You: _____________________________________________________________________________________ ,mum?

Yourmother:Yes,butkeepthevolumedown,please.I´mworking.

2. Youareavisitorandyouwanttousethetelephone.Askyourhost´spermission.

You:____________________________________________________________________________________________

Host:Sure,goahead.

3. You´reataconference.Youwanttoaskaquestion.Askthespeaker´spermission.

You: ____________________________________________________________________________________________

Speaker:Certainly.Pleaseusethemicrophonesoeveryonecanhearyourquestion,please.

4. Youwanttouseyourfriend´slighter.Askhispermission.

You:______________________________________________________________________________________,Bob?

Bob:Sure,hereyouare.

5. You´resittingnexttoanoldmanonthebus.Youwanttoopenthewindow.Askhispermission.

You: ________________________________________________________________________________________,Sir?

Oldman:Pleasedon´topenit.I´vegotabadcold.

6. Youareatafriend´shouse.Youwanttotakealookathisnewspaper.Askhispermission.

You: _____________________________________________________________________________________ ,Jack?

Jack.It´sallyours.Idon´tneeditnow.Ireaditthismorning.

7. MrJacksonisworkinginhisoffice.Youwanttogoin.Askhispermission.

You: ________________________________________________________________________________ ,MrJackson.

Mr.Jackson:Sure,comeinplease.

C.OFFERINGTODOSOMETHING.(OFRECIENDOSEAHACERALGO)

Cuandonosofrecemosahaceralgoporalguienpodemosusarlassiguientesestructuras:

• ShallI+Infinitive? ShallIhelpyou?

• Doyouwantmeto+Infinitive? Doyouwantmetogetyouataxi?

• Wouldyoulikemeto+Infinitive? Wouldyoulikemetocarryyourbagstotheroom,Sir?

Normalmenteestosofrecimientosserespondenconexpresionescomo:

• Yes,please• No,thankyou.Icandoitmyself/Icanmanageitmyself

EXERCISES

Ex.1.Offeryourselftodothesethings:

1. toturnthelighton. ShallI____________________________________________ ?

Yes,please.It´sgettingdark

2. tospellyourlastname. Doyouwantmeto_________________________________ ?

Yes,pleasedo.MySpanishisnotverygood

3. toshutthewindow. ShallI____________________________________________ ?

Yes,please.It´stoocoldoutside.


4. togetmesomecoffeeandasandwich. Wouldyoulikemeto_______________________________ ?

Yes,please.I´malittlehungry.

5. torepeatyourquestion. Doyouwantmeto_________________________________ ?

No,thanks.It´snotnecessary

6. tospeakmoreslowly. Wouldyoulikemeto_______________________________ ?

Yes,please.Idon´tunderstandEnglishverywellyet.

7. tocallbacklatertoday. ShallI____________________________________________ ?

Pleasedo.I´mabitbusyrightnow.

8. tohelpmecompletetheapplicationform. Doyouwantmeto_________________________________ ?

No,thanks.Icanmanagemyself.

9.totellMarythatIwanttoseeher. ShallI____________________________________________ ?

Yes,please.Ineedtotellhersomething

10.totranslatethisletterintoEnglish Wouldyoulikemeto_______________________________ ?

Yes,please.Idon´tunderstandFrench.

D. INVITINGORSUGGESTINGTODOSOMETHINGTOGETHER.(INVITANDOOSUGIRIENDOHACERALGOENCONJUNTO)

Parainvitarosugerirunaacciónconjuntanormalmenteseusanexpresionescomoestas:

• Shallwe+infinitive? Shallwegotoadiscothisevening?

• Doyouwantto+Infinitive Doyouwanttoplaycardsnow?

• Wouldyouliketo+infinitive? Wouldyouliketohavedinnerwithustonight?

• Whydon´twe+Infinitive? Whydon´twesitdownandtalkforawhile?

• Howabout+...ing? Howaboutgoingoutforawalk?

• Let´s+infinitive Let´stakeawalkafterdinner.

Lasinvitacionesosugerenciasdeestetiposerespondenconexpresionescomolassiguientes:

• Goodidea!Let´sdothat.

• Sure,Whynot?

• Yes,certainly/Yes,ofcourse.

• SorryIcan´t.I´mtoobusy/It´stoolate/Ihavetostudyforatest,etc.

EXERCISES

Ex.1.Inviteorsuggestyourfriendstodothefollowingactivitiestogether:

1.Togotothemoviesafterdinnertonight. Why_____________________________________________ ?

Goodidea.Let´sdothat.

2.Togototheseasidenextweekend. Let´s_______________________________________________

Yes,that´sagoodidea.

3.Tositonthegrassandrestforawhile. Howabout _______________________________________ ?

Idon´tthinkweshould.It´sgettinglate.

4.Tospendthesummerholidayswithus. Wouldyou________________________________________ ?

Ofcourse!We´dloveto.


5.ToinvitetheSmithstodinneroneevening. Why_____________________________________________ ?

Sure.Whynot.They´reverynicepeople.

6.Toplaytennistomorrowmorning. Let´s_______________________________________________

Yes,let´sdothat.I´llbefreeallmorningtomorrow.

7.Totravelbyboatinsteadofbyplane _________________________________________________ ?

Ithinkweshouldtravelbyplane.It´smuchcheaper.

8.TostayathomeandwatchTV. Howabout _______________________________________ ?

I´drather(preferiría)gooutforawalk.It´sapleasantevening.

9.Togototheartsexhibition. Wouldyou________________________________________ ?

Yes,I´dloveto.It´saveryinterestingexhibition.

10.Totakeataxitotheairport Why_____________________________________________ ?

Yes,let´sdothat,orelsewe´llmissourplane

PARTIII.

A. ALSO,TOO,ASWELLANDSO(TAMBIÉN);NOT...EITHERANDNEITHER/NOR(TAMPOCO);BUT(PERO)

Studythefollowingchart

+ +

AlsoTooAswell

Johnwenttotheparty.Peteralsowenttotheparty.Johnwenttotheparty.Peterwenttotheparty,too.Johnwenttotheparty.Peterwenttothepartyaswell.

SO+MV+S JohnwenttothepartyandsodidPeter.

- -

Not...either Johndidn´tgototheparty.Peterdidn´tgotothepartyeither.

NEITHER+MV+S/NOR+MV+S Johndidn´tgotothepartyandneitherdidPeterOrJohndidn´tgotothepartyandnordidPeter.

+ -

- +

But Johnwenttotheparty,butpeterdidn´tgototheparty.Johndidn´tliketheparty,butpeterlikedtheparty.

BUT+S+Contr./BUT+S+MV

Johnwenttotheparty,butpeterdidn´t.Johndidn´tliketheparty,butpeterdid.

1. LaspalabrasALSO,TOOyASWELLsignificanTAMBIEN.Alsoseusaantesdeunverboprincipal,mientrasque

laspalabrastooyaswellseusanalfinaldelasoraciones.

Escuche,leayaprenda.

1) Mary: Ireallylikethatdress. 2) John: Marywillcometothepartytonight.

Jane:Ialsolikeitverymuch. Peter:AndJanetwillcometoo!

3) Mike: Johnwassleepingatthetime.

Tom: Andhisbrotherwassleepingaswell.

2. LapalabraSOesunsinónimodeALSO,TOOyASWELLyseusaparaabreviaryhacermásfluídalaconversación.

SOvaseguidadeunVerboModal+Sujeto

1) Mary:Ireallylikethatdress. 2) John.Marywillcometothepartytonight.

Jane:SodoI. Peter:AndsowillJanet!


3) Mike: Johnwassleepingatthetime.

Tom: Andsowashisbrother.

3. LaspalabrasNOT...EITHER(tampoco)puedenserreemplazadasporNEITHER(oNOR)paraabreviaryhacermás

fluidalaconversación.


1a)Peter:Idon´tlikeclassicalmusic. 2a)John: Ididn´tseeyouatthemeetingyesterday.

Mary: Idon´tlikeiteither. Ann: Ididn´tseeyoueither.

1b)Peter:Idon´tlikeclassicalmusic. 2b)John: Ididn´tseeyouatthemeetingyesterday.

Mary: NeitherdoI. Ann: NordidI!

4. LapalabraBUTseusatantoenlaformacompletacomoenlaformaabreviada.


1a)Ruthdidn´tseetheaccidentBUTJanesawit. 2a)JohnwillgotothemeetingBUTMarywon´tgo.

2b)Ruthdidn´tseetheaccidentBUTJanedid. 2b)JohnwillgotothemeetingBUTMarywon´t.

EXERCISES

Ex.1.UseALSO/TOO/ASWELL,EITHER,orBUT

1.Peterlikesdogsverymuchandhissisterlikesthemverymuch___________________

2.MrJohnsonisn´tgoingtoattendthemeeting,___________________MrClarkis(goingtoattendthemeeting).

3.Theboysdidn´tgotothelabandthegirlsdidn´tgo___________________

4.We´vegotabighouse.They´ve___________________gotabigone.

5.Peterdoesn´tunderstandItalian.Idon´tunderstandit___________________

6.Ican´tdriveacar,___________________myhusbandcan.

7.JohnisgoingtotraveltoEuropeandwe´regoingtotravelthere___________________

8.MaryisgoingtogotoSpain,___________________Johnisnotgoingtogothere.He´sgoingtogotoFrance.

9.Doyou___________________speakSpanish,ordoyouspeakanotherlanguage?

10.Soyoudon´tspeakSpanishandyoudon´tspeakItalian________________.Whatlanguagedoyouspeak,then?

Ex.2a.FirstuseALSO/TOO/ASWELLandthenuseSO,asintheexamples:

Boblikescoffee.(Jane) BoblikescoffeeandJanealsolikescoffee.

BoblikescoffeeandSOdoesJANE.

1.MarycanspeakItalianwell.(Carmen) ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

2.1eatlunchinthecafeteria.(thesecretary) ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

3.Johnwalkstoschool.(I) ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

4.Shecomeshereeveryday.(he) ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

5.Johnwenttothemovieswithus(Peter) ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

6.Helikedthepicture.(We) ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

7.1watchTVafterdinner.(mywife) ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

8.Marylikespiefordessert.(thechildren) ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________


9.1atethereyesterday(myfriends) ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

10.Wewillgobytrain.(they) ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

11.Mycarisveryold.(mywife’scar) ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

12.Theywereverybusy.(I) ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

13.Maryshouldworkharder.(you) ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

14.Theymustpaymore.(we) ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

Ex.2b.Now,firstuseNOT...EITHER.ThenuseNEITHER(orNOR),asintheexample

Bobdoesn’tlikecoffeeandJanedoesn’tlikecoffeeeither.

Bobdoesn´tlikecoffeeandNEITHERDOESJANE.

1.Marycan´tspeakItalianwell.(Carmen) ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

2.Idon´teatlunchinthecafeteria.(thesecretary) ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

3.Johndoesn´tgotoschool.(I) ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

4.Shedoesn´tcomehereeveryday.(he) ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

5.Johndidn´tgotothemovies.(Peter) ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

6.Hedidn´tlikethepicture(We) ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

7.Idon´twatchTVafterdinner(Mywife) ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

8.Marydoesn´tlikepiefordessert.(Thechildren) ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

9.Ididn´teatthereyesterday.(Myfriends) ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

10.Wewon´tgobytrain.(They) ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

11.Mycarisn´tveryold.(Mywife´scar) ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

12.Theyweren´tverybusy.(I) ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

13.Maryshouldn´tworkharder.(you) ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

14.Theymustn´tpaymore.(we) ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

Ex.3.CompletethesesentenceswithBUT,asintheexamples

Boblikescoffee.(Jane) Boblikescoffee,butJanedoesn´t.

Bobdoesn´tlikecoffee,butJanedoes.

1.MarycanspeakItalianwell.(Carmen) ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

2.1eatlunchinthecafeteria.(thesecretary) ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

3.Johnwalkstoschool.(I) ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________


4.Shecomeshereeveryday.(he) ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

5.Johnwenttothemovieswithus.(Peter) ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

6.Helikedthepicture.(We) ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

7.1watchTVafterdinner.(mywife) ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

8.Marylikespiefordessert.(thechildren) ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

9.1atethereyesterday.(myfriends) ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

10.Wewillgobytrain.(they) ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

11.Mycarisveryold.(mywife’scar) ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

12.Theywereverybusy.(I) ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

13.Maryshouldn´tworkharder.(you) ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

14.Theymustpaymore.(we) ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

B. POSITIONOFINDIRECTOBJECT(posicióndelcomplementoindirecto)

SonVerbosTransitivosaquellosquevanseguidosdeunComplementoDirecto(DirectObject).LosverbosTosendyTobuysonverbostransitivosporquevanseguidosdeuncomplementodirecto.Elcomplementodirectoresponde

alapreguntaWhat?Enlaoración,”Petersentaletteryesterday”elcomplementodirectoeslafrase“aletter”porque

respondealapregunta,“WhatdidPetersendyesterday”.Delmismomodo,enlaoración“Maryboughtapairofshoes”,

lafrase“apairofshoes”eselcomplementodirectoporquerespondealapregunta,“WhatdidMarybuy?.

Asuvez,elcomplementodirectopuedeirseguidoporunComplementoIndirecto(IndirectObject).Enlaoración

“PetersentalettertoMrSmithyesterday”elcomplementoindirectoes“MrSmith”yenlaoración“Maryboughtapair

ofshoesforherson”,elcomplementoindirectoes“herson”.Comoud.habráadvertidoloscomplementosdirectos

eindirectosvanunidosporlaspreposicionestooforElcomplementoindirectosereconoceporquerespondealas

preguntastowhom?(¿aquién?)oforwhom?(¿Paraquién?):“TowhomdidPetersendaletteryesterday”?“For

whomdidMarybuyapairofshoes”?

Elordendeloscomplementosdirectoeindirectopuedeserinvertido,peroenesecasosedebenomitirlaspreposiciones

toofor.Lainversióndelordendeloscomplementosdirectoeindirectoesmuycomúncuandoelcomplementoindirecto

esunpronombrecomplementario(objectpronoun)


PetersentalettertoMrSmithyesterday

PetersentMrSmithaletteryesterday= Petersenthimaletteryesterday.

Maryboughtapairofshoesforherson.

Maryboughthersonapairofshoes= Maryboughthimapairofshoes.

Ex.1.Placetheindirectobjectbeforethedirectobject:

1.Hegavethemoneytome. ___________________________________________________

2.Shebroughtthebooktome. ___________________________________________________

3.Hesentalettertome. ___________________________________________________

4.Hetoldthestorytous. ___________________________________________________

5.Theteachergavesomedictationtous. ___________________________________________________

6.Hesentsomecandytohissister. ___________________________________________________


7.Heboughtsomeflowersforhiswife ___________________________________________________

8.Hegavearingto(=phoned)hisfriend. ___________________________________________________

9.Theysentaninvitationtous. ___________________________________________________

10.Johnlentsomemoneytohisfriends. ___________________________________________________

11.Willyoulendyourpentome? ___________________________________________________

12.Hegavesomeexcellentadvicetoallofus. ___________________________________________________

Ex.2,Placetheindirectobjectafterthedirectobject:

1.Hegavemesomebooks. ___________________________________________________

2.Theygaveussomemagazines. ___________________________________________________

3.Hesenthismotherseveralletters. ___________________________________________________

4.Theybroughtusmanypresentsfromabroad. ___________________________________________________

5.1gavehimthenotewhichyousent. ___________________________________________________

6.Pleasegiveussomedictationtoday. ___________________________________________________

7.Theysentusaninvitationtotheparty. ___________________________________________________

8.Henrytoldusthestoryofhistrip. ___________________________________________________

9.Johngladlylentmethemoney. ___________________________________________________

10.Pleaselendmeyourpencilforafewminutes. ___________________________________________________

11.Theysentusthematerialrightaway. ___________________________________________________

12.Pleasehandmethatbook. ___________________________________________________



OURHEALTH/áuarhél(/Lasalud

arthritis/a:rθráitis/ artritis illness/ílnis/ enfermedad

blister/blíster/ ampolla insomnia/insómnia/ insomnio

chicken-pox/tchíkinpoks/ alfombrilla mumps/mamps/ parotiditis

chilblain/tchilblein/ sabañón nervousbreakdown/né:rvasbréikdaun/depresión

chills/tchilz/ escalofríos pain/pein/ dolor

cold/kóuld/ resfrío rheumatism/rúmatizm/ reumatismo

colic/kólik/ cólico runnynose/ráninouz/ romadizo

constipation/konstipéishn/ estitiquez sickness/síknis/ mareo

diarrhea/daiaría/ colitis smallpox/smolpoks/ viruela

disease/disí:z/ enfermedad sorethroat/só:rθróut/ faringitis

earache/iareik/ dolordeoídos stomach-ache/stómakeik/ dolordeestómago

fever/fí:ver/ fiebre stroke/stróuk/ trombosis

flu/flu:/ gripe tonsilítis/tonsiláitis/ amigdalitis

hayfever/héifí:ver/ fiebredelheno toothache/tuθeik/ dolordemuelas

headache/hédeik/ dolordecabeza typhus/táifus/ tifus

health/hélθ/ salud whoopingcough/hú:piηkof/ tosconvulsiva.

heartattack/ha:rætatæk/ parocardiaco


KEYTOANSWERS

UNIT11

PARTI

Ex.1.1.willbeworking2.willbetravelling3.willbedriving4.willbeentertaining5.willbevisiting.6.willbedoing7.

willbeplaying8.willbeworkingout9.willbewatching10.will-bedoing

Ex.2.1Theywon´tberunning.../Willtheyberunning...?2.Hanswon´tbeworking.../WillHansbeworking...?

3.Thestudentswon´tbe taking... /Will thestudentsbe taking...?4.Mikewon´tbewashing... /WillMikebe

washing...?

Ex.3.1Whatwilltheybedoingat8thisevening?2.HowlongwillJanetbetravellinginAsia?3.Wherewillyoube

workingtomorrowmorning?4.Whywon´tJimbeworkingtomorrow?5.Where/Inwhichhotelwillyoubestayingin

London?6.Atwhattimewillthetrainbearrivingtomorrow?7.WhatwillMrJacksonbedoingatthistimeonThursday?

8.Whatwillyourfriendsbedoingbythistimenextmonth?

Ex.4.1.willbehaving2.willvisit3.willbeworking4.will-come5.willbeliving6.willhavedinner7.willbecooking

8.will-stay9.Will-bedoing10.Will-spend.

Ex.5.1.isplaying2.willspend/aregoingtospend/arespending3.werewatching4.comes5.saw6.do-practice

7.were-doing8.are-reading9.did-do10.will-bedoing11.Did-buy12.does-come13.Do-phone14.Were

-expecting15.were-living16.does-write17.did-getup18.will-be/are-goingtobe19.will-go/are-going

togo/are-going20.will-arrive/are-goingtoarrive/are-arriving21.will-stay/are-goingtostay/are-staying

22.smokes23.did-puton24.did-travel

PARTII

A.Ex.1.1.Canyou/Willyouspeak...please?2.Canyou/Willyouhelp...please?3Canyou/Willyouopen..please?

4.Canyou/Willyoucome...please?5.Canyou/Willyoupay...please?6.Canyou/Willyoube...please?7.Canyou

/Willyousit...please?

Ex.2.1.Couldyou/Wouldyouspeak...,please?2Couldyou/Wouldyouwait...,please?3.Couldyou/Wouldyou

repeat...,please?4.Couldyou/Wouldyousign...,please?5.Couldyou/Wouldyouturn...,please?6.Couldyou/

Wouldyoutake...,please?7.Couldyou/Wouldyouuse...,please?

Ex.3.1.Wouldyoumindspeaking...,please?2.Wouldyoumindwaiting...,please?3.Wouldyoumindrepeating...,

please?4.Wouldyoumindsigning...,please?5.Wouldyoumindturning...,please?6.Wouldyoumindtaking...,

please?7.Wouldyoumindusing...,please?

Ex.4.1.Couldyou/Wouldyouhelpme...,MrPerez?Wouldyoumindhelpingme...MrPerez?2.Canyou/Willyou

giveme...?3.Couldyou/Wouldyouspell...please?/Wouldyoumindspelling...,please?4.Canyou/Willyoucall

meup...?5.Canyou/Willyouturndown...?6.Couldyou/Wouldyoushowme...,please?/Wouldyoumindshowing

me...,please?

B.Ex.1.1.CanIturn...?2.MayI/DoyoumindifIuse...?3.MayI/DoyoumindifIask...?4.CanIuseyour...?5.May

I/DoyoumindifIopen...?6.CanItake...?7.MayI/DoyoumindifIgoin...?

C.Ex.1.1.turn...2.tospellmy...3.shut...4.metogetyou...5.metorepeatmy...6.metospeak...7.callback...8.me

tohelpyou...9.tellMarythatyou...10.metotranslate...

D.Ex.1.1.don´twego...?2.go...3.sitting...andresting...4.liketospend...5.don´tweinvite...

6.play...7.don´twetravel...8.staying...andwatching...9.liketogo...10.don´twetake...


PARTIII

A.

Ex.1.1.too/aswell2.but3.either4.also5.either6.but7.too/aswell8.but9.also10.either

Ex.2a.1.Marycan...andCarmencan...,too/Marycan...andsocanCarmen2.Ieat...andthesecreatryalsoeats...

/Ieat...andsodoesthesecretary.3.Johnwalks...andIwalk...aswell/Johnwalks...andsodoI4.Shecomes...and

hecomes...too/Shecomes...andsodoeshe5.Johnwent...andPeteralsowent.../Johnwent...andsodidPeter.6.

Heliked...andweliked...aswell/Heliked...andsodidwe7.Iwatch...andmywifealsowatches.../Iwatch...andso

doesmywife8.Marylikes...andthechildrenalsolike.../Marylikes...andsodothechildren9.Iate...andmyfriends

alsoate.../Iate...andsodidmyfriends.10.Wewillgo...andtheywillalsogo.../We´llgo...andsowillthey.11.My

caris...andmywife´scaris...,too./Mycar´sveryoldandsoismywife´s(car)12.Theywere...andIwas...aswell/

Theywere...andsowasI13.Maryshouldwork...andyoushouldwork...too/Maryshouldwork...andsoshouldyou.

14.Theymustpayandwemustpay...aswell./Theymustpay...andsomustwe

Ex.2b.1.Marycan´t...andCarmencan´t...either/Marycan´t...andneither/norcanCarmen2.Idon´teat...andthe

secretarydoesn´teat...either/Idon´teat...andneither/nordoesthesecretary.3.Johndoesn´twalk...andIdon´t

walk...either/Johndoesn´twalk...andneither/nordoI4.Shedoesn´tcome...andhedoesn´tcome...either/She

doesn´tcome...andneither/nordoeshe5.Johndidn´tgo...andPeterdidin´tgo.../Johndidn´tgo...andneither/nor

didPeter.6.Hedidn´tlike...andwedidn´tlike...either/Hedidn´tlike...andneither/nordidwe7.Idon´twatch...and

mywifedoesn´twatch...either./Idon´twatch...andneither/nordoesmywife8.Marydoesn´tlike...andthechildren

don´tlike...either/Marydoesn´tlike...andneither/nordothechildren9.Idiidn´teat...andmyfriendsdidn´teat...either

/Ididn´teat...andneither/nordidmyfriends.10.Wewon´tgo...andtheywon´tgo...either/Wewon´tgo...andneither

/norwillthey.11.Mycarisn´t...andmywife´scarisn´t...either/Mycarisn´tveryoldandneither/norismywife´s(car)

12.Theyweren´t...andIwasn´t...either/Theyweren´t...andneither/norwasI.13.Maryshouldn´twork...andyou

shouldn´twork...either/Maryshouldwork...andneither/norshouldyou.14.Theymustn´tpay...andwemustn´tpay...

either/Theymustpay...andneither/normustwe

Ex.3.1.Marycanspeak...butCarmencan´t/Marycan´tspeak...butCarmencan2.Ieat...butthesecretarydoesn´t

/Idon´teat...butthesecretarydoes3.Johnwalks...butIdon´t./Johndoesn´twalk...butIdo.4.Shecomes...but

hedoesn´t/Shedoesn´tcome...buthedoes.5.Johnwent...butPeterdidn´t/Johndidn´tgo...butPeterdid.6.He

liked...butwedidn´t/Hedidn´tlike...butwedid.7.Iwatch...butmywifedoesn´t./Idon´twatch...butmywifedoes.

8.Marylikes...butthechildrendon´t./Marydoesn´tlike...butthechildrendo.9.Iate...butmyfriendsdidn´t/Ididn´t

eat...butmyfriendsdid.10.We´llgo...buttheywon´t./Wewon´tgo...buttheywill.11.Mywife´scaris...butmywife´s

carisn´t/Mycarisn´t...butmywife´scaris.12.Theywere...butIwasn´t./Theyweren´t...butIwas.13.Maryshould

work...butyoushouldn´t/Maryshouldn´twork...butyoushould.14.Theymustpay...butwemustn´t/Theymustn´t

pay...butwemust

B.

Ex.1.1.Hegavemethemoney2.Shebroughtmethebook.3Hesentmealetter4.Hetoldusthestory5.The

teachergaveussomedictation6.Hesenthissistersomecandy.7.Heboughthiswifesomeflowers.8.Hegavehis

friendaring.9.Theysentusaninvitation.10.Johnlenthisfriendssomemoney11.Willyoulendmeyourpen?12.

Hegaveallofussomeexcellentadvice

Ex.2.1.Hegavesomebookstome.2.Theygavesomemagazinestous.3.Hesentseveralletterstohismother.

4.Theybroughtmanypresentstousfromabroad.5.1gavethenotewhichyousenttohim.6.Pleasegivesome

dictationtoustoday.7.Theysentaninvitationtothepartytous.8.Henrytoldthestoryofhistriptous.9.Johngladly

lentthemoneytome.10.Pleaselendyourpenciltomeforafewminutes.11.Theysentthematerialtousrightaway.12.

Pleasehandthatbookto


BASICENGLISHGRAMMARSTRUCTURESANDVOCABULARY

PARTTWO

INTERMEDIATELEVEL


UNIT12

PARTIELTIEMPOPRESENTEPERFECTO(THEPRESENTPERFECTTENSE)

INTRODUCCIÓN

SonTIEMPOSPERFECTOStodoslostiemposverbalescompuestosporunaformadelverbomodaloauxiliarHAVE

(haber)másunPARTICIPIOPASADO(3ra.forma)deunverboprincipal.ComoUd.puedever,ahoradeberáaprenderla

3ra.formaoParticipioPasadodelosverbosregulareseirregularesdeusomásfrecuente.RecuerdequesonVERBOSREGULAREStodosaquellosverbosqueformanelPasadoyelPasadoParticipioagregandoelsufijo-do-edal

infinitivodelverbo.Ej.Towork-worked-worked;Todecide-decided-decided;Tostudy-studied-studied.Son

VERBOSIRREGULAREStodosaquellosverbosqueformanelPasadoyelPasadoParticipioenformadiferente,

yporlotantoUd.debeaprenderlosymemorizarlos.Curiosamente,lamayoríadenuestrasaccionesoactividades

cotidianasseexpresanconverbosirregulares.

TambiénesimportanterecordaraquíqueelverboHAVEeninglésyHABERenespañoltienenlassiguientesformas

enlostiempospresente,pasadoyfuturo:

Presente Pasado Futuro

Inglés Español Inglés Español Inglés Español

Ihave

Youhave

Hehas

Shehas

Ithas

Wehave

Youhave

Theyhave

Yohe

Túhas

Elha

Ellaha

El/Ellaha

Nos.hemos

Uds.han

Elloshan

Ihad

Youhad

Hehad

Shehad

Ithad

Wehad

Youhad

Theyhad

Yohabía

Túhabías

Elhabía

Ellahabía

El/Ellahabía

Nos.Habíamos

Uds.habían

Elloshabían

Iwillhave

Youwillhave

Hewillhave

Shewillhave

Itwillhave

Wewillhave

Youwillhave

Theywillhave

Yohabré

Túhabrás

Elhabrá

Ellahabrá

El/Ellahabrá

Nos.habremos

Uds.habrán

Elloshabrán

Ejemplos: Ihaveseen = Yohevisto Maryhasbeen = Maryhaestado

Ihadseen = Yohabíavisto Maryhadbeen = Maryhabíaestado

Iwillhaveseen = Yohabrévisto Marywillhavebeen = Maryhabráestado

Theyhaveworked = Elloshantrabajado

Theyhadworked = Elloshabíantrabajado

Theywillhaveworked = Elloshabrántrabajado

ELTIEMPOPRESENTEPERFECTO(THEPRESENTPERFECTTENSE)

ElPresentePerfectoseformaconelpresentedelverbomodalHAVE(have/hæv/oHAS/h_z/)máselPASADO

PARTICIPIOdeunverboprincipal.Recuerdequesepuedenformarcontracciones,comoporejemplo: I´ve... /aiv/,

You´ve.../iu:v/,He´s.../hí:z/,She´s/shí:z,etc.


Ihaveseenthatmovietwice./áihavsí:nδætmúvitwáis/ Yohevistoesapelículadosveces

I´vebeentherebefore./áivbí:nδéarbifó:r/ Yoheestadoallíantes.

Maryhaswrittenanothernovel./mérihazrítenanáδernóvel/ Maríahaescritootranovela

Peter´sboughtanewcar./pí:tezbó:taniú:ká:r/ Peterhacompradounautonuevo

Wehavefinishedourjob./wí:havfínishtáuardllób/ Nosotroshemosterminadonuestrotrabajo.

They´veansweredtheletter./δéivá:nserdδeléter/ Elloshancontestadolacarta.


ElPresentePerfectoseusaenlossiguientescasos:

• Paradescribirunaacciónqueacabadesuceder.EsfrecuenteaquíelusodelapalabraJUST/dllást/antesdel

pasadoparticipio.


Thetrainhasjustarrived./δetréinhazdllástarráivd/Eltrenacabadellegar

They´vejustleft./δéivdllástléft/Ellosacabanderetirarse/irse

• Parareferirseaunaacciónquehaocurridoantes(BEFORE/bifó:r/)oúltimamente(LATELY/léitli/),sinespecificarcuándoexactamenteellaocurrió.


IamsurethatI´veseenthatfilmbefore./áimshó:rδatáivsí:nδtfílmbifó:r/Estoysegurodequehevistoesapelícula

antes

She´sbeenherelately./shizbí:nhíarléitli/Ellahaestadoaquíúltimamente

• Paraindicarquelaacciónexpresadaporelverbohasidorealizadavariasvecesalafechadehoy.Lasexpresiones

detiempomásusadasenestecasoson:once/wáns/,twice/twáis/,severaltimes/sévraltámiz/,manytimes/méni

támiz/,threeorfourtimes/θrí:orfó:rtámiz/,etc.


I´veseenthatdocumentarytwice./áivsí:nδatdokiuméntritwáis/Yohevistoesedocumentaldosveces

We´vebeeninNewYorkseveraltimes./wí:vbí:ninniú:ió:rksévraltamiz/NosotroshemosestadoenNuevaYorkvarias

veces

• Parareferirseaunaacciónquecomenzóenelpasadoyhacontinuadohastaeldíadehoy,hastaestemomento.LasexpresionesdetiempomásusadasenestecasosonSINCE/síns/(desde)yFOR/for/(por,durante).

Mientrassincevaseguidodeunafechauhora,lapalabraforvaseguidadeunperíodo:sincelastMonday/sinslá:

stmándi/;since1978/insnáintinséventiéit/,since10:30/sinsténθé:rti/;for2weeks/fortú:wí:ks/;fortenyears/fortényíarz/.


Tomhasworkedheresince1992./tómhazwé:rkthíarsinsnáintinnáintitú:/Tomhatrabajadoaquídesde1992

Wehavelivedhereforseveralyears./wí:havlívdhíarforsévralyíarz/Hemosvividoaquiporvariosaños

•Sonfrecuentes,tambien,laspreguntasquecomienzanconHAVEYOUEVER...?/haviúéver.../HaUd...alguna

vez...?


A: Haveyoueverdrunktequila?/haviú:éverdræηktekíla/¿Hastomadotequilaalgunavez?

B: No,never/nóu/néver/No,nunca

A: Havetheyevervisitedyouinthewinter?/hávδéiévervízitidiú:inδewínter/¿Tehanvisitadoellosalgunavezenel

invierno?

B. Yes,once.Theyvisitedmeinthewinterof1995./yéswánsδéivízitidmiinδewínter vnáintinnáitifáiv/Sí,unavez.Ellos

mevisitaronenelinviernode1995

• TambiénsedebeusarelPresentePerfectoconlasexpresionesALREADY/olrédi/(ya)yYET/yét/(aún).Already

siempreseusaenoracionesafirmativas;enlasnegacionesdedebeusaryet.Enlasinterrogacionessepuedeusar

indistintamentealreadyoyet.



I´vealreadyseenthatmovie./áivolrédisí:nθætmú:vi/Yoyahevistoesapelícula.

Wehaven´thadbreakfastyet./wí:hæventhædbrékfastyet/Nohemostomadodesayunoaún.

Hasthetrainarrivedalready/yet?/hazδetréinarráivdolrédi/yet/¿Hallegadoyaeltren?

EnlaformanegativaseusalapalabraNOTentreHAVE/HASyelpasadoparticipiodelverboprincipal.Generalmente

seprefiereusarlascontraccionesHAVEN´T/hævnt/HASN´T/hæznt/).Enlasinterrogacionessedebeinvertirelorden

dehave/hasconelsujeto:


Theyhaveseenthatdocumentary./δéihavsí:nθtdokiuméntri/Elloshanvistoesedocumental

Theyhaven´tseenthatdocumentary./δéihæventsí:nθætdokiuméntri/

Havetheyseenthatdocumentary?/havδéisí:nθtdokiuméntri/

Howmanytimeshavetheyseenthatdocumentary?/háuménitáimzhavδéisí:nθætdokiuméntri/

Maryhassoldhercar./mérihazsóuldhe:rká:r/Maryhavendidosuauto.

Maryhasn´tsoldhercar./mérihæzntsóuldhe:rká:r/

HasMarysoldhercar?/hazmérisóuldhe:rká:r/

WhyhasMarysoldhercar?/wáihazmérisóuldhe:rká:r/


Whathaveyoudone?/wóthaviú:dán/¿QuéhahechoUd.?

EXERCISES

Ex.1.EstudieelPasadoParticipiodelossiguientesverbosirregulares:

Infinitive PastTense PastParticiple Spanish

Tobegin/bigín/ began/bigán/ begun/bigán/ empezar,comenzar

Tobring/briη/ brought/bro:t/ brought/bro:t/ traer

Tobuild/bild/ built/bilt/ built/bilt/ construir

Tobuy/bái/ bought/bo:t/ bought/bo:t/ comprar

Tocome/kam/ came/kéim/ come/kam/ venir

Tocut/kat/ cut/kat/ cut/kat/ cortar

Todo/du:/ did/did/ done/dan/ hacer

Todrink/driηk/ drank/dræηk/ drunk/draηk/ beber

Todrive/dráiv/ drove/dróuv/ driven/drívn/ manejar,conducir

Toeat/i:t/ ate/eit/ eaten/í:tn/ comer

Tofall/fo:l/ fell/fel/ fallen/fó:len/ caer

Tofeel/fi:l/ felt/felt/ felt/felt/ sentir(se)

Tofind/fáind/ found/fáund/ found/fáund/ hallar,encontrar

Toforget/forgét/ forgot/forgót/ forgotten/forgótn/ olvidar

Toget/get/ got/got/ got/gotten/got/gótn/ conseguir,obtener

Togive/giv/ gave/géiv/ given/gívn/ dar

Togo/góu/ went/went/ gone/gon/ ir

beento/bi:ntu/ ir(yvolver)

Tohave/hæv/ had/hæd/ had/hæd/ tener,servirse,haber

Tohear/híar/ heard/hé:rd/ heard/hé:rd/ oir

Tokeep/ki:p/ kept/kept/ kept/kept/ guardar,mantener

Toknow/nóu/ knew/niú:/ known/nóun/ saber,conocer

Tolearn/le:rn/ learnt/le:rnt/,learned/lé:rnd/learnt/le:rnt/learned/lé:rnd/ aprender,enterarse

Toleave/li:v/ left/léft/ left/left/ partir,salir,dejar

Tolend/lend/ lent/lent/ lent/lent/ prestar

Tolose/lú:z/ lost/lost/ lost/lost/ perder,extraviar


Tomake/meik/ made/méid/ made/méid/ hacer,fabricar,

confeccionar

Tomeet/mi:t/ met/met/ met/met/ reunirse,conocer

Topay/péi/ paid/péid/ paid/péid/ pagar

Toput/put/ put/put/ put/put/ poner,colocar

Toread/ri:d/ read/red/ read/red/ leer

Torun/ran/ ran/ræn/ run/ran/ correr,administrar

Tosay/séi/ said/sed/ said/sed/ decir

Tosee/si:/ saw/so:/ seen/si:n/ ver

Tosell/sel/ sold/sóuld/ sold/sóuld/ vender

Tosend/send/ sent/sént/ sent/sént/ enviar

Toshut/shat/ shut/shat/ shut/shat/ cerrar

Tosing/siη/ sang/sæη/ sung/saη/ cantar

Tosit/sit/ sat/sæt/ sat/sæt/ sentarse

Tosleep/sli:p/ slept/slept/ slept/slept/ dormir

Tospeak/spi:k/ spoke/spóuk/ spoken/spóukn/ hablar

Tospend/spénd/ spent/spént/ spent/spént/ gastar,pasartiempo

Tostandup/stændap/ stoodup/stu:dap/ stoodup/stu:dap/ pararse

Toswim/swim/ swam/swæm/ swum/swam/ nadar

Totake/téik/ took/tuk/ taken/téikn/ tomar,llevar

Toteach/ti:tch/ taught/to:t/ taught/to:t/ enseñar

Totell/tel/ told/tóuld/ told/tóuld/ decir

Tothink/θiηk/ thought/θo:t/ thought/θo:t/ pensar,creer

Tounderstand/anderstænd/ understood/anderstú:d/ understood/anderstú:d/ entender,comprender

Towear/wéar/ wore/wo:r/ worn/wo:rn/ usar(ropa),vestir

Towrite/ráit/ wrote/rout/ written/rítn/ escribir

Ex.2.CompletelassiguientesoracionesusandoelverbodadoeneltiempoPresentePerfecto:

1.Thetennisgame________________just________________.Hurryup!(start)

2.Bill________________inTokyoseveraltimes.Heknowsitwell.(be)

3.Yourtrain________________already________________,Sir.You´llhavetotakethe8:15trainwhichleavesfrom

VictoriaStation.(leave)

4.I´mquitesurethatI________________thatwomanbefore.(see)

5.Myfriends________________inthishouseforover10years.(live)

6.Peter________________just________________aletter.He´sreadingitnow.(receive)

7.Heisn´tinChile.He________________toAmerica.(go)

8.John________________forthatcompanysince1987.(work)

9.Bob________________toSanFranciscoseveraltimes.Hecantellyouwheretogoandwhattodothere.(go)

10.Thestudents________________already________________thatbook(read)

11.Mary________________tohimaboutittwicealready.(speak)

12.I________________thatmanbefore.Idon´trememberwhen,butI´msureIknowhim.(meet)

Ex.3.Cambielassiguientesoracionesa)alnegativoyb)alinterrogativo.

1.Thesoccergamehasalreadyfinished. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

2.Peterhashaddinneralready. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

3.Theyhavestudiedthereport. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

4.Theplanehasalreadyleft. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

5.Johnhassentthemafax. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

6.They´vegivenherTom´snewaddress. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________


Ex.4.FormulepreguntasusandopalabrasinterrogativascomoWhat,Where,When,How,Howlong,etc.

1. Tom´sseenthatsamemoviethreetimes. ___________________________________________________

2. They´veboughtanewhouse. ___________________________________________________

3. He´sgonetobedbecausehe´sill. ___________________________________________________

4. Tom´slivedinPakistanforoverayear. ___________________________________________________

5. They´vesoldtenbookstoday. ___________________________________________________

6. Paul´sworkedforourcompanysince1989. ___________________________________________________

7. I´veeatenahamsandwich. ___________________________________________________

8. JohnhasbeeninChicagoandBoston. ___________________________________________________

9. Annhasn´tansweredthelettersbecauseshe´sbeentoobusy. ___________________________________________

10.Theboyshavedonenothingtoday. ___________________________________________________

11.We´vewaitedforthemformorethantwohours. ___________________________________________________

12.Thestudentshavedonethesameexercisethreetimes._________________________________________________

Ex.5.Contestelassiguientespreguntasusandolasexpresionesdadasdespuésdecadapregunta:

1. HaveyoueverbeentoJapan?(never). ___________________________________________________

2. HasMariaevervisitedtheUSA?(twice) Yes,She__________________________________________

In1991andin1997

3. HavetheyeverseenaUFO?(Never) ___________________________________________________

4. HaveyoueverdrivenaMercedes?(Onceortwice) Yes,_______________________________________________

5. Hasyourfathereverlivedabroad?(severaltimes) Yes,______________________________________________

6. HaveyouseenthePresidentinperson?(never) No,_______________________________________________

7. HasSusanevercometoChile?(acoupleoftimes) ___________________________________________________

Ex.6.Traduzcalassiguientesoracionesalinglés.

1.Yonoheleídoeselibrotodavía. ___________________________________________________

2.ElGeneralyasehaidoalareunión. ___________________________________________________

3.Elloshanestadoaquívariasvecesantes. ___________________________________________________

4.¿Hasmiradotelevisiónestatarde,John? ___________________________________________________

5.Misuegrohavividoenestaciudadtodasuvida. ___________________________________________________

6.¿QuétehacontadoMaryacercadeello? ___________________________________________________

7.ElloshanestudiadoIngléspormásdedosaños. ___________________________________________________

8.¿PorquénohanvisitadoCaliforniaUds.todavía? ___________________________________________________

9.¿CuántotiempohatrabajadoUd.enelEjército? ___________________________________________________

10.¿Dóndehanestadoellosdesdelasochodeestamañana?______________________________________________

PARTII

A. PLURALIZATIONOFNOUNS(LAPLURALIZACIÓNDELOSSUSTANTIVOS)

1. EnIngléslossustantivosnormalmentesepluralizanagregandouna-salsingular.Estesufijosepronuncia/s/cuando

seagregaalossustantivossingularesqueterminanenunaconsonantesorda,esdecirsinvibracióndelascuerdas

vocales,como/k/,/p/,/t/,etc.;perosedebepronunciar/z/cuandoseagregaalossustantivossingularesque

terminanenunaconsonantesonora,esdecirconvibracióndelascuerdasvocales,como/m/,/b/,/d/,/g/,/l/,etc.

Estareglatambiénseaplicaalossustantivosterminadosen-e“muda”

Ejemplos:

onebook/buk/ twobooks/buks/ onetop/top/ threetops/tops/

onehat/hæt/ sixhats/hæts/

onedam/dæm/ twodams/dæmz/ onebag/bæg/ threebags/bægz/

onepad/pæd/ tenpads/pædz/ oneclub/klab/ twoclubs/klabz/


onegate/géit/ twogates/geits/ onelake/léik/ severallakes/léiks/

onenote/nóut/ tennotes/nóuts/

onename/néim/ twonames/néimz/ onecave/kéiv/ twocaves/kéivz/

onetone/tóun/ twotones/tóunz/

2. Lossustantivosqueterminanen-s,-sh,-ch,-x,o-zformanelpluralagregando-es/iz/;tambiénseincluyenaquí

lossustantivosterminadosen-se,-ce,-ge, losquesolamenteagregan-speroenestecasolapronunciación

tambienes/iz/

Ejemplos:

Onebus/bás/ twobuses/básiz/ onebrush/brash/ fourbrushes/bráshiz/

Onewatch/wótch/ threewatches/wótchiz/ onebox/boks/ tenboxes/bóksiz/

Onecase/keis/ twocases/kéisiz/ oneface/féis/ threefaces/féisiz/

Onepage/péidll/ tenpages/péidlliz/

3. Lossustantivosterminadosen-yprecedidaporunavocalagregan-sparaformarsuplural,peroaquellasque

terminanen-yprecedidaporunaconsonantecambianla-ypor-iyenseguidaagregan-es

Ejemplos:

oneday/dei/ twodays/deiz/ onelily/líli/ threelilies/líliz/

onekey/ki:/ fivekeys/ki:z/ onebaby/béibi/ twobabies/béibiz/

oneboy/boi/ threeboys/boiz/ onefly/flái/ severalflies/fláiz/

4. Lossustantivosterminadosen-fo-fe,formansupluralcambiandola-fo-feen-ves.

Ejemplos:

oneleaf/li:f/ twoleaves/li:vz/ oneloaf/lóuf/ threeloaves/lóuvz/

onewolf/wulf/ fivewolves/wulvz/ oneknife/naïf/ tenknives/náivz/

onewife/waif/ threewives/wáivz/

Algunossustantivosterminadosen-ief,-ff,-oof,nosiguenlareglaanterior,sinoquesimplementeagregan-spara

formarelplural.

Ejemplos:

onehandkerchief/hænke:rtchi:f/,twohandkerchiefs/hænke:rtchi:fs/ onecliff/klif/,somecliffs/klifs/

abelief/bilí:f/,severalbeliefs/bilí:fs/ aroof/ru:f/,tworoofs/ru:fs/

5. Lossustantivosterminadosen-oprecedidaporunaconsonantenormalmenteagregan-esparaformarel

plural(exceptolaspalabrasrelacionadasconmúsica(generalmentedeorigenitaliano)como,solo,piano,

soprano,banjo,etc).Lossustantivosterminadasen-oprecedidaporunavocalnormalmenteagreganuna

-s

Ejemplos:

onetomato/toméitou/ twotomatoes/toméitouz/ onepotato/potéitou/ twopotatoes/potéitouz/

onehero/híarou/ twoheroes/híarouz/

oneradio/réidiou/ tworadios/réidiouz/ onefolio/fóuliou/ twofolios/fóuliouz/

onevideo/vídiou/ threevideos/vídiouz/ onezoo/zu:/ severalzoos/zu:z/

onestudio/stúdiou/ twostudios/stúdiouz/


Excepciones

onepiano/pianou/ twopianos/pianouz/ onebanjo/bændllou/ twobanjos/bændllouz/

onekilo/kílou/ twokilos/kílouz/ onememo/mémou/ threememos/mémouz/

onephoto/fóutou/ severalphotos/fóutouz/

Lossustantivosmosquito/moskitou/,tornado/to:rnéidou/,volcano/volkéinou/yzero/zíarou/formanelpluralagregando

indistintamente-so-es,:mosquitos/mosquitoes/moskitouz/;tornados/tornadoes/to:rnéidouz/;volcanos/volcanoes

/volkéinouz/;zeros/zeroes/zíarouz/

6. Existen algunos plurales irregulares que no siguen ninguna de las reglas anteriores y que debemos

memorizar:

Ejemplos:

oneman/mæn/ twomen/men/

onewoman/wúman/ threewomen/wímin/

onechild/tcháild/ fiveseveralchildren/tchíldren/

onetooth/tu:θ/ twoteeth/tí:θ/

onefoot/fu:t/ twofeet/fi:t/

onegoose/gu:z/ tengeese/gí:z/

onelouse/láus/ severallice/láis/

onemouse/máus/ threemice/máis/

oneox/oks/ fouroxen/óksen/

7. Existenalgunossustantivosquemantienenlamismaformaenelplural:

Ejemplos:

one/severalfish/fish/ one/tendeer/díar/ one/severalmeans/mí:nz/

one/twoseries/siariz/ one/tensheep/shi:p/ one/twospecies/spíshiz/

one/severalaircraft/éarkrá:ft/

8. Existenalgunossustantivosdeorigenlatínogriegoquetienenpluralesespecialesoirregulares:

Ejemplos:

criterion/kraitérion/ criteria/kraitíaria/ phenomenon/fenómenon/ phenomena/fenómena/

analysis/anælisis/ analyses/anælisi:z/ basis/béisis/ bases/béisi:z/

crisis/kráisis/ crises/kráisi:z/ hypothesis/haipóθesis/ hypotheses/haipóθesi:z/

oasis/ouéisis/ oases/ouéisiz/ parenthesis/parénθesis/ parentheses/parénθesi:z/

thesis/θí:sis/ theses/δí:siz/ bacterium/bæktí:ariam/ bacteria/bæktía:ria/

curriculum/karíkiulam/ curricula/karíkiula/ datum/déitam/ data/déita/

medium/mí:diam/ media/mí:dia/ memorandum/memorædam/ memoranda/memorδda/

stimulus/stímiulas/ stimuli/stímiulai/

cactus/kæktas/ cacti/kæktai/ cactuses/kæktasi:z/

syllabus/sílabas/ syllabi/sílabai/ syllabuses/sílabasiz/

formula/fó:rmiula/ formulae/fó:rmiuli:/ formulas/fó:rmiulaz/

vertebra/vértibra/ vertebrae/vértibri:/

appendix/apéndiks/ appendices/apéndisi:z/ appendixes/apéndiksi:z/

index/índeks/ indices/indisi:z/ indexes/índeksiz/


B. USEOFINFINITIVESANDGERUNDS.(Usodelosinfinitivosylosgerundios)

SedenominaInfinitivoalapalabraTo+laformasimpledeunverboprincipal:togo,tospeak,towrite,etc.Elgerundio

eslaformasimpledeunverboprincipal+elsufijo-ING:going,speaking,writing.(verreglasdadasenlaUnit4)

Ungerundiopuedeactuarcomo:

a) Sujetodeunaoración: Playingtennisisfun.

b) Complementodirectodeunverbo: Ienjoyplayingtennis.

c) Complementodeunapreposición: Afterplayingtennis,theywenttothelibrary.

d) Adjetivo: Iheardsomesurprisingnews.

Además,comoud.seguramenterecordará,elgerundio(enestecasoelpresenteparticipio)seusaconelverboTO

BEparaexpresarlostiemposcontinuosoprogresivos:Iamplayingtennisnow,Iwasplayingtennisatthistime

yesterday,etc.

ExistenalgunosverbosquevanseguidosnormalmenteporunGERUNDIO,comoToenjoy(Ienjoyreading)yotrosverbos

quenormalmentevanseguidosdeTO+INFINITIVO,comoTowant(Iwanttoreadthenewspaper),odeunBARE

INFINITIVE(infinitivosinTo),comoTomake(Hemadeusdotheexerciseagain).Tambiénexisteungrupodeverbosque

puedenirseguidosindistinatamentedeTO+INFINITIVOodeunGERUNDIO(Iliketoswim/Ilikeswimming).

1. VERB+GERUND

Lossiguientesverbosvannormalmenteseguidosdeungerundio:

Toadmit/admit/admitir,aceptarcomocierto

Toavoid/avóid/evitar

Toconsider/konsíder/considerar,pensaren

Todelay/diléi/retrasar

Todeny/dinái/negar,noaceptarcomocierto

Toenjoy/endllói/disfrutar,gustar

Tofancy/f(nsi/agradar,gustar

Tofinish/fínish/terminar

Toimagine/imádllin/imaginar(se)

Toinvolve/invóulv/involucrar,comprender

Tokeep/kí:p/mantener(se),continuar,seguir

Tomind/máind/importar,molestar

Tomiss/mis/echardemenos,recordarconnostalgia

Topostpone/pospóun/postergar

Toappreciate/áprishieit/agradecer

Torisk/risk/arriesgar,correrelriesgode

Toquit/kuit/dejar,salir,abandonar

Tosuggest/sadllést/sugerir

Topractise/práktis/practicar

Ejemplos:Wouldyoumindclosingthedoor?

Ienjoywalkingintheparkinthemorning.

Annwillsoonfinishtypingtheletter.

ElverboTOGOvaseguidodeungerundioenexpresionesqueserefierenaactividadesdeportivascomolas

siguientes:

Togoboating/góubóutiη/iraandarenbote

Togobowling/góubóuliη/irajugaralosbolos

Togocamping/góukæmpiη/iraacampar

Togodancing/góudænsiη/irabailar

Togofishing/góufíshiη/irapescar

Togohanggliding/góuhændgláidiη/iraplanear(delta)

Togohiking/góuháikiη/iraexcursionar

Togojogging/góudllógiη/iratrotar

Togorunning/góurániη/iracorrer

Togosailing/góuséiliη/iraandarenyate

Togoshopping/góushópiη/irdecompras

Togosightseeing/góusáitsí:iη/irenuntour

Togoskating/góuskéitiη/irapatinar

Togoskiing/góuskí:iη/iraesquiar

Togoskydiving/góuskáidáiviη/irahacersaltolibre

Togoswimming/góuswímiη/iranadar

Togotrekking/góutrékiη/irdeexcursión

Togowater-skiing/góuwó:terskí:iη/iraesquiar(acuat.)

Togowindow-shopping/góuwíndowshópiη/iravitrinear

Ejemplos: Iusuallygojoggingintheevening.

MrsBrowngoesshoppingeverySaturdaymorning.

Theywentsightseeinginthemorning.


Todas laspreposiciones (excepto lapreposiciónto)vanseguidasdeungerundio.Por lotanto, lassiguientes

expresionesvanseguidasdeungerundio:Hayalgunasexpresiones idiomáticasqueapesardecontener la

preposicióntovanseguidasdeungerundio

Toaccusesomeoneof/akiú:zsámwane v/ acusaraalguiendeToapologizefor/apólodlláizfor/ disculparseporTobeaccustomedto/bí:akástomdtu/ estaracostumbradoaTobeafraidof/bí:afréid v/ tenermiedoaTobecapableof/bí:kéipabl v/ sercapazdeTobefondof/bí:fond v/ seraficionadoaTobetiredof/bí:táiard v/ estarcansadodeTobeusedto/bí:iu:sttu/ estaracostumbradoaTocarryon/kærion/ continuar,seguir,mantenerseTodreamof/about/drí:m v,abáut/ soñarcon,soñarqueTofeellike/fí:lláik/ sentirotenerganasdeToforgivesomebodyfor/forgívsámbodifor/ perdonaraalguienporTogetthrough/getθru:/ terminarTogetusedto/getiu:sttu/ acostumbrarseaTogiveup/giváp/ dejarde,rendirseTogoon/gouón/ continuar,seguirToinsiston/insístón/ insistirenTokeepon/kí:pón/ continuar,seguir,mantenerseTolookforwardto/lukfórwardtu/ esperarconansia,desearTopreventsomebodyfrom/privéntsámbodifrom/ evitaroimpedirquealguienToputoff/putóf/ postergar,dejarparamástardeodespuésTosucceedin/saksí:din/ lograrexitosamenteTotalkabout/to:kabáut/ conversar,discutir

Ejemplos:John´sgivenupsmokingatlast.

Theykeptontalkingforhours.

Annisfondofgardening.

Ilookforwardtoseeingyousoon.

Bobwillsoongetusedtolivinginthiscountry.

Lassiguientesexpresionesidiomáticastambiénvanseguidasdeungerundio:

There´snouse/δeaznóuiu:s/Novalelapena. There´snousewaitinganylonger.It´snouse/itsnóuiu:s/ EsinutilIt´snouseinsistingThere´snotmuchpointin/δeaznótmatchpóintin/Nosirvedemucho There´snotmuchpointindoingthat.Isthis...worth/izδis...we:rθ/¿Valelapena...esta/e...? Isthisbookworthreading?Isitworthwhile/izitwe:rθwail/¿Valelapena...?) Isitworthwhilegoingtherenow?

EXERCISES

Ex.1.Usethecorrectprepositionintheblankspaceandthegerundoftheverbsinparentheses.

1.Heleftthehouse______________________________goodbye.(say)

2.Thegirlwashedtheapple______________________________it.(eat)

3.Boblefttherestaurant______________________________thecheck.(pay)

4.1canincreasemysalary______________________________overtime.(work)

5.We’rethinking______________________________atriptoEurope.(take)

6.Heputonhiscoat______________________________thehouse.(leave)

7.______________________________tobed,theoldwomanlockedallthedoors.(go)

Ex.2.Supplythegerundformoftheverbinparentheses

1.Wouldyoumind______________________________(wait)afewminutes?

2.They´vestopped______________________________(speak)toeachother.

3.Haveyoufínished______________________________(read)thebookyet?

4.We’reconsidering______________________________(take)anewcourse.


5.Theboy’sfinished______________________________(eat)hissupper.

6.1dislike______________________________(ride)onthesubway.

7.Theycan’trisk______________________________(be)seen.

8.Thedrivercouldn’tavoid______________________________(hit)thepedestrian.

9.1don’tmind______________________________(have)toworktilllateonFridays.

10.1aIwaysenjoy______________________________(visit)newplaces.

Ex.3.Completeeachsentencewithoneoftheseverbs:

answerapplybebelistenmakeseetryusewashworkwrite

1.Hetriedtoavoidansweringmyquestion.

2.Couldyoupleasestop_______________________somuchnoise?

3.Ienjoy_______________________tomusic.

4.Iconsidered_______________________forthejobbutintheendIdecidedagainstit.

5.Haveyoufinished_______________________yourhairyet?

6.Ifyouwalkíntotheroadwithoutlooking,yourisk_______________________knockeddownbyapassingcar.

7.Jimis65butheisn’tgoingtoretireyet.Hewantstocarryon_______________________.

8.Idon’tmindyou_______________________thephoneaslongasyoupayforallyourcalls.

9.Hello!Fancy_______________________youhere!Whatasurprise!

10.I’veputoff_______________________thelettersomanytimes.Ireallymustdoittoday.

11.Whatastupidthingtodo!Canyouimagineanybody_______________________sostupid?

12.Sarahgaveup_______________________tofindajobinthiscountryanddecidedtogoabroad.

Ex.4.Completethesentencesforeachsituationusing-ing.

1. Ann:Whatshallwedo? Bob:Wecouldgothecinema.

Bobsuggestedgoingtothecinema.

2. Ann:Doyouwanttoplaytennis Bob:No,notreally.

Bobdidn’tfancy_______________________________________________________________________________

3. Ann:Youweredrivingsofast! Bob:Yes,it’strue.Sorry!

Bobadmitted._________________________________________________________________________________

4. Ann:Whydon’twegoforaswim? Bob:Goodidea!

Annsuggested ________________________________________________________________________________

5. Ann:Youbrokeintotheshop. Bob:No,1didn’t!

Bobdenied ___________________________________________________________________________________

6. Ann:Canyouwaitafewminutes? Bob:Sure,noproblem.

Bobdidn’tmind________________________________________________________________________________

Ex.5.Completethesentencessothattheymeanthesameasthefirstsentence.Use-ING.

1. IcandowhatIwantandyoucan´tstopme.

Youcan´tstopmedoingwhatIwant.

2. It´snotagood.ideatotravelduringtherushhour.

It´sbettertoavoid______________________________________________________________________________

3. Shallwegoawaytomorrowinsteadoftoday?

Shallwepostpone________________________________ until._______________________________________?

4. Thedriverofthecarsaiditwastruethathedidn´thavealicence.

Thedriverofthecaradmitted____________________________________________________________________


5. Couldyouturntheradiodown,please?

Wouldyoumind ______________________________________________________________________________?

6. Pleasedon´tinterruptmeallthetime.

Wouldyoumind ______________________________________________________________________________?

Ex.6.Useyourownideastocompletethesesentences.Usegerunds.

1. She’saveryinterestingperson.IaIwaysenjoytalkingtoher.

2. l’mnotfeelingverywell.Idon’tfancy______________________________________________________________

3. l’mafraidtherearen’tanymorechairs.Ihopeyoudon`tmind_________________________________________

4. Itwasalovelyday,soIsuggested________________________________________________________________

5. Itwasveryfunny.Icouldn´tstop__________________________________________________________________

6. Mycarisn´tveryreliable.Itkeeps_________________________________________________________________

Ex.7.Supplythecorrectprepositionandthegerundformoftheverbinparentheses:

1.Maryisveryfond_______________________intheriver(swim)

2.Johninsisted_______________________tothestadiumwithus.(go)

3.Henryneedsmuchmorepractice_______________________(speak)

4.Welookforward_______________________yousoon.(see)

5.Theseatbeltpreventedme_______________________myheadagainstthewindshield.(hit)

6.Thereislittlechance_______________________heragain.(see)

7.lt’saquestion_______________________itatonce.(do)

8.Wearethinking_______________________French.(study)

9.Bobhasverylittleexperience_______________________trucks.(drive)

10.Johngottired_______________________forus.(wait)

11.Billhasnointention_______________________partinthegame.(take)

12.There´snopossibility_______________________theworktoday.(finish)

Ex.8.JointhefollowingpairsofsentencesbyusingINSTEADOF/instédov/(envezde)

1.Iwillplaytennis.Iwon’tworkinthegardentoday

Iwillplaytennisinsteadofworkinginthegardentoday.

2.Shewillstudymusic.Shewon’tgototheuniversity.

______________________________________________________________________________________________

3.Theywillstayhomethissummer.Theywon’tgoabroad.

______________________________________________________________________________________________

4.We’regoingtothemovietonight.WewillnotvisittheSmiths.

______________________________________________________________________________________________

5.Johnwillstudytobeanengineer.Hewillnotworkinhisfather’sstore.

______________________________________________________________________________________________

6.Hewillliveinadormitory.Hewillnotstayatthehomeofhiscousin.

______________________________________________________________________________________________

7.HewillmarryHelen.Hewillnotremainabachelor.

______________________________________________________________________________________________

8.TheywillflytoMexico.Theywillnotdriveintheirnewcar.

______________________________________________________________________________________________


Ex.9.CompletethesentencesbyusingGERUNDS.Addaprepositionafterthegerund,ifnecessary.

1.Itwascoldandrainyyesterday,sowepostponedgoingto/visitingthebotanicalgardens.

2.ThePorters´houseistoosmall.They’reconsidering_______________________

3.Wediscussed_______________________Coloradoforourvacation.

4.WhenMarthafinished_______________________thefloor,shedustedthefurniture.

5.Sometimesstudentsputoff._______________________theirhomework.

6.Wehadablizzard,yesterday,butitfinallystopped_______________________around10p.m.

7.Iquit_______________________comicbookswhenIwastwelveyearsold.

8.I’mthinkingabout_______________________abiologycoursenextsemester.

9.Bethdoesn’tlikeherjob.She’stalkingabout_______________________adifferentjob.

10.Ienjoy_______________________sports.

11.I´mconsidering_______________________NewYorkCity.

12.A:Areyoulisteningtome? B:Yes.Keep_______________________.I’mlisteningtoyou.

13.A:Doyouwanttotakeabreak? B:No.I´mnottiredyet.Let’skeepon_______________________foranother

hourorso.

14.A:Wouldyoumind_______________________thewindow? B:Notatall.I´dbegladto.

Ex.10.Completethesentencesinthedialogues.Usetheexpressionsinthelistoryourownwords.Besuretouseagerundineachsentence.

buyanewcar rain domyhomework readagoodbook

dothings repeatthat getaToyota smoke

gotothezooonSaturday helphim try tapyourfingernailsonthetable

1.A:Wouldyouliketogoforawalk?

B:Hasitstoppedraining?

A:Yes,ithas.

B:Let´sgo,then.

2.A:I´vebeenhavingalotoftroublewithmyoldHondathelastcoupleofmonths. lt’sslowlyfallingapart. I´m

thinkingabout___________________________________

B:Doyouthinkyou´llgetanotherHonda?

A:No.I´mconsidering___________________________________

3.A:Whatdoyouusuallydoinyourfreetimeintheevening?

B:Ienjoy___________________________________

4.A:Good,news!Ifeelgreat.Idon’tcoughanymore,andIdon’trunoutofbreathwhenIwalkupahill.B:Oh?

A:Iquit___________________________________

B:That´swonderful!

5.A:I’vebeenworkingonthismathproblemforthelasthalfhour,and1stilldon’tunderstandit.

B:Well,.don’tgiveup.Keep__________________________________lfatfirstyoudon`tsucceed,try,tryagain.

6.A:Areyouaprocrastinator?

B:Awhat?

A:Aprocrastinator.That’ssomeonewhoalwayspostpones___________________________________.

B:Oh.Well,sometimesIputoff___________________________________

7.A:Whatareyoudoing?

B:I´mhelpingTeddywithhishomework.

A:Whenyoufinísh___________________________________couldyouhe1pmeinthekitchen?

B:Sure.

8.A:Couldyoupleasestopdoingthat?

B:Doingwhat?

A:Stop___________________________________It´sdrivingmecrazy.


9.A:Doyouhaveanyplansforthisweekend?

B:HenryandItalkedabout___________________________________

10.A:Ididn’tunderstandwhatyousaid.Wouldyoumind___________________________________?

B:Ofcoursenot.Isaid,“Threefreetrees.“

Ex.11.Answerthequestions.UsetheexpressionsGO+...ING

1.Mysistergoestothebeachalmosteveryday.Shespendshoursinthewater.Whatdoessheliketodo?

Shelikestogoswimming

2.Frankandhisgirlfriendliketospendthewholedayonalakewithpolesintheirhands.Whatdotheyliketodo?

heylike_______________________________________________________________________________________

3.LastsummerJohnwenttoPaineNationalPark.Hesleptinatentandcookedhisfoodoverafire.Whatdidhe

dolastsummer?

He___________________________________________________________________________________________

4.Mr.JohnsonlikestogototheShoppingMallandbuythings.Whatdoesheliketodo?

Helikes_______________________________________________________________________________________

5.Mr.Smith´swifetakesgoodcareofherhealth.Sherunsacoupleofmileseveryday.Whatdoesshedoeveryday?

She__________________________________________________________________________________________

6.Onweekendsinthewinter,theSmithssometimesgotoamountainresort.Theyliketoracedownthesideofa

mountaininthesnow.Whatdotheyliketodo?

They_________________________________________________________________________________________

7.JimClarkisanaturelover.Heusuallytakeslongwalksinthewoods.WhatdoesJoeliketodo?

He___________________________________________________________________________________________

8.Barbartaprefersindoorsports.Shegoestoaplacewheresherollsathirteen-poundballatsomewooden

pins.WhatdoesSaraoftendo?

She__________________________________________________________________________________________

9.GeorgeandJaneknowallthelatestdances.Whatdotheyprobablydoalot?

They_________________________________________________________________________________________

10.TheTaylorsaregoingtogotoalittlelakeneartheirhousetomorrow.It´swinternow,sothelakeiscompletely

frozen.Theiceissmooth.WhataretheTaylorsgoingtodotomorrow?

They_________________________________________________________________________________________

11.Jimandhiswifelivenearthesea.Whenthere’sastrongwind,theyliketospendthedayíntheiryatch.Whatdo

theyliketodo?

They_________________________________________________________________________________________

12.Touristsoftengetonbusesthattakethemtoseeinterestingplacesinanarea.Whatdotheydoonbuses?

They_________________________________________________________________________________________

13.ColetteandBenliketojumpoutofairplanes.Theydon’topentheirparachutesuntilthelastminute.Whatdo

theyliketodo?

They________________________________________________________________________________________ .

14.Whatdoyouliketodoforexerciseandfun?

I_____________________________________________________________________________________________


BASICVOCABULARY:A.PREPOSITIONSANDPREPOSITIONALPHRASES

English Spanish Example

about/ báut/ acercade aboutthehistoryoftheUSA

above/ báv/ másarribade abovetheclouds

across/ krós/ atravésde(deunladoalotro) acrossthestreet

after/á:fter/ despuésde afterthelesson

against/egéinst/ encontrade againsttheenemy

along/ lóη/ alolargode alongthecoast

among/ máη/ entre(varios) amongallthegirls

around/ ráund/ alrededorde aroundthehouse

at/ t/ en,a athome,at4.15

atthebackof/ tδ bæk v/ enlaparteposteriorde atthebackoftheroom

atthebottomof/ tδ bótom v/ enlaparteinferiorde atthebottomofthemap

atthetopof/ tδ topηv/ enlapartesuperiorde atthetopoftheshelf

before/bifó.r/ antesde beforethelesson

behind/biháind/ detrásde behindthedoor

below/bilóu/ másabajode belowthecarpet

beneath/biní:θ/ másabajode beneaththeground

beside/bisáid/ alladode besidethetable

besides/bisáidz/ ademásde besidesJohnClark

between/bituí:n/ entre(dos) betweenyouandme

beyond/biyónd/ másalláde beyondthehill

by/bai/ por,cercade bytheriver

despite/dispáit/ apesarde despitethenoise

down/dáun/ haciaabajo downthecoast

during/diúriη/ durante duringtheday

farfrom/fá:rfrom/ lejosde farfromLondon

for/fo:r/ para forthestudents

from/from/ desde,de fromtheUSA

in/in/ en inthegarden

infrontof/infránt v/ alfrentede infrontoftheschool

inthecornerof/inδ kórner v/ enlaesquinade inthecorneroftheroom

inside/insáid/ dentrode insidetheclassroom

into/íntu/ haciaadentro intotheroom

near/niar/ cercade nearthehospital

nextto/néksttu/ próximoa nexttothesupermarket

of/ v/ de oftheweek

off/of/ lejosde offthecoast

on/on/ encimade(sobre) onthedesk

onto/óntu/ haciaencimade ontothetable

opposite/óposit/ frentea oppositethebank

out/áut/ afuera outinthestreet

outof/áut v/ haciaafuera outoftheroom

outside/autsáid/ fuerade outsidetheoffice

over/óuver/ sobre overtheroof

since/sins/ desde sincethatday

through/θru:/ atravésde throughthetunnel

till/til/ hasta tilltomorrow

to/tu/ a,hacia totheoffice

towards/tuwó:rdz/ hacia,endireccióna towardstheeast

under/ánder/ debajode underthetable

until/antíl/ hasta untilnextSunday

up/ap/ haciaarribade uptheroad

with/wiδ/ con withmyfriends

within/wiδin/ dentrode withinaweek

without/wiδáut/ sin withoutmoney


B.Connectors

Coordinatingconjunctions:

and/ánd/ y both...and.../bóuθ...and/ tanto...como...

or/o:r/ o either...or/í:δer...o:r/ yasea...o...

so/sou/ porlotanto neither...nor/ní:δer...no:r/ ni...ni...

for/fó:r/ porque,debidoaque notonly...butalso/nótóunli...butólsou/ nosólo...sinoquetambién...

not/not/ no yet/iét/ sinembargo,noobstante

Adverbialconnectives:

accordingly/akó:rdiηli/ enconformidad last(ly)/lá:stli/ enúltimotérmino

actually/æktchuali/ enrealidad likewise/láikwaiz/ delmismomodo,asímismo

although/ólδou/ aúncuando,aunque,apesardemeanwhile/mí:nwail/ mientrastanto

anyway/éniwei/ detodosmodos moreover/mó:rouver/ además,porotraparte

besides/bisáidz/ además nevertheless/néverδelés/ sinembargo,noobstante

consequently/kónsekwentli/ enconsecuencia, next/nékst/ después,enseguida,actoseguido

despite/dispáit/ apesarde,noobstante nonetheless/nanδeles/ sinembargo,noobstanteello

equally/íkwali/ igualmente otherwise/áδerwaiz/ deotromodo,delocontrario

finally/fáinali/ finalmente,porfin similarly/símilarli/ similarmente,delmismomodo

first/fé:rst/ enprimerlugar,primeramente so/sóu/ porlotanto,enconsecuencia

furthermore/férδermó:r/ además subsequently/sábsikwentli/ posteriormente,conposterioridad

hence/héns/ deaquíque,porlotanto then/δen/ porlotanto,entonces,pues

however/hauéver/ sinembargo,noobstante therefore/δéarfo:r/ porlotanto,porconsiguiente

indeed/indí:d/ enefecto,porcierto thus/δas/ así,deestemodo

initially/iníshiali/ inicialmente,alcomienzo instead/instéd/ encambio,enlugardeeso

Phrasaladverbialconnectives

afterall/á:fteró:l/ despuésdetodo infact/infækt/ dehecho,enrealidad

asaconsequence/az kónsikwens/ comoresultadodeello inaddition/inadíshon/ además

asamatteroffact/az máterovfækt/ enrealidad, inspiteofthat/inspáit vδæt/apesardeello

asaresult/az rizált/ comoresultadodeello inthefirstplace/inδ fé:rstpléis/enprimerlugar

evenso/í:vnsóu/ aúnasí inthemeantime/inδ mí:ntaim/ mientrastanto

firstofall/fé:rst vó:l/ enprimertérmino inthesameway/inδ seimwéi/ delmismomodo

forexample/forigzámpl/ porejemplo ononehand/ nwanhænd/ porunlado

forinstance/forínstans/ porejemplo ontheotherhand/ nδiáδ rhænd/ porotrolado

foronething/forwanθiη/ enprimerlugar tobeginwith/tubigínwiδ/ paracomenzar

forthatreason/forδætrí:zn/ poresemotivo tostartwith/tustá:rtwiδ/ paracomenzar

Examples:

1.PeterandTomwenttovisitHansinhospital.

2.BothPeterandTomwenttoseeHansinhospital.

3.Hestudiedhardaswell,buthedidn´tdowellinthetest.

4.Hedidn´tstudyhardenough,sohefailedtheexam.

5.Alicestudiedveryhard,yetshedidn´tpassherexam.

6.He´smybestfriend;besides,we´veknowneachotherallourlives.

7.Hegaveherabeautifuldiamond;moreover,hetookhertoEurope.

8.Theyardistoobig;furthermore,wecan´taffordthehouse.

9.ThestudentspeaksEnglishwell;inaddition,heseemstoknowalotaboutourcustoms.

10.I´mgettingalongquitewell;however,myroommateisnotdoingsowell.

11.Marywassick;nevertheless,shecametoclass.

12.It´scoldoutside;nonetheless,wehavetowashthecar.

13.Ononehand,thehouseisnotverycomfortable;ontheotherhand,ithasanexcellentlocation

14.First,hewenttothepostoffice;then,hewenttothebank.


Keytoanswers

UNIT12

A.

Ex.2.1.has-started2.hasbeen3.has-left4.haveseen5.havelived6.has-received7.hasgone8.hasworked

9.has-been10.have-read11.hasspoken12.havemet

Ex.3.1.Thesoccergamehasn´tfinishedyet/Hasthesoccergamefinishedalready/yet?2.Peterhasn´thaddinner

yet/HasPeterhaddinneralready/yet?3.Theyhaven´tstudiedthereport/Havetheystudiedthereport?4.Theplane

hasn´tleftyet/Hastheplaneleftalready/yet?5.Johnhasn´tsentthemafax/HasJohnsentthemafax?6.They

haven´tgivenher.../Havetheygivenher...?

Ex.4.1.HowmanytimeshasTomseenthatsamemovie?2.Whathavetheybought?3.Whyhashegonetobed?

4.HowlonghasTomlivedinPakistán?5.Howmanybookshavetheysoldtoday?6.HowlonghasPaulworkedfor

ourcompany?7.Whathaveyoueaten?8.WherehasJohnbeen?9.Whyhasn´tAnnansweredtheletters?10.What

havetheboysdonetoday?11.Howlonghavewe/youwaitedforthem?12.Howmanytimeshavethestudents

donethesameexercise?

Ex.5.1.No,I´veneverbeenthere2.Yes,she´sbeentheretwice.3.No,they´veneverseenone4.Yes,I´vedrivenone

onceortwice.5.Yes,he´slivedabroadseveraltimes6.No,I´veneverseenhiminperson.7.Yes,she´scomeherea

coupleoftimes.

Ex.6.1.Ihaven´treadthatbookyet.2.Thegeneralhasalreadygonetothemeeting.3.They´vebeenhereseveral

timesbefore.4.HaveyouwatchedTVthisafternoon/evening,John?5.Myfather-in-lawhaslivedinthiscityallhis

life.6.WhathasMarytoldyouaboutthat?7.They´vestudiedEnglishformorethantwoyears.8.Whyhaven´tyou

visitedCaliforniayet?9.Howlonghaveyouworkedinthearmy?10.Wherehavetheybeensinceeighto´clockthis

morning?

B.

Ex.11.without/aftersaying2.beforeeating3.without/afterpaying4.byworking5.abouttaking6.beforeleaving

7.beforegoing

Ex.2.1.waiting2.speaking3.reading4.taking5.eating6.riding7.being8.hitting9.having10.visiting

Ex.3.2.making3.listening4.applying5.washing6.being7.working8.using9.seeing10.answering

11.being12.trying

Ex.4.2.playingtennis3.Driving/havingbeendrivingtoofast4.goingforaswim5.Breaking/havingbroken

6.waitingafewminutes.

Ex.5.travellingduringtherushhour3.goingaway...tomorrow4.nothavingalicense5.turningtheradiodown,please?

6.notinterruptingmeallthetime?

Ex.6. (Possibleanswers)2.goingoutthisevening3.standingup4.goingout forawalk5. laughing6.breaking

down

Ex.7.1.ofswimming2.ongoing3.inspeaking4.toseeing5.fromhitting6.ofseeing7.ofdoing8.aboutstudying

9.ofdriving10.ofwaiting11.oftaking12.offinishing

Ex.8.2....insteadofgoingtotheuniversity3....insteadofgoingabroad4...insteadofvisitingtheSmiths

5....insteadofworkinginhisfather´sstore6....insteadofstayingatthehomeofhiscousin7....insteadofremaininga

bachelor8....insteadofdrivingintheirnewcar

Ex.9.(Possibleanswers)2.movingintoalargerhouse3.goingto4.vacuuming5.doing6.snowing7.buying8.taking

9.lookingfor10.practising11.visiting12.speaking13.working14.closing


Ex.10.2.buyinganewcar/gettingaToyota3.readingagoodbook4.smoking5.trying6.doingthings/doinghis

homework7.helpinghim8.tappingyourfingernailsonthetable9.goingtothezooonSaturday10.repeatingthat

Ex.11.2.togowater-skiing3.wentcamping4.togoshopping5.goesjogging6.liketogoskiing7.likestrekking

8.goesbowling9.godancing10.aregoingtogoice-skating11.liketogosailing12.gosight-seeing13.liketogo

sky-diving14.liketogo(fishing/window-shopping/swimming,etc.


UNIT13

PART1.ELTIEMPOPRESENTEPERFECTOCONTINUO(THEPRESENTPERFECCTCONTINUOUS)

EstetiempoverbalestáformadoporelpresenteperfectodeToBe(HAVEBEEN/havbí:n/HASBEEN/hazbí:n/)másun

GERUNDIOdeunverboprincipal.

Estetiempoverbaldescribeunaacciónquecomenzóenelpasadoyhacontinuadorealizándoseenformaininterrumpida

hastaestemomento,hastaestafecha.Normalmenteestetiempodescribeaccionesqueseempezaronarealizarhace

pocotiempo.


Tomhasbeenworkingtheresince8:30/tómhazbí:nwé:rkiηδéarsinséitθé:rti/.Tomhaestadotrabajandoahídesde

las8.30.

TheyhavebeenlivinginMiamisince1985./δéihavbí:nlíviηinmaiámisinsnáintinéitifáiv/Elloshanestadoviviendoen

Miamidesde1985.

We´vebeenstudyingEnglishforovertwomonths./wí:vbí:nstádiiηiηglishforóuvertú:mánθs/Nosotroshemosestado

estudiandoingléspormásdedosmeses.

It´sbeenrainingforaboutanhour./itsbí:nráiniηforabáutanáuar/.Haestadolloviendocercadeunahora

Compare:

He´sworkedthereformanyyears./hi:zwé:rktδéarforméniyíarz/Elhatrabajadoallípormuchosaños

He´sbeenworkingthereforabout2hours./hi:zbí:nwérkiηδéarforabáuttú:áuarz/.Elhaestadotrabajandoallíaprox.

2horas

They´velivedintheSoutheversincetheygotmarried./δéivlívdinδesáuθéversinsδéigótmærid/Elloshanvividoenel

surdesdequesecasaron

They´vebeenlivinginthathouseforatleasttwomonths./δéivbi:nlíviηinδesáuθforatlí:sttúmánθs/Elloshanestado

viviendoenesacasaporlomenos2meses.

LaformanegativaseexpresausandoHAVEN´TBEEN/hævntbí:n/HASN´TBEEN/hæzntbí:n/máselGERUNDIOy

enlaformainterrogativadedebeusarHAVE/HASdelantedelsujetodelaoración.


Tomhasn´tbeenworkingthereformorethan2hours./tóm/hæzntbí:nwé:rkiη δéarformó:arδantú:áuarz/

Tomnohaestadotrabajandoallípormásdedoshoras

Havetheybeenlivingthereverylong?/havδeibí:nlíviηδéarvérilóη/¿Hanestadoellosviviendoallímuchotiempo?

HowlonghaveyoubeenpractisingEnglishtoday?/háuloηhaviú:bi:npræktisiηíηglishtudéi/¿Cuántotiempohasestado

practicandoingléshoydía?

Lapreguntamáshabitualenestetiempoes:

WHATHAVEYOUBEENDOING?/wótaviu:bi:ndú:iη/¿QuéhaestadohaciendoUd.?

EXERCISES

Ex.1.CompletethefollowingsentencesusingtheverbprovidedinthePresentPerfectContinuousTense.

1.Tom_______________________________hereforseveralmonths(live).

2.They_______________________________intheofficeforseveralhours.(work)

3.Thatman_______________________________thereforabout2hours.(sit)

4.Thecadets_______________________________atattentionforabout15minutes.(stand)


5.I_______________________________forthebusformorethan10minutes(wait)

6.JackandMary_______________________________intheparkfornearlyanhour.(run)

7.Thecommander_______________________________thereportallevening.(read)

8.MissBlack_______________________________hernewnovelsinceApril.(write)

9.Theofficers_______________________________inthegymforabout45minutes.(workout)

10.Thegenerals_______________________________thesituationallmorning.(discuss)

Ex.2.Changethefollowingsentencesintoa)negative,andb)interrogative.

1. He´sbeenlivinginCaracassince1995.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. They´vebeenplayingtennissincemidday.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

3.Jane´sbeenfeelingwellsinceMarch.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

4.They´vebeendiscussingthenewprojecttoolong.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

5.Bob´sbeenswimmingallmorning.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

Ex.3.AskquestionsusingquestionwordslikeWhat,Where,When,Howlong,etc.

1. Henry´sbeenreadingthenewspaperallmorning.

________________________________________________________________________________________________?

2. Bill´sbeensleepingallmorning.

________________________________________________________________________________________________?

3. They´vebeenstayingattheRexHotel.

________________________________________________________________________________________________?

4.They´vebeensavingmoneybecausethey´replanningtobuyahouse.

________________________________________________________________________________________________?

5.MyfriendshavebeenlivinginMadridsinceDecember2002

________________________________________________________________________________________________?

6.Theboy´sbeenlisteningtotheradiosince7o´clock.

________________________________________________________________________________________________?

7.They´vebeenwaitingforataxiforabout15minutes.

________________________________________________________________________________________________?


PARTII.USEOFINFINITIVESANDGERUNDS.(II)

A. VERB+TO-INFINITIVE

CiertosverboscomoTOWANT /wont/querer,TODECIDE /disáid/decidir,TOWISH /wish/desear,TOPLAN /plæn/

planear,pensar,etc.vanseguidosporto+Infinitive

Lossiguientesverbosvanseguidosdeto+infinitive:

Toagree/agrí:/ Acordar

Toafford/afó:rd/ Disponer(dinerootiempo)

Toaim/éim/ Aspirar

Toarrange/arréindll/ Convenir

Toask/a:sk/ Solicitar

Toattempt/atémpt/ Intentar

Toclaim/kléim/ Reclamar,afirmarautoría

Todecide/disáid/ Decidir

Todeserve/disε:rv/ Merecer

Tofail/féil/ Noconseguir,nolograr

Toforget/forgét/ Olvidar

Tohope/houp/ Esperar(desear)

Tolearn/lε:rn/ Aprender

Tomanage/mænidll/ Conseguir(lograr)

Tomean/mi:n/ Tenerintenciónde,quererdecir

Tooffer/ófer/ Ofrecer(se)

Toplan/plæn/ Planificar

Topretend/priténd/ Fingir,simular

Topromise/prómis/ Prometer

Torefuse/refiú:z/ Rehusar,negarsea

Tothreaten/θréten/ Amenazar.

Towant/wont/ Querer(necesitar)

Ejemplos:

Samwasinadifficultsituation,soIagreedtolendhimsomemoney.

Ican´taffordtobuyaHondacar.

WeaimtoincreaseourexportstoEurope.

Themanattemptedtoescapefromtheprisontwice.

Peterwantstostudyengeneering.Theboydoesn´twanttodohishomeworknow.

Ipromisetohelpyou.Shepromisednottobelate.

Thewomanpretendstoknoweverything.

Existenalgunasvariantesdelaestructurapresentadaanteriormente,quesonlassiguientes:

1. Verb+tobe+adjective

Estaestructuraesmuycomúnconlossiguientesverbos:TOAPPEAR/apíar/aparecer,verse,TOPRETEND/priténd/

fingir,simular,TOSEEM/si:m/parecer,TOTEND/tend/tendera

Theyseemtobeveryannoyed.

Thestudentstendtobenegligent.

2. Verb+tobe+Gerund(ContinuousInfinitive)

LosverbosTOAPPEAR/apíar/aparecer,verse,TOPRETEND/priténd/fingir,simular,TOSEEM/si:m/parecer,TO

TEND/tend/tendera,tambienpuedenirseguidosdeTOBE+Gerund:

Maryappearedtobesufferingtoomuch.

Theyseemtobedoingwellnow.

Hepretendedtobereadingthepaper.


3. Verb+tohave+PastParticiplePerfectInfinitive)

HayalgunosverbosquepuedenirseguidosdeTOHAVE+unPasadoParticipio:

Theyseemtohavebeendoingwellsofar.(sofar=hastaahora)

Bobseemstohavelostweight.

TheIRAclaimedtohaveplantedthebombinthecar.

4. Verb+Wh...+to-Infinitive

Despuésde losverbosTOASK /a:sk/solicitar,pedir,TODECIDE /disáid/decidir,TOKNOW /nóu/,saber,TO

UNDERSTAND/anderstænd/entender,sepuedeusarunapalabrainterrogativaseguidadeto+infinitivo

Weaskedhowtogettothestation

Haveyoudecidedwheretogoforyourholidays?

Idon´tknowwhethertoapplyforthejobornot.

Doyouunderstandwhattodo?

5.Verb+Somebody+wh+to-infinitive

LosverbosTOSHOW/shóu/,mostrar,TOTELL/tel/decir,TOASK/a:sk/pedir,solicitar,TOADVISE/adváiz/aconsejar

yTOTEACH/ti:tch/enseñar,puedenirseguidosporuncomplementoindirecto(Peter,Mary,thestudent,me,him,

them,etc)+unapalabrainterrogativa(what,where,when,etc.)+unto-infinitive

Cansomeoneshowmehowtochangethefilminthiscamera?

ItoldthemwhattodoandwheretogoinLondon.

Bobtaughtushowtousethecomputer.

6. Verb+(somebody)+to-infinitive

Lossiguientesverbospuedenirseguidospora)unto-Infinitiveoporb)unComplementoIndirecto+to-Inifinitive.

A B

Towant/wont/querer Iwanttogothere. Iwantyoutogothere

Toask/a:sk/pedir Heaskedtotakepart. Heaskedustotakepart.

Toexpect/ikspékt/esperar Weexpecttobetheresoon. Weexpectyoutobetheresoon.

Tobeg/beg/rogar Ibeggedtoseethephotos. Ibeggedthemtoseethephotos.

Tomean/mi:n/tenerlaintenciónde Theydon´tmeantodoitnow. Idon´tmeanyoutodoitnow.

Iwouldlike/wudlaik/megustaría. Iwouldliketogo. I´dlikeyoutogo

Iwouldprefer/wudprifε:r/preferiría I´dprefertodoitnow. I´dpreferthemtodoitnow

Iwouldlove/wudlav/meencantaría I´dlovetogototheclub. I´dloveyoutogototheclub.

Iwouldhate/wudhéit/medesagradaría. I´dhatetodothathere. I´dhatetheboystodoithere.

B. VERB+BAREINFINITIVE

LosverbosTOMAKE/meik/hacer,obligaryTOLET/let/permitir,dejarvanseguidosdeunBAREINFINITIVO(Infinitive

sinTO)enlasiguienteestructura:

TOMAKE/TOLET+Somebody+bareinfinitive

Youmakemefeelhappy.(Nosedebedecir,“YoumakemeTOfeelhappy”)Túmehacessentirfeliz

ThecustomsofficermadeSallyopenhersuitcase.EloficialdeaduanahizoaAliceabrirsumaleta.

Hotweathermakesmefeeltired.Eltiempocalurosomehacesentircansado.

Herparentswouldn´tlethergooutalone.Suspadresnolepermitiríanaellasalirsola.

Letmecarryyourbagforyou,madam.Permítamellevarlesubolso,señora

Pleaseletmegoout.Porfavor,déjemesalir

´


C.VERBO+GERUNDoBAREINFINITIVE

LosverbosdepercepciónTOSEE/sí:/ver,TOHEAR/híar/oir,TOWATCH/wótch/observar,vanseguidosdeungerund

cuandonosreferimosaunaacciónparcialodeunbareinfinitivecuandonosreferimosalaaccióncompleta

Ejemplos:

Isawhercrossingtheroad.(partedelaacción) Lavícruzandolacalle

Isawhercrosstheroad.(accióncompleta) Lavicruzarlacalle

Weheardthemsingingasong.(partedelaacción) Losoícantandounacanción

Weheardthemsingtensongs.(accióncompleta) Losoícantar10canciones.

D.VERB+SOMEBODY+TO-INFINITIVE/BAREINFINITIVE

ElverboTOHELP/hélp/ayudarpuedeirseguidoindistintamentedeunto-InfinitiveounbareInfinitive

Ejemplo:

Canyouhelpmetolift/liftthisbox,please?

EXERCISES

Ex.1.Completethesentencesforeachsituation.

1. Tom:Shallwegetmarried? Betty:Yes,let´s

Theydecided__________________________________________________

2. Jack:Pleasehelpme. Mary:OK.

Maryagreed___________________________________________________

3. Bob:CanIcarryyourbagforyou? Woman:No,thanks.Icanmanage.

Boboffered____________________________________________________

4. Bob:Let´smeetat8o´clock. Hans:OK,fine.

Theyarranged_________________________________________________

5. Man:What´syourname? Woman:I´mnotgoingtotellyou.

Thewomanrefused_____________________________________________

Ex.2.Completeeachsentencewithasuitableverb.

1.Don’tforget_____________________________theletterIgaveyou.

2.Therewasalotoftrafficbutwemanaged_____________________________totheairportintime.

3.Jillhasdecidednot_____________________________acar.

4.We’vegotanewcomputerinouroffice.Ihaven’tlearnthow_____________________________ityet.

5.IwonderwhereSueis.Shepromisednot_____________________________late.

6.Wewerealltooafraidtospeak.Nobodydared_____________________________anything.

Ex.3.Puttheverbintothecorrectformto-Infinitiveor-ing

1.WhenI’mtired,Ienjoy_____________________________television.It’srelaxing.(watch)

2.Itwasaniceday,sowedecided_____________________________forawalk.(go)

3.It’saniceday.Doesanyonefancy_____________________________forawalk?(go)

4.I’mnotinahurry.Idon’tmind_____________________________(wait)

5.Theydon’thavemuchmoney.Theycan’tafford_____________________________outveryoften.(go)

6.Iwishthatdogwouldstop_____________________________.It’sdrivingmemad.(bark)

7.Ourneighbourthreatened_____________________________thepoliceifwedidn’tstopthenoise.(call)


8.Wewerehungry,soIsuggested_____________________________dinnerearly.(have)

9.Hurryup!Idon’twanttorisk_____________________________thetrain.(miss)

10.I’mstilllookingforajobbutIhope_____________________________somethingsoon.(find)

Ex.4.Makeanewsentenceusingtheverbinbrackets.

1. Hehaslostweight.(seem) He________________________________________________

2. Tomisworriedaboutsomething.(appear) ___________________________________________________

3. Youknowalotofpeople.(seem) You_______________________________________________

4. MyEnglishisgettingbetter.(seem) ___________________________________________________

5. Thatcarhasbrokendown.(appear) ___________________________________________________

6. Davidforgetsthings.(tend) ___________________________________________________

7. Theyhavesolvedtheproblem.(claim) ___________________________________________________

Ex.5.Completeeachsentenceusingwhat/how/whether+oneoftheseverbs:

dogetgoridesayuse

1. Doyouknow_____________________________toJohn’shouse?

2. Canyoushowme_____________________________thiswashingmachine?

3. Wouldyouknow_____________________________iftherewasafireinthebuilding?

4. You´llneverforget_____________________________abicycleonceyouhavelearned.

5. Iwasreallyastonished.Ididn’tknow_____________________________.

6. I’vebeeninvitedtothepartybutIdon’tknow_____________________________ornot.

Ex.6.Completethequestions.UseDOYOUWANTMETO...?orWOULDYOULIKEMETO...?withoneofthese

verbs(+anyothernecessarywords):TOCOME,TOLEND,TOREPEAT,TOSHOW,TOSHUT,TOWAIT

1. Doyouwanttogoaloneordoyouwantmeto_______________________________________________________?

2. Haveyougotenoughmoneyordoyouwantmeto ___________________________________________________?

3. ShallIleavethewindowopenorwouldyoulikemeto_________________________________________________?

4. Doyouknowhowtousethemachineorwould_______________________________________________________?

5. DidyouhearwhatIsaidordo _____________________________________________________________________?

6. Can1gonowordo______________________________________________________________________________?

Ex.7.CompIetethesentencesforeachsituation.

1. Sue:Lockthedoor. Hans:OK.

SuetoldHanstolockthedoor.

2. Tom&Betty: Whydon´tyoucomeandstaywithusforafewdays?

John:Yes,I´dloveto

TomandBettyinvitedJohn ____________________________________________________________________

3. Bob:CanIuseyourphone? Mary:No

Marywouldn´tlet ____________________________________________________________________

4. Sylvia:Becareful. Hans:Don´tworry.Iwill.

Sylviawarned ____________________________________________________________________

5. Tom:Canyougivemeahand? Jane.Yes,ofcourse.

Tomasked ____________________________________________________________________

Ex.8.Completethesesentencessothatthemeaningissimilartothefirstsentence.

1.MyfathersaidIcouldusehiscar.

Myfatherallowed_________________________________________________________________________________

2.Iwassurprisedthatitrained.

Ididn’texpect____________________________________________________________________________________


3.Don´tstophimdoingwhathewants.

Let______________________________________________________________________________________________

4.Helooksolderwhenhewearsglasses.

Glassesmake____________________________________________________________________________________

5.Ithinkyoushouldknowthetruth.

Iwant___________________________________________________________________________________________

6.Don’tletmeforgettophonemysister.

Remind__________________________________________________________________________________________

7.AtfirstIdidn’twanttoapplyforthejobbutSarahpersuadedme.

Sarahpersuaded _________________________________________________________________________________

8.Mylawyersaid1shouldn’tsayanythingtothepolice.

Mylawyeradvised. ________________________________________________________________________________

9.Iwastoldthat1shouldn’tbelieveeverythinghesays.

Iwaswarnednot _________________________________________________________________________________

10.Ifyou’vegotacar,youareabletotravelroundmoreeasily.

Havingacarenables______________________________________________________________________________

Ex.9.Puttheverbintherightform:-ingorinfinitive(withorwithoutto).

1.Shedoesn’tallowus_____________________________inthehouse.(smoke)

2.I’veneverbeentoIcelandbutI’dlike_____________________________there.(go)

3.I’minadifficultposition.Whatdoyouadviseme_____________________________?(do)

4.Shesaidtheletterwaspersonalandwouldn´tletme_____________________________it.(read)

5.Hewaskeptatthepolicestationfortwohoursandthenhewasallowed_____________________________(go)

6.Wherewouldyourecommendme_____________________________formyholidays?(go)

7.Iwouldn’trecommendyou_____________________________inthatrestaurant.Thefoodisawful(eat)

8.Thefilmwasverysad.Itmademe_____________________________(cry)

9.Carol’sparentsalwaysencouragedher_____________________________hardatschool.(study)

E. VERBS+...ING/TO-INFINITIVE

Algunosverbospuedenirseguidosindistintamentedeungerundioodeunto-infinitive,sincambiardesignificado.

Losverbosmáscomunesdeestetiposon:TOPREFER/prifè:r/preferir,TOBEGIN/bigín/empezar,TOSTART/stá:rt/

comenzar,TOCONTINUE/kontíniu/seguir,continuar,TOLIKE/láik/gustarleauno,TOLOVE/lav/encanterleauno,TO

HATE/heit/desagradar,TOINTEND/inténd/tenerlaintenciónde,CAN´TSTAND/ká:ntstænd/nosoportar.

LosverbosTOREMEMBER/rimémber/recordar,recordarse,TOREGRET/rigrét/lamentar,arrepentirse,TOSTOP/stop/

parar,parar,detenerse,TOGOON/gouon/continuartambiénpuedenirseguidosdeungerundioounto-infinitivepero,

adiferenciadelosanteriores,estoscambiandesignificadodelaoración.

Itstartedsnowingaroundmidnight = Itstartedtosnowaroundmidnight.

Wecontinuedworkinguntil10:30 = Wecontinuedtoworkuntil10:30.

IlikelisteningtomusicwhileI´mstudying = IliketolistentomusicwhileI´mstudying.

Ilovegoingtobaseballgames = Ilovetogotobaseballgames.

Ican´tstandwaitinginlinestoolong = Ican´tstandtowaitinlinestoolong.

Irememberdoingthat.(IdiditandnowIrememberit)Recuerdohaberhechoeso.

Irememberedtodothat.(IrememberedIhadtodothat,soIdidthat)Meacordédehacereso.

IregretsayingwhatIsaid.(Isaidthat,andnowIamsorryaboutit)Lamentohaberdicholoquedije.

Iregrettosaythatwecan´tsendthepricelistsyet.(I´msorrythatIhavetosaythat)Lamentodecirqueaúnno

podemosenviarlelalistadeprecios.

Theystoppedworkinginthefieldswhenitstartedtorain/raining.

Theyhavebeenworkingallmorningandfeelverytired.Theywillstop(inorder)torestforawhile.

Theministerwentontalkingfortwohours.(Hetalkedaboutthesamething)Elministrosiguióhablandopordoshoras.

Afterdiscussingtheeconomy,theministerthenwentontotalkaboutforeignpolicy.Despuésdehablaracercade

laeconomía,elministropasóahablaracercadelapolíticaexterior.


EXERCISES

Ex.1.CompletethesentenceswiththeTO-INFINITIVEortheGERUNDformofthewordsinparentheses.

1.Ineedtostudytonight(study)

2.Ienjoycookinggourmetmeals(cook)

3.Helenstartedtalking/totalkaboutherproblem.(talk)

4.BudandSallyhavedecided_____________________________married.(get)

5.Wefinished_____________________________aroundseven.(eat)

6.Areyouplanning_____________________________avacationthisyear?(take)

7.Ilike_____________________________newpeople.(meet)

8.TheWilsonswent_____________________________inYellowstoneNationalParklastsummer.(camp)

9.Myroommateoffered_____________________________mewithmyEnglish.(help)

10.I’vejustbegun_____________________________amovieonTV.(watch)

11.Pleasestop_____________________________yourknuckles!(crack)

12.Didyouremember_____________________________thecatthismorning?(feed)

13.1won’tbelate.1promise_____________________________ontime.(be)

14.I’mconsidering_____________________________toanewapartment.(move)

15.Whattimedoyouexpect_____________________________inDenver?(arrive)

16.Somechildrenhate_____________________________ toschool.(go)

17.Iforgot_____________________________thedoorwhenIleftmyapartmentthismorning.(lock)

18.Idon’tmind_____________________________withfourroommates.(live)

19.Don’tputoff_____________________________yourcompositionuntilthelastminute.(write)

20.Kenhadtoquit_____________________________becausehehurthisknee.(jog)

21.Thecompanywillcontinue_____________________________newemployeesaslongasnewproductionorders

keep_____________________________in.(hire)(come)

22.That’snotwhatImeant!1meant_____________________________justtheopposite.(say)

23.Iwant_____________________________thisafternoon.(go)(shop)

24.Alexseems_____________________________thisweekend.(want)(go)(sail)

Ex.2.Usetheverbprovided in thecorrect form:TO-INFINITIVEorGERUND.Sometimeseither form is

possible.

1.Theydenied_____________________________themoney.(steal)

2.Idon’tenjoy_____________________________verymuch.(drive)

3.Idon’twant_____________________________outtonight.I’mtootired.(go)

4.Ican’tafford_____________________________outtonight.1haven’tgotenoughmoney.(go)

5.Hasitstopped_____________________________yet?(rain)

6.Canyouremindme_____________________________somecoffeewhenwegoout?(buy)

7.Whydoyoukeep_____________________________mequestions?Can’tyouleavemealone?(ask)

8.Pleasestop_____________________________mequestions!(ask)

9.Irefuse_____________________________anymorequestions.(answer)

10.Oneoftheboysadmitted_____________________________thewindow.(break)

11.Theboy’sfatherpromised_____________________________forthewindowtoberepaired.(pay)

12.Annwashavingdinnerwhenthephonerang.Shedidn’tanswerthephone;shejustcarriedon

_____________________________(eat)

13.“Howdidthethiefgetintothehouse?”“Iforgot_____________________________thewindow.’(shut)

14.I’veenjoyed__________________________you.(meet)1hope_________________________youagainsoon.(see)

15.Thebabybegan_____________________________inthemiddleofthenight.(cry)

16.Juliahasbeenillbutnowshe’sbeginning_____________________________better.(get).

Ex.3.Completethesesentenceswithasuitableverbinthecorrectform:TO-INFINITIVEorGERUND.

1.Pleaseremembertolockthedoorwhenyougoout.

2.A:Youlentmesomemoneyafewmonthsago.

B:Didl?Areyousure?1don’tremember._____________________________youanymoney.

3.A:Didyouremember_____________________________yoursister?

B:No,Iclean(=completely)forgot.I’llphonehertomorrow.


4.WhenyouseeMandytomorrow,remember_____________________________hermyregards,won’tyou?

5.Someonemusthavetakenmybag.Iclearlyremember_____________________________itbythewindowandnow

ithasgone.

6.1believethatwhat1saidwasfair.1don’tregret_____________________________it.

7.(afteradrivingtest)Iregret_____________________________thatyouhavefailedthetest.

8.Keithjoinedthecompany15yearsago.Hewasquicklypromotedandbecameassistantmanageraftertwoyears.

Afewyearslaterhewenton_____________________________managerofthecompany.

9.Ican’tgoon_____________________________hereanymore.Iwantadifferentjob.

10.When1cameintotheroomLizwasreadinganewspaper.Shelookedupandsaidhellotome,andthenwenton

_____________________________hernewspaper.

11.Thisjacketisdirty.Itneeds_____________________________.

12.Thisisveryurgent.Ineed_____________________________withthemanagerimmediately.

Ex.4.(Review)Usetheverbsgiveninthecorrectform,GERUND,TO-INFINITIVE,BAREINFINITIVE.Remember

thatinsomecasesyouhavetwoalternativesandthatsometimesthereisachangeinthemeaning.

1.IsawBob_____________________________thecaryesterday.Ittookhimmorethan20minutestodoit.(wash)

2.IdrovepastPeter´shouseyesterday.Isawhim_____________________________hiscar.(wash).

3.Didyouremember_____________________________Marylastnight,ordidyouforget?(phone)

4.Ihaven´tphonedheratherhomelately.InfactIdon´tremember___________________herforalongtime(phone)

5.Ilookforward_____________________________tothatweddingpartyonFriday.(go)

6.Weused_____________________________onholidayeverysummerwhenIwasachild.(go)

7.Itstarted_____________________________atabout7:30thismorning.(rain)

8.Bobnevergotused_____________________________inthatpartofthecountry.(live)

9.Idon´tmind_____________________________thewashingup.AsamatteroffactIdoiteveryday.(do)

10.CouldyouhelpjJimmy_____________________________thatmathexercise,George?(do)

11.Pleaseletme_____________________________cartoons,mum.I´vealreadydonemyhomework.(watch)

12.Wheredidtheyagree_____________________________,inLaPazorinSucre?(meet)

13.Themenhavebeenwalkingupthehillforaboutanhour,sothey´llstop________________________(rest)awhile.

14.Thechildrenstopped_____________________________whentheteacherenteredtheroom.(talk)

15.Ican´tafford_____________________________thathouse.Itistooexpensive.(buy)

16.Theywanted_____________________________thesoccergameonTV.(watch)

17.Iamconsidering_____________________________toasmallerapartmentsoon.(move)

18.Iamplanning_____________________________toasmallerapartmentsoon.(move)

19.Heleftthehousewithout_____________________________thefrontdoor.(lock)

20.IthinkJaneisquiteused_____________________________withDr.Smith.(work)


PARTIII

TAGENDINGS.

LosTagEndingsseusanalfinaldeunaaseveraciónconelfindebuscarunaconfirmaciónoparaindicarqueloquese

afirmaestácorrecto.Equivalealapregunta¿Verdad?¿Noescierto?.Salvoqueestemosbuscandounaconfirmación,

normalmenteseusaunaentonacióndescendente.

Maryisathomenow,isn´tshe? Maryisn´tathomenow,isshe?

Youknowhimwell,don´tyou? Youdon´tknowhimwell,doyou?

BobleftonWednesday,didn´the? Bobdidn´tleaveonWednesday,didhe?

TheboyscanspeakFrench,can´tthey? Theboyscan´tspeakFrench,canthey?

Thomashasbeenherebefore,hasn´the? Thomashasn´tbeenherebefore,hashe?

ComoUd.haadvertido,lostagendingssiempreseexpresandelasiguientemanera:

Sujeto+aseveraciónafirmativa

Maryisathomenow,Youknowhimwell,

TheboycanspeakFrench,

Contracción+Pronombre(Nuncaunnombre)

isn´tshe?don´tyou?can´the?

Sujeto+aseveraciónnegativa

Maryisn´tathomenow,Youdon´tknowhimwell,

Theboycan´tspeakFrench,

VerboModal+Pronombre(Nuncaunnombre)

isshe?doyou?canhe?

EXERCISES

Ex.1.Addthepropertagending:

1.Hecomeshereeveryday.____________________________________ ?(Hecomeshereeveryday,doesn’the?)

2.ShecanspeakFrenchwell,______________________________________________________?

3.Theywillbehereearly,___________________________________________________________?

4.Heleftattwoo’clock, __________________________________________________________?

5.Hehastoworktomorrow,_______________________________________________________?

6.Hehasmanyfriendshere,_______________________________________________________?

7.Youliveuptown,_______________________________________________________________?

8.Shestudieswithyou, ___________________________________________________________?

9.Hewillbebacklater,____________________________________________________________?

10.Henryleftattwoo’clock, ________________________________________________________?

11.There´ssomemoremilkinthefridge,______________________________________________?

12.Bothmenlookverymuchalike,___________________________________________________?

13.I´myourbestfriend, ____________________________________________________________?

14.Mr.Smithhasseenthatmovie,___________________________________________________?

Ex.2.Addthepropertagending.NotethatallthesesentencesareformedwiththeverbToBE,usedeitheras

themainverborastheauxiliaryverb:

1.Johnisagoodstudent. ______________________________________ ?(Johnisagoodstudent,isn’the?)

2.Theywerebothabsentfromthelesson,____________________________________________?

3.Thewindisblowingveryhard,____________________________________________________?

4.HelenandhersisterarebothstudyingEnglish, _____________________________________?

5.Youarebusytoday, ____________________________________________________________?

6.I´mdoingtheexercisewell,______________________________________________________?

7.Georgeisaverytallboy,________________________________________________________?

8.Youwereabsentfromclassyesterday, ____________________________________________?

9.Itisbeginningtorain,___________________________________________________________?


10.Mr.Smithisoutoftown, ________________________________________________________?

11.Theyareleavingearlyinthemorning, _____________________________________________?

12.Therearemanystudentsabsenttoday,____________________________________________?


1.Marygoesshoppingeveryday._____________________________?(Marygoesshoppingeveryday,doesn’tshe?)

2.Suewasathomewhenyoucalledlastnight,_______________________________________ ?

3.Joséusedtoworkinthisoffice,__________________________________________________ ?

4.Williamhasbeenworkingveryhardtoday,_________________________________________ ?

5.WilliamwasborninCardiff,______________________________________________________ ?

6.Williamwillbeheresoon,________________________________________________________ ?

7.Thetrafficonthisstreetwasveryheavythatevening,________________________________ ?

8.Thesunsetsataboutsixo’clock, ________________________________________________ ?

9.Thesunissettingnow,__________________________________________________________ ?

10.Bob´sgoingtobuyanewcarthisyear,____________________________________________ ?

11.Theywentintothechurch, ______________________________________________________ ?

12.Theshoppingdistrictextendsformanyblocks,_____________________________________ ?


1.Hedoesn’tcomehereeveryday.__________________________ ?(Hedoesn’tcomehereeveryday,doeshe?)

2.Sheisn’tbusynow, ____________________________________________________________?

3.Theydidn’tcomewithher,_______________________________________________________?

4.Shecan’tspeakFrench, ________________________________________________________?

5.Theydon’tliveuptown,_________________________________________________________?

6.Hedidn’tvisituslastnight,______________________________________________________?

7.Shewon’tbeatthelessontomorrow,_____________________________________________?

8.Theydon’tknoweachother,_____________________________________________________?

9.Wedon’thavetocometoschooltomorrow, _______________________________________?

10.Theydidn’thavetoworkyesterday,_______________________________________________?

11.Hehasn’tgotanymoney, _______________________________________________________?

12.Theydidn’tarriveontime,_______________________________________________________?


1.Johnoftenwalkstothepostoffice._________________________ ? (Johnoftenwalks to thepostoffice,doesn’t

he?)

2.Henevergoesthereinthemorning.,______________________________________________?

3.Hefirstgoestothewindowmarked“Stamps.”, _____________________________________?

4.Hedoesn’talwaysbuystamps.,__________________________________________________?

5.Therearemanypeopleaheadofhim,_____________________________________________?

6.Thereareonlyafewpeopleaheadofhim,_________________________________________?

7.Hedoesn’talwayshavetowaitinline,_____________________________________________?

8.Hedidn’thavetowaitinlineyesterday,____________________________________________?

9.Hewon’thavetowaitinlinetomorrow,____________________________________________?

10.Hegavehimthestamps,________________________________________________________?

11.Johndidn’treceiveanychange,__________________________________________________?

12.Heputastampontheenvelope,_________________________________________________?

13.Hedidn’tmailanypackages, ____________________________________________________?

14.Buthedroppedtheletterintothebox, ____________________________________________?


Ex.6.Youthink,butyouarenotsure.Askquestions,usingtagendings.Readtheseexamples:

YouthinkMaryspeaksSpanish,butyou`renotsure.Yousay:MaryspeaksSpanish,doesn`tshe?

Youthinkthechildrencan`tswimwell.Yousay:Thechildrencan`tswimwell,canthey?

1. YouthinkJohn`sbeentoEnglandtwice,butyou`renotsure.Yousay:

________________________________________________________________________________________________?

2.YouthinkmyfriendscomefromWisconsin,butyou`renotsure.Yousay:

________________________________________________________________________________________________?

3.YouthinkBobdidn`tattendthemeetinglastMonday,butyou`renotsure.Yousay:

________________________________________________________________________________________________?

4.Youthinkthereisn`tanymorewhiskyinthebottle,butyou`renotsure.Yousay:

________________________________________________________________________________________________?

5.Youthinktheyhavetoworkalittlefaster,butyou`renotsure.Yousay:

________________________________________________________________________________________________?

6.YouthinkJaneshouldn`tdothatagain,butyou`renotsure.Yousay:

________________________________________________________________________________________________?

7.Youthinktheboyhashaddinneralready,butyou`renotsure.Yousay:

________________________________________________________________________________________________?

8.Youthinktherewastoomuchnoiseintheroom,butyou`renotsure.Yousay:

________________________________________________________________________________________________?

9.Youthinkyou´reagoodstudent,butyou`renotsure.Yousay:

________________________________________________________________________________________________?

10.Youthinktheboysworkedharderthanthegirls,butyou`renotsure.Yousay:

________________________________________________________________________________________________?

11.YouthinkIwouldn`tliketogothereagain,butyou`renotsure.Yousay:

________________________________________________________________________________________________?

12.YouthinkJohnputonhisnewsweater,butyou`renotsure.Yousay:

________________________________________________________________________________________________?

13.YouthinkIwasatthemeetingtoo,butyou`renotsure.Yousay:

________________________________________________________________________________________________?

14.Youthinkthetrainhadn`tleftyetwhenIgottothestation,butyou`renotsure.Yousay:

________________________________________________________________________________________________?


´


SPORTSANDRECREATIONDeportesyRecreación

amusementpark/amiuzmentpá:rk/parquedediversiones. lawn/ló:n/ césped

angling/ægliη/ pescaderío match/mætch/ partido(fútbol,box)

athletics/aθlétiks/ atletismo movietheater/múviθíater/ saladecine

baths/ba:θs/ baños,termas museum/miuzíam/ museo

beach/bi:tch/ playa nightclub/náitklab/ clubnocturno

bowling/bóuliη/ bocha oar/óar/ remo

boxing/bóksiη/ boxeo obstacle/óbstakl/hurdle/hé:dl/obstáculo,valla

car-racing/ka:rréisiη/ carreradeautos paddling/pæliη/ remodepaleta

casino/kazí:nou/ casinodejuegos park/pá:rk/ parque

cinema/sínema/ cine pentathlon/péntaθlon/ pentatlón

circus/sé:rkas/ circo picnic/píknik/ picnic

climbing/kláimiη/ andinismo ride/ráid/ paseoacaballo,etc

competition/kompetíshn/ competición rink/riηk/ canchadepatines

court/kó:rt/ cancha(tenis) rowing/róuiη/ remo

cycling/sáikliη/ ciclismo running/rániη/ carrera

championship/tchámpionship/campeonato seasideresort/sí:saidrisó:rt/ balneario

disco/dískou/ discoteca sightseeingtour/sáitsi:iηtúar/paseoturístico

diving/dáiviη/ buceo skating/skéitiη/ patinaje

drive/dráiv/ paseoenauto skiing/skí:iη/ esquí

excursion/ekskérshion/ excursión skiingresort/skí:iηrizó:rt/ centrodeesquí

exhibition/eksibíshion/ exposición sneakers/sní:kerz/ zapatillas

expedition/ekspedíshion/ expedición surfing/sé:rfiη/ surfing

fair/féar/ feria sweat-shirt/suétshé:rt/ polerón

fencing/fénsiη/ esgrima swimming/suímiη/ natación

field/fí:ld/ cancha(fútbol) sword/só:rd/ espada

fishing/físhiη/ pesca theater/δíater/ teatro

game/géim/ juego,partido tour/túar/ viaje,excursión

gliding/gláidiη/ planeo tournament/tó:rnament/ torneo

green/grí:n/ cancha(golf) track/træk/ pistadecarrera

horseriding/ho:rsráidiη/ equitación trekking/trékiη/ excursiónenmontaña

horse-racing/hó:rsréisiη/ carrerashípica trip/trip/ viaje

hunting/hántiη/ caza trunks/tráηks/ pantalonesdeatlet.

hurdling/hé:rdliη/ saltodevallas T-shirt/ti:shé:rt/ polera

ice-skating/áisskéitiη/ patinajeenhielo voyage/vóiidll/ viaje

javelin/dllævelin/ javalina walk/wó:k/ caminata

jogging/dllógiη/ trote water-skiing/wó:terskíiη/ esquíacuático

journey/dllé:rni/ Viaje weight-lifting/wéitlíftiη/ pesas

jumping/dllámpiη/ Salto

´


Keytoanswers

UNIT13

PARTI.

Ex.1.1hasbeenliving2.havebeenworking3.hasbeensitting4.havebeenstanding5.havebeenwaiting6.have

beenrunning7.hasbeenreading8.hasbeenwriting9.havebeenworkingout10.havebeendiscussing

Ex.2.1.Hehasn`tbeenliving.../Hashebeenliving...?2.Theyhaven`tbeenplaying.../Havetheybeenplaying...?

3.Janehasn`tbeenfeeling.../HasJanebeenfeeling...?4.Theyhaven`tbeendiscussing.../Havetheybeendiscussing...?

5.Bobhasn`tbeenswimming.../HasBobbeenswimming...?`t

Ex.3.1.WhathasHenrybeenreadingallmorning?2.WhathasBillbeendoingallmorning?3.Wherehavetheybeen

staying?4.Whyhavetheybeensavingmoney?5.HowlonghaveyourfriendsbeenlivinginMadrid?6.Whathasthe

boybeendoingsince7o`clock?7.Howlonghavetheybeenwaitingforataxi?

PARTII.

A.

Ex.1.1.togetmarried2.tohelpJack3.tocarrythewoman`sbag4.tomeetat8o`clock5.totellthemanher

name

Ex.2.(Possibleanswers)1.topost.2.toget3.tobuy4.(how)touse5.tobe6.tosay

Ex.3.1.watching2.togo3.going4.waiting5.togo6.barking7.tocall8.having9.missing

10.tofind

Ex.4.1.Heseemstohavelostweight2.Tomappearstobeworriedaboutsomething.3.Youseemtoknowalotof

people.4.MyEnglishseemstobegettingbetter.5.Thatcarappearstohavebrokendown6.Davidtendstoforget

things.7.Theyclaimtohavesolvedtheproblem.

Ex.5.1.howtoget2.howtouse3.whattodo4.howtoride5.whattosay6.whethertogo

Ex.6.1.gowithyou?2.lendyousome3.shutit4.youliketoshowyouhowtouseit5.youwantmetorepeatwhat

Isaid6.youwantmetowait

Ex.7.2.tocomeandstaywiththemforafewdays3.Bobuseherphone4.Hanstobecareful5.Janetogivehim

ahand.

Ex.8.1.metousehiscar.2.ittorain/itwouldrain.3.himdowhathewants.4.himlookolder.

5.youtoknowthetruth.6.metophonemysister.7.metoapplyforthejob.8.nottosayanythingtothepolice.9.

tobelieveeverythinghesays.10.youtotravelroundmoreeasily.

Ex.9.1.tosmoke2.togo3.todo4.read5.togo6.togo7.toeat8.cry9.tostudy.

B.

Ex.1.4.toget5.eating6.totake7.meeting/tomeet8.camping9.tohelp10.watching/towatch

11.cracking12.tofeed13.tobe14..moving15.toarrive16.going/togo17.tolock18.living19.writing20.jogging

21.tohire/hiring-coming22..tosay23.togoshopping24.towanttogosailing

Ex.2.1.stealing/havingstolen2.driving3.togo4.togo5.raining6.tobuy7.asking8.asking9.toanswer10.

breaking/havingbroken11.topay12.eating13.toshut14.meeting...tosee15.tocry/crying16.toget

Ex.3.2.lending/havinglentyou3.tophone.4.togive5.havingleft/leaving6.saying/havingsaid7.totell8.to

become9.working10.reading11.cleaning12.totalk/tomeet


Ex.4.1.wash2.washing3.tophone4.phoning5.togoing6.togo7.torain/raining8.toliving9.doing10.do/to

do11.watch12.tomeet13.(inorder)torest14.talking15.tobuy16.towatch17.moving18.tomove19.locking

20.toworking

C.

Ex.1.2.Shecanspeak...,can`tshe?3.They`llbe...,won`tthey?4.Heleft...,didn`the?5.Hehastowork...,doesn`t

he?6.Hehasmany...,doesn`the?7.Youlive...,don`tyou?8.Shestudies...,doesn`tshe?9.He`llbeback...,won`t

he?10.Henryleft...,didn`the?11.There`ssome...,isn´tthere?12.Bothmenlook...,don`tthey?13.I`myour...,aren`t

I?14.MrSmith``sseen...,hasn`the?

Ex.2.2.Theywerebothabsent...,weren`tthey?3.Thewind`sblowing...,isn`tit?4.Helenandhersisterareboth...,

aren`tthey?5.You`rebusy...,aren`tyou?6.I`mdoing...,aren`tI?7.George`savery...,isn`the?8.Youwereabsent...,

weren`tyou?9.It`sbeginning...,isn`tit?10.MrSmith`soutof...,isn`the?11.They`releaving...,aren`tthey?12.There

aremany...,aren`tthere?

Ex.3.2.Suewasathome...,wasn`tshe?3.Joséusedtowork...,didn´the?4.William`sbeenworking...,hasn`the?

5.Williamwasbornin...,wasn`the?6.Williamwillbe...,won`the?7.Thetrafficonthisstreetwasvery...,wasn`tit?

8.Thesunsets...,doesn`tit?9.Thesun`ssetting...,isn`tit?10.Bob`sgoingtobuy...,isn`the?11.Theywent...,didn`t

they?12.Theshoppingdistrictextends...,doesn`tit.

Ex.4.2.Sheisn`tbusy...,isshe?3.Theydidn`tcome...,didthey?4.Shecan`tspeak...,canshe?

5.Theydon`tlive...,dothey?6.Hedidn`tvisit...,didhe?7.Shewon`tbe...,willshe?8.Theydon`tknow...,dothey?

9.Wedon`thavetocome...,dowe?10.Theydidn`thavetowork...,didthey?11.Hehasn`tgot...,hashe?12.They

didn`tarrive...,didthey?

Ex.5.2.Henevergoes...,doeshe?3.Hefirstgoesto...,doesn`the?4.Hedoesn`talwaysbuy...,doeshe?5.There

aremanypeople...,aren`tthere?6.Thereareonlyafew...,aren`tthere?

7.Hedoesn`talwayshavetowait...,doeshe?8.Hedidn`thavetowait...,didhe?9.Hewon`thavetowait...,will

he?10.Hegave...,didn`the?11.Johndidn`treceive...,didhe?12.Heput...,didn`the?13.Hedidn`tmail...,didhe?

14.Buthedropped...,didn`the?

Ex.6.1.John`sbeentoEnglandtwice,hasn`the?2.YourfriendscomefromWisconsin,don´tthey?3.Bobdidn´t

attendthemeetinglastMonday,didhe?4.Thereisn`tanymorewhiskyinthebottle,isthere?5.Theyhavetoworka

littlefaster,don`tthey?6.Janeshouldn`tdothatagain,shouldshe?7.Theboyhashaddinneralready,hasn`the?8.

Therewastoomuchnoiseintheroom,wasn`tthere?9.I´magoodstudent,aren´tI?10.Theboysworkedharderthan

thegirls,didn`tthey?11.Youwouldn´tliketogothereagain,wouldyou?12.Johnputonhisnewsweater,didn`the?

13.Youwereatthemeetingtoo,weren`tyou?14.Thetrainhadn`tyetleftwhenyougottothestation,hadit?


UNIT14

PART1.ELTIEMPOPASADOPERFECTO(THEPASTPERFECTTENSE)

EstetiempoverbalseformaconelpasadodelverbomodalHave(HAD/hæd/)máselParticipioPasado(3ra.forma)

deunverboprincipalyseusaparadescribirunaacciónqueocurrióantesqueotraacciónsucediera.Porlotanto

estetiemponoseusaenformaindependiente,puessiemprevajuntoaunaoraciónexpresadaenpasadosimple.De

dosaccionespasadas,laquecronológicamenteocurrióprimerodebeirenelPasadoPerfecto.

Escuche,leayaprenda

Hansleftat8:15.Youphonedat8:25.

Hanshadalreadyleftwhenyouphonedthismorning./hánshadoñrédiléftweniú:fóundδismó:rniη/

Hansyahabíapartidocuandotúllamasteporteléfonoestamañana

Theshowstartedat10:30.Paularrivedatthetheaterat10:40.

TheshowhadalreadystartedwhenPaularrivedatthetheater./δeshóuhadolrédistá:rtidwenpó:larráivdatδeθíater/

ElespectáculoyahabíacomenzadocuandoPaulllegóalteatro.

Theoldmandiedat11:25.Theambulancearrivedafewminuteslater.

Bythetimetheambulancearrived,theoldmanhadalreadydied./baiδetáimδeæmbiulánsarráivdδeóuldmænhadolrédidáid/

Cuandolaambulanciallegó,elviejoyahabíafallecido.

Al igualqueenelPasadoContínuo, lasexpresionesdetiempoqueacompañanalPasadoPerfecto,sonaquellas

cláusulascompuestasporWHEN+S+PASADOSIMPLE:Whenyouphonedthismorning;WhenPaularrivedat

thetheatre;Bythetimetheambulancearrived.

Compare:

Theywerehavinglunchwhenyoucalled./δéiwe:rhæviηlántchweniú:kó.ld/

Ellosestabanalmorzandocuandotúllamaste. (Laacciónnohabíaconcluido)

Theyhadalreadyhadlunchwhenyoucalled./δéihadolrédihædlántchweniú:kó.ld/

Ellosyahabíanalmorzadocuandotúllamaste. (Laacciónyahabíaconcluido)

Enlaprimeraoración,laacciónexpresadaporelPasadoContínuotodavíaseestabarealizando(Theywerehavinglunch)

cuandolasegundaacciónocurrió(whenyoucalled),mientrasqueenlasegundaoraciónlaacciónexpresadaporel

PasadoPerfectoyahabíaconcluído(Theyhadalreadyhadlunch)cuandolasegundaacciónocurrió(whenyoucalled).

LaformanegativaseexpresaconHADNOT(oHADN´T/hædnt/)másunParticipioPasadoylaformainterrogativase

expresainvirtiendoelordendeHADconelsujeto.(Recuerdequeenlasoracionesnegativasdebeusaryetenvezde

already).Enlaspreguntasintroducidasconunapalabrainterrogativacomowhat,where,how,etc.,sedebeseguir

elmismoordendepalabrasusadoenlaspreguntassimples.


Hanshadnotleftyetwhenyouphonedthismorning./hánshadnótléftyétweniú:fóundδismó:rniη/

Theshowhadn´tstartedyetwhenPaularrivedatthetheater./δeshóuhædntstá:rtidyétwenpó:larráivdatδeθíater/

Theoldmanhadn´tdiedyetbythetimetheambulancearrived. /δióuldmænhædntdáidyétbaiδetáimδeæmbiuláns

arráivd/

HadHansleftalreadywhenyouphonedthismorning?/hadhánsléftolrédiweniú:fóundδismó:rniη/

HadtheshowstartedyetwhenPaularrivedatthetheatre?/hadδeshóustá:rtidyétwenpó:larráivdatδeθíater/

WherehadtheylivedbeforetheymovedtoSantiago?/wéarhadδéilívdbifó:rδéimú:vdtusantiágou/


WHATHADYOUDONE?/wóthadiú:dán/(¿Quéhabíahechoud.?)


EXERCISES

Ex.1.CompletethefollowingsentencesusingtheappropriateverbsinthePastPerfecttense.

1.Mary______________________already______________________tothecinemawhenIarrived.(go)

2.They_____________________already_____________________thediscussionwhenweenteredtheroom.(start)

3.Bob________________just_________________typingthereportwhenthegeneralcalledhimtohisoffice.(finish)

4.Whenthepolicearrived,thethief______________________already______________________.(disappear)

5.Shesaidshe______________________thereseveraltimesbefore.(be)

6.Assoonasheopenedthedoor,henoticedthatsomeone______________________hisTVset.(steal)

7.Thepolicemantoldusthatwe______________________thewrongroad.(take)

8.TheyarrivedonlytenminutesafterJohn______________________.(leave)

9.Bythetimethefiremenarrived,theneighbours_________________already_________________thefire.(putout

10.Mary_____________________already_____________________tobedwhenwearrivedhomelastnight.(go)

Ex.2.Completethefollowingsentencesusingtheverbsprovidedeither intheSimplePastor inthePast

PerfectTenses.

1.Robert(be)______________________ataxidriverbeforehe(become)______________________

abusinessman.

2.MrSmith(feel)______________________alittlebetterafterhe(take)______________________themedicine.

3.Theteacher(give,already)______________________thetestresultswhenI(get)____________________toclass.

4.Thedetectives (leave)______________________theplaceafter they (collect)______________________enough

evidence

5.Itwasraininghard,butbythetimethemeeting(be)______________________over,therain(stop)_____________

_________

6.Theshow(begin,already)______________________bythetimewe(get)______________________tothetheater,

sowequietly(take)______________________aseatintheback.

7.Millionsofyearsago,dinosaurs(roam)______________________theearth,butthey(become,already)__________

____________extinctbythetimemanfirst(appear)______________________

8.Thestudents(see,never) ______________________anyofRenoir´spaintingsbeforethey(visit)________________

______theartgallery.

9.Gloriaalmostmissedherplane.Alloftheotherpassengers(board,already)______________________bythetime

she(get)______________________totheboardinggate.

10.Yesterdayatarestaurant, I (see)_______________________________JohnPalmer,anoldfriendofmine. I (see,

not)_______________________________himinyears.Atfirst,I(recognize,not)_____________________________

_______________himbecausehe(lose)____________________________atleastfifteenkilos.

Ex.3.Changethefollowingsentencesintoa)thenegative,andb)theinterrogative.Rememberinthenegative

youmustuseYETinsteadofALREADY.

1. Tomhadalreadylefttheoffice. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

2. They´dalreadyspentallthemoney. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

3. Paulhadalreadysentherafax. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

4. Janehadseenthatmovietwice. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

5. Thechildrenhadalreadyhadsupper. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

6. MrsBentleyhadgonetobedalready. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________


Ex.4.AskquestionsusingquestionwordslikeWhat,Where,When,How,Howlong,etc.

1.Johnhadeatenthreesandwichesthatevening.

________________________________________________________________________________________________

2.Dr.BlackhadstudiedatHarvardUniversity.___________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________

3.TheengineerhadgraduatedfromUCLAin1945.

________________________________________________________________________________________________

4.Paulhadsoldhishousethepreviousyear.

________________________________________________________________________________________________

5.TheplanehadtakenofffromJFKAirportat23:25 ________________________________________________________________________________________________

6.He´dworkedintheArmyfor29yearswhenhebecameageneral.

7.They´dspentoverUS$3.000beforetheyarrivedinTokyo.

________________________________________________________________________________________________

8.Billhadmadethesamemistakethreetimes.

________________________________________________________________________________________________

9.Johnhadvisitedthemthatevening.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

10.ThegirlhadstudiedFrenchatschool.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________


1.Ellosnohabíanestudiadoallípormuchotiempo. _________________________________________________

2.Yonohabíavistounpartidodecrícketantes. _________________________________________________

3.¿Habíascomidoestoanteriormente? _________________________________________________

4.¿Porquénohabíasescritoanosotrosantes? _________________________________________________

5.Ellanohabíaleídoeselibroaún. _________________________________________________

6.ElloshabíanvisitadootrospaísesantesdeveniraUSA._________________________________________________

7.¿Dóndehabíanestadoellosesamañana? _________________________________________________

8.Ellahabíatrabajadoduropormuchotiempo. _________________________________________________

9.Ellanuncahabíaestadoenelextranjeroantes. _________________________________________________

10.Eldijoquehabíaestadomuyocupadoesedía. _________________________________________________


PARTII.

A. FORMATIONOFADVERBS;COMPARISONOFADVERBS

1. Formationofadverbs

Muchosadverbioseninglésseformanagregandoelsufijo-lyalosadjetivoscorrespondientes.

Thistrainisveryslow.(adjetivo)Itmovesveryslowly(adverbio)

Johnisacareful(adjetivo)driver.Hedrivescarefully(adverbio).

slow/slóu/lento slowly/slóuli/lentamente

quick/kuik/rápido quickly/kuíkli/rápidamente

careful/kéarful/cuidadoso carefully/kéarfuli/cuidadosamente

happy/hæpi/feliz happily/hæpili/felizmente

certain/sε:rten/cierto certainly/sε:rtenli/ciertamente

safe/séif/seguro safely/séifli/conseguridad

Existenalgunaspalabrasquepuedenactuarindistintamentecomoadjetivooadverbio,esdecir,noesnecesario

agregarelsufijo-lyaladjetivoparaformareladverbio.

Estossonlosprincipalesadjetivos/adverbios:

fast/fæst/ rápido/rápidamente;

hard/ha:rd/ duro,difícil,intenso/intensamente,

late/leit/ tarde/atrasado;

early/ε:rli/ temprano,tempranamente,adelantado

Examples:

Thisisahard(adj.)lesson.Ihavetostudyhard(adv.).

Theytooktheearly(adj.)train.Wearrivedthereearly(adv.).

EsimportantenotarqueexistenlaspalabrasHARDLYyLATELYquetienenunsignificadoespecial

Compare:

Bobworksveryhard.(arduamente) PeterhardlyworksonSaturday.(casino,apenas)

Theyarrivedlate(tarde,atrasados) Ihaven´tseenJohnlately.(últimamente)

2. Comparisonofadverbs

Cuandoestudiamos laComparaciónde losAdjetivos (Unit9),vimosque,dependiendodelnúmerodesílabas

deladjetivos,seagregabaelsufijo-ERoseanteponíaeladverbioMOREaladjetivoNormalmenteelGRADO

COMPARATIVODELOSADVERBIOSseexpresamedianteelusodeMORE+ADVERB+THAN:

JohndrivesmorecarefullythanBob.

Mikecamemorequicklythantheotherboys.

Abusrunsmoreslowlythanatrain.

ConlosadverbiosSOON,FAST,EARLY,LATEyHARD,elgradodecomparaciónseexpresamedianteelusodel

sufijo-ER.+THAN:

Wegottheresoonerthanweexpected.

Adogrunsfasterthanahorse.

MrBlakewillcalllatertonight.

Bobworksharderthananyoftheotherstudents.

Igotupalittleearlierthanusualtoday.


Hayalgunosadverbiosqueusanunaformadiferenteenelgradocomparativo.

well(bien) better(mejor)

badly(mal) worse(peor)

far(lejos) farther(máslejos)

Johnworkswell.JohnworksbetterthanWilliam.

Billbehavesbadlyinclass,butJackbehavesworseasarule.

Theywentveryfar.Wewentfarther.

LacomparacióndeigualdadseexpresaconAS+ADVERB.+AS

BobspeaksEnglishaswellasHelendoes.

HegetsupasearlyasIdo.

EXERCISES

Ex.1Supplytheadverbformoftheadjectiveinparentheses:

1.Johnlefttheofficequicklythatafternoon.(quick).

2.ShespeaksEnglish____________________________(beautiful).

3.Healwaysdrives____________________________(careful).

4.Sheworksvery____________________________everyday.(hard).

5.Wearrivedhome____________________________thatevening (early).

6.Hedidthework____________________________,asusual.(easy).

7.Wewalkedvery____________________________(quick).

8.1feelvery____________________________today.(good).

9.Healwaysdoeshiswork____________________________(good)

10.Hespeaksvery____________________________(fast).

11.Shepreparesherlessons____________________________(careless).

12.Theyacted____________________________inthatmatter.(bad)

Ex.2.Supplytheproperform:adjectiveoradverb:

1.Heisaverycarefulstudent.

2.Healwaysdoeshiswork____________________________(careful).

3.Helearnshislesson____________________________(quick).

4.Thisisan____________________________exercise.(easy)

5.1candothisexercise____________________________(easy).

6.Maryisa____________________________girl.(beautiful)

7.Shealsosingsandplaystheguitar____________________________(beautiful).

8.Johnwasvery____________________________(foolish).

9.Hecertainlyacted____________________________(foolish).

10.Itisalways____________________________toprepareforthefuture.(wise)

11.Theyacted____________________________indoing.that.(wise)

12.Wedrovetothehospitalvery____________________________(fast)

Ex.3.Expressthewordsinparenthesesincomparativeform:

1.JohnworksmorecarefullythanI.(careful)

2.Hecomeshere____________________________she.(often)

3.Igothere____________________________hedoes.(regular)

4.Theygetupeverymorning____________________________we.(early)

5.Hecomeshere____________________________hedidbefore.(frequent)

6.Sheplaystheguitar____________________________anyoneelse.(good)

7.Hecanrunmuch____________________________I.(fast).

8.Johnworks____________________________I(hard)

9.Hestudies____________________________Mary.(serious)


10.Igotobed____________________________you.(late)

11.Hewillarrive____________________________they.(soon)

12.Theycametowork____________________________usual..(early)

Ex.4.Expressinfullform,usingequalityofcomparison:

1.Hegoestobed____________________________I(late)

2.Hecanrun____________________________hisbrother.(fast)

3.JohnspeaksEnglish____________________________I.(good)

4.Hegetsup____________________________hissister.(early)

5.Shesings____________________________sheplays.(beautiful)

6.Heworks____________________________hecan.(hard)

7.Hecame____________________________hecould.(quick)

8.Thesunisshining____________________________itwasyesterday.(bright)

9.Speak________________________________________________________possible.(soft)

10.Hecamehere____________________________hecould.(early)

11.Wedrovetothehospital____________________________wecould.(fast)

12.Youcandoit____________________________I.(easy)

5.Expressinfullform,usingequalityofcomparison:

1.Hedoesn’twalkas/sofastasIdo.(fast)

2.Hecan’tcome____________________________we.(early)

3.Shecan’tplay____________________________shecansing.(good)

4.Ican’tdoit____________________________Ididitbefore.(easy)

5.Hedidn’tarrive____________________________weexpectedhim.(early)

6.Hedoesn’twork____________________________she.(careful)

7.Shedoesn’tspeak____________________________hersister.(good)

8.Hedoesn’tplaytennis____________________________heplaysbaseball.(bad)

9.Helendoesn´tattendclass____________________________Mary.(regular)

10.Bobdoesn´twork____________________________youdo.(hard)

B. REFLEXIVEPRONOUNS

Lospronombresreflexivossonlossiguientes:

Singular Plural

myself/maisélf/ ourselves/auersélvz/

yourself/io:rsélf/ yourselves/io:rsélvz/

himself/himsélf/

herself/he:rsélf/

itself/itsélf/

themselves/δemsélvz/

Lospronombresreflexivostienentresusosfrecuentes:

1. Seusanparaexpresaraccionesreflejas.

Bobcuthimselfwiththeknife.(Bobsecortóconelcuchillo)

Themenkilledthemselves.(Loshombressesuicidaron)

2. Seusanparaexpresarénfasis.(enestecasosetraducenconlaspalabras“mismo”,“personalmente”

TheKinghimselfwillvisitthedevastatedareas.(ElReyvisitarápersonalmentelazonadesvastada)

Imyselfwilldoit.(Yomismoloharé)


3. Seusan (con lapreposiciónby)para indicar la ideade“alone” (=solo,sin laayudao lacompañíadeotra

persona).

Thepoormanlivesbyhimselfinanoldhouse.(Elpobrehombrevivesoloenunacasavieja)

HansstudiesinagroupbutIstudybymyself.(Hansestudiaenungrupo,peroyoestudiosolo)

Thegirlsolvedtheproblembyherself.(Laniñaresolvióelproblemasola)

EXERCISES

Ex.1Supplythecorrectreflexivepronoun:

1.Johnhurt______________________________whenhefell.

2.Thebabycannotdress______________________________.

3.Helenburnt______________________________withthematch.

4.Williamshaves______________________________everyday.

5.Weenjoyed______________________________attheconcert.

6.Shelookedat______________________________inthemirror.

7.Somepeopleliketotalkabout______________________________

8.Doyouliketotalkabout______________________________?

9.Thelittlegirlcut______________________________withapen-knife

10.Ishave______________________________everymorning.

11.Thepoormankilled______________________________.

12.Hefellandhurt______________________________ontheice.

Ex.2.Supplythecorrectreflexivepronoun(emphaticuse):

1.Imyselfwilldoit.

2.Helen______________________________willdeliverthespeech.

3.Hesaidthathe______________________________couldmeetusattheairport.

4.They______________________________willdeliverthemerchandise.

5.We______________________________willwaitforyou.

6.ThePresident______________________________attendedtothemeeting.

7.MissSmith______________________________willspeaktous.

8.Theambassador______________________________willsigntheagreement.

9.John______________________________wrotetome.

10.Mary______________________________willattendthemeeting.

11.You______________________________mustspeaktohim,Peter.

12.You______________________________havetodoit,boys.

Ex.3.ForthewordALONEsubstitutetheprepositionBYwiththecorrectreflexivepronoun:

1.Johnlivesaloneinanapartment (Johnlivesbyhimselfinanapartment)

2.Shelikestostudyalone. ___________________________________________________

3.Iwenttothemoviealone. ___________________________________________________

4.Doyouliketogotothemoviealone? ___________________________________________________

5.Helikestowalkaloneinthepark. ___________________________________________________

6.Myauntlivesaloneinthecottage. ___________________________________________________

7.Heworksaloneinasmalloffice. ___________________________________________________

8.Hepreferstoworkalone. ___________________________________________________

9.Idonotliketoeatalone. ___________________________________________________

10.Idonotthinkhecandoitalone. ___________________________________________________

11.Boththeboysandthegirlsstudyalone. ___________________________________________________

12.Hewrotetheentirebookalone. ___________________________________________________


C.ELPASADODE“GOINGTO”(subject+was/weregoingto+infinitive)

Estaestructuraseusaparareferirseaaccionesque,habiendosidoplaneadasoplanificadasconanterioridad,nose

llevaronacaboporalgunarazón.

Compare:

Wearegoingtoplayfootballatmiddaytoday.(Nosotrosvamosajugarfútbolhoyalmediodía)

Weweregoingtoplayfootballatmiddayyesterdaybutitrained.(Nosotrosíbamosajugarfútbolayeralmediodía

perollovió)

EXERCISES

Ex.1.SubstitutethepastformofGOINGTofortheitalicized,verbs:

1.IintendedtocallyouyesterdaybutIforgot

IwasgoingtocallyouyesterdaybutIforgot.

2.Iplannedtogotothebeachbutitrained.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

3.Weplannedtotelephoneyoubutwecouldn’tfindyournumber.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

4.Weintendedtowaitbutwehadtoleave.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

5.IplannedtocomebackearlierbutIhadtoworkuntillate.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

6.Iintendedtogohomeearlybutthemanageraskedmetohelphim.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

7.Weintendedtowalkintheparkbutitwastoocold.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

8.IintendedtowriteyoualetterlastweekbutIcouldn´tfindyouraddress.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

9.Weplannedtoeatearlybutourguestsarrivedlate.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

10.Weintendedtogotoamoviefirstbutwehadtowaitforourfriendstoarrive.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

11.Weplannedtostudyforourexaminationbutsomefriendscalledonus(=visitedus).

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

12.TheyintendedtoleaveNewYorkyesterdaybuttheymissedtheirflight.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

Ex.2.Answerthequestionsasintheexample

1. Ann: DidyoutelephonePeterlastnight?

You: No,Ididn´t.IwasgoingtotelephonehimbutIforgot.

2. Ann: Didyoubuythecar?

You: No,Ididn´t.I________________________________________________________________________________

3. Ann: DidyouvisityourfriendslastSaturday?

You: No,Ididn´t._________________________________________________________________________________

4. Ann: Didyougooutafterdinnerlastnight?

You: No,Ididn´t._________________________________________________________________________________



NATURE/néitchar/LaNaturaleza

a) Geography/dlliógrafi/geografía

air/éar/ aire landscape/lændskeip/ paisaje

archipelago/a:rkipélagou/ archipiélago moon/mu:n/ luna,satélitenat.

bay/béi/ bahía mountainrange/máuntinréingll/ cordillera

beach/bí:tch/ playa ocean/óushn/ océano

canal/kanæl/ canal(artificial) peak/pi:k/,summit/sámit/ cumbre

canyon/kænion/ cañón peninsula/penínsiula/ península

countryside/kántrisaid/ campiña planet/plænet/ planeta

city/síti/ ciudad pond/pond/ laguna

cliff/klif/ acantilado prairy/préari/ pradera

coastline/kóuslain/ costa rainforest/réinfórest/ selvatropical

comet/kómet/ cometa river/ríver/ río

continent/kóntinent/ continente satellite/sætelait/ satélite

country/kántri/ país sea/si:/ mar

creek/krí:k/ riachuelo shore/shóar/ playa

channel/tchænel/ canal(natural) slopes/slóups/ lomas

desert/dézert/ desierto solarsystem/sóularsístem/ sistemasolar

earth/é:rθ/ tierra(planeta) space/spéis/ espacio

forest/fórest/ bosque,foresta spring/spriη/ vertiente

galaxy/gælaksi/ galaxia star/stá:r/ estrella

ground/gráund/ suelo,tierra strait(s)/stréit(s)/ estrecho

harbour/há:rbor/ rada,bahía stream/strí:m/ arroyo

hill/hil/ cerro,colina town/táun/ pueblo

island/áiland/ isla valley/væli/ valle

ithmus/íθmas/ istmo village/vílidll/ pueblito,villa

jungle/dllángl/ selva volcano/volkéinou/ volcán

lake/léik/ lago water/wó:ter/ agua

land/lænd/ tierra waterfalls/wóterfo:lz/ cataratas

landmark/lændma:rk/ hito

b) Vegetation/vedlletéishn/vegetacióin

branch/bræntch/ rama plant/pla:nt/ planta

bush/bush/ arbusto roots/ru:ts/ raíces

flower/flaúer/ flor seed/si:d/ semilla

fruit/fru:t/ fruto shrub/shrab/ arbusto,mata

grass/gra:s/ pasto tree/tri:/ árbol

leaf/li:f/leaves/li:vz/ hoja/s trunk/traηk/ tronco

c) Animals/ænimalz/Animales

alligator/æligéitor/ caimán flea/fli:/ pulga

ant/ænt/ hormiga fly/flai/ mosca

bear/béar/ oso goose/gu:z/geese/gi:z/ ganso/s

bee/bi:/ abeja hare/héar/ liebre

bird/bé:rd/ ave,pájaro hen/hen/ gallina

birdofprey/bé:rdovpréi/ avederapiña horse/ho:rs/ caballo

búfalo/báfalou/ búfalo horsefly/ho:rsflai/ tábano

bumblebee/bámblbí:/ moscardón insect/ínsekt/ insecto

butterfly/báterflai/ mariposa lion/láion/ león

cat/kæt/ gato louse/láus/lice/lais/ piojo/s

cock/kok/,cockerel/kókerel/ gallo monkey/máηki/ mono

´

´


cow/káu/ vaca mouse/máus/mice/mais/ ratón/es

crocodile/krókoudáil/ cocodrilo ostrich/óstritch/ avestruz

chicken/tchikin/ pollo rabbit/ræbit/ conejo

deer/dí:ar/ ciervo rat/ræt/ rata

dog/dog/ perro rhinoceros/rainoseros/ rinoceronte

dolphin/dólfin/ delfin seagull/sí:gal/ gaviota

donkey/dóηki/ burro seal/si:l/ foca

dragonfly/drægonflai/ libélula shellfish/shélfish/ marisco

duck/dak/ pato snake/snéik/ culebra

eagle/í:gl/ águila squirrel/skuírel/ ardilla

elephant/élifant/ elefante tiger/táiger/ tigre

fish/fish/ pez turkey/té:rki/ pavo

flamingo/flæmíηgou/ flamenco whale/wéil/ ballena


Keytoanswers

UNIT14

PARTI

Ex.1.1.had-gone2.had-started3.had-finished4.had-disappeared5.hadbeen6.hadstolen7.hadtaken

8.hadleft9.had-putout10.had-gone

Ex.21.hadbeen-became2.felt-hadtaken3.hadalreadygiven-got4.left-hadcollected5.was-hadstopped

6.hadalreadybegun-got-took7.roamed-hadalreadybecome-appeared8.hadneverseen-visited9.hadalready

boarded-got10.saw-hadnotseen-didn`trecognize-hadlost

Ex.31.Tomhadn`tleft...yet/HadTomleft...yet/already?2.Theyhadn`tspentall...yet./Hadtheyspentall...already/

yet?.3.Paulhadn`tsent...yet/HadPaulsent...already/yet?4.Janehadn`tseen.../HadJaneseen...?5.Thechildren

hadn`thad...yet./Hadthechildrenhad...already/yet?6.Mrs.Bentleyhadn´tgone...yet/HadMrs.Bentleygone...

already/yet?

Ex.41.HowmanysandwicheshadJohneatenthatevening?2.WherehadDr.Blackstudied?3.Whenhadthe

engineergraduatedfromUCLA?4.WhathadPauldonethepreviousyear?5.Atwhattime/Whenhadtheplanetaken

offfromJFKAirport?6.HowlonghadheworkedintheArmywhenhebecameageneral?7.Howmuchmoneyhad

theyspentbeforetheyarrivedinTokyo?8.HowmanytimeshadBillmadethesamemistake?9.Whohadvisitedthem

thatevening?10.Whatlanguagehadthegirlstudiedatschool?

Ex.5.1.Theyhadnotstudiedthereverylong.2.Ihadn`tseenacricketgamebefore.3.Hadyoueaten/hadthis

before?4.Whyhadn`tyouwrittentousbefore?5.Shehadn`treadthatbookbefore.6Theyhadvisitedothercountries

beforetheycame/beforecomingtotheUSA.7.Wherehadtheybeenthatmorning?8.She´dworkedhardverylong.

9.She`dneverbeenabroadbefore.10.Hesaid(that)he`dbeenverybusythatday.

PARTII.

A.

Ex.12.beautifully3.carefully4.hard5.early6.easily7.quickly8.well9.well10.fast

11.carelessly12.badly

Ex.2.2carefully3.quickly4.easy5.easily6.beautiful7.beautifully8.foolish9.foolishly

10.wise11.wisely12.fast

Ex.3.2.moreoftenthan3.moreregularlythan4.earlierthan5.morefrequentlythan6.betterthan7.fasterthan8.

harderthan9.moreseriouslythan10.laterthan11.soonerthan12.earlierthan

Ex.4.1.aslateas2.asfastas3.aswellas4.asearlyas5.asbeautifullyas6.ashardas7.asquicklyas8.asbrightly

as9.assoftlyas10.asearlyas11.asfastas12.aseasilyas

Ex.5.2.as/soearlyas3.as/sowellas4.as/soeasilyas5.as/soearlyas6.as/socarefullyas

7.as/sowellas8.as/sobadlyas9.as/soregularlyas10.as/sohardas.

B.

Ex11.himself2.itself/himself/herself3.herself4.himself5.ourselves6.herself7.themselves8.yourself/yourselves

9.herself10.myself11.himself12.himself

Ex.2.2.herself3.himself4.themselves5.ourselves6.himself7.herself8.himself9.himself10.herself11.yourself

12.yourselves


Ex.3.2.Shelikestostudybyherself3.Iwenttothemoviebymyself4.Doyouliketogotothemoviebyyourself?

5.Helikestowalkbyhimselfinthepark6.Myauntlivesbyherselfinthecottage.7.Heworksbyhimselfinasmall

office8.Hepreferstoworkbyhimself.9Idonotliketoeatbymyself10.Idonotthinkhecandoitbyhimself.11.

Boththeboysandthegirlsstudybythemselves12.Hewrotetheentirebookbyhimself.

C.

Ex.1.2.Iwasgoingtogotothebeachbut...3.Weweregoingtotelephoneyoubut...4.Weweregoingtowaitbut...

5.Iwasgoingtocomebackearlierbut...6.Iwasgoingtogohomeearly,but...7.Weweregoingtowalkinthepark

but...8.Iwasgoingtowriteyoualetterlastweekbut...9.Weweregoingtoeatearlybut...10.Weweregoingtogo

toamoviefirstbut...11.Weweregoingtostudyforourexaminationbut...12.TheyweregoingtoleaveNewYork

yesterdaybut...

Ex.2.(Possibleanswers)2.IwasgoingtobuyitbutIdecidedtosavemoremoneytobuyanewermodel.3.Iwas

goingtovisitthembutIcouldnotgooutoftownbecauseofthesnowstorm.4.Iwasgoingtogooutbutthendecided

tostayinandwatchthebaseballgameonTVinstead.


UNIT15

PART1.ELTIEMPOPASADOPERFECTOCONTINUO(THEPASTPERFECTCONTINUOUSTENSE)

EstetiemposeformausandoelPasadoPerfectodelverbomodalBE(HADBEEN/hadbi:n/)másunGERUNDIOdel

unverboprincipal.NormalmenteseusaenvezdelPasadoPerfectoconelfindeenfatizarlaideadecontinuidadde

laacción.


Themanhadworkedallday/δ mænhadwé:rkto:ldéi/

Elhombrehabíatrabajadotodoeldía.

Themanhadbeenworkingallday./δ mænhadbinwé:rkiηo:ldéi/

Elhombrehabíaestadotrabajandotodoeldía.

They´dplayedsoccerforabouttwohours./δéidpléidsókerforabáuttú:áuarz/

Elloshabíanjugadofútbolcercade2horas.

They´dbeenplayingsoccerforabouttwohours./δéidbi:npléiiηsókerfor báuttú:áuarz/

Elloshabíanestadojugandofútbolcercadedoshoras.

LasformanegativaseexpresausandoHADNOToHADN´T/hædnt/.EnlaformainterrogativasedebeanteponerHAD

alsujeto:


Theyhadnotbeenworkingallday./δéihadnótbi:nwé:rkiηo:ldéi/

Ellosnohabíanestadotrabajandotodoeldía.

Hadtheybeenplayingsoccerallday?/hadδéibi:npléiηsókero:ldéi/

¿Habíanestadoellosjugandofútboltodoeldía?

Howlonghadtheybeenplayingsoccer?/háulóηhadδeibi:npléiηsóker/

¿Cuántotiempohabíanestadoellosjugandofútbol?


WHATHADYOUBEENDOING?/wóthadiú:bí:ndú:iη/(¿Quéhabíaestadohaciendoud.?)

EXERCISES

Ex.1.CompletethefollowingsentencesusingtheappropriateverbinthePastPerfectContinuoustense

1.Tom________________________TVsince8:45thatevening.(watch)

2.Themen________________________for6hourswhentheygottothevillage.(walk)

3.Jack________________________Germanfor2yearsbeforetheysenthimtoGermany.(study)

4.Thegroundwasverywetthatmorningbecauseit________________________allnight.(rain)

5.What________________________they________________________beforewearrived?(do)

6.They________________________not________________________toomuchbeforethebarclosed.(drink)

7.We________________________forover12hourswhentheplanelandedinNewYork.(fly)


Ex.2.Changethefollowingsentenceintoa)thenegative,andb)theinterrogative

1.She´dbeenreadingamagazine. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

2.It´dbeenraininghardthatafternoon. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

3.Bobhadbeensleepingsince8.30. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

4.I´dbeenworkingoutfor20minutes. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

5.ThestudentshadbeenpractisingSpanish. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

6.Thepatienthadbeenfeelingbetter. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

Ex.3.AskquestionsusingquestionwordslikeWhat,Where,Howlong,etc.

1.They´dbeenstudyingthereportthatevening.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

2.Theboyhadbeenwatchingthestarsbeforehewenttobedthatnight.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

3.Mr.SmithhadbeensavingmoneybecausehewasplanningtotakeatriptoAfrica.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

4.TheJohnsonshadbeenlivinginthesamehouseforabout20years.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

5.HehadbeenteachingPhysicsfor2decadesinthatschoolbeforeheretired.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________


1.¿QuéhabíaestadohaciendoUd.esamañana?

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

2.LaSra.Brownhabíaestadotrabajandoarduamenteesedíaysesentíacansada.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

3.¿Cuántotiempohabíasestadoviviendoenesedepartamentoantesdecomprarestacasa?

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

4.Elloshabíanestadoconversandoaproximadamenteunahoraantesqueyollegara.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

5.Habíaestadolloviendotodalamañana.Elcieloestabadespejadoyelsolestababrillando.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

6.Ellahabíaestadotrabajandoeneseinformedesdelasemanaanterior.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

7.Eljoveningenierohabíaestadohaciendotrabajodeinvestigacióndurantemuchotiempo.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________


PARTII.

A. PASTTENSEOFSHOULD-OUGHTTO

LosverbosmodalesSHOULDyOUGHTTO(deberíaodebiera)tienenunaformadeexpresarelpasado.Enestecaso

estosverbosvanseguidosdeHAVE+UNPASTPARTICIPLE.Esimportantedestacarqueestaestructuraconllevauna

ideanegativa,expresaunreprocheocrítica.RaravezseusaOUGHTTOenoracionesnegativasointerrogativas.

Compare:

IshouldstarttostudyFrenchnow.(YodeberíacomenzaraestudiarFrancésahora)

ISHOULDHAVESTARTEDtostudyFrenchalongtimeago,butIdidnot.(Yodeberíahabercomenzadoaestudiar

Francéshacemuchotiempo,peronolohice)

Yououghttocomeearlier.(Deberíasvenirmástemprano)

YouOUGHTTOHAVECOMEearlier,butyoucamelate,asusual.(Deberíashaberllegadomástemprano,pero

llegasteatrasadocomodecostumbre)

EXERCISES

Ex.1.SupplytheproperpasttenseformofSHOULDorOUGHTTO(Alternateshouldandoughtto)

1.Heshouldhavestudied(study)beforehetookhisexaminations(buthedidn´t.)

2.Yououghttohavetelephoned(telephone)meyesterday(butyoudidn´t)

3.You________________________(go)totheoperawithuslastnight.Itwasexcellent.

4.He________________________(come)atteno’clocklastnightinsteadoftwelve.

5.You________________________(tell)methatyouwerenotabletocome.

6.HestartedtostudyEnglishlastmonth.He________________________(start)alongtimeago.

7.You________________________(nottell)heranythingabouttheaccident..

8.You________________________(telephone)tothepoliceassoonasyoureachedhome.

9.You________________________(attend)thelecturelastnight.Itwasveryinteresting.

10.You________________________(give)thatmoneytoMr.Smithyesterday

11.You________________________(notgive)ouraddresstoJohn.

12.I________________________(notgo)tobedsolatelastnight.

Ex.2.Completethefollowinginyourownwords,usingconstructionswithSHOULDHAVEorOUGHTTOHAVE:

1.Hewaitedformeonthecornerof42ndStreet,butheshould____________________________________________

(Hewaitedformeonthecornerof42ndStreet,butheshouldhavewaitedformeonthecornerof57thStreet.)

2.Hesentthepackagebyregularmail,butheshould_____________________________________________________

3.ShegavethemoneytoJohn,butsheshould__________________________________________________________

4.HeleftthebooksinRoom10,butheshould___________________________________________________________

5.Youtelephonedhimathisoffice,butyouought ________________________________________________________

6.Wesentherafax,butweshould_____________________________________________________________________

7.Heinvestedhismoneyinrealestate,buthe___________________________________________________________

8.Hestudiedengineeringincollege,butheshould _______________________________________________________

9.WewenttoMexicoonourvacation,butweshould_____________________________________________________

10.Theysentusthemerchandisebyparcelpost,buttheyshould____________________________________________

B. IDIOMATICVERBPHRASES:“WOULDRATHER”AND“HADBETTER”

Estasfrasesidiomáticasseusancomosifueranverbosmodalesyvanseguidasdeunbareinfinitive(Infinitivosin

“to”).Ambasserefierenasituacionespresentesofuturas.

Laoración“IWOULDRATHERWATCHTV”(PreferiríamirarTV)essinónimode“IprefertowatchTV”,mientrasque

laoración“YouHADBETTERSEEadoctorrightaway”(Seríamejorquevierasunmédicodeinmediato)essinónimo

de“Youshouldseeadoctorrightaway”o“Itisadvisablethatyouseeadoctorrightaway”


EnlasconversacióndiariatantoWOULDRATHERcomoHADBETTERseusanencontracción,comolosejemplos

siguientes:

I´dratherseeamoviethangototheopera.

He´dbetterseeadoctorimmediately

EnlaformanegativasedebeusarNOTdespuésdeWOULDRATHERoHADBETTER.Alformularinterrogaciones

sedebeanteponerWOULDoHADalsujeto,comoenestosejemplos:

I´drathernotgoatallthangowiththem. You´dbetternotmentionittoanyone.

Whatwouldyouratherdrink,teaorcoffee? WhathadIbetterdo,stayinbedalldayorseeadoctor?

AdemásdeWOULDRATHER,podemosindicaroexpresarpreferenciamedianteelusodePREFER......TOo

LIKE.....BETTERTHAN

Ipreferapplestooranges Ilikeapplesbetterthanoranges

IpreferwatchingTVtostudyingmath. IlikewatchingTVbetterthanstudyingmath.

I´dratherhaveanapplethananorange.

EXERCISES

Ex.1.ChangethesesentencestointroduceWOULDRATHER:

1.Iprefertowaithere. (I’dratherwaithere.)

2.Shepreferstocomebacklater. ___________________________________________________

3.Iprefertodrinkteawithmymeals. ___________________________________________________

4.Theyprefernottowaitoutside. ___________________________________________________

5.IPrefertostayathomeandwatchtelevision. ___________________________________________________

6.Weprefernottosayanythingtohimaboutit. ___________________________________________________

7.IprefertogotoSouthAmericaonmyvacation. ___________________________________________________

8.JohnpreferstogotothepartywithHelen. ___________________________________________________

9.Iprefernottogotothepartyalone. ___________________________________________________

10.Theyprefertospeaktohimathishome. ___________________________________________________

Ex.2.ChangethesesentencestointroduceHADBETTER

1.Itwillbebetterifyoucomebacklater. (You’dbettercomebacklater.)

2.Itwillbebetterifhegoestoadoctoratonce. ___________________________________________________

3.Itwillbebetterifyourestawhile. ___________________________________________________

4.Itwillbebetterifhetakesprivatelessons. ___________________________________________________

5.Itwillbebetterifshespendsmoretimeonherhomework._______________________________________________

6.Itwillbebetterifwesendhimane-mailrightaway. ___________________________________________________

7.Itwillbebetterifwedon’tmentionittohim. ___________________________________________________

8.Itwillbebetterifyoudon’tworksohardafteryourillness. _______________________________________________

9.Itwillbebetterifwedon’tstandsoclosetothecurb.___________________________________________________

10.ItwillbebetterifHelenbeginstospendmoretimeonherEnglish. ________________________________________

Ex.3CompletethesentenceswithTHAN,BETTERTHANorTO.

1.WhenI’mhotandthirsty,Iprefercolddrinkstohotdrinks.

2.WhenI’mhotandthirsty,Ilikecolddrinksbetterthanhotdrinks.

3.WhenI’mhotandthirsty,I’dratherhaveacolddrinkthanahotdrink.

4.Ipreferchicken______________________________beef.

5.Ilikechicken______________________________beef.

6.I’drathereatchicken______________________________beef.

7.WhenIchooseabook,Iprefernonfiction______________________________fiction.

8.Ilikerock‘nroll______________________________classicalmusic.

9.Tinawouldratherlieonthebeach______________________________goswimming.


10.Tinalikeslyingonthebeach______________________________goingswimming.

11.Tinapreferslyingonthebeach______________________________goingswimming.

12.Myparentswouldratherwork______________________________retire.Theyenjoytheirjobs.

13.Doyoulikefreshvegetables______________________________frozenorcannedvegetables?

14.Iwouldrathertakeapictureofawildanimal______________________________killitwithagun.

15.Mr.Kimpreferstea______________________________coffeewithhiseveningmeal.

16.Iprefervisitingmyfriendsintheevening______________________________watchingTVbymyself.

17.Mybrotherwouldratherreadabookintheevening______________________________visitwithfriends.

18.Mysisterlikeshermathclass______________________________herbiologyclass.

C.MODALVERBS(II)

1. COULD(DOSOMETHING)ANDCOULDHAVE(DONESOMETHING)

Comosabemos,COULDeselpasadoCAN(poder,sercapazde)

• Listen.Icanhearsomething.(Puedooiralgo)(Present).

• Ilistened.Icouldhearsomething(Podíaoiralgo)(Past)

PeroCOULDtambiénsepuedeusarcuandoqueremosreferirnosaaccionesposiblesderealizarahoraoenel

futuro,especialmentecuandodeseamoshacerunasugerencia.EnestecasoCOULDsignificapodría,podrías,

podríamos,etc.

• John:Whatshallwedothisevening?

Mary:Wecouldgo(podríamosir)tothecinema.There´saverygoodfilmonattheRex.

• It´saniceday.Wecouldgoforawalk(podríamossaliracaminar)inthepark.

• WhenyougotoNewYorknextmonth,youcouldstay(podríasquedarte)withBarbara.

• Jim:Ifyouneedmoney,whydon´tyouaskKaren?

Tom:Yes,IsupposeIcoulddothat(podríahacereso).

TambiénCOULDseusaparareferirseaalgoqueesposibleahoraoenelfuturo.EnestecasoCOULDessinónimo

deMIGHT.

• Thephone´sringing.ItcouldbeTim.(podríaserTim)

• Idon´tknowwhenthey´llbehere.Theycouldarrive(podríanllegar)atanytime.

Comparelassiguientesoraciones:

• IamsotirednowthatIcouldsleepforaweek.(Present)(Estoytancansadoahoraquepodríadormirdurante

unasemana.

• IwassotiredthatdaythatIcouldhavesleptforaweek.(Estabatancansadoesedíaquepodríahaberdormido

unasemana)(Past)

COULDHAVE+PASTPARTICIPLEseusaparareferirseaaccionesquepudiendohaberserealizadoosucedido,

noserealizarononosucedieron.

• WhydidyoustayatahotelwhenyoucametoSantiago.Youcouldhavestayedwithus.(Pudríashaberte

quedadoconnosotros)

• Johnfelloffaladderyesterdaybuthe´sallright.Hecouldhavehurthimselfbadly.(Podríahaberselastimado

seriamente)


Avecesestaestructurapuedeusarseparaexpresarlaideade“WOULDHAVEBEENABLETO”(habríapodido)

• Whydidn´tLizapplyforthejob?Shecouldhavegotit.(Podríahaberloconseguido)

• Wecouldhavegoneaway(podríamoshabersalido)ifwe´dhadenoughmoney.

• Thetripwascancelledlastweek.Paulcouldn´thavegone(nohabríapodidosalir)anywaybecausehewasill.

EXERCISES

Ex.1.Answerthequestionswithasuggestion.UseCOULD.

1.Whereshallwegoforourholidays?(toScotland). WecouldgotoScotland.

2.Whatshallwehavefordinnertonight?(fish) We_______________________________________________

3.WhatshallIgiveAnnforherbirthday?(abook) You_______________________________________________

4.WhenshallIphoneAngela?(rightnow) __________________________________________________

5.WhenshallwegoandseeTom?(onFriday) __________________________________________________

6.Whereshallwehangthispicture?(inthekitchen) __________________________________________________

Ex.2PutinCANorCOULD.Sometimeseitherwordispossible.

1.A:Thephoneisringing.Whodoyouthinkitis?’ B:It______________________________beTim.

2.I’mreallyhungry.I______________________________eatahorse!

3.Ifyou’reveryhungry,we______________________________havedinnernow.

4.It’ssonicehere.I______________________________stayherealldaybutunfortunatelyIhavetogo.

5.‘Ican’tfindmybag.Haveyouseenit?’‘No,butit______________________________beinthecar.’

6.Peterisakeenmusician.Heplaysthefluteandhe______________________________alsoplaythepiano.

7.‘Whatshallwedo?’‘There’safilmontelevision.We______________________________watchthat’.

8.Theweatherisnicenowbutit______________________________changelater.

Ex.3.Completethesentences.UseCOULDorCOULDHAVE+asuitableverb.

1. A:Whatshallwedothisevening?B:Idon’tmind.Wecouldgotothecinema.

2. A:Ihadaveryboringeveningathomeyesterday.‘

B:Whydidyoustayathome?You______________________________tothecinema.

3. A:There’saninterestingjobadvertisedinthepaper.You______________________________forit.

B:Whatsortofjobisit?Showmetheadvertisement.

4. A:Didyougototheconcertlastnight?

B:No.We______________________________butwedecidednotto.

5. A:Whereshallwemeettomorrow?

B:Well,I______________________________toyourhouseifyoulike.

Ex.4.ReadthisinformationaboutKen:

Kendidn’tdoanythingonSaturdayevening. Kenwasshortofmoneylastweek.

Kendoesn’tknowanythingaboutmachines. Ken´scarwasstolenonMonday.

KenwasfreeonMondayafternoon. KenhadtoworkonFridayevening.

SomepeoplewantedKentododifferentthingslastweekbuttheycouldn’tcontacthim.Sohedidn’tdoanyof

thesethings.Youhavetosaywhetherhecouldhavedoneorcouldn’thavedonethem.

1. Ken’sauntwantedhimtodrivehertotheairportonTuesday.

Hecouldn´thavedrivenhertotheairport(becausehiscarhadbeenstolen)

2. AfriendofhiswantedhimtogooutforamealonFridayevening.

Ken___________________________________________________________________________________________

3. AnotherfriendwantedhimtoplaytennisonMondayafternoon.

Ken___________________________________________________________________________________________

4. JackwantedKentolendhim£50lastweek.

______________________________________________________________________________________________


5. JanewantedKentocometoherpartyonSaturdayevening.

He____________________________________________________________________________________________

6. Ken’smotherwantedhimtorepairherwashingmachine.

______________________________________________________________________________________________

2. MUST,CAN´T,MUSTHAVE,ANDCAN´THAVE

SabemosqueunodelosusosdeMUSTeseldeexpresarunasuposición,oconclusión;esdecir,cuandoestamos

segurosquealgoesasí,comoenlossiguientesejemplos:

• Youhavebeenworkingallday.Youmustbeverytired.(Debesestarmuycansado)

• A:“Jimisahardworker”

B:Jim?Ahardworker?Youmustbejoking(Debesestarbromeando)He´sverylazy”

• Carolmustgetverybored(debeaburrirsemucho)inherjob.Shedoesthesamethingeveryday.

Cuandoestamossegurosdequealgonoesposible,quenopuedesercierto,debemosusarCAN´T,comoenlos

siguientesejemplos:

• You´vejusthadlunch.Youcan´tbehungryalready.(Nopuedesestarconhambreya)

• Theyhaven´tlivedhereverylong.Theycan´tknowmanypeople.(Nopuedenconocermuchagente)

EnsituacionespasadassedebeusarMUSTHAVE+PASTPARTICIPLEoCAN´THAVE+PASTPARTICIPLE.

Estudielossiguientesejemplos:

• Georgeisoutsidehisfriends´house.He´srungthedoorbellthreetimesbutnobodyhasansweredTheymust

havegoneout.(Debenhabersalido)

• ThephonerangbutIdidn´thearit.Imusthavebeenasleep.(Debohaberestadodormido)

• Janewalkedpastmewithoutspeaking.Shecan´thaveseenme.(Nodebehabermevisto)

• Itwasabout9:15intheevening.Tomwasinhisbedroom.HemusthavebeenwatchingthenewsonTV.He

can´thavebeensleeping(DeberhaberestadoviendolasnoticasenTV.Nopuedehaberestadodurmiendo)

Notelapronunciacióndelassiguientesoraciones:

Youmustbeverytired./iú:másbi:vérytáiard/

Theymusthavegoneout./δeimástavgónáut/

Shecan´thaveseenme./sh:ká:ntavsí:nmi:/

HemusthavebeenwatchingTV../hi:mástavbi:nwótchiδηtí:ví:/

Hecan´thavebeensleeping/hi:ká:ntavbi:nslí:piδη/

EXERCISES

Ex.1.PutinMUSTorCAN’T.

1.You’vebeentravellingallday.You___________________beverytired.

2.Thatrestaurant___________________beverygood.It’salwaysfullofpeople.

3.Thatrestaurant___________________beverygood.It’salwaysempty.

4.You’regoingonholidaynextweek.You___________________belookingforwardtoit.

5.Itrainedeverydayduringtheirholiday,sothey___________________havehadaverynicetime.

6.Congratulationsonpassingyourexam.You___________________beverypleased.

7.Yougothereveryquickly.You.___________________havewalkedveryfast.

8.BillandSuegoawayonholidayveryoften,sothey___________________beshortofmoney.

Ex.2Completethesentenceswithaverbinthecorrectform.

1.I’velostoneofmygloves.Imust_____________________________itsomewhere.

2.Theyhaven’tlivedhereverylong.Theycan’t_____________________________manypeople.

3.Tedisn’tatworktoday.Hemust_____________________________ill.

4.Tedwasn’tatworklastweek.Hemust___________________________ill.


5.(Thedoorbellrings)Iwonderwhothatis.Itcan’t____________________Mary.She’sstillatworkatthistime.

6.Carolknowsalotaboutfilms,Shemust_____________________tothecinemaalot.

7.Look.Jackisputtingonhishatandcoat.Hemust_____________________________out.

8.Ileftmybikeoutsidethehouselastnightandthismorningitwasn’tthereanymore.Somebodymust

_____________________________it.

9.Annwasinaverydifficultsituation.Itcan’t_____________________________easyforher.

10.Thereisamanwalkingbehindus.Hehasbeenwalkingbehindusforthelast20minutes.Hemust

_____________________________us.

Ex.3.ReadthesituationsandusethewordsinbracketstowritesentenceswithMUSTHAVEandCAN’THAVE.

1.ThephonerangbutIdidn’thearit.(I/asleep) 1musthavebeenasleep.

2.Janewalkedpastmewithoutspeaking.(she/see/me)

______________________________________________________________________________________________

3.Thejacketyouboughtisverygoodquality.(it/veryexpensive)

______________________________________________________________________________________________

4.Ihaven’tseenthepeoplenextdoorforages.(they/goaway)

______________________________________________________________________________________________

5.Ican’tfindmyumbrella.(I/leaveitintherestaurantlastnight)

______________________________________________________________________________________________

6.Donpassedtheexamwithoutstudyingforit.(theexam/verydifficult)

______________________________________________________________________________________________

7.Shekneweverythingaboutourplans.(she/listen/toourconversation)

______________________________________________________________________________________________

8.FionadidtheoppositeofwhatIaskedhertodo.(she/understand/whatIsaid)

______________________________________________________________________________________________

9.WhenIwokeupthismorning,thelightwason.(I/forget/toturnitoff)

______________________________________________________________________________________________

10.Thelightswereredbutthecardidn’tstop.(thedriver/see/theredlight)

______________________________________________________________________________________________

11.Iwaswokenupinthemiddleofthenightbythenoisenextdoor.(theneighbours/have/aparty)

______________________________________________________________________________________________

3. MAY/MIGHTANDMAYHAVE/MIGHTHAVE+PASTPARTICIPLE

LosverbosmodalesMAY/MIGHTseusanfrecuentementeparaindicarunaposibilidad:

*Itmaybetrue(Puedequeseacierto)Itmightbetrue(Podríasercierto).(=perhapsitistrue)

*Shemayknowwhathappened(Puedequeellasepa...)Shemightknow(Ellapodríatalvezsaber...)whathappened..

(=perhapssheknowswhathappened)

LaformanegativaseexpresausandoMAYNOToMIGHTNOT

*Itmightnotbetrue.(Podríanosercierto)(=perhapsitisn’ttrue)

*I’mnotsurewhetherIcanlendyousomemoney.Imaynothaveenough.(Puedequenotengasuficiente)(=perhaps

Idon’thaveenough)

EnelpasadopodemosusarMAYHAVE+pastparticipleoMIGHTHAVE+pastparticiple.

• A:IwonderwhyKaydidn’tanswerthephone.

B:Shemayhavebeenasleep.(Puedequehayaestadodurmiendo)(=perhapsshewasasleep)

• A:Ican’tfindmybaganywhere.

B:Youmighthaveleftitintheshop(Podríashaberladejado...)(=perhapsyouleftitintheshop)

• A:IwassurprisedthatSarahwasn’tatthemeeting.

B:Shemightnothaveknownaboutit.(Puedequenohayasabido)(=perhapsshedidn’tknow)

• A:IwonderwhyColinwasinsuchabadmoodyesterday.

B:Hemaynothavebeenfeelingwell.(Puedequenohayaestadosintiéndosebien)(=perhapshewasn’t

feelingwell)


EXERCISES

Ex.1.WritethesesentencesinadifferentwayusingMAY(orMIGHT)),MAYHAVE(orMIGHTHAVE).

1.PerhapsMargaretisinheroffice. Shemightbeinheroffice.

2.PerhapsMargaretisbusy. ___________________________________________________

3.Perhapssheisworking. ___________________________________________________

4.Perhapsshewantstobealone. ___________________________________________________

5.Perhapsshewasillyesterday. ___________________________________________________

6.Perhapsshewenthomeearly. ___________________________________________________

7.Perhapsshehadtogohomeearly. ___________________________________________________

8.Perhapsshewasworkingyesterday. ___________________________________________________

Insentences9-11useMAYNOTorMIGHTNOT.

9.Perhapsshedoesn’twanttoseeme. ___________________________________________________

10.Perhapssheisn’tworkingtoday. ___________________________________________________

11.Perhapsshewasn’tfeelingwellyesterday. ___________________________________________________

Ex.2Completethesentenceswithaverbinthecorrectform.

1.‘Where’sBob?’‘I’mnotsure.Hemight...behavinglunch.’

2.‘WhoisthatmanwithAnn?’‘I’mnotsure.Itmight________________________________________ herbrother.’

3.‘WhowasthemanwesawwithAnnyesterday?’‘I’mnotsure.Itmight ______________________ herbrother.’

4.‘Whyarethosepeoplewaitinginthestreet?’‘Idon’tknow.Theymight ________________________ forabus.’

5.‘ShallIbuythisbookforTim?’‘You’dbetternot.Hemight___________________________________ italready.’

Ex.3Readthesituationsandmakesentencesfromthewordsinbrackets.UseMAYorMIGHT.

1. Ican’tfindGeorgeanywhere.Iwonderwhereheis.

a(he/go/shopping) Hemayhavegoneshopping.

b(he/play/tennis) Hemightbeplayingtennis

2. I’mlookingforHelen.Doyouknowwheresheis?

a(she/watch/TV/inherroom) ___________________________________________________

b(she/go/out) ___________________________________________________

3. Ican’tfindmyumbrella.Haveyouseenit?

a(it/be/inthecar) ___________________________________________________

b(you/leave/intherestaurantlastnight) ___________________________________________________

4. Whydidn’tTomanswerthedoorbell?I’msurehewasinthehouseatthetime.

a(he/be/inthebathroom) ___________________________________________________

b(he/not/hear/thebell) ___________________________________________________

Ex.4.CompletethesentencesusingMIGHT,MIGHTNOTorCOULD,COULDN’T.

1.A:Doyouthinkshesawyou?

B:No,shewastoofaraway.Shecouldn´thaveseenme

2.A:Iwonderwhyshedidn´tsayhello.Perhapsshedidn´tseeme.

B:That´spossible.Shemightnothaveseenyou.

3.A:IwonderwhyAnndidn´tcometotheparty.Perhapsshewasn´tinvited.

B:Yes,it´spossible.She ________________________________________________________________________

4.A:Tomlovesparties.I´msurehewouldhavecometothepartyifhe´dbeeninvited.

B:Iagree.He__________________________________________________________________________________

5.A:Iwonderhowthefirestarted.Doyouthinkitwasanaccident?

B.Thepolicesayit_____________________________________________________________________________

6.A:Howdidthefirestart?Isupposeitwasanaccident.

B:Well,thepolicearen´tsure.Theysayit__________________________________________________________


VOCABULARY:Studythesewords

THEWEATHER/(ewé(er/EltiempoAtmosférico

blizzard/blízard/ ventisca rainfall/réinfo:l/ lluviacaída

breeze/brí:z/ brisa scatteredshower/skæterdsháuer/ chubascoocasional

cloud/kláud/ nube shower/sháuer/ chubasco

cloudy/kláudi/ nublado sleet/slí:t/ aguanieve

coldwave/kóuldwéiv/ ondadefrío snowfall/snóufo:l/ nevazón

cyclone/sáikloun/ ciclón snowflake/snóufleik/ copodenieve

dew/diu:/ rocío sunny/sáni/ soleado

downpour/dáunpoar/ aguacero sunnyintervals/sániíntervolz/ intervalosdesol

drizzle/drízl/ llovizna sunnypatches/sánipætchiz/ clarosdesol

drought/dráut/ sequía sunnyspells/sánispelz/ ratosdesol

flood/flad/ inundación thunder/θánder/ trueno

flashflood/flæshflad/ torrente,aluvióndeagua thunderbolt/θánderboult/ rayo

fog/fog/ neblina,bruma thunderstorm/θándersto:rm/ tormentaeléctrica

foggy/fógi/ brumoso thundery/θánderi/ tormentoso(torm.eléctica)

frost/frost/ escarcha tornado/tornéidou/ tornado

gale/géil/ ventarrón twister/tuíster/ tromba,remolino

hail/heil/ granizo typhoon/taifú:n/ tifón

heatwave/hi:twéiv/ ondadecalor whirlwind/wé:rlwind/ remolino

hurricane/hárikein/ huracán wind/wind/ viento

ice/áis/ hielo windy/wíndi/ conviento

landslide/lændslaid/ aluvióndebarro

lightningflash/láitniηflæsh/ relámpago

mist/mist/ brumamatinal

misty/místi/ brumoso

´

´


Keytoanswers

UNIT15

PARTI

Ex.1.1.hadbeenwatching2.hadbeenwalking3.hadbeenstudying4.hadbeenraining5.had-beendoing6.had

-beendrinking7.hadbeenflying

Ex.2.1.Shehadn`tbeenreading... /Hadshebeenreading...?2. Ithadn`tbeenraing... /Had itbeenraining...?

3.Bobhadn´tbeensleeping.../HadBobbeensleeping...?4.Ihadn´tbeenworking.../HadIbeenworking...?5.The

studentshadnotbeenpracticing.../Hadthestudentsbeenpracticing...?6.Thepatienthadn´tbeenfeeling.../Had

thepatientbeenfeeling...?

Ex.3.1.whathadtheybeendoingthatevening?2.Whathadtheboybeenwatching?3.WhyhadMr.Smithbeen

savingmoney?4.HowlonghadtheJohnsonsbeenlivinginthesamehouse?5.Howlonghadhebeenteaching

Physicsinthatschoolwhenheretired?

Ex.4.1.Whathadyoubeendoingthatmorning?2.Mrs.Brownhadbeenworkinghardthatdayandfeltverytired.

3.Howlonghadyoubeenlivinginthatapartmentbeforebuyingthishouse?4.They´dbeentalkingforaboutanhour

beforeIarrived..5.It´dbeenrainingallmorning.Theskywasclearandthesunwasshining.6.She´dbeenworkingon

thatreportsincelastweek/thepreviousweek.7.Theyoungengineerhadbeendoingresearchworkforalongtime.

PARTII

A.

Ex.1.3.Youshouldhavegone...4.Heoughttohavecome...5.Youshouldhavetold...6.Heoughttohavestarted...

7.Youshouldnothavetoldlher...8.Yououghttohavetelephoned...9.Youshouldhaveattended...10.Yououghtto

havegiven....11.Youshouldnothavegiven...12.Ioughtnottohavegone...

Ex.2.(Possibleanswers)2.havesentitbyairmail3.havegivenittoJane4.havelefttheminRoom11.5.tohave

telephonedhimathishome6.havesentherane-mail.7.tohaveinvesteditinstocks/shares.8.havestudiedmedicine.

9.havegonetoTahiti10.havesentitbyUPS/FedEx

B.

Ex.1.2.She´drathercomebacklater.3.I´dratherdrinkteawithmymeals.4.They´drathernotwaitoutside5,I´d

ratherstayathomeandwatchTV.6.We´drathernotsayanythingtohimaboutit.7.I´drathergotoSouthAmericaon

myvacation.8.JohnwouldrathergotothepartywithHelen.9.I´drathernotgotothepartyalone.10.They´drather

speaktohimathishome.

Ex.2.2.He´dbettergotoadoctoratonce.3.You´dbetterrestawhile4.He´dbettertakeprivatelessons.5.She´d

betterspendmoretimeonherhomework.6.We´dbettersendhimane-mailrightaway.7.We´dbetternotmentionit

tohim.8.You´dbetternotworksohardafteryourillness.9.We´dbetternotstandsoclosetothecurb.10.Helenhad

betterbeginmoretimeonherEnglish.

Ex.3.4.to5.betterthan6.than7.to8.betterthan9.than10.betterthan11.to12.than13.betterthan14.than

15.to16.to17.than18.betterthan

C.1.

Ex.1.2.Wecouldhavefish3.Youcouldgiveherabook.4.Youcouldphonehernow.5.Wecouldgoandseehim

onFriday.6.Wecouldhangitinthekitchen.

Ex.2.1.can/could2.could3.can/could4.could5.can/could6.can7.could8.could

Ex.3.2.couldhavegone3.couldapply4.couldhavegone5.couldcome


Ex.4.2.Kencouldn´thavegoneoutbecausehehadtowork.3.KencouldhaveplayedtennisonMondayevening

becausehewasfree.4.Hecouldn´thavelenthim£50becausehewasshortofmoney.5.Hecouldn´thavecometo

herpartybecausehedidn´tdoanythingonFridayevening.6.Hecouldn´thaverepaireditbecausehedoesn´tknow

anythingaboutmachines.

C.2.

Ex.1.1.must2.must3.can´t4.must5.can´t6.must7.must8.can´t

Ex.2.(Possibleanswers)1.haveleft2.know3.be4.havebeen5.be6.go7.begoing8.havetaken/stolen9.have

been10.befollowing

Ex.3.2.Shecan´thaveseenme.3.Itmusthavebeenveryexpensive4.Theymusthavegoneaway.5.Imusthaveleft

itintherestaurantlastnight.6.Theexamcan´thavebeenverydifficult7.Shemusthavelistenedtoourconversation.

8.Shecan´thaveunderstoodwhatIsaid.9.Imusthaveforgottentoturnitoff.10.Thedrivercan´thaveseenthered

light.11.Theneighborsmusthavebeenhavingaparty.

C.3.

Ex.1.2.Shemay/mightbebusy.3.Shemay/mightbeworking4.Shemay/mightwanttobealone5.Shemay

/mighthavebeenillyesterday.6.Shemay/mighthavegonehomeearly7.Shemay/mighthavehadtogohome

early8.Shemay/mighthavebeenworkingyesterday.9.Shemay/mightnotwanttoseeme.10.Shemay/might

notbeworkingtoday11.Shemay/mightnothavebeenfeelingwellyesterday.

Ex.2.(Possibleanswers)2.be3.havebeen4.bewaiting5.havebought

Ex.3.2a.Shemay/mightbewatchingTVinherroom.2b.Shemay/mighthavegoneout3a.Itmay/mightbein

thecar.3b.Youmay/mighthaveleftitintherestaurant4a.Hemay/mighthavebeeninthebathroom.4b.Hemay

/mightnothaveheardthebell.

Ex.4.3.mightnothavebeen invited..4.mighthavecome ifhe´dbeen invited.5.mighthavebeenanaccident.

6.mighthavebeenanaccident


UNIT16

PARTI.ELTIEMPOFUTUROPERFECTO(THEFUTUREPERFECTTENSE)

Estetiempoverbaldescribeunaacciónqueserácompletadaantesdeunafechaespecíficadadaenelfuturo.Este

tiemposeexpresausandoWILLHAVEmáselPASADOPARTICIPIOdeunverboprincipal.Lasexpresionesde

tiempousadasenelFuturoPerfectosonaquellasintroducidasconby+unafechafuturacomobyDecember15th,

bytheendofthismonth,bythistimenextweek,etc.TambiensoncomuneslasexpresionesquecontienenWHEN/

IF+S+PRESENTESIMPLE+UNAFECHAFUTURA,comoWhenPetergetshometonight(cuandoPeterllegue

acasaestanoche),Whenwegettothattowntomorrow(cuandolleguemosaesaciudadmañana),iftheyarriveafter

10tomorrow(siellosllegandespuésdelas10mañana),etc.


ByDecember15th,wewillhavelivedinthiscountryfiveyears./baidisémberδefift:nθwiwilhavlívdinδiskántrifáivyíarz/

Haciael15dediciembre,nosotroshabremosvividocincoañosenestepaís

BytheendofthismonththespaceshipwillhavereachedJupiter./baiδiéndovδismánθδespéishipwilhavrí:tchtdllúpiter/

Haciafinesdeestemes,lanaveespacialhabrállegadoaJúpiter.

WhenPetergetshometonight,Iwillhavehaddinneralready./wenpí:tergétshóumtunáitailhavhæddíneralrédi/Cuando

Peterllegueacasaestanoche,yoyahabrécenado

Whenwegettothattowntomorrow,we´llhavetravelledmorethantwelvehours./wenwigéttuδættáuntumórouwilhav

træveldmóarδantuelváuerz/Cuandolleguemosaesepueblomañana,nosotroshabremosviajadomásdedocehoras.

Ifourteamwinsthenextgame,wewillhavegottenourthirdtrophy./ifauartí:mwinzδenékstgéimwiwilhavgótenáuar

θerdtrófi/Sinuestroequipoganaelpróximopartido,nosotroshabremosganadonuestrotercertrofeo.

LaformanegativaseexpresausandoWILLNOTHAVE+pastparticipleyenlainterrogaciónseanteponeelverbo

modalWILLalsujeto.


Theywillhavefinishedtheworkby10:30

Theywillnot/won´thavefinishedtheworkby10:30.

Willtheyhavefinishedtheworkby10:30?

Whattimewilltheyhavefinishedthework?

Lapreguntahabitualenestetiempoes:

WHATWILLYOUHAVEDONE?/wótwiliu:h vdán/¿QuéhabráhechoUd.?

NotecomolapalabraWHENcambiaelsignificadodelassiguientesoraciones:

YoucomehereeverydayTúvienesacátodoslosdías

Whenyoucomeheretomorrow...Cuandotúvengasacámañana...

IhavetheinformationnowYotengolainformaciónahora

WhenIhavetheinformationthisafternoon...Cuandoyotengalainformaciónestatarde...

Sheisfreenow.Ellaestálibreahora

Whensheisfreenexttime...Cuandoellaestélibrelapróximavez...


EXERCISES

Ex.1CompletethefollowingsentencesusingtheverbsprovidedintheFuturePerfectTense.

1.Whenyouarriveatmiddaytomorrow,theJohnsons________________________already.(leave)

2.BytheendofMarch,theweather________________________considerably.(change)

3.Ifyoucomeatnoontomorrow,we________________________thework.(finish)

4.Ifhegetshereat6o´clock,they________________________home.(go)

5.Ifhedoesn´thurry,they________________________dinnerwhenhegetsthere.(have)

6.ByDecember,thestudents________________________theirfirstcourse.(complete)

7.I________________________inthiscountrytwoyearsnextOctober.(be)

8.Bytomorrow,I________________________allthesegrammarrules.(forget)

9.Whenhebecomesaman,he________________________manythings.(learn)

10.Bythistimenextmonth,you________________________fromyourillness.(recover)

11.BeforetheyleaveNewYorknextSunday,they________________________themostimportantplacesofinterest.

(visit)

12.Bytwoo´clock,they________________________and________________________.(come-go)

Ex.2.Whatthingswillyouhavedone:

a)bytheendofthismonth?

b)bytheendofthisyear?,and

c)whenyouretire?

Writeatleastthreesentencesforeachquestion.

a) Bytheendofthismonth,

1.Iwillhavefinishedreadingthisbook.

2.______________________________________________________________________________________________

3.______________________________________________________________________________________________

4.______________________________________________________________________________________________

5.______________________________________________________________________________________________

b) Bytheendofthisyear,

1.IwillhavecompletedthiscourseinEnglish.

2.______________________________________________________________________________________________

3.______________________________________________________________________________________________

4.______________________________________________________________________________________________

5.______________________________________________________________________________________________

c) BythetimeIretire,

1.Iwillhaveworkedasateacherforthirty-fiveyears

2.______________________________________________________________________________________________

3.______________________________________________________________________________________________

4.______________________________________________________________________________________________

5.______________________________________________________________________________________________


1.Elloshabránterminadoeseedificioantesdelfindeaño.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

2.Elyahabrárealizadotodossusplanesantestermineelverano.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

3.Antesdelasseisdelatarde,nosotrosyahabremosprocesadotodalainformación.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

4.Sinotomamosuntaxi,elconciertoyahabrácomenzadocuandolleguemosalteatro.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________


5.Lamayoríadelospájaroshabráemigradoalnorteantesquellegueelinvierno.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

6.Haciafinesdeestecurso,yoyahabréaprendidoaconversareninglés.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

7.Sisiguelosconsejosdesumédico,muyprontoUd.sehabrárecuperadodesuoperación.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

8.Antesdelamedianoche,losresultadosdeelecciónhabránsidoenviadosalaprensa.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

PARTII.

A. SEQUENCEOFVERBTENSES(CONCORDANCIADETIEMPOSVERBALES)

Observelasiguientetabla:

PRINCIPALVERB SUBORDINATEVERB

PRESENTPresent

Future

PASTPast

Conditional

Segúnlaregladelaconcordanciadelostiemposverbales,

a) CuandoelverboprincipaldeunaoraciónestáexpresadoenelTIEMPOPRESENTE, losdemásverbos

subordinadosdebenestarexpresadosenelTIEMPOPRESENTEoenelTIEMPOFUTURO;

b) CuandoelverboprincipalestáexpresadoenelTIEMPOPASADO,losdemásverbossubordinadosdebenestar

expresadosenelTIEMPOPASADOoenelPOTENCIAL.

Deacuerdoconestaregla,losverbosmodalesam/is/are,do/does,will,have/has,can,must,maydebenser

cambiadosalasrespectivasformasdelpasado:was/were,did,would,had,could,hadto,might.


MarysaysthatsheknowsBobwell.(MarydicequeconocebienaBob.)

MarysaidthatsheknewBobwell.(MarydijoqueconocíabienaBob.)

HesaysthathisfirstnameisRobert.(EldicequesunombredepilaesRobert)

HesaidthathisfirstnamewasRobert.(EldijoquesunombredepilaeraRobert)

Tomthinksthathecancometothepartytonight.(Tomcreequepuedeveniralafiestaestanoche)

Tomthoughtthathecouldcometothepartytonight.(Tomcreíaquepodríaveniralafiestaestanoche)

Themansaysthathewillcomeheretomorrow.(Elhombredicequevendráacámañana)

Themansaidthathewouldcomeheretomorrow.(Elhombredijoquevendríaacámañana)

Theysaytheymustbeattheairportat8:30.(Ellosdicenquedebenestarenelaeropuertoalas8:30)

Theysaidtheyhadtobeattheairportat8:30.(Ellosdijeronquedebíanenestarenelaeropuertoalas8:30)


EXERCISES

Ex.1.Changetopasttense,followingtheruleofsequenceoftenses:

1.Hesayshewillbehereatnoon. ___________________________________________________

2.IthinkIcanmeetyou. ___________________________________________________

3.Hehopeshecanbethereearly ___________________________________________________

4.Ithinkitmayrainthisevening. ___________________________________________________

5.Hewantstoknowwheresheis. ___________________________________________________

6.Hesaysheisverysorry. ___________________________________________________

7.Theyoungmantellsusheismarried. ___________________________________________________

8.Ithinkitwillbeveryhotthisafternoon. ___________________________________________________

9.Ithinkhewillbetherebyteno´clock ___________________________________________________

10.Hebelieveshecandoit. ___________________________________________________

11.Theweathermanpredictsitwillrain. ___________________________________________________

12.Hesayshehastowork.hardeveryday ___________________________________________________

13.Iknowwhereshelives. ___________________________________________________

14.Bobwantstoknowhowmanypeoplethereare. ___________________________________________________

15.Theboysayshehasseenthemovie. ___________________________________________________

16.Thegirlsayssheisstudyingforatest. ___________________________________________________

17.IthinkMrJonesmaybeinhisoffice. ___________________________________________________

18.Ithinkthere´llbealotofworktodo. ___________________________________________________

19.Idon´tknowwhereMaryis. ___________________________________________________

20.Idon´tthinkBobwilllikethenewjob. ___________________________________________________

Ex.2.Choosethecorrectform:

1.Hesaidhe(will,would)behere. ___________________________________________________

2.Hethinkshe(can,could)doiteasily. ___________________________________________________

3.Heaskedmewhere1(live,lived). ___________________________________________________

4.Ididn’tknowwhattheword(means,meant). ___________________________________________________

5.Thenewspapersaysit(will,would)rain. ___________________________________________________

6.Shesaidshe(wasgoing,isgoing)away. ___________________________________________________

7.ItoldhimthatI(cannot,couldnot)go. ___________________________________________________

8.Hesaidhe(hasbeen,hadbeen)asoldier. ___________________________________________________

9.Shesaidshe(doesnot,didnot)feelwell. ___________________________________________________

10.Idon’tknowwhathisname(is,was). ___________________________________________________

11.Ididn’tknowwhathe(is,was)tryingtodo. ___________________________________________________

12.Shesaidshe(may,might)belate. ___________________________________________________

B. THEPRESENTTENSEAFTERIF(ELTIEMPOPRESENTEDESPUESDEIF)

SedebeusarelTIEMPOPRESENTE (ynoel tiempofuturo)despuésde lapalabra IF,aúncuandonosestemos

refiriendoasituacionesfuturas.


IfJohncomes(no,“willcome”)tomorrow,hewillseeMary.

Ifitrains(no,“willrain”)nextSunday,theywillnotgotothebeach.

Delmismomodo,debemosusarelPRESENTE(ynoelfuturo)despuésdelaspalabrasWHEN(cuando),UNTIL(hasta

que),ASSOONAS(encuanto),BEFORE(antesque),AFTER(despuésque),UNLESS(amenosque),ASLONGAS

(durantetodoeltiempoque),uotrapalabrasimilarparaintroducirunacláusulasubordinadaeneltiempofuturo.



WhenJohncomesherethisevening,hewillseeMary.(CuandoJohnvengaacáestatarde,élveraaMary)

AssoonasIseeMrSmithtomorrow,Iwillgivehimyourmessage.(EncuantoyoveaaMrSmithmañanaledare

sumensaje)

Waithereinthelobbyuntilthebusarrives,withintenorfifteenminutes.(Espereaquíhastaqueelbusllegue,

dentrode10o15minutos)

EXERCISES

Ex.1.Supplythecorrectformoftheverbinparentheses:

1.Ifhe____________________________(arrive)ontimetomorrowmorning,hecangowithusonthecitytour.

2.lfit_____________________not______________________(rain)tomorrow,wemaygotothebeach.

3.lfhe____________________________(be)latethisevening,theywillnotwaitforhim.

4.Whenhe____________________________(come)thisafternoon,pleaseletmeknow.

5.Callmeassoonashe____________________________(get)heretomorrowmorning.

6.DonotleavebeforeI____________________________:____________________________(tell)youtogo.

7.`Ifhe____________________________(like)thejobnextweek,hewillkeepit.

8.Iftheweather____________________________(be)goodtomorrow,wewillgotothebeach.

9.Assoonashe____________________________(telephone)today,pleasegivehimthemessage.

10.Donotcallmetomorrowmorningunlesshe____________________________(come)totheoffice.

11.IwillnotgotothemeetingnextMondayunlessyou____________________________(go)too.

12.Ifhe_____________________not_____________________(come)heresoon,wewillhavetoleavewithouthim.

Ex.2.Insertthemissingconjunction:UNTIL,WHEN,ASSOONAS,ASLONGAS,WHILE,BEFORE,etc.:

1.Wewillnotleavethehotel____________________________youarereadytogo,too.

2.I´llwritetoyou____________________________IgettoNewYorknextFridayevening.

3.Don´tstartmoving.Youmustwait____________________________thelightchangestogreen.

4 TheywillstayintheSouthWest____________________________thewarlasts.

5.WewilIwaithere____________________________ youtelephonethisafternoon.

6.Youcanstayhere____________________________wegotothemoviethisevening.

7.Youwillknowhim____________________________youseehimatthemeetingtomorrow.

8.We’llcometoseeyounextweek____________________________youleaveonyourvacation.

9.Pleasewaithere____________________________thedoctorarrives.(withinafewminutes)

10.I´llbelieveít____________________________Iseeit

PARTIII.USEOF“ELSE”Y“ORELSE”.

A. ELSE

Estapalabraseusa juntoa laspalabrasderivadasdeSOME,ANYyNO (somebody/someone,something,

somewhere;anybody/anyone,anything,anywhere;nobody/noone,nothing,nowhere)comounsinónimode

someotherperson,anyotherperson,nootherperson,someotherthing,anyotherthing,etc.


Somebodyelse(=someotherperson)willtakecareofyou.(Alguienmássepreocuparadeustedes)

Isthereanythingelse(=anyotherthing)thatyouneed?(¿Hayalgomásquenecesiteusted?)


B. ORELSE

Estafraseseusacomounsinónimodeifnot(=osino).Tambiénsepuedeusarenestecasolapalabraotherwise(=

delocontrario)


Wemusthurryorelse(ifwedon´t)wewillbelateforthetrain.

He´dbetterwaithereorelse(ifhedoesn´t)hewillmissher.

You´dbettertellhimaboutitorelse(ifyoudon´t)he´llbeangrywithyou.

EXERCISES

Ex.1.SubstitutethecorrectexpressionwithELSEforthewordsinitalics:

1.Didtheygoanyotherplace? ___________________________________________________

2.Nootherpersonhelpedhimwiththework. ___________________________________________________

3.Youmustasksomeotherpersonaboutit. ___________________________________________________

4.Haven’tImetyousomeotherplace? ___________________________________________________

5.They´veneversoldthatproductinanyotherplace. ___________________________________________________

6.Didyouseeanyotherthingthatyouliked? ___________________________________________________

7.Let’sdosomeotherthingtonight. ___________________________________________________

8.Ididn’ttellanyotherpersonaboutit. ___________________________________________________

9.CanIshowyouanyotherthing,Mrs.Smith? ___________________________________________________

10.Therewasnootherpersonintheroomatthattime. ___________________________________________________

11.Doyouhaveanyotherthingtotellusabouthim? ___________________________________________________

12.Willtheygoanyotherplaceaftertheconcert? ___________________________________________________

Ex.2.Jointhefollowingpairsofsentences,substitutingORELSEforthewordsinitalics:

1.Wemusthurry.Ifwedon’t,we´llbelate.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

2.Youmustdoasyourmothersays.Ifyoudon’t,she´llpunishyou.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

3.Wehadbetterhurry.Ifwedon´t,we´llmissthetrain.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

4.Turnofftheradio.Ifyoudon’t,you’llwakethebaby.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

5.Saveyourmoney.Ifyoudon’t,youwon’tbeabletogoawayonyourvacation.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

6.Youmuststudyhard.Ifyoudon’t,youwon’tpassthecourse.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

7.YoumustpracticeyourEnglisheveryday.Ifyoudon’t,youwillsoonforgetit.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

8.Imustgohomerightaway.IfIdon’t,mymotherwillbeangrywithme.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

9.Helenmustrestmore.Ifshedoesn’t,shemayhaveanervousbreakdown.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

10.Putthedogoutside.Ifyoudon’thewillbarkandwakeeveryoneup.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________


Ex.3.Repeatthepreviousexercise,butthistimesubstitutethewordOTHERWISEforthewordsinitalics:

1. Wemusthurry;otherwisewe´llbelate

2. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

4._________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

6. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

7. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

8. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

9. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

10._________________________________________________________________________________________________


THEWORKSHOP/(δ wé:rkshop/ElTaller

axe/æks/ hacha saw/so:/ serrucho

bolt/bóult/ perno scissors/sízorz/ tijeras

bucket/bákit/ balde screw/skru:/ tornillo

drill/dril/ taladro screwdriver/skru:dráiver/ desatornillador

file/fáil/ lima soldering-iron/sólderiηáiron/ soldadora

hammer/hæmer/ martillo spade/spéid/ pala

jack/dllæk/ gata spanner/spæner/ llavedetuercas

lathe/leiδ/ torno square/skwéar/ escuadra

lever/lí:ver/ palanca tongs/tongz/ tenazas

measuringtape/mélloriηtéip/ huinchademedir vise/váis/ bancodetorno

nail/neil/ clavo washer/wósher/ golilla

needle/ní:dl/ aguja weldingtorch/wéldiηtó:rtch/ sopleteparasoldar

nut/nat/ tuerca wire/wáiar/ alambre

plane/pléin/ formón workbench/we:rkbéntch/ bancodetrabajo

pliers/pláiarz/ alicates wrench/réntch/ llaveinglesa


Keytoanswers

UNIT16

PARTI.

Ex.1.1.willhaveleft2.willhavechanged3.willhavefinished4.willhavegone5.willhavehad6.willhavecompleted7.willhavebeen8.willhaveforgotten9.willhavelearnt(orlearned)10.willhaverecovered11.willhavevisited12.willhavecome-(willhave)gone

Ex.2.(Openanswers)

Ex.3.1.They´llhavefinishedthatbuildingbeforetheendofthisyear.2.He´llhavefulfilled/carriedoutallhisplansbeforethesummerends/isover.3.Before6thisevening,we´llhaveprocessedalltheinformation.4.Ifwedon´ttakeataxi/cab,theconcertwillhavealreadystartedbythetimewegettothetheatre.5.Mostbirdswillhaveemigratedtothenorthbeforewintercomes.6.By/TowardstheendofthiscourseI´llhavelearnttotalkinEnglish.7.Iyoufollowyourdoctor´sadvice,verysoonyou´llhaverecoveredcompletelyfromyoursurgery8.Beforemidnight,theresultsoftheelectionwillhavebeensent/releasedtothepress

PARTII.

A.

Ex.1.1.Hesaidhewouldbehereatnoon2.IthoughtIcouldmeetyou.3.Hehopedhecouldbethere.4.Ithoughtitmightrainthisevening.5.Hewantedtoknowwhereshewas.6.Hesaidhewasverysorry.7.Theyoungmantoldushewasmarried.8.Ithoughtitwouldbeveryhotthisafternoon.9.Ithoughthewouldbetherebyteno´clock.10.Hebelievedhecoulddoit.11.Theweathermanpredicteditwouldrain.12.Hesaidhehadtowork.hardeveryday.13.Iknewwhereshelived.14.Bobwantedtoknowhowmanypeopletherewere.15.Theboysaidhehadseenthemovie.16.Thegirlsaidshewasstudyingforatest.17.IthoughtMrJonesmightbeinhisoffice.18.Ithoughttherewouldbealotofworktodo.19.Ididn´tknowwhereMarywas.20.Ididn´tthinkBobwouldlikethenewjob.

Ex.2.1.would2.can3.lived4.meant5.will6.wasgoing7.couldnot8.hadbeen9.didnot10.is11.was12.might

B.

Ex.11.arrives2.does-rain3.is4.comes5.gets6.tell7.likes8.is9.telephones10.comes11.go12.does-come

Ex.2.1.unless2.assoonas3.until4.aslongas5.until6.while7.when/assoonas8.before9.until10.when/assoonas

PARTIII.

Ex.1.1.Didtheygoanwhereelse?2.Nobodyelsehelpedhimwiththework. 3.Youmustasksomebodyelseaboutit.4.Haven’tImetyousomewhereelse?5.They´veneversoldthatproductanywhereelse6.Didyouseeanythingelsethatyouliked?7.Let’sdosomethingelsetonight.8.1didn’ttellanybodyelseaboutit.9.CanIshowyouanythingelse,Mrs.Smith?10.Therewasnobodyelseintheroomatthattime.11.Doyouhaveanythingelsetotellusabouthim?12.Willtheygoanywhereelseaftertheconcert?

Ex.2.1.Wemusthurry;orelsewe´llbelate.2.Youmustdoasyourmothersays;orelseshe´llpunishyou.3.Wehadbetterhurry;orelsewe´llmissthetrain.4.Turnofftheradio;orelseyou’llwakethebaby.5.Saveyourmoney;orelseyouwon’tbeabletogoawayonyourvacation.6.Youmuststudyhard;orelseyouwon’tpassthecourse.7YoumustpracticeyourEnglisheveryday;orelseyouwillsoonforgetit.8.1mustgohomerightaway;orelsemymotherwillbeangrywithme.9.Helenmustrestmore;orelseshemayhaveanervousbreakdown.10.Putthedogoutside;orelsehewillbarkandwakeeveryoneup.

Ex.3.1.Wemusthurry;otherwisewe´llbelate.2.Youmustdoasyourmothersays;otherwiseshe´llpunishyou.3.Wehadbetterhurry;otherwisewe´llmissthetrain.4.Turnofftheradio;otherwiseyou’llwakethebaby.5.Saveyourmoney;otherwiseyouwon’tbeabletogoawayonyourvacation.6.Youmuststudyhard;otherwiseyouwon’tpassthecourse.7YoumustpracticeyourEnglisheveryday;otherwiseyouwillsoonforgetit.8.1mustgohomerightaway;otherwisemymotherwillbeangrywithme.9.Helenmustrestmore;otherwiseshemayhaveanervousbreakdown.10.Putthedogoutside;otherwisehewillbarkandwakeeveryoneup.


UNIT17

PART1.THEPASSIVEVOICE

Hayoracionesgramaticalesexpresadasenvozactivayoracionesgramaticalesexpresadasenvozpasiva.Enunaoraciónenvozactivaelverboprincipalesunverbotransitivo (transitiveverb),esdecir,éstevaseguidoporuncomplementodirecto(directobject).

Peterwrotetheletter lastyear. Mary prepares themeals inthekitchen (S) (Tr.V) (D.O). (S) (Tr.V) (D.O).

Theworkers willbuild anewbridgeoverthatriver. (S) (Tr.V) (D.O).

Enlavozpasiva,elcomplementodirectodelaoraciónactivapasaaserelsujetopasivo(passivesubject)delaoración.EstesujetopasivovaseguidodeunaformadelverbomodalBemáselparticipiopasadodelverboprincipal.Normalmenteenunaoraciónpasivanosehacemencióndelsujetoagente(doer),debidoaqueésteesdesconocidoonoesimportante.

Theletter waswritten (byPeter) lastyear. Themealsareprepared (byMary)inthekitchen. (P.S.) (be+p.p.) (doer) (P.S.) (be+p.p.) (doer)

Anewbridgewillbebuilt(bytheworkers)overthatriver. (P.S.) (be+p.p.) (doer)

Paracadaoraciónenvozactivahayunaoraciónpasivacorrespondiente

ActiveVoice PassiveVoice(Present)(Past)(Future)(Pres.perfect)(Pastperfect)(Fut.perfect)

Hefixesthecar.Hefixedthecar.Hewillfixthecar.Hehasfixedthecar.Hehadfixedthecar.Hewillhavefixedthecar.

(Present)(Past)(Future)(Pres.perfect)(Pastperfect)(Fut.perfect)

Thecarisfixed(byhim).Thecarwasfixed.Thecarwillbefixed.Thecarhasbeenfixed.Thecarhadbeenfixed.Thecarwillhavebeenfixed.

EXERCISES

Ex.1.Changetopassivevoice:

1.HetookthemoneylastMondayevening. ThemoneywastakenbyhimlastMondayevening2.Hewilldeliverthemerchandisetoday. ___________________________________________________3.Sheatethecakethismorning. ___________________________________________________4.Mr.Smithwrotethebooklastsummer. ___________________________________________________5.Shehasjusttakenthenewspaper. ___________________________________________________6.Mr.SmithteachesthatclassonFriday. ___________________________________________________7.Theywillleavetheticketsforyou. ___________________________________________________8.Somebodyhastakenmybook. ___________________________________________________9.Thewindblewthesmokeawaysoon. ___________________________________________________

10.Shebroketheplateonpurpose. ___________________________________________________11.Theywillbringtheboytomorrow. ___________________________________________________12.Theyhadfinishedtheworkbynoon. ___________________________________________________13.Mrs.Jacksonsawtheaccident. ___________________________________________________14.Theyhavefoundthechildatlast. ___________________________________________________15.Hewilldotheworkthisafternoon. ___________________________________________________16.Peoplewillforgetitinfewdays. ___________________________________________________17.PeoplespeakEnglishallovertheworld. ___________________________________________________18.Theyfoughtabigbattleheremanyyearsago. ___________________________________________________


19.Theymadethisgunbyhand. ___________________________________________________20.Someonehasputallthechairsinthenextroom. ___________________________________________________21.Hebrokehisleginanaccident. ___________________________________________________22.Theywillsendthebooknextweek. ___________________________________________________23.Acarranoverourdogashortwhileago. ___________________________________________________24.Theyleftthewoundedsoldiersbehind. ___________________________________________________

Ex.2.Changetoactivevoice:

1.ThebookwasfoundbyMary. Maryfoundthebook.2.Themoneywasstolenbyathief. ___________________________________________________3.Themerchandisewillbedeliveredtomorrow. They______________________________________________4.Thecityhasbeendestroyed(bytheenemy). ___________________________________________________5.Thebookwillbepublishednextspring. Longmans_________________________________________6.Thelecturewasattendedbymanypeople. ___________________________________________________7.Ourexercisesarecorrectedeachnightbyourteacher.__________________________________________________8.Hewasstruckbyanautomobile. ___________________________________________________9.TheworkhadbeenfinishedbyJune. He _______________________________________________

10.ThetownwillhavebeencapturedbyWednesday. They______________________________________________11.Thehousewasbuiltin1910. Mygrandfather_____________________________________12.ThebookswillbebroughtbyJohn. ___________________________________________________13.Americawasdiscoveredin1492. Columbus_________________________________________14.OurclassistaughtbyMr.Smith. ___________________________________________________15.ThisbookwaswrittenbyMr.Scott. ___________________________________________________

Ex.3.Changetonegativeandtoquestionform:

1.TheworkwillbedonebyMr.Smith. Theworkwon’tbedonebyMr.Smith. WilltheworkbedonebyMr.Smith?2.ThebookwaswrittenbyMr.Thompson. ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________3.ThelessonistaughtbyMr.Smith. ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________4.ThebookhasbeenreturnedbyJohn. ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________5.Thedishwasbrokenbythemaid. ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________6.Thecriesofthechildwereheardclearly. ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________7.Themoneyhadbeenstolenbyoneoftheboys. ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________8.Americawasdiscoveredin1492. ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________9.ItwasdiscoveredbyChristopherColumbus. ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________

10.Thehousewasstruckbylightning. ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________11.ThebookwillbepublishedinJune. ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________12.Themoneyhasbeenfound. ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________13.Thecitywasdestroyedbybombs. ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________14.Theworkwillbecompletedtomorrow. ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________15.Thee-mailwassentthismorning. ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________


Ex.4.Changetoquestionform,beginningeachquestionwiththequestionwordinparentheses:

1.Americawasdiscoveredin1492.WhenwasAmericadiscovered?)2.Thehousewasdestroyedbyfire.(How) __________________________________________________?3.Theworkwillbecompletednextmonth.(When) __________________________________________________?4.Thechildwasfinallyfoundinthepark.(Where) __________________________________________________?5.Thetreewasplantedbymyfather.(Who...by/Bywhom)_______________________________________________?6.ThebookwillbepublishedinJune.(When) __________________________________________________?7.Themailisdeliveredatteno’clockeveryday.(Whattime)______________________________________________?8.Hewasinjuredinanautomobileaccident.(Inwhatkindofaccident)______________________________________?9.Thehousewasbuiltin1945.(Inwhatyear) __________________________________________________?

10.Themoneywasstolenbyoneoftheservants.(Who...by/Bywhom)_____________________________________?

Ex.5.Answerthesequestions:

1.BywhomwasAmericadiscovered? ____________________________ byChristopherColumbus.2.InwhatyearwasAmericadiscovered? ___________________________________________ in1492.3.Whenwasthisbookpublished? ____________________________________________in1999.4.Wherewasthisbookpublished? _________________________________________ inChicago.5.Whowasthemoneystolenby? __________________________________oneoftheservants.6.Wherewasthechildfinallyfound? _________________________________________ inthepark.7.Whowillthedinnerbepreparedby? _________________________________________bythechef.8.Bywhomareyourexercisescorrected? ____________________________________ byourinstructor.9.Whywasthetraindelayed? _____________________________ becauseofbadweather.

10.Wherewasthemoneyhidden? ____________________________________ inawoodenbox.11.Whenwasthenewsreleased? ________________________________________about10:30.12.Whenwilltheworkbecompleted? _____________________________ bytheendofthemonth.13.Whereweretheymarried? _______________________________________ inValparaiso.14.InwhatcountrywasHelenborn? ________________________________________ inScotland.15.Bywhomwastheplatebroken? ________________________________________ bythemaid.16.Wherewasthemoneyput? _________________________________________ inthesafe.17.Howlongwasthemanheldbythepolice? ___________________________________ forabout2hours.

Lavozpasivaenlostiemposcontinuos.

LavozpasivadelostiempospresenteypasadocontinuoseconstruyeusandolaformacontinuadelverbomodalBe(am,is,are,was,were+being),máselpasadoparticipiodelverboprincipal.

(Active)Themechanicisfixingthecarnow(Passive)Thecarisbeingfixed(bythemechanic)now

(Active)ThemenwerebuildingtheroadwhenIwasthere.(Passive)Theroadwasbeingbuilt(bythemen)whenIwasthere

Lavozpasivaconverbosmodalescan,must,may,should,haveto

Alcambiaroracionesactivasquecontienenunverbomodalcomocan,must,may,should,haveto,etc.alavozpasiva,sedebeusarelverbomodalseguidodeBeydelpasadoparticipiodelverboprincipal.

(Active) Theymustfinishthisjobtoday.(Passive)Thisjobmustbefinished(bythem)today.

(Active) Theyboycandothisexerciseeasily.(Passive) Thisexercisecanbedonebytheboyeasily.

(Active) Theyhavetosendthisreporttoday.(Passive) Thisreporthastobesent(bythem)today.



1.Theyaresendingthematerialtoday. Thematerialisbeingsent(bythem)today.2.Theyareconsideringthatquestionnow. ___________________________________________________3.Sheistypingthatletternow. ___________________________________________________4.TheywerediscussingthequestionwhenIwentin. ___________________________________________________5.Theyaresendingtroopstheretoday. ___________________________________________________6.Heisfinishingtheworknow. ___________________________________________________7.Theywerecleaningtheofficethismorning. ___________________________________________________8.Theyareexamininghimnow. ___________________________________________________9.Weareusingthisroom. ___________________________________________________

10.Theyaredefendingthecitywell. ___________________________________________________11.Theyareholdingthemeetingtoday. ___________________________________________________12.Theyaretransferringhimtoanotherclass. ___________________________________________________


1.Wecanfinishthisrightaway. Thiscanbefinished(byus)rightaway.2.Theymaysendthefaxtomorrow. ___________________________________________________3.Wemustlosenotime. ___________________________________________________4.Youcanusethisroomforthelesson. ___________________________________________________5.Wehavetowritetheseexercisesathome. ___________________________________________________6.Heshouldsendthisrightaway. ___________________________________________________7.Theycannotputthosethingshere. ___________________________________________________8.Theymaydeliverthegoodstomorrow. ___________________________________________________9.Hehastodoitimmediately. ___________________________________________________

10.Wemusthelphim. ___________________________________________________11.Hecannotfinishthistoday. ___________________________________________________12.Thepolicemayholdhimforseveraldays. ___________________________________________________


1.Johnbringsthemaileveryday. ThemailisbroughtbyJohneveryday.2.Johnbroughtthemailyesterday. ___________________________________________________3.Johnwillbringthemailtomorrow. ___________________________________________________4.Johnhasbroughtthemaileveryday. ___________________________________________________5.Johnisbringingthemailnow. ___________________________________________________6.Johnmaybringthemailtomorrow. ___________________________________________________7.Johnhastobringthemaileveryday. ___________________________________________________8.Theyhaveputthechairsintheroom. ___________________________________________________9.Theyaresendingthemerchandisetoday. ___________________________________________________

10.Hesentthee-maillastweek. ___________________________________________________11.Theyhavetodeliverthebookstoday. ___________________________________________________12.Wemustfindhimimmediately. ___________________________________________________

Ex.9.Changetonegativeandtoquestionform.Stateeachquestiontwice,onceinsimpleformandoncewithsomequestionwordlikeWho,Where,Bywhom,How,etc.:

1.Hewaskilledinanaccident. Hewasn’tkilledinanaccident. Washekilledinanaccident? Howwashekilled?2.Thestoryisbeingpublishedtoday. ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________3.Thismustbecheckedtwice.. ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________


4.ltcanbedonethreeorfourtimesamonth. ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________5.lthastobesentrightaway. ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________6.Thisroomcanbeusedforourmeetings. ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________7.ThemoneyhasbeensenttoNewYork. ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________8.Thisbookwaspublishedin1945. ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________9.ThematerialisbeingpreparedbyMr.Reese. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________

10.Itshouldbesentimmediately. ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________11.Ithastobedoneatonce. ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________12.TheclassistaughtbyMr.Smith. ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________

Elsigno“SE”enespañol

Enespañol,nosiempreseexpresalavozpasivaconelverboSERmásunPARTICIPIOPASADOdeunverboprincipal,sinembargoesmuyfrecuenteelusodelsigno“SE”enestetipodeoraciones.

Comparelassiguientesoracionespasivas:

Elespañoleshabladoenestepaís EnestepaíssehablaespañolUnagranbatallafuelibradaenestelugar EnestelugarselibróunagranbatallaUnnuevopuenteseráconstruidoaquíelpróximoaño Aquíseconstruiráunnuevopuenteelpróximoaño

Estasmismasoracionessepuedentraduciralinglésdelasiguientemanera:“Englishisspokeninthiscountry”,“Abigbattlewasfoughthere”,“Anewbridgewillbebuiltherenextyear”


1.Muchascartasseenvíanalextranjerodesdeestaoficinatodoslosdías. _________________________________________________________________________________________________2.Sehandescubiertootrosplanetasennuestrosistemasolar. _________________________________________________________________________________________________3.Sedebenconstruirnuevoscaminosenestapartedelpaís. _________________________________________________________________________________________________4.Seestándesarrollandonuevosmétodosparacontrolarlainflación. _________________________________________________________________________________________________5.Seenviarontodaslasinvitacionesporcorreoaéreo. _________________________________________________________________________________________________6.Estelibrosehatraducidoavariosidiomas. _________________________________________________________________________________________________7.Estosepuedehacerfácilmente,siseusanlasherramientasapropiadas. _________________________________________________________________________________________________


8.Sedeberíanmejorarlosserviciosdetransportepublicoenestaciudad. _________________________________________________________________________________________________9.Seconstruiránvarioshospitalesenelpaísdurantelospróximos5años. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

10.Duranteeseañosehabíanllevadoacabovariosproyectosimportantes. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

Ex.11.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoSpanish,usingtheword“SE”ineachcase.

1.Anewtypeofmissilehasbeentestedrecently. _________________________________________________________________________________________________2.Theinformationisbeinganalyzedthoroughly. _________________________________________________________________________________________________3.Allkindsofcomputersarerepairedhere. _________________________________________________________________________________________________4.Severaldifferenttechniquesmaybeapplied. _________________________________________________________________________________________________5.ItisconsideredthatEnglishhasbecomeauniversallanguage. _________________________________________________________________________________________________6.Theeconomicpolicieshavebeenchangedinordertocontrolinflation. _________________________________________________________________________________________________7.Duringthisweek,thecometwillbeeasilyseenneartheSouthernCross _________________________________________________________________________________________________8.Bytheendofthe90’s,mostgoalshadbeensuccessfullyattained. _________________________________________________________________________________________________9.Thedatawasbeingprocessedatthatmoment.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________10.Nexttime,severalanimalswillbesentintospaceinordertostudytheeffectsofweightlessness. _________________________________________________________________________________________________


PARTII.

THEIDIOMATICVERBPHRASE“BESUPPOSEDTO”

Estaexpresiónseusaparareferirseaunaobligacióndelsujetodellevaracabounapromesaouncompromiso.Estaesunaoraciónpasivaquesurgedebidoaque“sesupone”o“seespera”queelsujetorealicelaacciónprometidaoelcompromisoadquirido..Estafraseidiomáticaseusasolamenteenlostiempospresenteypasado.EnlasideasfuturassedebeusarelverboBEenpresente.

Theshipwassupposed(bythepublicandbytheofficials)toarrivelastnight.Sesuponíaqueelbarcollegaríaanoche(Past)Bobissupposed(byus)tobeherenow.Sesuponequeélestáaquíahora.(Present)Helenissupposed(byus)toarrivetomorrow.SesuponequeHelenllegarámañana.(Future)Thisbookissupposedtohavebeenpublishedin1975.Sesuponequeestelibrofuepublicadoen1975

Ex.1.SupplythecorrectformofSUPPOSEDTO:

1.Theyaresupposedtoleave(leave)atteno’clock.(Theyatteno’clock.)2.He______________________________(come)tomorrowatfive.3.They______________________________(deliver)themerchandiselastweek.4.He______________________________(send)thisletteryesterday.5.He______________________________(be)herenow.6.Thetrain______________________________(be)fasterthanthebus.7.John ______________________________(be)abetterstudentthanHenry.8.He______________________________(call)metomorrow.9.He______________________________(meet)usinMacy’s.

10.He______________________________(be)hereyesterdayatthreeo’clock.11.He______________________________(know)herwell.12.Themerchandise______________________________(send)tomorrow.(PassiveVoice)13.Thisbook______________________________(publish)lastyear.(PassiveVoice)14.Thisfax______________________________(send)yesterday.(PassiveVoice)15.Thesechairs______________________________(put)inthenextroom.(PassiveVoice)

Ex.2.ChangetointroduceSUPPOSEDTO:

1.WeexpectJohntocomeatsixo’clock. (Johnissupposedtocomeatsixo’clock.)2.Theyexpectthetraintoarriveatfour‘clock. ___________________________________________________3.Weexpecthertobringthebookwithher. ___________________________________________________4.Weexpectedhimtoarrivelastnight. ___________________________________________________5.Theyexpectedthewartobeoversooner. ___________________________________________________6.Weexpectourlessontofinishatteno’clock. ___________________________________________________7.Weexpectourlessontolastonehour. ___________________________________________________8.Weexpecttheparadetobeginsoon. ___________________________________________________9.Weexpectthebustostophere. ___________________________________________________

10.Weexpecttheweathertobehottomorrow. ___________________________________________________11.WeexpecthimtoleaveforEuropenextweek. ___________________________________________________12.Weexpectthebanktoopenatnineo’clock. ___________________________________________________

Ex.3.Changetonegativeandtoquestionform.Stateeachquestiontwice,onceinsimpleformandoncewithsomequestionwordlikeWHEN,WHERE,WHATTIME,etc.:

1.Heissupposedtoleavetomorrowmorning. Heisn’tsupposedtoleavetomorrowmorning. Ishesupposedtoleavetomorrowmorning? Whenishesupposedtoleave?2.Hewassupposedtobringthemoneylastnight. ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________3.They´resupposedtostarttheworksoon. ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________


4.They´resuppposedtofinishthejobtomorrow. ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________5.Theletterwassupposedtobesentyesterday. ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________6.He´ssupposedtobelivingsomewhereinL.A.. ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________7.Hewassupposedtotelephonemeyesterday. ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________8.Weweresupposedtomeetthemon42ndStreet. ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________9.ThebookissupposedtobepublishedinJune. ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________

10.TheKingissupposedtovisittheUSAinMay. ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________



THEARMEDFORCES/(iá:rmdfó:rsiz/LasFuerzasArmadas(I)

Army/a:rmi/ Ejército Navy/néivi/ MarinaAirForce/éarfó:rs/ FuerzaAérea Rank/ræηk/ rango,gradoRanks/ræηks/ filas Officer/ófiser/ OficialCommander/kománder/ comandante Superior/supíarior/ superiorSubordinate/sabó:dinit/ subalterno

ARMS/á:rmz/armas,BRANCHES/bræntchiz/ramasoserviciosInfantry/infantri/ Infantería Artillery/a:rtílori/ ArtilleríaArmoredCavalry/á:rmordkævalri/CaballeríaBlindada Signal/sígnal/ TelecomunicacionesAirborne/éarbó:rn/ aerotransportada Engineers/endlliníarz/ IngenierosTransportation/transportéishon/ Transportes Medical/médikal/ SanidadFinance/fáinans/ Intendencia Mechanized/mékanáizd/ MecanizadoOrdnance/ó:rdnans/ materialdeguerra

COMMISSIONEDOFFICERS/komíshondófiserz/OficialesComisionadosFullGeneral/fuldlléneral/ GeneraldeEjército LieutenantGeneral/luténantdlléneral/TenienteGeneralMajorGeneral/méidllordlléneral/ MayorGeneral BrigadierGeneral/brigadíardlléneral/ BrigadierGeneralColonel/ké:rnel/ Coronel LieutenantColonel/luténantké:rnel/ TenienteCoronelMajor/méidllor/ Mayor Captain/kæptin/ CapitánFirstLieutenant/f :rstluténant/ Teniente SecondLieutenant/sékondluténant/ SubtenienteEnsign/énsin/ Alférez(enlamarina) Cadet/kadét/ Cadete

NON-COMMISSIONEDOFFICERS/nonkomíshondófiserz/SuboficialesSergeantMajor/sá:rdllentméidllor/SargentoMayor(US) StaffSergeant/sta:fsá:rdllent/ SargentoMayor(Br))SergeantFirstClass/sá:rdllentférstkla:s/SargentoPrimero Sergeant/sá:rdllent/ SargentoSegundoCorporal/kó:rporal/ Cabo PrivateFirstClass/práivitférstkla:s/ SoldadoPrimero(US)LanceCorporal/lánskó:rpral/ SoldadoPrimero(Br) Private/práivit/ SoldadoRecruit/rékrut/ Soldadoconscripto

TACTICALUNITS/tæktikaliúnits/ UnidadesTácticasSquad/skwod/ pelotón Platoon/plδtú:n/ pelotónTroop/tru:p/ escuadrón(cab.) Company/kámpni/ compañíaSquadron/skuódr n/ grupo(cab.blin.) Battery/bæteri/ batería(art.)Battalion/batælion/ batallón Regiment/rédlliment/ regimientoBrigade/brigéid/ brigada División/dividllon/ divisiónCorps/ko:r/ cuerpo Army/a:rmi Ejército

ROUNDOFAMMUNITION/ráundovamiuníshon/TirodemuniciónBullet/búlit/ bala,proyectil Cartridgecase/ká:rtridllkéiz/ vainillaPropellant/propélant/ propelenteopolvora Primer/práimer/ estopinShrapnel/shræpn l/ metrallaoesquirla

TACTICALWEAPONS/tæktikalwéponz/ArmasTácticasPistol/pístol/ pistola Rifle/ráifl/ fusilGun/gan/ cañón.pistola Knife/naif/ cuchilloSword/só:rd/ espada Dagger/dæger/ dagaMachinegun/mashí:ngán/ ametralladora Mortar/mó:rtar/ morteroHowitzer/hóuitser/ obús Handgrenade/hændgranéid/ granadademanoFlame-thrower/fléimθróuer/ lanzallamas Rocketlauncher/rókitló:ntcher/ lanzacohetesMine/main/ mina Missile/mízil/ misilMassdestructionweapon/mæsdistrákshonwèpon/armadedestrucciónmasivaBullet/búlit/ bala Shell/shel/ proyectil,bombaBomb/bom/ bomba

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TACTICALVEHICLES/tæktikalvíiklz/VehículosTácticosTank/tæηk/ tanque APC/éipí:sí:/ transportedepersonalTruck/trak/ camion Airplane/éarplein/ aviónFighterplane/fáiterpléin/ cazabombardero Bomber/bómer/ cazabombarderoHelicopter/hélicopter/ helicóptero Chopper/tchóper/ helicópteroSpeedboat/spi:dbout/ lanchadedesembarco Warship/wó:rship/ buquedeguerraAirplanecarrier/éarpleinkærier/ portaviones Minesweeper/mainsuí:per/ barreminasSubmarine/sábmarí:n/ submarino MainBattleTank/meinbætltæηk/tanquedecombate

LEADERSHIP/lí:dership/LiderazgoBehavior/bihéivior/ conducta Command/komænd/ mandoCommander/kománder/ comandante Confidence/kónfidens/ confianzaControl/kontróul/ control Cooperation/kouoperéishon/ cooperaciónCourage/káridll/ valor,coraje Chainofcommand/tchéin vkomá:nd/ cadenademandoDecisiveness/disáisivnis/ decision Dependability/dipendabíliti/ confiabilidadDetermination/diterminéishon/ determinación Dignity/digniti/ dignidadEchelonofcommand/éshelon vkomænd/escalóndemando Endurance/endiúarans/ resistenciaEnthusiasm/enθusiázn/ entusiasmo Espritdecorps/esprí:dekó:r/ espíritudecuerpoInitiative/iníshiativ/ iniciativa Integrity/intégriti/ integridadJustice/dllástis/ justicia Leader/lí:der/ líder,comandanteMorale/morá:l/ moral Pride/práid/ orgulloSpanofcontrol/spæn vkontróul/ámbitodecontrol Subordinate/sabó:rdinit/ subalternoTact/tækt/ tacto,criterio Trait/tréit/ rasgo,característicaWillingobedience/wíliηobí:diens/obedienciaespontánea

PARTSOFARIFLE/pa:rtse v ráifl/PartesdelFusilAimingmechanism/éimiηmécanizm/ mecanismodepuntería Barrel/bærel/ cañónBolt/boult/ cerrojo Butt/bat/ culataChamber/tchéimber/ recámara Firingmechanism/fáiariηmékanízm/mecanismodedisparoFiringpin/fáiariηpin/ percutor Follower/fólouer/ cargadorFrontsight/frántsáit/ puntodemira Hammer/hæmer/ martilloLockinglug/lókiηlag/ asegurador Muzzle/máz l/ trompetillaRearsight/ríarsáit/ alza Receiver/risí:ver/ cajademecanismosSightingmechanism/sáitiηmekanízm/mecanismodevisada Sling/sliη/ correaStock/stok/ caja Trigger/trigger/ disparador,gatilloTriggerguard/triggergá:rd/ guardamonte

THETANK/δtδk/ElTanqueArmor/á:mor/ blindaje Armorplate/á:morpléit// planchadeblindajeGun/gan/ cañón Guntube/gántiu:b/ tubodelcañónGunner/gáner/ artilllero Tankcommander/tæηkkomá:nder/ comandantedeltanqueTankdriver/tæηkdráiver/ conductordeltanque Tracks/træks/ orugasTurret/tárit/ torreta Wheel/wi:l/ rueda

FIRINGPOSITIONS/fáiariηposillonz/PosicionesdeDisparoStanding/stændiη/position posicióndepie Sitting/sítiη/position posiciónsentadaProne/próun/position posicióntendida Squat/skuot/position posiciónencuclillasKneeling/ní:liη/position posiciónarrodillada

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Keytoanswers

UNIT17

PARTI.

Ex.1.2.Themerchandisewillbedeliveredbyhimtoday3.Thecakewaseatenbyherthismorning4.ThebookwaswrittenbyMr.Smithlastsummer.Thenewspaperhasjustbeentakenbyher6.ThatclassistaughtbyMr.SmithonFriday.7.Theticketswillbeleftforyoubythem.8.Mybookhasbeentakenbysomebody.9.Thesmokewasblownawaybythewindsoon.10.Theplatewasbrokenbyheronpurpose.11.Theboywillbebroughtbythemtomorrow.12.Theworkhadbeenfinishedbythembynoon.13.TheaccidentwasseenbyMrs.Jackson.14.Thechildhasbeenfoundbythematlast15.Theworkwillbedonebyhimthisafternoon.16.Itwillbeforgotten(bypeople)inafewdays.17.Englishisspoken(bypeople)allovertheworld.18.Abigbattlewasfought(bythem)heremanyyearsago.19.Thisgunwasmade(bythem)byhand.20.Allthechairshavebeenputbysomeoneinthenextroom.21.Hislegwasbroken(byhim)inanaccident.22.Thebookwillbesentbythemnextweek.23,Ourdogwasrunoverbyacarashortwhileago.24.Thewoundedsoldierswereleftbehind(bythem).

Ex.2.2.Athiefstolethemoney.3.Theywilldeliverthemerchandisetomorrow.4.Theenemyhasdestroyedthecity.5.Longmanswillpublishthebooknextspring.6Manypeopleattendedthelecture.7Ourteachercorrectsourexerciseseachnight.8.Anautomobilestruckhim9.HehadfinishedtheworkbyJune.10.TheywillhavecapturedthetownbyWednesday.11.Mygrandfatherbuiltthehousein1910.12.Johnwillbringthebooks.13.ColumbusdiscoveredAmericain1492.14.Mr.Smithteachesourclass.15.Mr.Scottwrotethisbook.

Ex.3.2.Thebookwasn´twrittenbyMr.Thompson./Wasthebookwrittenby...?3.Thelessonisn´ttaughtbyMr.Smith./Isthelessontaughtby...?4.Thebookhasn´tbeenreturnedbyJohn./Hasthebookbeenreturnedby...?5.Thedishwasn´tbrokenbythemaid./Wasthedishbrokenby...?6.Thecriesofthechildweren´theardclearly./Werethecriesofthechildheardclearly?7.Themoneyhadn´tbeenstolenbyoneoftheboys./Hadthemoneybeenstolenby...?8.Americawasn´tdiscoveredin1492./WasAmericadiscoveredin...?9.Itwasn´tdiscoveredbyChristopherColumbus./Wasitdiscoveredby...?10.Thehousewasn´tstruckbylightning./Wasthehousestruckby...?11.Thebookwon´tbepublishedinJune./Willthebookbepublishedin...?12.Themoneyhasn´tbeenfound./Hasthemoneybeenfound?13.Thecitywasn´tdestroyedbybombs./Wasthecitydestroyedby...?14.Theworkwon´tbecompletedtomorrow./Willtheworkbecompleted...?15.Thetelegramwasn´tdeliveredthismorning./Wasthetelegramdelivered...?

Ex.4.2.Howwasthehousedestroyed?3.Whenwilltheworkbecompleted?4.Wherewasthechildfinallyfound?5.Whowasthetreeplantedby?/Bywhomwasthetreeplanted?6.Whenwillthebookbepublished?7.(At)whattimeisthemaildeliveredeveryday?8.Inwhatkindofaccidentwasheinjured?9.Inwhatyearwasthehousebuilt?10.Whowasthemoneystolenby?/Bywhomwasthemoneystolen?

Ex.5.1. ItwasdiscoveredbyChristopherColumbus.2. Itwasdiscovered in1492.3. Itwaspublished in1999.4.ItwaspublishedinChicago.5.Itwasstolenbyoneoftheservants.6.Hewasfinallyfoundinthepark.7.Itwillbepreparedbythechef.8.They´recorrectedbyourinstructor.9.Itwasdelayedbecauseofbadweatherconditions.10.Itwashiddeninawoodenbox.11.Itwasreleasedatabout10:3012.Itwillbecompletedbytheendofthemonth.13.TheyweremarriedinValparaiso.14.ShewasborninScotland.15.Itwasbrokenbythemaid.16.Itwasputinthesafe.17.Hewasheldforabouttwohours.

Ex.6.2.Thatquestionisbeingconsideredbythemnow.3.Thatletterisbeingtypedbyhernow.4.ThequestionwasbeingdiscussedbythemwhenIwentin.5.Troopsarebeingsent(bythem)theretoday.6.Theworkisbeingfinishedbyhimnow.7.Theofficewasbeingcleanedbythemthismorning.8.He´sbeingexaminedbythemnow.9.Thisroomisbeingusedbyus.10.Thecityisbeingdefendedbythemwell11.Themeetingisbeingheldbythemtoday.12.He´sbeingtransferredbythemtoanotherclass.

Ex.7.2.Thefaxmaybesentbythemtomorrow.3.Notimemustbelostbyus.4.Thisroomcanbeusedbyyouforthelesson.5.Theseexerciseshavetobewrittenbyusathome.6.Thisshouldbesentbyhimrightaway.7.Thosethingscannotbeputbythemhere.8.Thegoodsmaybedeliveredbythemtomorrow.9.Ithastobedonebyhimimmediately.10.Hemustbehelpedbyus.11.Thiscannotbefinishedbyhimtoday.12.Hemaybeheldbythepoliceforseveraldays.

Ex.8.2.ThemailwasbroughtbyJohnyesterday.3.ThemailwillbebroughtbyJohntomorrow.4.ThemailhasbeenbroughtbyJohneveryday.5.ThemailisbeingbroughtbyJohnnow.6.ThemailmaybebroughtbyJohntomorrow.


7.ThemailhastobebroughtbyJohneveryday.8.Thechairshavetobeputbythemintheroom.9.Themerchandiseisbeingsentbythemtoday..10.Thee-mailwassentbyhimlastweek.11.Thebookshavetobedeliveredbythemtoday.12.Hemustbefoundbyusimmediately.

Ex.9.2.Thestoryisn´tbeingpublishedtoday/Isthestorybeingpublishedtoday?/Whenisthestorybeingpublished?3,Thismustn´tbecheckedtwice./Mustitbecheckedtwice?/Howmanytimesmustitbechecked?4.Itcan´tbedonethreeorfourtimesamonth./Canitbedonethreeorfourtimesamonth?/Howmanytimesaweek/Howoftencanitbedone?5.Itdoesn´thavetobesentrightaway./Doesithavetobesentrightaway?/Whendoesithavetobesent?6.Thisroomcan´tbeusedforourmeetings./Canthisroombeusedforourmeetings?/Whatcanthisroombeusedfor?7.Themoneyhasn´tbeensenttoNY./HasthemoneybeensenttoNY?/Wherehasthemoneybeensentto?8.Thisbookwasn´tpublishedin1945./Wasthisbookpublishedin1945?/Whenwasthisbookpublished?9.Thematerialisn´tbeingpreparedbyMr.Reese./IsthematerialbeingpreparedbyMr.Reese?/Whoisthematerialbeingpreparedby?10.Itshouldn´tbesentimmediately./Shoulditbesentimmediately?/Whenshoulditbesent?11.Itdoesn´thavetobedoneatonce./Doesithavetobedoneatonce?/Whendoesithavetobedone?12.Theclassisn´ttaughtbyMr.Smith/IstheclasstaughtbyMr.Smith?/Whoistheclasstaughtby?

Ex.10.1.Manylettersaresentabroadfromthisofficeeveryday.2.Otherplanetshavebeendiscoveredinoursolarsystem.3.Newroadshaveto/mustbebuiltinthispartofthecountry.4.Newmethodsarebeingdevelopedtocontrolinflation.5.Alltheinvitationsweresentbyairmail.6.Thisbookhasbeentranslatedintoseverallanguages.7.Thiscanbedoneeasilyiftheright/appropriatetoolsareused.8.Publictransportservicesshouldbeimprovedinthiscity.9.Severalhospitalswillbebuiltinthecountryduringthenextfiveyears.10.Duringthatyear,severalimportantprojectshavebeencarriedout.

Ex.11.1.Sehaprobadounnuevotipodemisílrecientemente.2.Seestáanalizandominuciosamentelainformación.3.Aquísereparatodotipodecomputadores.4.Sepuedenaplicarvariastécnicasdiferentes.5.SeconsideraqueelIngléshallegadoaserunidiomauniversal.6.Sehancambiadolaspolíticaseconómicasconelfindecontrolarlainflación.7.DuranteestasemanaseveráelcometafácilmentecercadelaCruzdelSur.8.Haciafinesdelladécadadelos90,sehabíanlogradosatisfactoriamentelamayorpartedelasmetas.9.Seestabanprocesandolosdatosenesemomento.10.Lapróximavez,seenviaránvariosanimalesalespacioparaestudiarlosefectosdelaingravidez/faltadegravedad

PARTII.

Ex.1.2.issupposedtocome3.weresupposedtodeliver4.wassupposedtosend5.issupposedtobe6.issupposedtobe7.issupposedtobe8.issupposedtocall9.issupposedtomeet10.wassupposedtobe11.issupposedtoknow12.issupposedtobesent13.issupposedtohavebeensent14.aresupposedtobeput

Ex.2.2.Thetrainissupposedtoarriveat...3.Sheissupposedtobringthe...4.hewassupposedtoarrive...5.Thewarwassupposedtobeover...6.Ourlessonissupposedtofinishat...7.Ourlessonissupposedtolast...8.Theparadeissupposedtobegin...9.Thebusissupposedtostop...10.Theweatherissupposedtobehot...11.Heissupposedtoleavefor...12.Thebankissupposedtoopenat...

Ex.3.2.Hewasn´tsupposedtobringit.../Washesupposedtobringit...?/Whenwashesupposedtobringit?3.Theyaren´tsupposedtostartsoon/Aretheysupposedtostartsoon?/Whenaretheysupposedtostartthework?4.Theyaren´tsupposedtofinishtomorrow./Aretheysupposedtofinishtomorrow.?/Whenaretheysupposedtofinish?5.Theletterwasn´tsupposedtobesentyesterday/Wasthelettersupposedtobesentyesterday?/Whenwasthelettersupposedtobesent?6.Heisn´tsupposedtobeliving.../Ishesupposedtobeliving...?/Whereishesupposedtobeliving?7.Hewasn´tsupposedtotelephone.../Washesupposedtotelephone...?/Whenwashesupposedtotelephoneyou?8.Wearen´tsupposedtomeetthem.../Arewesupposedtomeetthem...?/Wherearewesupposedtomeetthem?9.Thebookisn´tsupposedtobepublishedinJune/IsthebooksupposedtobepublishedinJune?/Whenisthebooksupposedtobepublished?10.TheKingisn´tsupposedtovisit.../IstheKingsupposedtovisit...?/WhenistheKingsupposedtovisittheUSA?


UNIT18

PARTI.ORACIONESCONDICIONALES

Introducción

1. SonoracionescondicionalesaquellasoracionesqueempiezanconlapalabraIF...(Si...).

Ifhecomestomorrow,...(Siélvienemañana,...)

2.Lasoracionescondicionalessonoracionescompuestas,yaqueestánformadaspordoscláusulas.UnadeellaseslaCONDICIÓN,introducidaporlapalabraIF;lasegundaeslacláusuladeRESULTADO.

Ifhecomestomorrow,youwillseehim.(Siélvienemañana,loverás) (Condición) (Resultado)

3. Elordendelascláusulasquecomponenunaoracióncondicionalpuedeserinvertido

Ifhecomestomorrow,youwillseehim.Youwillseehimifhecomestomorrow.

4.Existentrestiposdeoracionescondicionales:

a. FUTUROPOSIBLE(FuturePossible): Ifhecomestomorrow,youwillseehim.(Siélvienemañana,túloverás.).

b. PRESENTEIRREAL(PresentUnreal): Ifhecameheremoreoften,youwouldseehimmoreoften,too.(Siélvinieraacámásseguido,túloveríasmás

seguidotambién)

c. PASADOIRREAL(PastUnreal): Ifhehadcomehereyesterday,youwouldhaveseenhim.(Siélhubieravenidoacáayer,túlohabríasvisto)

I. ORACIONESCONDICIONALESDELPRIMERTIPO:FUTUROPOSIBLE

Enestetipodeoracionescondicionales,cuandolacondiciónintroducidaporIFsematerializa,lomásprobableesquesedéelresultadoprevistoenlacláusuladeResultado.

Laestructuradeestetipodeoracionescondicionaleseslasiguiente:

Condicion Resultado

If+Subject+Present Subject+will+Infinitive

Read,listenandrepeattheseexamples:

Iftheweatherisgoodtomorrow,wewillgotothebeach(Sieltiempoestábuenomañana,iremosalaplaya)IfIseeJohnattheparty,I´llgivehimyourmessage.(SiveoaJuanenlafiesta,ledarétumensaje)Ifyousithere,youwillbeabletoseeeverything.(Sitesientasaquí,podrásvertodo)Ifyoudon´tstudyhard,youwillnotgetagoodmark.(Sinoestudiasduro,notesacarásunabuenanota)IfDianadoesn´tleaveatonce,she´llmisshertrain.(SiDiananosaledeinmediato,perderásutren)Ifyouaren´tcarefulwhenyou´redriving,you´llhaveanaccident.(Sinoerescuidadosocuandoestásconduciendo,tendrásunaccidente)


Esimportantenotaraquíqueenlacondición,aúncuandonosestamosrefiriendoaunaacciónfutura,elverbodebeirenpresentesimple(ynoenfuturo).

IfMarycomestomorrow(No,“IfMarywillcome”),Iwillgiveheryourmessage.

Delmismomodo,debeusareltiempopresente(ynoelfuturo)despuésdelosconectoresWHEN(cuando),UNTIL(hastaque),BEFORE (antesque),AFTER (despuésque),ASSOONAS (encuanto),ASLONGAS (durantetodoeltiempoque),WHILE(mientras),UNLESS(amenosque),etc.,cuandoseestáusandounaexpresióndetiempofuturo,comotomorrow,thisevening,nextMondaymorning,etc.

Read,listenandrepeattheseexamples:

WhenKevincomesthisafternoon,hewilltelluswhathappened.(CuandoKevinvengaestatarde,élnoscontaráquépasó)Assoonassheopenshereyes,shewillseethePrince.(Encuantoellaabralosojos,veráalPríncipe)Iwillwaithereuntilshetelephones.(Esperaréaquíhastaqueellallameporteléfono)

II. ORACIONESCONDICIONALESDELSEGUNDOTIPO:PRESENTEIRREAL

Enestetipodeoracionescondicionalesnosplanteamosunasituaciónhipotética(escontrariaalarealidad)

IfJohnhadacar,hewoulddrivetoCalifornia(SiJohntuvieraunauto,élviajaríaenautoaCalifornia)(Realsituation:Hedoesn´thaveacar,sohecan´tdrivetoCalifornia)IfMaryknewhowtoswim,shewouldgotothebeachmoreoften.SiMarysupieranadar,ellairíaalaplayamásseguido)(Realsituation:Shedoesn´tknowhowtoswim,soshedoesn´tgotothebeachveryoften)


Condicion Resultado

If+Subject+Past Subject+would/could/might+Infinitive

EsimportanteobservarquecuandoseusaelverboTOBEenestasoracionesdebemosusarelsubjuntivodedichoverbo,esdecirtodaslaspersonasdebenusarlaformaWERE.

IfJohnwereherenowhewouldhelpus.(SiJohnestuvieraaquí,élnosayudaría)IfIwereamillionaireIwouldbuymanythings.(Siyofueramillonario,compraríamuchascosas)

EXERCISES

Ex.1.Supplytheproper formof theverb inparentheses inthefollowingPRESENT-UNREALconditionalstatements:

1.lfMary________________________(have)moretime,shewouldstudymore.(lfMaryhadmoretime,shewouldstudymore.)

2.IfI________________________(be)inyourposition,IwouldstudyFrench.3.Ifhe________________________(know)herbetter,hecouldgowithhertotheparty.4.lfI________________________(have)themoney,Iwouldbuythatsuit.5.lfJohn________________________(be)herenow,hewouldhelpus.6.lfHelen________________________(be)agoodstudent,shewouldspeakEnglishbetter.7.lfourroom________________________(be)larger,wecouldstudybetter.8.Iftheweather________________________(be)warmer,wewouldgoforawalk.9.lfhe________________________(prepare)hislessonseverynight,hewouldbeabetterstudent.

10.IwouldgoifI________________________(have)moretime.11.Johnwoulddoitifhe________________________(be)notsobusy.12.Wewouldspeakbetterifwe________________________(have)morepracticeinconversation.


Ex.2.Supplytheproperformoftheverbinparentheses:

1.lfhewerehere,he________________________(help)us.(Ifhewerehere,hewouldhelpus.)2.lfIknewher,I________________________(speak)toher.3.Ifhecametoclassmoreoften,he________________________(learn)more.4.She________________________(make)moreprogressifshestudiedmore.5.She________________________(speak)Englishbetterifshehadmorepractice.6.Ifhecametoclassontime,he________________________(be)abetterstudent.7.Ifhewenttobedearlier,he________________________(feel)better.8.lfhehadmoremoney,he________________________(take)triptoJapan. 9.She________________________(go)withusifshewerenotsobusy.10,Ifhewerestronger,he___________________________(work)harder.11.Iftodaywereaholiday,we______________________________(go)tothebeach.12.IfIwerefreetomorrow,I__________________________(visit)themuseum

Ex.3.ChangetoPresentUnrealConditions:

1.Ifhehastime,hewillgo. (Ifhehadtime,hewouldgo)2.Iftheweatheriscold,wewillnotgo. ___________________________________________________3.Ifheishere,hecanhelpus. ___________________________________________________4.Ifhestudieshard,hewillpass, ___________________________________________________5.IfIhavemoretime,Iwillreadmorebooks. ___________________________________________________6.Ifwehavemorepractice,wewillspeakbetter. ___________________________________________________7.Ifhecomes,hewillseeher. ___________________________________________________8.Ifhegoestotheparty,hewillmeether. ___________________________________________________9.Ifheprepareshislessons,hewillmakegoodprogress.__________________________________________________

10.lftheytryhard,theywillsucceed. ___________________________________________________11.lfIamfreetomorrow,Iwillgotothebeach. ___________________________________________________12.lfIdon’thavetowork,Iwillgotothemovie. ___________________________________________________

Ex.4.CompletethefollowingbyusingPresentUnrealConditions:

1.Johndoesnotstudyhardbutif...(Johndoesnotstudyhard,butifhestudiedhardhewouldlearnmorequickly.)2.Marydoesnotprepareherlessons,butif... ___________________________________________________3.Williamnevercomestoclassontime,butif... ___________________________________________________4.Hehasverylittlepracticeinspeaking,butif... ___________________________________________________5.IamnotinFloridanow,butif... ___________________________________________________6.Maryisn’therenow,butif... ___________________________________________________7.Ican’tspeakFrench,butif... ___________________________________________________8.Idon’tspeakEnglishwell,butif... ___________________________________________________9.Hehasverylittlefreetime,butif... ___________________________________________________

10.Hedoesn’tliketostudyEnglish,butif... ___________________________________________________11.Hehasveryfewfriends,butif... ___________________________________________________12.Shehasverylittlemoney,butif... ___________________________________________________

Ex.5.Completethefollowing:

1.lfJohnwerehere,he...wouldbeveryhappy.2.Hewouldspeakbetterif... ___________________________________________________3.Ifhestudiedmore,he... ___________________________________________________4.IfIcouldspeakFrench,I... ___________________________________________________5.IfIwereyou,I... ___________________________________________________6.IflwereinFloridanow,I... ___________________________________________________7.Ifhehadmoretime,he... ___________________________________________________8.IfIknewherwell,I... ___________________________________________________9.lfJohnpreparedhislessonseverynight,he... ___________________________________________________

10.Iftodaywereaholiday,we... ___________________________________________________11.Ifhecametoclassregularly,he... ___________________________________________________


12.Marywouldgowithusif... ___________________________________________________13.Hewouldspeakbetterif... ___________________________________________________14.Wewouldgoforawalkintheparkif... ___________________________________________________15.IftodaywereSunday,we... ___________________________________________________


1.IfI(was,were)inyourposition,IwouldstudyFrench.(lfIwereinyourposition,Iwould...)2.Iftheweather(is,willbe)nicetomorrow,wemaydrivetothecountry.3.IfIwereyou,I(will,would)walktoschool.4.Johnsaidhe(will,would)beheresoon.5.Marytoldmethatshe(can,could)notcome.6.Ifhe(can,could)helpus,Iamsurehewould.7.IfI(know,knew)howtoswim,Iwouldgoswimmingeveryday.8.IfI(had,have)timetomorrow,Iwillgotothemovie.9.WhenJohn(comes,willcome)heretomorrow,Marywilltalkwithhim.

10.Hewouldgotothetheatermoreoftenifhe(have,had)thetime.11.Hesaidhe(may,might)belate.12.Ifhe(knows,knew)mynumber,hecouldtelephoneme.


1. Iftodaywereaholiday,wherewouldyougo? _________________________________________________________________________________________________2. Ifyouhadanautomobile,wherewouldyoudrivethisweekend? _________________________________________________________________________________________________3. WouldyouspeakEnglishbetterifyouhadmorepracticeinconversation? _________________________________________________________________________________________________4. Ifyoustudiedharder,wouldyougetbettermarksinallyoursubjects? _________________________________________________________________________________________________5. Ifyoucouldvisitanycountryintheworld,whatcountrywouldyouvisitfirst? _________________________________________________________________________________________________6. Ifyouhadmuchmoney,howwouldyouspendit? _________________________________________________________________________________________________7. IftodaywereSunday,wherewouldyougoandwhatwouldyoudo? _________________________________________________________________________________________________8. WouldJohnspeakEnglishbetterifhespentmoretimeonhislessons? _________________________________________________________________________________________________9. IfyouknewEnglishperfectly,whatotherlanguagewouldyoubegintostudy? _________________________________________________________________________________________________

III.ORACIONESCONDICIONALESDELTERCERTIPO:PASADOIRREAL

Enestetipodeoracionesnosotrosnosreferimosaunasituaciónhipotética(contrariaalarealidad)enelpasado.

IfJohnhadstudiedhard,hewouldhavepassedhisexamination.(SiJohnhubieraestudiadomás,habríaaprobadosuexamen).(Realsituation:Hedidn´tpasshisexaminationbecausehedidn´tstudyhard)

Iftheyhadknownyourtelephonenumber,theywouldhavecalledyouup.(Sielloshubieranconocidosunúmerotelefónico,tehabríanllamado)(Realsituation:Theydidn´tcallyouupbecausetheydidn´thaveyourtelephonenumber)


Condicion Resultado

If+Subject+Pastperfect Subject+wouldhave/couldhave/mighthave+Pastparticiple


Ensituacionesformalesoliterarias,estetipodeoracionescondicionalesseexpresansinIF.EnestoscasoselverbomodalHADprecedealsujeto.

Hadheknownthatyouwereill,hewouldhavecometoseeyou.

EXERCISES


1.Hewouldhavecometothepartyifhehadknown(know)aboutit.(Hewouldhavecometothepartyifheaboutit).2.IfI________________________(have)youraddress,Iwouldhavecalledonyou.3.Iftheweather________________________(be)niceyesterday,theywouldhavegonetothepark.4.Ifyou________________________(call)me,Iwouldhavebeengladtogo.5.Ifhe________________________(wear)hisovercoat,hewouldnothavecaughtcold.6.IwouldhavevisitedyouifI________________________(know)youwerelivinginNewYork.7.IfI________________________(be)inyourplace,Iwouldhavetoldhim.8.Hewouldhavegottensickifhe________________________(go)outintherain.9.Ifhe________________________(tell)methetruth,Iwouldnothavebeensoangry.

10.Ifyesterday________________________(be)aholiday,wewouldhavegonetothebeach.


1.Ifhehadstudiedmore,hehewouldhavesucceeded.(succeed).2.Ifhehadnotwornhisovercoat,he________________________(catch)cold.3.I________________________(help)himifhehadaskedme.4.He________________________(be)angryifhehadlearnedthetruth.5.We________________________(come)earlierifwehadknownaboutit.6.We________________________(be)gladtomeetyouifyouhadinvitedus.7.He________________________(write)toyouifhehadhadyouraddress.8.I________________________(tell)youaboutitifIhadknownallthefacts.9.We________________________(go)tothemovielastnightifwehadbeenfree.

10.They________________________(drive)tothecountryiftheyhadhadacar.

Ex.3.CompletethefollowingsentencesbyaddingaPAST-UNREALconditionalstatement:

1.Johndidn’tpreparehislessons,butifhehadpreparedthemhewouldhavelearnedEnglishbetter.2.Marydidn’tcometoschoolyesterday,butif.___________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________3.Ididn’thaveyourtelephonenumber,butif_____________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________4.Johnwasn’tatthemeetingyesterday,butif ___________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________5.Iwasn’tinFloridalastwinter,butif ___________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________6.Ididn’tknowhisname,butif________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________7.Hedidn’ttellmeaboutit,butif ______________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________8.Ididn’thaveacarlastwinter,butif___________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________9.Shedidn’twearherraincoat,butif___________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________

10.Iwasn’tinhisposition,butif_________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________11.Shedidn’tcomeontime,butif ______________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________12.Hecouldn’tspeakEnglishatthetime,butif ___________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________


Ex.4.ChangetoPRESENT-UNREALandtoPAST-UNREALConditions:

1. Ifhecomes,shewillspeaktohim. a.Ifhecame,shewouldspeaktohim.

b.Ifhehadcome,shewouldhavespokentohim.

2. Iftheweatherisnice,theywillgotothebeach a._____________________________________________________________________________

b._____________________________________________________________________________3.Ifhehastime,hewillgowithusa. _____________________________________________________________________________ b._____________________________________________________________________________4.IfIamfreenextweek,Iwillcallherup a______________________________________________________________________________ b______________________________________________________________________________5. IfIcandoit,Iwilldoitgladly

a______________________________________________________________________________ b______________________________________________________________________________6. Ifheishere,hemayhelpus a______________________________________________________________________________ b______________________________________________________________________________7. IfIseeher,Iwillgiveherthemessage a______________________________________________________________________________ b______________________________________________________________________________8. Ifhegoesthere,hewillletusknow a______________________________________________________________________________ b______________________________________________________________________________9. Ifitrains,theywillstayathome a______________________________________________________________________________ b______________________________________________________________________________

10.Ifheworksharder,hewillbepromoted a b______________________________________________________________________________

11.Ifhehasthemoney,hemaygowithus a______________________________________________________________________________ b______________________________________________________________________________

12.IfJohnispresent,themeetingwillbegood a______________________________________________________________________________ b______________________________________________________________________________

Ex.5.(OpenExercise)Completethefollowing:

1.Ifhewerehere,hewouldtakepartinthegame2.IfIhadknownaboutit,I____________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________3.Theywouldhavecomeifthey_______________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________4.IfIwereyou,I_____________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________5.Ifyouhadaskedme,I______________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________6.Ifhehadtelephonedme,I __________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________7.IwouldgoifI _____________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________8.Hewouldhavehelpedusif__________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________


9.IfEnglandhadbeenbetterpreparedforwar,Germany __________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________

10.IfIhadmoretime,I ________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________11.Hewouldhavesucceededifhe______________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________12.IfIhadbeeninvited,I_______________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________13.Iftheweatherwerenice,we_________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________14.Iftheweatherhadbeennice,we_____________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________15.Theywouldhavejoinedtheclassifthey_______________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________16.ImighthavecaughtcoldifI_________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________


1. IfI(was,were)you,Iwouldcertainlydoit.(lfIwereyou,Iwouldcertainlydoit.)2. Johnlooksasthoughhe(was,were)sick.3. Heactedasifhe(had,hadhad)agreatshock.4. IfI(knew,hadknown)thisyesterday,Iwouldhaveacteddifferently.5. Ifit(rains,willrain)tomorrow,wemaynotgoaway.6. I(couldgo,couldhavegone)iftheyhadaskedme.7. Ifhe(was,hadbeen)here,hewouldhavetakenpartinthediscussion.8. Heactedasifhe(was,were)themanageroftheplace.9. I(will,would)liketostudySpanishifIhadthetime.10.Iftoday(was,were)aholiday,wecouldgotothebeach.11.Ifyesterday(was,hasbeen,hadbeen)aholiday,wecouldhavegonetothebeach.12.Callmeifhe(comes,willcome)beforenoon.13.IfI(wouldbe,were)inhisposition,Iwouldnotacceptthework.14.Hewillnotgounlessshe(goes,willgo)too.15.IfeelasifI(ate,hadeaten)alargedinner.16.Ithinkhe(wouldcome,wouldhavecome)ifwehadaskedhim.


1.Ifyesterdayhadbeenaholiday,wherewouldyouhavegone? _________________________________________________________________________________________________2.Ifyouhadknownitwasgoingtorain,wouldyouhavegoneonthatpicnicyesterday? _________________________________________________________________________________________________3.Ifyouhadstudiedharder,wouldyouhavegottenabettermarkonyourexamination? _________________________________________________________________________________________________4.Ifyouhadhadlastweekoff,wherewouldyouhavegone? _________________________________________________________________________________________________5.Ifyouhadn´thadtostudylastnight,wouldyouhavegonetothemovieswithyourfriend? _________________________________________________________________________________________________6.WouldJohnhavegonetothestadiumwithyouifhehadnotbeensick? _________________________________________________________________________________________________7.WouldthepartyhavebeenbetterifMaryhadbeenpresent? _________________________________________________________________________________________________8.Wouldyouhavehelpedyourfriendwithhishomeworkifhehadaskedyou? _________________________________________________________________________________________________


PARTII.

A. USODELSUBJUNTIVODESPUESDEWISH

DebidoaqueelverboWISH(desear)sugiereunasituaciónqueeshipotéticaocontrariaalarealidad,estesiempredebeirseguidoporelmodosubjuntivo;esdecir,aligualqueenlasoracionescondicionales,vaseguidodeunverboenPASADOensituacionespresentesyunPASADOPARTICIPIOensituacionespasadas.Enestoscasosestasexpresionesseusanparaexpresarundeseoyequivalena“Ojalá...”,“Megustaría...”,o“Mehabríagustado...”

Idon´tknowhowtoswim.IwishIknewhowtoswim.Ican´tgototheconferencebecauseI´mverybusy.IwishIweren´tsobusy.

Maryisnotherenow.Johnwishesshewereherenow.Ididn´tseeMaryatthemeetingyesterday.IwishIhadseenher.

Cuandoqueremosexpresarundeseorelacionadoconunasituaciónfutura,debemosusarelverbomodalWOULD.

It´sbeenraininghardforaboutfivehours.Iwishitwouldstoprainingsoon.Iwishhewouldn´tdothatagain

Observelasiguientetabla:

SituacionesPresentes:

Iwish

S+Past

SituacionesPasadas: S+PastPerfect

SituacionesFuturas: S+Conditional

EXERCISES


1.IwishJohn______________________________(be)herenow.(IwishJohnwereherenow.)2.IwishI______________________________(can)swim.3.IwishI______________________________(study)EnglishwhenIwasaboy.4.Johnwisheshe______________________________(be)inFloridanow.5.IwishI______________________________(go)withyoutothemovielastnight.6.Iwishit______________________________(be)notsocoldnow.7.Iwishit______________________________(stop)snowingsoon.8.IwishI______________________________(know)aboutthisyesterday.9.Iwishtoday______________________________(be)aholiday.

10.IwishI______________________________(have)todayoff.11.IwishI______________________________(have)yesterdayoff.12.IwishI______________________________(know)herbetter.I´dcertainlyinvitehertotheparty.

Ex.2.Completethefollowingsentences:

1. IhavenocarbutIwish (Ihadone.)

2. IcannotswimbutIwish ___________________________________________________3. Ididn’tstudybeforemyexaminationsbutIwish ___________________________________________________4. Todayisn’taholidaybutIwish ___________________________________________________5. Yesterdaywasn’taholidaybutIwish ___________________________________________________6. Theweatherisn’tnicetodaybutIwish ___________________________________________________7. IamnotamillionairebutIwish ___________________________________________________8. Johnwon’tdoitforusbutIwish ___________________________________________________9. Maryisn’therebutIwish ___________________________________________________10.IhavetoworkthisafternoonbutIwish ___________________________________________________11.Ican’tspeakEnglishwellbutIwish ___________________________________________________


12.Maryisn’tgoingwithusbutIwish ___________________________________________________

Ex.3.ChangethesentencestointroduceIWISHinsteadofI´MSORRY:

1.I’msorryhedoesnotspeakEnglishwell. (IwishhespokeEnglishwell.)

2.I’msorryhedidnotgowithuslastnight. ___________________________________________________3.I’msorryyoucouldnotgototheoperalastnight. ___________________________________________________4.I´msorryJohnisnotherewithus. ___________________________________________________5.I´msorryitisrainingsohard. ___________________________________________________6.I’msorrythatIdon’tknowherbetter. ___________________________________________________7.I’msorrythatHelencan’tgowithustothebeach. ___________________________________________________8.I’msorrythatshecouldnotgowithustothebeach. ___________________________________________________9.I’msorrythattodayisnotaholiday. ___________________________________________________

10.I’msorrythatyoucan’tswim. ___________________________________________________

B. VERBOSSEGUIDOSDELPRESENTEDELSUBJUNTIVO

LosverbosTORECOMMEND,TOSUGGEST,TODEMAND,TOREQUIRE,TOASK,TOINSISTyTOPROPOSE,debenirseguidosdeTHAT+PRESENTEDESUBJUNTIVOcuandoestamosrefiriéndonosaunasituaciónpropuestaohipotética.EnelPresentedelSubjuntivo,todaslaspersonasusanlaformasimpledelinfinitivo,porlotantonosedebeagregar-so-esenlatercerapersonadelsingular..

Herecommendedthatshewait(sin“s”)forusoutsidethetheater.(Élrecomendóqueellanosesperara...)

Isuggestedthatyouseethemanagertoday.(Yosugeríqueustedvieraalgerentehoydía)

CuandosedeseausarelverboTOBEnosedebeusarlasformasam/is/are,sinoquelaformasimpleBE

Sheaskedthatwebetherebeforemidday.(Ellapidióquenosotrosestuviéramosalliantesdelmediodia)

TheyrecommendedthatIbethereafewminutesearlier.(Ellosrecomendaronqueyoestuvieraalli...)

Enlaconversacióndiariacoloquialseprefiereusarelverbomodalshould+infinitiveparaexpresarestasideas.

Herecommendedthatsheshouldwaitforusoutsidethetheater.Isuggestedthatyoushouldseethemanagertoday.Sheaskedthatweshouldbetherebeforemidday.TheyrecommendedthatIshouldbethereafewminutesearlier

Tambiénsedebeusarelpresentedelsubjuntivodespuésfrasescomo,“Itisnecessarythat...”,“It´sessentialhat...”,

“It´simperativethat...”,“It´sadvisablethat...”,etc,comolossiguientesejemplos:

ItisnecessarythatMaryseethemanagertoday.It´sadvisablethatyoubetherebeforemidday.

EXERCISES


1.Herecommendedthatshe________________________go)withhim.(Herecommendedthatshegowithhim.)2.HesuggestedthatJohn______________________________(wait)afewminutes.3.Itisimperativethatthey______________________________(be)thereontime.4.Heaskedthatit______________________________(be)donerightaway.5.Irecommendedthatyou______________________________(come)backlater.6.Theyinsistedthatwe______________________________(visit)themagain.7.HeproposedthatJohn______________________________(be)chairman.8.Isitnecessarythatthis______________________________(be)finishedtoday?9.Heinsistedthatshe______________________________(go)onwiththework.

10.ThedoctorsuggestedthatMr.Smith______________________________(take)alongvacation.


Ex.2.ChangethesentencestointroduceSUGGESTED/INSISTED/RECOMMENDEDinsteadofASKED:

1.IaskedJohntowaitforme. IsuggestedthatJohnwaitforme.)

2.Iaskedhertocomebacklater. ___________________________________________________3.Johnaskedmetotakeawalkwithhim. ___________________________________________________4.Heaskedmetobethereontime. ___________________________________________________5.Weaskedthemtogowithusinourcar. ___________________________________________________6.Theteacheraskedustovisitherinherhome. ___________________________________________________7.Theownerofthestoreaskedmetocallbacklater. ___________________________________________________8.TheteacheraskedBilltobemorecareful. ___________________________________________________9.Weaskedhertobeatourhomeateighto’clock. ___________________________________________________

10.Heaskedmetolendhimthemoney. ___________________________________________________

Ex.3.Supplythecorrectforminthefollowing:

1.IfJohnwerehere,it(wouldbe)(be)mucheasierforus.2.HadIknownyournumber,I______________________________ (telephone)you.3.Whatwouldyoudoifyou______________________________(be)I?4.WereIyou,I______________________________(begin)tostudySpanish.5.Hewouldhavefinishedsoonerifhe______________________________(hurry).6.HadIhadmoretime,I______________________________(do)it.7.Ifhehadbeenwell,he______________________________ (come)tothemeeting.8.Ifhefeltbetter,he______________________________(go)totheparty.9.Ifhehadfeltbetter,he______________________________(go)totheparty.

10.Iftoday______________________________(be)aholiday,hewouldspenditatthebeach.11.Ifyesterday______________________________(be)aholiday,hewouldhavespentitatthebeach.12.Hewouldhelpusifhe______________________________(can).


1.IwishI(were,wouldbe)inFloridanow.2.IwishI(went,hadgone)withyoutothepartylastnight.3.HerecommendedthatI(am,be)thereearly.4.HesuggestedthatJohn(come,comes)backlater.5.IfI(were,wouldbe)inFloridanow,Iwouldgoswimming.6.Johnsaidhe(will,would)beheretomorrow.7.Ifhe(willcome,comes)soon,pleaseletmeknow.8.JohnsatbetweenMaryand(I,me).9.Themerchandiseissupposed(tosend,tobesent)tomorrow.

10.Ifyoucometooearly,I(maysleep,maybesleeping).11.He(isliving,hasbeenliving)heremanyyears.12.I(saw,haveseen)Johnyesterday.13.Hesaidhealready(saw,hadseen)thatmovie.14.Johnalways(sits,issitting)atthisdesk.

Ex.5Answerthesequestions:

1.Whichwouldyouprefertobe,ingoodhealthorinbadhealth? _________________________________________________________________________________________________2.Whichwouldyouprefer,toberichorpoor? _________________________________________________________________________________________________3.Whichwouldyouprefertostudyinthefuture,GermanorChinese? _________________________________________________________________________________________________4.Whichwouldyouprefer,totravelinEuropeorinSouthAmerica? _________________________________________________________________________________________________5.Whichwouldyouprefer,toownahouseoranapartment? _________________________________________________________________________________________________


6.Wouldyoubepleasedorsorrytohearthatyourfriendwassick? _________________________________________________________________________________________________7.Wouldyoubepleasedorsorrytohearthatyouhadwonalargeprize? _________________________________________________________________________________________________8.Wouldyoubepleasedorsorrytohearthatyouhadfailedyourexamination? _________________________________________________________________________________________________9.Wouldyoubepleasedorsorrytohearthatyouwerenotgoingtograduate? _________________________________________________________________________________________________

10.WouldIberightorwrongifIsaidthatfishcouldfly? _________________________________________________________________________________________________11.WouldIberightorwrongifIsaidthatbirdscouldswim? _________________________________________________________________________________________________12.WouldIberightorwrongifIsaidthatyouspokeEnglishverywell? _________________________________________________________________________________________________



THEARMEDFORCES/δiá:rmdfó:rsiz/LasFuerzasArmadas(II)

Alliedforces/aláidfó:rsiz/ fuerzasaliadas Mercenary/mersenæri/ mercenarioArmistice/á:rmistis/ armisticio Militant/mílitant/ militanteAssault/asó:lt/ asalto Mountaineer/maunteníar/ andinistaAttackingunit/atækiηiunit/ unidaddeataque Nurse/né:rs/ enfermeroBarrack/bærak/ barraca,cuadra Offensiveaction/ofénsivæktchn/ acciónofensivaBattle/bætl/ batalla Orderly/ó:rderli/ ordenanzaBattlefield/bætlfí:ld/ campodebatalla Parade/paréid/ paradaBombardment/bombá:rdment/ bombardeo Paratrooper/paratrú:per/ paracaidistaCampaign/kampéin/ campaña Peace/pí:s/ pazCarnage/ká:rnidll/ matanza,carnicería Peacetreaty/pí:strí:ti/ tratadodepazCasualty/kællualti/ bajadeguerra Peacekeepingforces fuerzasdemantenimientoCeasefire/si:sfáiar/ cesealfuego /pi:skí:piηfó:rsiz/ depazChaplain/tchæplin/ capellán Policeman/polísman/ policíaCivilian/sivílian/ civil Preemptiveaction acciónpreemptivaClash/klæsh/ enfrentamiento /priémptivæktchn/Combatant/kómbatant/ combatiente Preventiveaction/privéntivæktchn/acciónpreventivaCombat/kómbat/ combate Prisoner/prízoner/ prisioneroCommando/komændou/ comando Raid/reid/ incursiónConflict/kónflikt/ conflicto Ranger/réindller/ comandoCoupd´etat/ku:detá:/ golpedeestado Rear/ríar/ retaguardiaSiege/sí:dll/ sitio,asedio Rearposition/ríarposíshon/ posiciónderetagurdiaCurfew/ké:rfiu/ toquedequeda Reconnaissance/rikónisans/ reconocimientoDefeat/difí:t/ derrota Reinforcement/riinfó:rsment/ refuerzoDefensiveaction/defénsivæktchn/ accióndefensiva Relief/rilí:f/ ayuda,auxilioDemilitarizedzone/dimilítaráizdzóun/ zonadesmilitarizada Rescueteam/réskiuti:m/ equipoderescateDeployment/diplóiment/ despliegue Reservist/rése:rvist/ reservistaDestruction/distrákshn/ destrucción Reveille/revæli//réveli/ toquededianaDetachment/ditætchment/ destacamento Retreat/ritrí:t/ recogida,retretaDeterrent/dité:rrent/ disuasión Review/riviú:/ revistaDirectfire/dairéktfáiar/ fuegodirecto Revolt/rivólt/ revueltaDisengament/disengéidllment/ rupturadelcombate Riot/ráiot/ revueltaDiver/dáiver/ buzo Salute/saliút/ saludoDoctor/dóktor/ doctor Sharpshooter/sharpshú:ter/ tiradorescogidoDrill/dril/ ejercicio Skirmish/sk :rmish/ escaramuzaEnemyfire/énemifáiar/ fuegoenemigo Slaughter/sló:ter/ matanzaFight/fáit/ lucha,combate Spy/spái/ espíaFlank/flæηk/ flanco Strategy/strætedlli/ estrategiaFoe/fou/ enemigo Struggle/strægl/ luchaFriendlyfire/fréndlifáiar/ fuegoamigo Surrender/sarénder/ rendiciónFront/frant/ frente Surveillance/se:rvéilans/ vigilanciaFrontline/frantlain/ líneadefrente Tactics/tæktiks/ tácticaGarrison/gærison/ guarnición Truce/tru:s/ treguaGuerrilla/geríla/ guerrillero Unmanned/anmænd/ notripuladoHeadquarters/hedkuórterz/ cuartelgeneral Veteran/véteran/ veteranodeguerraHostage/hóstidll/ rehén Victory/víktri/ victoriaIndirectfire/indairéktfáiar/ fuegoindirecto War/wo:r/ guerra(evento)Killing/kíliη/ matanza Warfare/worféar/ guerra(actividad)Logisticsupport/lodllístiksapó:rt/ apoyologístico Warrior/wórior/ guerreroLosses/lósiz/ pérdidas,bajas Withdrawal/wiθdróal/ repliegueManeuvers/manú:verz/ maniobras


Verbs:

Toaccomplish/akómplish/ llevaracabo Tokill/kil/ matarToaim/éim/ apuntar Tolead/li:d/ guiar,conducirToambush/æmbush/ emboscar Tolose/lu:z/ perderToarm/a:rm/ armar Tomobilize/móbiláiz/ movilizarToattack/atæk/ atacar Tooccupy/ókiupái/ ocuparTobesiege/bi:sí:dll/ sitiar Toovercome/óuverkám/ vencerToblowup/blouáp/ estallar Tooverrun/óuverán/ invadirTobomb/bom/ bombardear Topatrol/patróul/ patrullarTobombard/bombá:rd/ bombardear Toraid/réid/ incursionarTobreakout/breikáut/ comenzar,estallar Torecruit/rekrú:t/ reclutarTocapture/kæptcher/ capturar Toretreat/ritrí:t/ retirarseTocarryout/kæriáut/ realizar Toreview/riviú:/ revistarTocommand/komænd/ comandar Tosalute/saliú:t/ saludarToconquer/kónker/ conquistar Toseize/sí:z/ tomar,asirTodefeat/difí:t/ derrotar Toshell/shel/ bombardearTodefend/difénd/ defender Tosight/sáit/ hacerpunteríaTodeploy/diplói/ desplegar Tospy/spái/ espiarTodestroy/distrói/ destruir Tostruggle/strágl/ lucharTodisarm/disá:rm/ desarmar Tosupply/saplái/ suministrarTodrill/dril/ ejercitar Tosupport/sapó:rt/ apoyar,ayudarToendure/endiú:ar/ resistir Tosurrender/sarrénder/ rendirseToengage/engéidll/ trabarcombate Towage/wéidll/ librarunaguerraTofight/fait/ luchar,pelear Towin/win/ ganarTofire/fáiar/ disparar Towithdraw/wiθdró:/ replegarseTogiveup/giváp/ rendirse Toinspect/inspékt/ inspeccionarToinvade/invéid/ invadir


Keytoanswers

UNIT18

PARTI

B)

Ex.1.2.were3,knew4.had5.were6.were7.were8.were9.prepared10.had11.were12.had

Ex.2.2,wouldspeak3.wouldlearn4.wouldmake5.wouldspeak6.wouldbe7.wouldfeel8.wouldtake9.would

go10.wouldwork11.wouldgo12.wouldvisit

Ex.3.2.Iftheweatherwerecold,wewouldnotgo.3.Ifhewerehere,hecouldhelpus.4.ifhestudiedhard,hewould

pass5.IfIhadmoretime,I´dreadmorebooks.6.Ifwehadmuchpractice,wewouldspeakbetter.7.Ifhecame,he

wouldseeher.8.Ifhewent,hewouldmeether.9.Ifhepreparedhislessons,he´dmakegoodprogress.10.Ifthey

triedhard,theywouldsucceed.11.IfIwerefreetomorrow,I´dgotothebeach.12.IfIdidn´thavetowork,I´dgoto

themovie.

Ex.4. (Possibleanswers)2...shepreparedher lessonsshe´d learnmore.3...hecametoclassontimehe´dbea

betterstudent.4...hehadmorepracticeinspeakinghewouldspeakalotbetter.5....IweretherenowIwouldvisiting

Orlando.6....shewerehereIwouldbetalkingwithhernow.7...Icouldspeakit,I´dbeplanningatriptoFrance.8....I

spokeitwell,IwouldbeaCEO(ChiefExecutiveOfficer).9...hehadmorefreetime,hewouldplaytennismoreoften.

10....helikedtodoit,he´dspeakitbetter.11...hehadmorefriends,he´denjoylivinghere.12...shehadmoremoney,

she´dbeabletotravelabroadmoreoften.

Ex.5.(Possibleanswers)2...hestudiedharder3...wouldlearnfaster4...wouldplanatriptoFrance.5...wouldbuy

amoderncar.6...wouldvisitEpcotCenter7....woulddomorethingseveryday.8...would inviteherouttodinner.

9...he´dbeabetterstudent.10...wouldgotothebeach.11...he´dlearnmore.12...shehadthedayoff/free.13....he

hadmorepracticeinconversation.14...itwerenotsocold.15...couldgoonapicnic.

Ex.6.2.is3.would4.would5.could6.could7.knew8.have9.comes10.had11.might12.knew

Ex.7.(Suggestedanswers)1.I´dgoto...2.I´ddriveto...3.Yes.I´dspeakalotbetter.4.Yes,I´dgetterbettermarks,

ofcourse.5.I´dwouldvisit...first.6.I´dbuy.../I´dgoto...7.I´dgoto...AndI´d...8.Ohyes.He´dcertainlyspeakbetter.

9.I´dbegingtostudy...

C)

Ex.1.2.hadhad3.hadbeen4.hadcalled5.hadworn6.hadknown7.hadbeen8.hadgone9.hadtold10.had

been

Ex.2.2.wouldhavecaught3.wouldhavehelped4.wouldhavebeen5.wouldhavecome6.wouldhavebeen

7.wouldhavewritten8.wouldhavetold9.wouldhavegone10.wouldhavedriven

Ex.3.(Possibleanswers).2...shehadcome,shewouldhavetakenpartinthecompetition.3...Ihadhadit,I´dhave

calledyouup.4...hehadbeenthere,youwouldhaveseenhim.5....Ihadbeenthere,I´dhavegoneonacruiseinthe

Caribbean.6....Ihadknownit,Iwouldhaveincludeditinthelistofguests7...hehadtoldme,I´dhaveacteddifferently.

8...Ihadhadone,IwouldhavedriventoDenveratChristmastime.9...shehadworeit,shewouldn´thavecaughtcold.

10...Ihadbeeninhisposition,I´dhaveaskedforaninterviewwiththeboss.11...shehadcomeontime,shewouldn´t

havemissthefirstactoftheopera.12....hehadspokenit,he´dhavegottenabetterjob.

Ex.4.2.Iftheweatherwerenice,theywouldgotothebeach./Iftheweatherhadbeennice,theywouldhavegone

tothebeach..3.Ifhehadtime,hewouldgowithus./Ifhehadhadtime,hewouldhavegonewithus.4.If1were

freenow,Iwouldcallyouup./If1hadbeenfreeyesterday,Iwouldhavecalledyouup.5.If1coulddoit,1woulddo

itgladly./IfI´dbeenabletodoit,I´dhavedoneitgladly.6.Ifhewerehere,hemighthe1pus./Ifhe´dbeenhere,he

mighthavehelpedus.7.IfIsawher,I´dgiveherthemessage./IfI´dseenher,I´dhavegivenherthemessage.8.If


hewentthere,hewillletusknow./.Ifhe´dgonethere,hewouldhaveletusknow.9.Ifitrained,theywouldstayat

home./.Ifithadrained,theywouldhavestayedathome.10.Ifheworkedharder,hewouldbepromoted./.Ifhe´d

workedharder,hewouldhavebeenpromoted.11.Ifhehadthemoney,hemightgowithus/Ifhe´dhadthemoney,

hemighthavegonewithus.12.IfJohnwerepresent,themeetingwouldbegood./IfJohnhadbeenpresent,the

meetingwouldhavebeengood.

Ex.5.1. (Suggestedanswers)2....wouldhavephonedyou3....hadbeen invited4...wouldbuyaJapanesecar.

5...wouldhavehelpedyou6...wouldhaveI´dhavetoldhimyouwerehere.7....hadthedayoff.8....wehadaskedhim

tohelpus.9....wouldn´thaveattackedtheterritorybyair.10....wouldwatchTVeveryday11...hehadworkedharder

duringtheterm.12....wouldhaveattendedtheconference.13....wouldgooutforawalk14...wouldhavegoneout

forawalk15...hadknownitstartedtoday.16....hadgoneoutinthecoldyesterdayevening.

Ex.6.2.were3.hadhad4.hadknown5.rains6.couldhavegone7.hadbeen8.were9.would10.were11.had

been12.comes13.were14.goes15.hadeaten16.wouldhavecome

Ex.7.(Suggestedanswers)1.Iwouldhavegoneto...2.No,Iwouln´thavegone.Ihatetherain/Yes,Iwouldhave

goneallthesame.Ilovetherain.3.Yes,ofcourse.Iwouldhavegottenabettermark.4.I´dhavegoneto...5.Yes,I

wouldhavegone,ofcourse/No,Iwouldn´thavegonetothemovies.I´dhavegonetoaconcertinstead.6.Ofcourse

hewouldhavegone.Helovessports/No,hewouldn´thavegone.Hehatessports.7.Yes,perhapsitwouldhave

beenbetterifshehadbeenpresent/No,itwouldhavebeenthesame8.Yes,Iwouldhavecertainlyhelpedhim./No,

Iwouldn´thavehelpedhim.Iwastoobusyatthatmoment.

PARTII

A)

Ex.1.2.could3.hadstudied4.were5.hadgone6.were7.would8.hadknown9.were10.had11.hadhad12.

knew

Ex.2.2.Icouldswim3.Ihadstudied4.itwereaholiday.5.ithadbeenaholiday6.itwerenice7.Iwere8.hewould

doit9.shewerehere.10.Ididn´thavetowork.11.Icouldspeakit.12.shewere.

Ex.3.2.Iwishhehadgonewithuslastnight.3.Iwishyouhadbeenabletogototheoperalastnight.4.IwishJohn

wereherewithus.5.Iwishitweren´trainingsohard.6.IwishIknewherbetter7.IwishHelencouldgowithusto

thebeach.8.Iwishshehadbeenabletogowithustothebeach.9.Iwishtodaywereaholiday.10.Iwishyoucould

swim/IwishIwereabletoswim

B)

Ex.1.2.wait3.be4.be5.come6.visit7.be8.be9.go10.take

Ex.2.2.Iinsistedthatshecome/shouldcomebacklater3.JohnrecommendedthatItake/shouldtakeawalkwith

him.4.HesuggestedthatIbe/shouldbethereontime.5.Weinsistedthattheygo/shouldgowithusinourcar.

6.Theteacherrecommendedthatwevisit/shouldvisitherinherhome.7.TheownerofthestoresuggestedthatIcall

/shouldcallbacklater.8.TheteacherinsistedthatBillbe/shouldbemorecareful.9.Werecommendedthatshebe

/shouldbeatourhomeateighto´clock.10.HesuggestedthatIlend/shouldlendhimthemoney.

Ex.3.2.wouldhavetelephoned3.were4.wouldbegin5.hadhurried6.wouldhavedone7.wouldhavecome

8.wouldgo9.wouldhavegone10.were11.hadbeen12.could

Ex.4.1.were2.hadgone3.be4.come5.were6.would7.comes8.me9.tobesent10.maybesleeping11.has

beenliving12.saw13.hadalreadyseen14.sits

Ex.5.(Possibleanswers)1.I´dprefertobeingoodhealth,ofcourse.2.I´dprefertoberich,ofcourse.3.I´dpreferto

speakEnglishperfectly.4.I´dprefertotraveltoEurope,Ithink.5.I´dprefertoownahorse.Ilikeridinghorses.6.I´dbe

sorrytohearthat,ofcourse.7.I´dbepleasedtohearthat,ofcourse.8.I´dbeverysorrytohearthat,ofcourse.9..I´d

beverysorrytohearthat,ofcourse.10.You´dbeverywrongifyousaidthat,ofcourse.11.You´dberightorwrong.

Itdepends.12.You´dbewrongifyousaidthat.MyEnglishisnotverygood.


UNIT19

THEREPORTEDSPEECH(DISCURSODIRECTOEINDIRECTO)

Cuandodeseamoscontaraotrapersona loquealguiennosdijo,nospreguntóonosordenó,pidióoadvirtióhacer,

podemosutilizarlaspalabrastextualesusadasporesapersona,loqueencastellanoseconocecomoDiscursoDirecto

(o“DirectSpeech”eninglés);opodemosrealizaralgunoscambiosverbales,pronominalesoadverbialespararespetar

laconcordaciadelostiemposverbalesylacorrespondenciadelospronombresylasexpresionesdetiempoolugar,lo

queseconocecomoDiscursoIndirectoencastellano(oIndirectSpeecheninglés).Esnecesariorevisarlaregladela

concordanciadelostiemposverbalesestudiadasenlaUnidad16.

Johnsaid,“I´mverybusy.“(DirectSpeech)

Johnsaid(tous),“IlikeNewYork.”(DirectSpeech)

Johnsaidthathewasverybusy.(IndirectSpeech)

JohntoldusthathelikedNewYork.(IndirectSpeech)

I. DISCURSOINDIRECTOCONORACIONESAFIRMATIVASONEGATIVAS

Existenciertasreglasquedebemosconocercuandoestamoscambiandooraciones,preguntasuórdenesdeldiscurso

directoal indirecto.Enesoscasosdebemoshaceralgunoscambiosquesonobligatorios(verbosypronombres)y

otrossonoptativoss,dependiendosientreloquesedijoyloqueestamoscontandohahabidocambiosdeorden

cronólogico(tiempo)ogeográfico(lugar)

CambiosVerbales(obligatorios):

Presentcont. Pastcontinuous Hesaid,“I´mworkingveryhard.”➙Hesaidthathewasworkingveryhard.

Simplepresent Simplepast Hesaid,“Ialwaysworkhard.”Hesaidthathealwaysworkedhard.

Presentperfect Pastperfect Hesaid,“Ihaveworkedveryhard.”Hesaidthathehadworkedveryhard.

Simplepast Pastperfect Hesaid,“Iworkedveryhard.”Hesaidthathehadworkedveryhard.

Future Conditional Hesaid,“Iwillworkhardallday.”Hesaidthathewouldworkhardallday.

Can Could Hesaid,“Icanuseacomputer.”Hesaidthathecoulduseacomputer.

Must Hadto Hesaid,“Imustdothejobwell.”Hesaidthathehadtodothejobwell.

May Might Hesaid,“Itmayrainagain.”Hesaidthatitmightrainagain.

Haveto/Hasto Hadto Hesaid,“Ihavetodothatagain.”Hesaidthathehadtodothatagain.

Cambiosdeordencronológicoogeográfico(Optativos)

Now Then Hesaid,“I´mbusynow.”Hesaidthathewasbusythen.

Today Thatday/Yesterday Hesaid,“I´mbusytoday.”Hesaidthathewasbusythatday/yesterday.

This That Hesaid,“I´mbusyatthismoment.”Hesaidthathewasbusyatthatmoment

These Those Hesaid,“Ilikethesebooks”Hesaidthatlikedthosebooks.

Yesterday Thedaybefore/Thepreviousday Hesaid,“Iwasbusyyesterday.”Hesaidthathehadbeenbusythedaybefore.


Tomorrow Thefollowingday Hesaid,“I´llbebusytomorrow.”Hesaidthathewouldbebusythefollowingday.

Here There Hesaid,“I´mveryhappyhere.”Hesaidthathewasveryhappythere.

Tonight Lastnight Hesaid,“I´mverybusytonight.”Hesaidthatshewasverybusythatnight.

Lastnight Thenightbefore/Thepreviousnight Hesaid,“Iwasverybusylastnight”Hesaidthathe´dbeenverybusythepreviousnight.

Notequecuandosenombranalasdospersonasqueintervinieronenlaconversación,segúnvimosenlaUnidad8,

sedebeusarTOLDenvezdeSAID.

Bobsaid,“IlikeNewYork.”

BobtoldusthathelikedNewYork.

II. DISCURSOINDIRECTOCONPREGUNTAS

Cuandosedeseaexpresarunpreguntaeneldiscursoindirecto,nosedebemantenerlaestructuranegativa(VM+S+VP)

enlacláusulasubordinadasinoquesedebeusarlaestructuraafirmativa(S+(VM)+VP

Johnaskedme,“WheredoesMarylive?”

JohnaskedmewhereMarylived.

Theteacheraskedthestudents,“WhyisBobabsenttoday?”

TheteacheraskedthestudentswhyBobwasabsenttoday.

Bobaskedme,“DoyoulikeNewYork?”

Bobaskedmewhether/ifIlikedNewYork.

Bobaskedhisfriends,“Willyoucometomyparty?”

Bobaskedhisfriendswhether/iftheywouldcometohisparty.

III.DISCURSOINDIRECTOCONORDENES,REQUERIMIENTOS,ADVERTENCIAS,ETC,

Cuandosedeseaexpresarunaorden,unrequerimiento,advertencia,etc,eneldiscursoindirecto,sedebeusarla

siguienteestructura:

Subject Verb ObjectPro(Noun). To/notTo+Infinitive.

HeMissWhiteTheteacherTheinstructorsThey

askedtoldwarnedrequestedordered

meyouhim/herusthemtheboytheboys

tositdowntoworkhardertobemorecarefulnottobelatenottotalkinclass

EXERCISES

Ex.1.Changefromdirecttoindirectform:

1.Johnsaid,“Ihavetoworktonight.” (Johnsaidthathehadtoworktonight.)

2.Marysaidtome,‘’Iwillbebacklater.” ___________________________________________________

3.Mr.Smithsaid,“Wemayhaveanexam.” ___________________________________________________

4.Hesaid,“Ihavenomoney.” ___________________________________________________

5.Thedoctorsaid,“Johnisaverysickman.” ___________________________________________________

6.Marysaidtome,“Icannotgowithyoutonight.” ___________________________________________________

7.Hesaid,“Ihopeshecomessoon.” ___________________________________________________

8.Hesaid,“lhaveknownhimalongtime.” ___________________________________________________

9.Mr.Smithsaid,“Wewillfinishthistomorrow.” ___________________________________________________

10.Hesaid,“Idon’tknowherwell.” ___________________________________________________


11.Shesaid,“Iamgoingawaytomorrow.” ___________________________________________________

12.Hesaidtome,“Heissupposedtobeherenow.” ___________________________________________________

Ex.2.Changefromdirecttoindirectform:

1.Maryasked,“WheredoesJohnlive?” (MaryaskedwhereJohnlived.)

2.Helensaidtome,“Howlonghaveyoulivedhere?’’ ___________________________________________________

3..MrSmithaskedus,“Doyouunderstandthisexercise?” _________________________________________________

4.IaskedJohn,“Whattimeisit?” ___________________________________________________

5.Heaskedme,“Doyouhavetoworktonight?” ___________________________________________________

6.Johnsaid,“lsitraining?” ___________________________________________________

7.Hesaidtome,“Areyougoingtothemovieswithus?” __________________________________________________

8.Theteacherasked,“Didyouseethatdocumentary?”___________________________________________________

9.Heaskedme,“WhenareyouleavingforEurope?’’ ___________________________________________________

10.Heaskedme,“Whatdoesthewordmean?” ___________________________________________________

11.Iaskedhim,“Whendidyoureadthatbook?” ___________________________________________________

12.Hesaidtome,“Howareyoutoday?” ___________________________________________________

13.Iaskedher,“lsJohnhere?” ___________________________________________________

14.Shesaidtohim,“Doyoulikemynewhat?” ___________________________________________________

15.Iaskedher,“Whereisit?” ___________________________________________________

Exercise3.Changetoindirectform:

1.Johnsaidtome,“Waitfiveminutesforme.” (Johntoldmetowaitfiveminutesforhim.)

2.Theteachersaidtous,“Don’twriteinpencil.” ___________________________________________________

3.Iaskedhim,“Bemorecareful.” ___________________________________________________

4.Heaskedme,‘’Pleasedon’tbelate.” ___________________________________________________

5.Heaskedme,“Trytocomeontime.” ___________________________________________________

6.Hesaidtome,“Don’tmakethesamemistakeagain.”___________________________________________________

7.Hewarnedthechild,“Don’tcrosstheroad.” ___________________________________________________

S.Hesaidtome,“Don’tforgetwhatItoldyou.” ___________________________________________________

9.Hebeggedme,‘’Pleasesendmethemoneyatonce.”__________________________________________________

10.Heaskedme,“Sitdownforafewminutes.” ___________________________________________________

Ex.4.Changethefollowingimperativesentencestoindirectform.BegineachonewithTHETEACHERTOLDME:

1.Sitinthefirstrow. (Theteachertoldmetositinthefirstrow.)

2.Waitoutsideinthehall. ___________________________________________________

3.Comebacklater. ___________________________________________________

4.Doyourexercísesinink. ___________________________________________________

5.GivethismessagetoMrs.Smith. ___________________________________________________

6.Don’twastesomuchtime. ___________________________________________________

7.Don’tlookatyourneighbor’spaper. ___________________________________________________

8.Situpstraíght. ___________________________________________________

9.Gotothewhiteboard. ___________________________________________________

10.Takeyourfeetoffthedesk. ___________________________________________________

11.Prepareyourlessonsmorecarefully. ___________________________________________________

12.Sitdownandreadthestory. ___________________________________________________

Ex.5.Answerthefollowingquestionsinindirectform.Begineachanswerwiththewordsgiveninparentheses

afterthequestion:

1.Where´sJohn?(Idon’tknow...) (Idon’tknowwhereJohnis.)

2.Isheinthebuilding?(Shewantstoknow...) ___________________________________________________

3.Wheredoesshelive?(Canyoutellme...? ___________________________________________________

4.Isheagoodstudent?(I´mnotsure..-) ___________________________________________________

5.Howmuchdoesitcost?(Hewantstoknow..) ___________________________________________________

6.Whereisshegoing?(Shedidn’tsay...) ___________________________________________________


7.Howishegettingalong?(Shewantstoknow..)

8.Howishegettingalong?(Mrs.Joneswantedtoknow,.)_________________________________________________

9.Istheelevatoroutoforder?(Canyoutellme...) ___________________________________________________

10.Whereishenow?(Canyoutellme...) ___________________________________________________

11.IsMr.Smithhere?(I’dliketoknow...) ___________________________________________________

12.Whenwillhegetback?(I´dliketofindout...) ___________________________________________________

13.Howtallishe?(Idon’tknow...) ___________________________________________________

14.Isheverytall?(Ireallydon’tknow...) ___________________________________________________

15.Wheredoeshelive?(Askhim...) ___________________________________________________

Ex.6..Changefromindirecttodirectform:

1.Hesaidhewasbusy. (Hesaid,“Iambusy.”)

2.HeaskedmewhereIlived. ___________________________________________________

3.HeaskedherwhethershelikedNewYork. ___________________________________________________

4.Shesaidshewasgoingoutoftown. ___________________________________________________

5.ShesaidherlastnamewasSmith. ___________________________________________________

6.ShesaidhermaidennamehadbeenJones. ___________________________________________________

7.Hetoldmenottowaitforhim. ___________________________________________________

8.Hesaidthathecouldnotmeetus. ___________________________________________________

9.Heaskedhowmuchitcost. ___________________________________________________

10.Hetoldhertoleavetheroom. ___________________________________________________

11.HeaskedwhetherIhadmailedtheletter. ___________________________________________________

12.Hesaidhewouldbebacksoon. ___________________________________________________


1.HeaskedmewhereI(live,lived). (HeaskedmewhereIlived.)

2.Idon’tknowwhether(Ican,canI)doit. ___________________________________________________

3.Canyoutellmewhattime(itis,isit)? ___________________________________________________

4.Hesaidhe(will,would)comeheresoon. ___________________________________________________

5.He(toldme,saidtome)thathewasbusy. ___________________________________________________

6.Heaskedmewhattimeit(is,was). ___________________________________________________

7.Iaskedhimwhattheword(means,meant). ___________________________________________________

8.Iaskedherwhethershe(is,was)married. ___________________________________________________

9.I’dliketoknowwhere(isit,itis). ___________________________________________________

10.Hesaidhe(can,could)meetuseasily. ___________________________________________________

11.I´mnotsurewhether(heis,ishe)herenow. ___________________________________________________

12.Hedidn’tsaywherehe(is,was)going. ___________________________________________________


1. WhydidJohntellyoutowaitforhimafterthelesson?

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Whatexercisedidtheteachertellyoutopreparefortomorrow’slesson?

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. WhydidyouaskMarywhattimeitwas?

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. WheredidWilliamaskyoutomeethimtonight?

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. Whydidthemotherwarnthechildnottocrossthestreet?

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

6. Whydoesn’tHenryknowwhetherornothecangotothepartytonight?

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

7. DidJohnsaythathehadorhadnotseenthatmovie?

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

8.DidGracetellyouwhetherornotshehadenjoyedtheparty?

_________________________________________________________________________________________________


BASICVOCABULARY

Verbosprincipales:VerbosRegulareseIrregulares

Todoslosverbosprincipalestienencuatroformas:elinfinitivo,elpasado,elpasadoparticipio,elgerundio.Segúnlamanera

enqueformanelpasadoyelpasadoparticipiolosverbosprincipalesseclasificanendosgrupos:VerbosRegularesy

VerbosIrregulares.SonverbosregularesaquellosqueagreganD/EDparaformarelpasadoyelpasadoparticipio.Los

quenolohacenasísellamanVerbosIrregulares.


Weworkhardeveryday./wí:wé:rkhá:rdévridei/ (Nosotrostrabajamosdurotodoslosdías)

Weworkedhardyesterday./wí:wé:rkthá:rdiésterdi/ (Nosotrostrabajamosarduamenteayer)

Wehaveworkedhardthisyear./wí:havwé:rkthá.rdδisíar/ (Nosotroshemostrabajadoduroesteaño)

Weareworkinghardnow./wí:rwé:rkiηha:rdnáu/ (Nosotrosestamostrabajandoduroahora)

TheyspeakSpanishathome/δéispí:kspænishathóum/ (Elloshablanespañolencasa)

TheyspokeEnglishinclass./δéispóukíηglishinklá:s/ (Elloshablaroninglésenlaclase)

TheyhavealwaysspokenSpanish./δéihavó:lweizspóuknspænish/ (Ellossiemprehanhabladoespañol).

TheyarespeakingEnglishnow./δéirspí:kiηíηglishnáu/ (Ellosestánhablandoinglésahora)

A.Verbosregularesdeusofrecuente

Infinitive Past PastPart. Gerund Spanish

Towatch/wotch/ watched/wotcht watched/wotcht/ watching/wótchiη/ observar

Towork/we:rk/ worked/we:rkt/ worked/we:rkt/ working/wé:rkiη/ trabajar

Tolove/lav/ loved/lavd/ loved/lavd/ loving/láviη/ amar

Toplay/plei/(1) played/pléid/ played/pléid/ playing/pléiη/ jugar

Tostudy/stádi/(1) studied/stádid/ studied/stádid/ studying/stádiiη/ estudiar

Tofit/fit/(2) fitted/fítid/ fitted/fítid/ fitting/fitiη/ calzar

Tostop/stop/(2) stopped/stopt/ stopped/stopt/ stopping/stopiη/ detener

Toguide/gáid/(3) guided/gáidid/ guided/gáidid/ guiding/gáidiη/ guiar

Torepeat/ripí:t/(3) repeated/ripí:tid/ repeated/ripí:tid/ repeating/ripí:tiη/ repetir

NOTAS:

1. Losverbosterminadosen-yprecedidadeunavocaldebenagregar-ed;mientrasquelosqueterminanen-yprecedidadeconsonante

debentransformarla-yen-ied.

2. Lamayoríadelosverbosquetienenlaconbinaciónconsonante+vocal+consonante,ocons+cons+vocal+cons,debenduplicarlaúltima

consonanteantesdeagregar-ed.

3. Aquellosverbosregularesterminadosen-t,-te,-d,-dedebenagregar-d/edyesesufijosepronuncia/id/,yesunasílabamás:fit/fit/

fitted/fitid/;decide/disáid/decided/disáidid/;request/rikwést/requested/rikwéstid/.

Infinitive PastTense/pastParticiple Spanish

Toanswer/á:nser/ answered/á:nserd/ contestar,responder

Toarrive/arráiv/ arrived/arráivd/ llegar

Toask/a:sk/ asked/a:skt/ preguntar,pedir

Tocarry/kærri/ carried/kærrid/ transportar,llevar

Toclean/kli:n/ cleaned/kli:nd/ limpiar

Toclose/klóuz/ closed/klóuzd/ cerrar

Todry/drái/ dried/dráid/ secar

Toenjoy/endllói/ enjoyed/endllóid/ disfrutar,gustar

Tofinish/fínish/ finished/fínisht/ terminar

Tohate/heit/ hated/héitid/ odiar,nogustar

Tohelp/hélp/ helped/helpt/ ayudar

Tohope/hóup/ hoped/hóupt/ esperar,desear

Toinvite/inváit/ invited/inváitid/ invitar

Tolisten/lísn/ listened/lísnd/ escuchar

Tolocate/loukéit/ located/loukéitid/ ubicar,localizar

Tolook/luk/ looked/lukt/ mirar


Tolove/láv/ loved/lávd/ amar,gustar

Toneed/ni:d/ needed/ní:did/ necesitar

Tooffer/ófer/ offered/óferd/ ofrecer

Toprefer/priféar/ preferred/priféard/ preferir

Torain/rein/ rained/réind/ llover

Toreceive/risí:v/ received/risí:vd/ recibir

Toremember/rimémber/ remembered/rimémberd/ recordar

Torepair/ripéar/ repaired/ripéard/ reparar,arreglar

Torepeat/ripí:t/ repeated/ripí:tid/ repetir

Torequest/rikwést/ requested/rikwéstid/ solicitar,pedir

Tosmoke/smóuk/ smoked/smóukt/ fumar

Tostart/sta:rt/ started/stá:rtid/ comenzar,partir

Tostay/stéi/ stayed/stéid/ quedarse,permanecer

Tostudy/stádi/ studied/stádid/ estudiar

Tosuggest/sadllést/ suggested/sadlléstid/ sugerir

Totalk/to:k/ talked/tó:kt/ conversar

Totry/trái/ tried/tráid/ tratar,esforzarse

Touse/iú:z/ used/iú:zd/ usar,utilizar

Tovisit/vízit/ visited/vízitid/ visitar

Towait/weit/ waited/wéitid/ esperar,atender

Towalk/wo:k/ walked/wó:kt/ caminar

Towant/wont/ wanted/wóntid/ querer

Towash/wosh/ washed/wósht/ lavar

Towatch/wotch/ watched/wótcht/ observar,mirar

Towish/wish/ wished/wísht/ desear

Towork/we:rk/ worked/wé:rkt/ trabajar,funcionar

B.Verbosirregularesdeusofrecuente

Infinitive PastTense PastParticiple Spanish

Tobegin/bigín/ began/bigán/ begun/bigán/ empezar,comenzar

Tobring/briη/ brought/bro:t/ brought/bro:t/ traer

Tobuild/bild/ built/bilt/ built/bilt/ construir

Tobuy/bái/ bought/bo:t/ bought/bo:t/ comprar

Tocome/kam/ came/kéim/ come/kam/ venir

Tocut/kat/ cut/kat/ cut/kat/ cortar

Todo/du:/ did/did/ done/dan/ hacer

Todrink/driηk/ drank/dræηk/ drunk/draηk/ beber

Todrive/dráiv/ drove/dróuv/ driven/drívn/ manejar,conducir

Toeat/i:t/ ate/eit/ eaten/í:tn/ comer

Tofall/fo:l/ fell/fel/ fallen/fó:ln/ caer

Tofeel/fi:l/ felt/felt/ felt/felt/ sentir(se)

Tofind/fáind/ found/fáund/ found/fáund/ hallar,encontrar

Toforget/forgét/ forgot/forgót/ forgotten/forgótn/ olvidar

Toget/get/ got/got/ got/gotten/got/gótn/ conseguir,obtener

Togive/giv/ gave/géiv/ given/gívn/ dar

Togo/góu/ went/went/ gone/gon/ ir

beento/bi:ntu/ ir(yvolver)

Tohave/hæv/ had/hæd/ had/hæd/ tener,servirse,haber

Tohear/híar/ heard/hé:rd/ heard/hé:rd/ oir

Tokeep/ki:p/ kept/kept/ kept/kept/ guardar,mantener

Toknow/nóu/ knew/niú:/ known/nóun/ saber,conocer

Tolearn/le:rn/ learnt*/le:rnt/ learnt/le:rnt/ aprender,enterarse

Toleave/li:v/ left/léft/ left/left/ partir,salir,dejar

Tolend/lend/ lent/lent/ lent/lent/ prestar

Tolose/lú:z/ lost/lost/ lost/lost/ perder,extraviar

Tomake/meik/ made/méid/ made/méid/ hacer,fabricar

Tomeet/mi:t/ met/met/ met/met/ reunirse,conocer


Topay/péi/ paid/péid/ paid/péid/ pagar

Toput/put/ put/put/ put/put/ poner,colocar

Toread/ri:d/ read/red/ read/red/ leer

Torun/ran/ ran/ræn/ run/ran/ correr,administrar

Tosay/séi/ said/sed/ said/sed/ decir

Tosee/si:/ saw/so:/ seen/si:n/ ver

Tosell/sel/ sold/sóuld/ sold/sóuld/ vender

Tosend/send/ sent/sént/ sent/sént/ enviar

Toshut/shat/ shut/shat/ shut/shat/ cerrar

Tosing/siη/ sang/sæη/ sung/saη/ cantar

Tosit/sit/ sat/sæt/ sat/sæt/ sentarse

Tosleep/sli:p/ slept/slept/ slept/slept/ dormir

Tospeak/spi:k/ spoke/spóuk/ spoken/spóukn/ hablar

Tospend/spénd/ spent/spént/ spent/spént/ gastar,pasartiempo

Tostandup/stændap/ stood/stu:dap/ stood/stu:dap/ pararse

Toswim/swim/ swam/swæm/ swum/swam/ nadar

Totake/téik/ took/tuk/ taken/téikn/ tomar,llevar

Toteach/ti:tch/ taught/to:t/ taught/to:t/ enseñar

Totell/tel/ told/tóuld/ told/tóuld/ decir,narrar

Tothink/θiηk/ thought/θo:t/ thought/θo:t/ pensar,creer

Tounderstand/anderstænd/understood/anderstú:d/ understood/anderstú:d/ entender,comprender

Towear/wéar/ wore/wo:r/ worn/wo:rn/ vestir,desgastar

Towrite/ráit/ wrote/rout/ written/rítn escribir


Keytoanswers

UNIT19

Ex.1.2.Marytoldme(that)shewouldbebacklater.3.Mr.Smithsaid(that)wemighthaveanexamination.4.He

said(that)hehadnomoney.5.Thedoctorsaid(that)Johnwasaverysickman.6.Marytoldme(that)shecouldnot

gowithmetonight.7.Hesaid(that)hehopedshecamesoon.8.Hesaid(that)hehadknownhimalongtime.9.Mr.

Smithsaid(that)wewouldfinishthistomorrow.10.Hesaid(that)hedidn´tknowherwell11.Shesaid(that)shewas

goingawaytomorrow.12.Hetoldme(that)hewassupposedtobeherenow.

Ex.2.2.HelenaskedmehowlongIhadlivedhere.3.Mr.Smithaskeduswhether/ifweunderstoodthisexercise.

4.IaskedJohnwhattimeitwas.5.Heaskedmewhether/ifIhadtoworktonight.6.Johnaskedwhether/if it

wasraining.7.Heaskedmewhether/ifIwasgoingtothemovieswiththem.8.Theteacheraskedwhether/ifIhad

seenthatdocumentary.9.HeaskedmewhenIwasleavingforEurope.10.Heaskedmewhatthewordmeant.11.I

askedhimwhenhehadreadthatbook.12.HeaskedmehowIwastoday.13.Iaskedherwhether/ifJohnwashere.

14.Sheaskedhimwhether/ifhelikedhernewhat.15.Iaskedherwhereitwas.

Ex.3.2.Theteachertoldmenottowriteinpencil.3.Itoldhimtobemorecareful.4.Hepolitelyaskedmenottobe

late.5.Heaskedmetotrytocomeontime.6.Hetoldmenottomakethesamemistakeagain.7.Hewarnedthe

childnottocrosstheroad.8.Hetoldmenottoforgetwhathehadtoldme.9.Hebeggedmetosendhimthemoney

atonce.10.Heaskedmetositdownforafewminutes.

Ex.4.2.Theteachertoldmetowaitoutsideinthehall.3.Theteachertoldmetocomebacklater.4.Theteachertold

metodomyexercisesinink.5.TheteachertoldmetogivethismessagetoMrs.Smith.6.Theteachertoldmenot

towastesomuchtime.7.Theteachertoldmenottolookatmyneighbor´spaper.8.Theteachertoldmetositup

straight.9.Theteachertoldmetogotothewhiteboard.10.Theteachertoldmetotakemyfeetoffthedesk.11.The

teachertoldmetopreparemylessonsmorecarefully.12.Theteachertoldmetositdownandreadthestory.

Ex.5.2.Shewantstoknowwhether/ ifhe is inthebuilding.3.Canyoutellmewhereshelives?4. I´mnotsure

whether/ifheisagoodstudent.5.Hewantstoknowhowmuchitcosts.6.Shedidn´tsaywhereshewasgoing.

7.Shewantstoknowhowheisgettingalong.8.Mrs.Joneswantedtoknowhowhewasgettingalong.9.Canyoutell

mewhether/iftheelevatorisoutoforder?10.Canyoutellmewhereheisnow?11.I´dliketoknowwhether/ifMr.

Smithishere.12.I´dliketofindoutwhenhe´llgetback.13.Idon´tknowhowtallheis.14.Ireallydon´tknowwhether

/ifhe´sverytall.15.Askhimwherehelives.

Ex.6.2.Heaskedme,“Wheredoyoulive?”3.Heaskedher,“DoyoulikeNewYork?”4..Shesaid,“I´mgoingoutof

town.”5.Shesaid,“Mylastname´sSmith6.Shesaid,“MymaidennamewasJones.7.Hesaidtome,“Don´twait

forme.”8.Hesaid,“Ican´tmeetyou.”9.Heasked,“Howmuchdoesitcost?”10.Hesaidtoher,“Leavetheroom.“

11.Heaskedme,“Didyoumailtheletter?”12.Hesaid,“I´llbebacksoon.”

Ex.7.2.Ican3.itis4.would5.toldme6.was7.meant8.was9.itis10.could11.heis12.was

Ex.8.(PossibleAnswers).1.Becausehewantedtotellmeabouthisnewplans.2.Hetoldmetowriteashortstoryin

English.3.BecauseIwantedtoknowwhattimeitwasandIdidn´thaveawatch.4.Heaskedmetomeethimoutside

thestation.5.Becausetherewastoomuchtrafficatthattime.6.Becausehethinkshe´llhavetoworktilllatetonight.

7.Hesaidhe´dseenit.8.Shesaidshehadn´tenjoyedit.


UNIT20

USEFULENGLISHPHRASESANDEXPRESSIONSINENGLISHFORTRAVELLERS

Frasesyexpresionesútileseninglésparaviajeros

A. Atasocialgathering(enunareunionsocial)

Hallo!/Hello!/Hi! /halóu//hai/ ¡Hola!

Goodmorning /gudmórniη/ Buenosdías

Goodafternoon /gudafternú:n/ Buenastardes

Goodevening /gudí:vniη/ Buenastardes

Goodbye/Byebye /gudbái//báibái/ Hastaluego

Goodnight /gudnáit/ Buenasnoches

Seeyoulater /sí:iu:léiter/ Hastapronto

Seeyoutomorrow /sí:iu:tumórou/ Hastamañana

Seeyouthisevening /sí:iu:δisi:vniη/ Hastalanoche

Thankyou/Thankyouverymuch /θækiu://θækiu:vérimátch/ Muchasgracias

You´rewelcome /io:rwélkam/ Denada

Howareyoutoday? /háuá:riutudéi/ ¿CómoestáUDhoy?

I´mverywell,thankyou /aimvériwelθæηkiu/ Estoymuybiengracias

I´mfine,thanksandhowareyou? /aimfáinθæηksandhaua:riú:/ Estoybiengraciasy¿cómoestáUd?

I´mnotverywellI´mafraid /aimnótveriwélaimafréid/ Noestoymuybienlamentablemente

Howdoyoudo.Mynameis.... /háudiu:dú:mainéimiz.../ Encantado.minombrees...

Pleaseletmeintroducemyself.Mynameis... /plí:zlétmiintrodiu:zmaisélfmainéimiz.../ Permítamepresentarme.Minombrees......

I´dlikeyoutomeetMr/Mrs/Miss/Captain/Doctor... /aidláikiutumí:tmíster/mísiz/mis/káptin/dóktor.../ MegustaríapresentarlealSr.Sra/Srta/Cap/Dr...

ThisisMr/Mrs/Miss/Captain/Doctor... /δisizmíster/mísiz/mis/káptin/dóktor.../ EsteeselolaSr./Sra/Srta/Cap/Dr...

Pleasedtomeetyou /plí:zdtumí:tiu/ Encantado/adeconocerlo/a

I´mgladtomeetyou /aimglædtumí:tiu/ Mealegraconocerlo/a

Please /plí:z/ Porfavor

I´msorry /aimsóri/ Losiento

I´msorryI´mlate /aimsóriaimléit/ Lamentohabermeatrasado

I´mafraid /aimafréid/ Lamentablemente...

I´mafraidIdon´tknow /aimafréidaidóuntnóu/ Desgraciadamentenosé

I´mafraidIcan´t /aimafréidaiká:nt/ Lamentablementenopuedo

What´syourfirstname? /wótsio:rfé:rstnéim/ ¿Cuálessunombre?

What´syoursurname/lastname? /wótsio:rsé:rneim/lá:stnéim/ ¿Cuálessuapellido?

Whatdoyoudo? /wótdiudú:/ ¿QuéhaceUd?

I´manarmyofficer /aimaná:rmiófiser/ Soyunoficialdeejército.

Whatisyourrank? /wótsio:rræηk ¿Cuálessugrado?

DoyouspeakFrench/German/Italian/ /diuspí:kfréntch/dllérman/itálian/ ¿HablaUd.francés/alemán/italiano?

No,Idon´t.ButIspeakSpanishandEnglish /nóuaidóunt,bataispí:kspænishandíηglish/ No.Perohabloespañoleinglés

I´msorryIdon´tunderstandFrench /aimsóriaidóuntanderstændfréntch/ Losiento.Noentiendofrancés

Areyoumarriedorsingle? /a:riumærido:rsíngl/ EsUd.casado/aosoltero/a?

Haveyougota...? /haviugóta.../ ¿TieneUd.un/a...?

Haveyougotanychildren? /haviugóténitchíldren/ ¿TieneUd.hijos?

Howmanychildrenhaveyougot? /háuménitchíldrenhaviugót/ ¿CuántoshijostieneUd.?

Whereareyoufrom? /wéará:riufrom/ ¿DedóndeesUd.?

I´mfromChile /aimfromtchile/ SoydeChile

Wheredoyoucomefrom? /wéardiukámfrom/ ¿DedóndevieneUd.?

IcomefromSantiago,Chile /aikámfromsantiágoutchile/ VengodeStgo.,Chile

Doyoulivehere? /diulivhíar/ ¿Viveud.aqui?

Whichhotelareyoustayingat? /witchhoutéla:riustéiiηæt/ ¿Enquéhotelestáhospedado/aUd.?

What´syourroomnumber? /wótsio:rrú:mnámber/ ¿Cuáleselnúmerodesuhabitación?


What´syourtelephonenumber? /wótsio:rtélifounnámber/ ¿Cuálessunúmerotelefónico?

What´syouraddress? /wótsio:raddrés/ ¿Cuálessudirección?

CanIhelpyou? /kanaihélpiu/ ¿Puedoayudarle?

Canyouhelpme? /kaniuhélpmi:/ ¿Puedeayudarme?

Pardon? /pá:rdon/ ¿Perdón?

Couldyouspeakmoreslowlyplease? /kudiuspí:kmó:rslóuliplí:z/ ¿Podríahablarmáslentoporfavor?

Yes,ofcourse/certainly/sure /iesovkó:rs/sé:rtnli/shuar/ Sí,porsupuesto

No,I´mafraidnot /nóuaimafréidnót/ No,lamentablementeno

Withpleasure /wiδpléllar/ Conmuchogusto

I´msorryImustgonow /aimsóriaimastgóunáu/ Losientodeboirmeahora

I´mafraidit´slateandIhavetogonow. /aimafréiditsléitandaihæftugóunáu/ Lamentablementeestardeytengoqueirmeahora.

Itwasnicemeetingyou /itwoznáismí:tiηiu:/ FuegratoconocerloaUd..

Can/mayIcomein? /kan/meiaikámín/ ¿Puedoentrar?

Please,comeinandsitdown /plí:zkámínandsítdáun/ Porfavor,entreysiéntese

Waitamoment,please /wéitemóumentplí:z/ Espereunmomentoporfavor

Canyouwaitaminute? /kaniuwéitemínit/ ¿PuedeUDesperarunminuto?

Canyourepeatyourquestion,please? /kaniuripí:tio:rkwéstchonplí:z/ ¿PuedeUDrepetirsupregunta?

Howdoyouspellyourname? /háudiuspélio:rnéim/ ¿CómodeletreaUd.sunombre?

Canyouspellitplease? /kaniuspélitplí:z/ ¿Puededeletrearloporfavor?

Sitdown,please /sitdáunplí:z/ Siéntese,porfavor

Don´topenthewindow,please /dóuntóupnδewíndouplí:z/ Noabralaventana,porfavor.

Let´ssithere /létssithiar/ Sentémonosaquí

Let´sgoinside/outside /létsgóuinsáid/autsáid/ Entremos/Salgamos

It´scoldinhere /itskóuldinhíar/ Hacefríoaquíadentro

It´stoohothere /itstú:hothíar/ Hacedemasiadocaloraquí.

Whattimeisit? /wóttáimizit/ ¿Quéhoraes?

What´sthedatetoday? /wótsδedéittudéi/ ¿Quéfechaeshoy?

Areyouallright? /a:riuó:lráit/ ¿EstábienUd.?

Areyoutired? /a:riutáiard/ ¿Estácansado/a?

Areyoucold? /a:riukóuld/ ¿Tienefrío?

Areyouhot? /a:riuhot/ ¿Tienecalor?

Areyouhungry? /a:riuháηgri/ ¿Tienehambre?

Areyouthirsty? /a:riuθé:rsti/ ¿Tienesed?

Areyousleepy? /a:riuslí:pi/ ¿Tienesueño?

Areyouhappy? /a:riuhæpi/ ¿EstáUd.feliz?

Areyousad? /a:riusæd/ ¿EstátristeUd.?

Areyouworried? /a:riuwárid/ ¿Estápreocupado/a?

Areyousick/ill? /a:riusik/íl/ ¿Estáenfermo/aUd.?

DoyoumindifIsmoke? /diumáindifaismouk/ ¿Lemolestasifumo?

No,Idon´tmind.Goahead /nouaidóuntmáindgóuahéd/ Nomemolesta.Hágalo

IsitallrightifIsithere? /izitó:lráitifaisíthíar/ ¿Estábiensimesientoaquí?

Yes,pleasedo /iesplí:zdú:/ Si,porfavorhágalo

You´reright /io:rráit/ TieneUd.razón.

You´rewrong /io:rróη/ Ud.estáequivocado..

Iagreewithyou /aiagrí:wiδiú:/ ConcuerdoconUd.

Idon´tagreewithyou /aidóuntagrí:wiδiú:/ NoconcuerdoconUd.

Idon´tthinkso /aidóuntθiηksóu/ Nolocreoasí.

Ihopeso /aihóupsóu/ Asíloespero.

Yes,Ithinkso /iesaiθiηksóu/ Sí,creoquesí

Yes,that´sright /iesδætsráit/ Sí,correcto

That´swhatImean /δætswotaimí:n/ Esoesloquequierodecir

Whatdoyoumeanbythat? /wótdiu:mí:nbaiδæt/ ¿Quéquieredecirconeso?

Whatdoesthiswordmean? /wótdazδiswé:rdmí:n/ ¿Quésignificaestapalabra?

What´sthemeaningofthisword? /wótsδemí:niηovδiswé:rd ¿Cuáleselsignificadodeestapalabra?


Remember:

1. What´syour...(name,address,.etc...)?

wereyou2. What areyou ...(doing,etc..)? willyoube

did3. What do you...(do,etc...)? will

4. DoyoumindifI...(smoke,etc...)?

Would5. Couldyou...(helpme,etc...)? Can Will

Can6. I...(sithere,etc...)? May

7. Sithere...(comehere...)please. Don´t...gothere(speak...),please.

8. ShallI...spellit?(...helpyou...etc)?

9. Let´ssithere.(...go,etc.)

Recuerde:

1. ¿Cuálessu...(nombredirección,etc...)?

estaba2. ¿Qué está ...(haciendo,etc...)UD? estará

(hizo,etc)3. ¿Qué (hace,etc) UD? (hará,etc)

4. ¿LemolestaaUDsiyo...(fumo,etc.)?

¿QuerríaUd.5. ¿PodríaUd....(ayudarme,etc.)? ¿Puedes ¿Quieres

6. ¿Puedoyo...(sentarmeaquí,etc.)?

7. Siénteseaquí(venga,etc..),porfavor. Novayaallá(hable,etc.),porfavor.

8. ¿Ledeletreo?(Leayudo..,etc)?

9. Sentémosnosaquí(vamos,etc.)


B. Atahotel(enunhotel)

Iwanttocheckin /aiwónttotchekín/ Deseoregistrarme

What´smyroomnumber? /wótsmairú:mnámber/ ¿Cuáleselnúmerodemihabitación?

Couldyoutakethissuitcasetomyroomplease? /kudiutéikδissútkeistumairú:mplí:z/ ¿Podríallevarestamaletaamihabitaciónporfavor?

Isthereacolo(u)rTVintheroom? /izδérekólortí:ví:inδerú:m/ ¿HayunTVacolorenlahabitación?

Thecentralheating/airconditionerisn´tworkingwell /δeséntralhí:tiη/éarkondíshonerízntwé:rkiηwél/

Lacalefaccióncentral/Elaireacondicionadonoestáfuncionandobien

Mybedhasn´tbeenmadeyet /maibédházntbí:nméidiet/ Micamaaúnnohasidohecha.

Ineedanotherblanket /ainí:danáδerblæηkit/ Necesitootrafrazada

Couldyouchangethetowels? /kudiutchéindllδetáuelz/ ¿Podríacambiarlastoallas?

Couldyougetmesomesoap/shampoo,please? /kudiugétmisamsóup/shæmpu:plí:z/ ¿Podríaconseguirmejabón/shampú,porfavor.

Whatisthevoltageusedhere?220or110? /wótsδevóltidlliú:zdhíar/tú:twéntyoruánhándridandtén/

¿Cuáleselvoltajeusadoaquí?220o110?

Couldyougetmeanadaptorformyelectricshaver? /kudiugétmianadæptorformaieléktrikshéiver/

¿Podríaconseguirmeunadaptadorparamiafeitadoraeléctrica?

Isthereacoinoperatedwashingmachine? /izδearakóinoperéitidwóshiηmashí:n/ ¿Hayunalavadoraoperadaconmonedas?

Iwanttohavetheseclotheswashedandironed,please

/aiwónttuhævδi:zklóuδzwóshtandáiondplí:z/

Deseoquemelavenyplanchenestasropas,porfavor

IneedtomakeaninternationalcalltoChile. /ainí:dtuméikaninternæshonalkó:ltutchile/

Deseohacerunallamadainterna-cionalaChile

Mycountrycodenumberis56andthecodenumberforSantiagois2

/maikántrikóudnámberisfíftysiksandδekóudnámberforsantiágouistú:/

Elcódigodemipaíses56yelcódigoparaSantiagoes2.

Iwanttomakeacollectcall,please /aiwónttuméikitkoléktkó:lplí:z/ Quierohacerunallamadaconcobrorevertido,porfavor.

CanIsendafax/ane-mailfromthehotel? /kanaiséndefáks/aní:méilfromδehoutél/ ¿Puedoenviarunfax/e-maildesdeelhotel?

Atwhattimedoyouservebreakfast/lunch/dinner? /atwóttáimdiusé:rvbrékfast/lántch/díner/ ¿Aquéhorasirvendesayuno/almuerzo/cena?

CanIhavebreakfastinmyroom? /kanaihævbrékfastinmairú:m/ ¿Mepuedentraerdesayunoamihabitación¡

CouldyougetmeanewspaperinSpanish,please? /kudiugétmieniuzpéiperinspánishplí:z/ ¿Podríaconseguirmeunperiódicoenespañol,porfavor?

Isthereaswimmingpool/casino/gyminthehotel? /izδeresuímiηpú:l/kazí:nou/dlli:minδehoutél/

¿Hayunapiscina/casino/gimnasioenelhotel?

Canyouwakemeupatsixo´clock? /kaniuwéikmiápatsiksoklók/ ¿Puededespertarmealasseis,porfavor?

Couldyougetmeataxiplease? /kudiugétmietæksiplí:z/ ¿Podríaconseguirmeuntaxi,porfavor?

Isthereamoneyexchangeinthehotel? /izδeremániekstchéindllinδehoutél/ ¿Hayunaoficinadecambioenelhotel?

Couldyoubringa...tomyroomplease? /kudiubríηe...tumairú:mplí:z/ ¿Podríatraermeun...amihabitación,porfavor?

Where´stherestaurant?Upstairsordownstairs? /wéarzδeréstorantápstéarzo:rdáunstéarz/ ¿Dondeestáelrestaurant?ArribaoAbajo?

Untilwhattimeisthebaropen? /antílwóttáimizδebá:róupn/ ¿Hastaquéhoraestáabiertoelbar?

HaveIgotanymessages? /havaigóténimésidlliz/ ¿Tengoalgúnmensaje?

CanIhavemyroomkey,please?Roomnumber206 /kanaihævmairú:mkí:plí:zrú:mnámbertú:óusíks/

¿Puededarmelallavedemipieza,porfavor.Habitación206

Isthereatelephoneinthelobby? /izδeretélifouninδelóbi/ ¿Hayunteléfonoenelhall?

CanIhavemybill/check,please? /kanaihævmaibíl/tchékplí:z/ ¿Puededarmelacuenta,porfavor?

There´sanerrorinmybill/check,Ithink /δérzanérorinmaibíl/tchékaiθiηk/ Hayunerrorenmicuenta,meparece.

Ididn´thavedinnerherelastnight. /aidídnthævdínerhíarla:stnáit/ Yonocenéaquíanoche.

Ididn´thave/eat/drink/orderthis. /aidídnthæv/í:t/driηk/órderδis/ Yonomeserví/comí/bebí/pedíésto.

Isthereabarber´sshophere. /izδerabá:rberzshophíar/ ¿Hayunapeluqueríaaquí?

Couldyouposttheseletters/postcardsforme? /kudiupóustδí:zléterz/póuská:rdzformí:/ ¿PodríaUd.despacharmeestascartas/postales?

Wherearethelifts/elevators? /wéara:rδelífts/elevéitorz/ ¿Dóndeestánlosascensores?

Takethelift/elevatortothetenthfloor. /téikδelíft/elevéitortuδeténθfló:r/ Tomeelascensoral10°piso

Iwanttocheckoutat...o´clock /aiwónttutchékáutat...oklók/ Quierodejarelhotel/registrarmisalidaalas...

Iliked/Ididn´tliketheservice/thefood/theroomverymuch

/ailaikt/aidídntláikδesé:rvis/δefu:d/δerú;mverimátch/

Megustómucho/Nomegustómuchoelservicio/lacomida/lahabitación.


Remember:

1. Iwantto...(makeaphonecall,etc..) Iwouldliketo...(haveanothercoffee,etc.)

2. Whereisthe...(lift,bar,etc...)? Wherearethe...(telephones,toilets,etc...?

3. Istherea...(bar,etc....)inthehotel?

4. Couldyou...(wakemeupat7:30,etc.)please?

Recuerde:

1. Quiero...(hacerunallamada,etc) Desearía...(servirmeotrocafé,etc.)

2. ¿Dóndeestáel...(ascensor,bar,etc.)? ¿Dóndeestánlos.../teléfonos,baños,etc)?

3. ¿Hayun...(bar,etc.)enelhotel?

4. ¿PodríaUd...(despertarmealas7,etc.)porfavor?


C.Atarestaurant(enunrestaurante)

Ineedatableforthree(people)please /ainí:detéiblforθrí:(pí:pl)plí:z/ Necesitounamesaparatres(personas)porfavor.

Isthereatableinthenon-smokingarea,nearthewindow?

/izδeretéiblinδenonsmóukiηéarianíarδewíndou/

¿Hayunamesaenlazonanofumadores,cerca

delaventana?

Whattimedoyoustartservinglunch/dinner? /wóttáimdiustá:rtsé:rviηlántch/díner/ ¿Aquéhoracomienzanaservirelalmuerzo/la

cena?

CanIpaybycreditcard/bycheque/cash? /kanaipéibaikréditká:rd/baitchek/kæsh/ ¿Puedopagarcontarjetadecrédito/concheque/

enefectivo?

Canyouchargethisintomyhotelbill?Room2105 /kaniu:tchárdllδisíntumaihoutélbíl/rú:mtuéntiwánóufáiv/

¿Puedecargarmeéstoenmicuentadelhotel?

Habitación2105

CanItakealookatthemenu? /kanaitéikalúkatδeméniu:/ ¿Puedomirarelmenú?

Wouldyoulikeanappetizer? /wudiuláikanapetáizer/ ¿deseaunaperitivo?

I´llhaveaglassofwhitewineandsomecheese,saltedalmondsorpeanuts,please

/ailhæveglá:sofwáitwáinandsamtchí:ssóltidó:lmondzorpí:natsplí:z/

Meserviréunacopadevinoblancoyqueso,almendrassaladasomaní,porfavor

Whatwouldyouliketostartwith? /wótwudiuláiktustá:rtwiη/ ¿Conquédesearíacomenzar?

IthinkI´llhavechickensoup,please /aiθiηkailhævtchíkinsú:pplí:z/ Creoquemeserviréunasopadepollo,porfavor

Whatwillyouhavetofollow? /wótwiliuhævtufólou/ ¿Quéseserviráacontinuación?

I´llhaverumpsteak,potatochipsandamixedsalad /ailhævrámpstéik/potéitoutchipsandemíkstsælad/

Meserviréuntrozodelomo,papasfritasyuna

ensaladamixta

Couldyougetmeanotherknife?Thisoneisdirty.

/kudiugetmianáδernáifδiswanizdé:rti/ ¿Mepodríatraerotrocuchillo?Esteestásucio.

Couldyoupassmethesalt,please? /kudiupá.smiδesó:ltplí:z/ ¿Podríapasarmelasal,porfavor?

I´dliketohaveaglassofsodawater /aidláiktuhæveglá:sofsoudawóter/ Desearíaservirmeunvasodesoda.

Wouldyoulikesomethingtodrink?Wine,beerorasoftdrink?

/wudiuláiksámθiηtudríηkwáin,bíaroresóftdríηk/

¿Desearíaalgoparabeber?Vino,cervezaouna

gaseosa?

CanIhaveadraughtbeerplease? /kanaihævedrá:ftbíarplí:z/ Podríaservirmeunacervezadebarril,porfavor?

Howdoyouwantyourmeat?Doyouwantitrare,mediumorwell-done?

/háudiuwóntio:rmí:t/diuwóntitréar,mí:diumorwéldán/

¿Cómoquierelacarne.Laquiereapunto,regular

obiencocida?

Iwantitwelldoneplease. /aiwóntitwéldánplí:z/ Laquierobiencocida,porfavor.

Whatwillyouhavefordessert? /wótwiliuhævfordizért/ ¿Quéseservirádepostre?

I´dliketoorderafruitsalad. /aidláiktuó.rderefrú:tsælad Desearíaordenarunaensaladadefruta.

CouldIhavesomecoffee? /kudaihævsamkófi:/ ¿Podríaservirmeuncafé?

Wouldyoulikesomeliqueur?Scotch,cherry,amaretto?

/wudiuláiksamlikiuar/skótch/tchéri/amarétou/

¿Desearíaunbajativo?Whisky,cognac,amareto?

Couldyoubringmethebill/check,please? /kudiubríηmiδebíl/tchékplí:z/ ¿Mepodríatraerlacuenta,porfavor?

Ireallyenjoyedthemeal.Itwasverygoodindeed. /airíaliendllóidδemí:l/itwozvérigudindí:d/ Realmentedisfrutelacomida.Fuemuybuenaen

verdad.

Thankyouverymuch.Youcankeepthechange.Goodbye.

/θæηkiuvérimatch/iukankí:pδetchéidll/ Muchísimasgracias.Puedeconservarelvuelto.

Hastaluego.

Remember:

1. Whatdoyouwantto.(eat,etc..)? Whatwouldyouliketo.(drink,etc...)?

2. Howdoyouwantyour...(tea,etc.)? Howwouldyoulikeyour...(steak,etc)?

3. Iwanttohave...(abeer,asandwich,etc.) I´dliketohave...(somemoretea,etc). CanIhave...(anotherwhisky,etc.).? Couldyougetme...(thebill,etc.)? I´dliketoorder...(chickenandrice,etc.)

Recuerde:

1. ¿QuéquiereUd.(comer,etc.)? ¿QuédesearíaUd.(beber,etc)?

2. ¿CómoquiereUdsu(té,etc.)? ¿CómodesearíaUdsu(bife,etc.)?

3. Quieroservirme...(unacerveza,unsandwich,etc) Desearíaservirme...(mástea,etc) ¿Puedoservirme...(otrowhisky,etc.)? ¿Mepodríatraer...(lacuenta,etc)? Desearíapedir...(polloconarroz,etc)


Restaurants:Usefulvocabulary(Restaurantes:Vocabularioutil)

Waiter/wéiter/ Garzón FISHANDSEAFOOD PESCADOSYMARISCOS

Menu/méniu/ Carta,menú Abalone/abalóuni/ Loco

Breakfast/brékfast/ Desayuno Cod/kod/ Bacalao

Lunch/lántch/ Almuerzo Cuttlefish/kátlfish/ Jibia

Supper/sáper/ Cenaliviana Herring/hériη/ Arenque

Dinner/díner/ Cena King-crab/kiηkræb/ Centolla

Snack/snæk/ Refrigerio Lobster/lóbster/ Langosta

Chef/tchef/ Maestrodecocina Mussels/máslz/ Cholgas

Check,bill/tchek,bil/ Cuenta Octopus/óktopas/ pulpo

Tip/tip/ Propina Oysters/óisterz/ Ostras

Change/tcheindll/ Vuelto,cambio Prawns/pró:nz/ Gambas

Salmon/sá:mon/ Salmón

BREAKFAST/brékfast/ DESAYUNO Sardine/sa:rdí:n/ Sardina

Baconandeggs/béikonanégz/ Huevoscontocino Scallops/skælops/ Ostiones

Boiledeggs/bóildégz/ Huevosduros Sea-urchin/sí:é:rtchin/ Erizo

Bread/bréd/ Pan Shrimps/shrimps/ Langostinos

Breadandbutter/brédanbáter/ Panconmantequilla sole,plaice/sóul,pléis/ Lenguado

Coffee/kófi/ Café Squid/skuid/ calamar

Cornflakes/kó:rnfleiks/ Cereales Trout/tráut/ Trucha

Friedeggs/fráidégz/ Huevosfritos tunafish/tú:nafish/ Atún

Ham/hæm/ Jamón

Hamandeggs/hæmanégz/ Jamónconhuevos BEVERAGES,DRINKS: BEBIDAS,TRAGOS

Jam/dllæm/ Mermelada(dulce) Alcoholicdrink/alkohólikdrink/ Bebidaalcohólica

Marmalade/mármeléid/ Mermelada(cítrico) Beer/bíar/ Cerveza

Milk/milk/ Leche Bitter/bíter/ Cervezainglesa(amarga)

Poachedeggs/póutchtégz/ Huevosfritosenagua Brandy/brændi/ Coñac

Scrambledeggs/skrámbldégz/ Huevosrevueltos Champagne/shampéin/ Champaña

Tea/tí:/ Té Fruitjuice/fru:tdllu:s/ Jugodefrutas

Toast/tóust/ Tostada Herbaltea/hé:rbaltí:/ Aguadehierbas

Wholemealbread/hóulmi:lbréd/ Paanintegral Icedtea/áisttí:/ Téhelado

Lager/lá:ger/ Cervezarubia(pílsener)

LUNCH/DINNER:/lántch/díner/ ALMUERZO/CENA Lemontea/lémontí:/ Téconlimón

Dessert/dezé:rt/ Postre Lemonade/lémoneid/ Limonada

Frenchdressing/fréntchdrésiη/ Aliñofrancés Liqueur/líke:r/ Licor

Fruit/frú:t/ Fruta Milk/milk/ Leche

horsd’oeuvres/o:rdá:vre/ Entremeses Mineralwater/míneralwóter/ Aguamineral

maincourse/méinkó:rs/ Platodefondo Redwine/rédwáin/ Vinotinto

Mayonnaise/máioneiz/ Mayonesa Rosé/rouzéi/ VinoRosado

Salad/sælad/ Ensalada Shandy/shændi/ Cervezaconorange

Sauce/só:s/ Salsa Softdrink/softdrink/ Gaseosa

Soup/su:p/ Sopa Tea/tí:/ Tea

Starter/stá:rter/ Entrada Whisky/wiski/ Whisky

Whitewine/wáitwáin/ Vinoblanco

MEATS:/mí:ts/ CARNES

Beef/bí:f/ Vacuno VEGETABLES:/védlletablz/ VERDURAS

Chicken/tchiken/ Pollo Artichoke/á:rtitchouk/ Alcachofa

Chops/tchops/ Chuletas Asparragus/aspárragas/ Espárragos

Duck/dák/ Pato Avocado/ævoká:dou/ Palta

Filletsteak/fílitstéik// Filete Brusselssprouts/bráselsspráuts/ Bruselas

Lamb/læm/ Corderolechón Cabbage/kábidll/ Repollo

Meatballs/mí:tbo:lz/ Albóndigas Carrot/kárrot/ Zanahoria

Mutton/mátn/ Cordero Celery/séleri/ Apio


Pork/pó:rk/ Cerdo Corn/kó:rn/ Maíz

Ribs/ribz/ Costillas Cucumber/kíukumber/ Pepino

Roastbeef/róusbí:f/ Rosbif Greenbeans/grí:nbí:nz/ Porotosverdes

Rumpsteak/rámpstéik/ Lomo Leek/lí:k/ Puerro

Sirloinsteak/sé:rloinstéik/ Lomovetado Lettuce/létis/ Lechuga

T-bone/tí:bóun/ Entrecot Mushrooms/máshrumz/ Champiñones

Turkey/té:rki/ Pavo Peas/pí:z/ Arvejas

Veal/ví:l/ Ternera Potato/potéitou/ Papa

Redpepper/réd/grí:npéper/ Pimientorojo

HOWMEATISCOOKED COCCIÓNDECARNES Tomato/tomá:tou//toméitou/ Tomate

Mediumtorare/mí:diumturéar/ Regular,casiapunto

Rare/réar/ Apunto

Welldone/wéldán/ Biencocido

HOWFOODISPREPARED COMOESTAPREPARADALACOMIDA

FRUIT/frú:t/DESSERTS/dizé:rts/

FRUTAPOSTRES

Bakedcake/béiktkéik/ Quequehorneado Apple/æpl/ Manzana

Boiledeggs/bóildegz/ Huevoscocidos Apricot/éiprikot//éiprikot/ Damasco

Broiledchicken/bróildtchiken/ Polloalospiedo Banana/baná:na/ Plátano

Chilledwine/tchíldwáin/ Vinohelado Blackberry/blæberi/ Mora

Choppedfruit/tchóptfrú:t/ Frutapicada Cake/kéik/ Torta

Friedfish/fráidfish/ Pescadofrito Cherry/tchéri/ Guinda

Gratedcheese/gréitidtchí:z/ Quesorallado Chocolatemousse/tcóklitmu:z/ Musdechocolate

Grilledsteak/grildstéik/ Bifealaparrilla Grapefruit/gréipfrut/ Pomelo

Groundcoffee/gráundkófi/ Caféengranomolido Grapes/gréips/ uvas

Icedtea/áisttí:/ Téhelado Icecream/áiskrí:m/ Helado

Meltedsugar/méltidshúgar/ Azucarderretida Melon/mélon/ Melón

Mincedmeat(mínstmí:t/ Carnemolida Mints/mints/ Bombonesdementa

Mixedsalad/míkstsálad/ Ensaladamixta Orange/órindll/ Naranja

Poachedeggs/póutchtégz/ Huevosescalfados Peach/pí:tch/ Durazno

Roastbeef/róustbí:f/ Vacunoasado Pear/péar/ Pera

Slicedbread/sláistbréd/ Panrebanado Pineapple/páinápl/ Piña

Smokedsalmon/smóuktsá:mon/ Salmónahumado Plum/plám/ Ciruela

Steamedfish/stí:mdfish/ Pescadoalvapor Raspberry/rázberi/ Frambuesa

Stewedbeef/stiu:dbí:f/ Bifeestofado Redcurrant/redkúrant/ Grosella

Stuffedturkey/stáftté:rki/ Pavorelleno Scone/skóun/ Bollo

Whippedcream/wiptkrí:m/ Cremabatida Strawberry/stró:beri/ Frutilla

Sweets/sui:ts/ Pastilla

MISCELLANEOUS MISCELANEO Watermelon/wótermelon/ Samdía

Ashtray/æshtrei/ Cenicero Yoghourt/ióga:rt/ Yogurt

Beerglass/bíargla:s/ Vasoparacerveza

Bottleofwine/bótlovwáin/ Botelladevino HOWFOODTASTES SABORES

Bottleopener/bótlóupner/ Abridordebotella Bitter/bíter/ Amargo

Breadknife/brédnaif/ Cuchilloparapan Hot/hot/ Picante

Butterdish/báterdish/ Mantequillera Salty/só:lti/ Salado

Cruet/kru:it/ Alcuza Sour/sáuer/ Agrio

Cup/káp/ Taza Spicy/spáisi/ Condimentado

Dessertspoon/dezértspu:n/ Cucharaparapostre Sweet/sui:t/ Dulce

Fork/fórk/ Tenedor

Goblet/góblit/ Copa SPICES/spáisiz/ CONDIMENTOS

Jug/dllág/ Jarro Bayleaf/béilí:f/ Laurel

Knife/náaif/ Cuchillo Chillipepper/tchilipéper/ Ají

Lighter/láiter/ Encendedor Cinnamon/sínamon/ Canela

Match/mætch/ Fósforo Garlic/gá.rlik/ Ajo


Mug/mág/ Tazón Ginger/dllíndller/ Genjibre

Napkin/næpkin/ Servilleta Ketchupkétchap/ Ketchup

Placemat/pléismæt/ Individual Mustard/másta:rd/ Mostaza

Plate/pléit/ Plato Parsley/pá:rsli/ Perejil

Saucer/só:ser/ Platillo Pepper/péper/ Pimienta

Soupbowl/sú:pbóul/ Platoparasopa Salt/só:lt/ Sal

Sugarbowl/shúgarbóul/ Azucarero Thyme/táim/ Tomillo

Tablecloth/téiblkloθ/ Mantel

Tablespoon/téiblspu:n/ Cucharaparasopa

Teaspoon/tí:spun/ Cucharadeté

Tinopener/tinóupner/ Abrelatas

Tumbler/támbler/ Vasoparagaseosas

Wineglass/wáingla:s/ Vasoparaelvino


D.Howtogettoplaces(comollegaralugares)

Haveyougot/DoyouhaveamapofLondon? /haviugot/diuhævemæpovlándon/ ¿TieneUd.unmapadeLondres?

Iwanttogotothecathedral.Couldyoushowmethewayplease?

/aiwónttugóutuδekaθídrl.Kaniushóumiδewéipli:z/

DeseoiralaCatedral.¿Podríaindicarmeelcamino,porfavor?

Excuseme.Where´sthepostoffice,please? /ikskiú:zmiwéarzδepóustófisplí:z/ Perdón.¿Dondeestálaoficinadecorreos,porfavor?

Couldyoutellmewherethebankis,please? /kudiutélmewéarδebæηkizplí:z/ ¿Podríadecirmedóndeestáelbanco,porfavor?

Excuseme.Doyouknowwherethestationis,please?

/ikskiu:zmi/diunóuwéarδestéishnizplí:z/ Perdón.¿SabeUd.dóndeestálaestación,porfavor?

Excuseme,canyoutellmethewaytothepark,please?

/ikskiu:zmi/kaniutélmiδewéituδepá:rkplí:z/

Perdón.¿Podríaindicarmeelcaminoalparque,porfavor?

Excuseme,howdoIgettothemuseum? /ikskiu:zmi/háuduaigéttuδemiu:zíam/ Perdón.¿Cómollegoyoalmuseo?

Lookatthemap.Wearehere,outsidethestation.Gostraightaheaduntilyoucometothebridge.

/lukatδemæp/wia:rhíarautsáidδestéishn/góustréitahédantiliukæmtuδebrídll/

Mireelmapa.Estamosaquíafueradelaestación.Sigaderechohaciaadelantehastallegaralpuente

Youhavetotakebus44hereandgetoffattheRailwayStation.

/iuhæftutéikbásfó:rtifóarandgetófatδeréilweistéishn/

Tienequetomarelbus44aquíybajarseenlaestacióndeferrocarriles.

Walkalongthisstreetasfarasthetrafficlights. /wó:kalóηδisstrí:tasfá:rasδetræfikláits/ Camineporestacalle,hastaelsemáforo.

Turnleftatthenextcornerandwalkdownthestreetfortwoblocks.

/té:rnléftatδenékstkó:rnerandwó:kdáunδestrí:tfortú:blóks/

Doblealaizquierdaenlapróximaesquinaybaje(poresacalle)doscuadras

Takethethirdturningontherightandthenwalkforabout40meters.

/téikδeθé:rdté:rniηonδeráitandδénwó:kforabáutfó:rtimí:terz/

Tomelatercerabocacallealaderechayenseguidacamineunos40metros

It´snotveryfar.DrivealongthisroadtillyoucometoClarkAvenue.Thenturnrightandyou´llseethetowerattheendoftheroad.

/itsnótverifá:r/dráivaloηδisróudtiliukámtuklá:rkáveniu/δenté:rnráitandiulsí:δetáueratδiéndovδeróud/

Noestámuylejos.ConduzcaporestecaminohastallegaralacalleClark.Enseguidadoblealaderechayverálatorrealfinaldelacalle

SorryIdon´tknow.I´mastrangerheremyself.Askapoliceman.

/sóriaidóuntnóu/aimastréidllerhíarmaisélf/á:skeplísman/

Losiento.Nosé.Yotambiénsoyforasteroaquí.Pregúnteleaunpolicía

ExcusemewhichbusdoIneedtotaketogototheNationalArtGallery?

/ikskiu:smi/witchbásduainí:dtutéiktogóutuδenæ´shionalá:rtgæleri/

Perdón.¿QuébusnecesitotomarparairalaNationalArtGallery?

Howfaristheairportfromhere? /haufá:rizδiéarpó:rtfromhíar/ ¿Aquédistanciaestáelaeropuertodeaquí?

It´sabout20kilometers.Youneedtotakethetrain. /itsabáuttwéntikiloumí:terz/iuní:dtutéikδetréin/

Estaamásomenos20kms.Necesitatomareltren.

Excuseme,doesthisbusgotothestadium? /ikskiú:smidázδisbásgotuδestéidium/ Perdón.¿Vaestebusalestadio?

Please,takemetotheOxfordHotel,inParkStreet. /plí:ztéikmituδióksfordhoutélinpá:rkstrí:t/

Porfavor,llévemealHotelOxford,enlaCallePark

Excuseme,whereisthenearestundergroundstation?

/ikskiu:smiwéarzδeníarestándergráundstéishn/

Perdón.¿Dóndeestálaestacióndemetromáspróxima?

CanIwalk,ordoIhavetotakeabus? /kanaiwó:korduainí:dtutéikebás/ ¿Puedoirmeapié,otengoquetomarunbus?

Excuseme,istherearestaurantnearhere? /ikskiú:zmi/izδereréstorantníarhíar/ Perdón.¿Hayunrestaurantecercadeaquí?

Yes,there´soneinBridgeStreet.,oppositethecinema.

Iés/δéarzwaninbridllstrí:t,ópositδesínema/

Sí.HayunoenlacalleBridge,frentealcine.

Whattimedothebanksopen? /wóttáimduδebæηksóupen/ ¿Aquéhoraabrenlosbancos?

Whattimedobusesstartrunning? /wóttáimdubásizstá:rtrániη/ ¿Aquehoracomienzanacorrerlosbuses?

Whattimedotheshopsclose? /wóttaimduδeshópsklóuz/ ¿Aquéhoracierranlastiendas?

DoesthesupermarketopenonSunday? /dázδesupermá:rkitóupnonsándi/ ¿Abreelsupermercadolosdomingos?


Usefulvocabulary(vocabularioutil)

City,/síti/ciudadTown/táun/puebloStreet/strí:t/callePavement,/péivment/vereda(Br)Sidewalk/saidwó:k/vereda(US)Busstop/basstóp/paradadebusesUndergroundStation(Br)/ándergráundstéishn/estacióndemetroSubwayStation(US)/sábweistéishn/estacióndemetroRailwayStation/réilweistéishn/estacióndetrenesAirport/éarpó:rt/aeropuertoSquare/skuéar/plazaTrafficlights/træfikláits/semáforoPark/pá:rk/parque

Building/bíldiη/edificioHotel/houtél/hotelLift/lift/ascensor(Br)Elevator/elevéitor/ascensor(US)Restaurant/réstorant/resturantStore/Shop/stóar/shop/tiendaShoppingcentreCentrocomercialShoppingmallCentrocomercialLibrary/láibreari/bibliotecaMuseum/miu:zíam/museoPark/pá:rk/parqueHospital/hóspitl/hospital

Supermarket/supermá:kit/supermercadoDepartmentstore/dipá:rmentstóar/TiendadedepartamenteBookstore/bukstó:r/libreríabookshop/buk/shop/libreríaPostoffice/póustófis/OficinadeCorreosPolicestation/polísstéishn/CuarteldepoliciaCinema/sínema/cineTheater/θíater/teatroNightclub/náitklab/clubnocturno

Remember:

1. HowdoIgetto... Couldyoutellmethewayto... Couldyoushowthewayto...?

2. Doyouknowwherethe...is,please? Canyoutellmewherethe...is,please?

3. Whereisthe...please?. Whereisthenearest...please?

4. WhichbusdoIneedtotaketogotothe...?

5. Whattimedothe...s.open/close? Whattimedoesthe...open/close?

6. Howfaristhe...fromhere?

7. Ineedtobuya/some...?Istherea...nearhere?

Recuerde:

1. ¿Cómollegoa...? ¿Podríaindicarmeelcaminoa...?

2. ¿SabeUDdóndeestála...porfavor? ¿Puededecirmedóndeestála...porfavor?

3. ¿Dóndeestála...porfavor? ¿Dóndeestala...máscercana,porfavor?

4. ¿Cuálbusnecesitotomarparaira...?

5. ¿Aquéhoraabren/cierranlas...? ¿Aquéhoraabre/cierrael/la...?

6. ¿Aquédistanciaestáel/la...deaquí?

7. Necesitocomprarun/algunos... Hayun/una...cercadeaquí


E. Atthestation/airport(enlaestacion/aeropuerto)

CanIhaveyourpassport,please? /kanaihaviorpá:spo:rtplí:z/ ¿Puedemostramesupasaporteporfavor?What´syourlastname.Canyouspellitplease? /wóts ior læstnéimplí:zkan iuspél it

plí:z/¿Cuálessuapellido?¿Puededeletrearloporfavor?

CanIseeyourticket? /kanaisí:ió:rtíkit/ ¿Puedoversuboleto?IwantatickettoMilan /aiwóntetíkettumilán/ QuierounticketaMilánHowmuchisasingletickettoNaples?HowmuchisareturntickettoLyon?

/háumátchizesíngltíkittunéiplz//háumátchizaritérntíkittulión/

¿CuántocuestaunboletosimpleaNápoles?¿Cuántocuestaunboletode idayvueltaaLyon?

Howmuchisthebustickettothezoo? /háumátchisδebástíkittuδezú:/ ¿Cuántocuestaelpasajedebusalzoo?Isitadirectjourney/flight? /izitadiréktdllérni/fláit/ ¿Esunviaje/vuelodirecto?Howlongdoesthejourney/flighttake? /háulóηdazδedllérni/fláittéik/ ¿Cuántotiempoduraelviaje/vuelo?Whattimedoesthetrain/planeleave? /wottáimdazδetréin/pléinlí:v/ ¿Aquéhorasaleeltren/avión?Whattimedoesthetrain/plane/getthere? /wottáimdazδetréin/pléingetδéar/ ¿Aquéhorallegaeltren/aviónallá?Whichplatform/gatedoesitleavefrom? /witchplátform/géitdazitlí:vfrom/ ¿Desdecuálandén/puertasale?HowlongdoesittaketogettoBudapest? /háuloηdazitteiktogettubudapést/ ¿CuántosedemoraenllegaraBudapest?Whattimedoweneedtocheckin? /wóttáimduwiní:sdtutchekín/ ¿Aquéhoranecesitamospresentarnos?Dotheyservelunchonboard? /duδeisé:rvlántchonbó:rd/ ¿Sirvenalmuerzoabordo?CanIhaveaseatbythewindow? /kanaihævesí:tbaiδewíndou/ ¿Puede darme un asiento al lado de la

ventana?Iwantaseatinthenonsmokingarea /aiwóntesí:tinδenonsmóukiηéaria/ DeseounasientoenlazonadenofumadoresThesearemysuitcases /δí:za:rmaisutkéisiz/ EstassonmismalaetasPleasecarrymysuitcaseswithcare /plí:zkærimaisutkéisizwiδkéar/ PorfavortransportemismaletasconcuidadoIwillcarrythishandbagmyself. /aiwilkæriδishændbægmaisélf/ YomismotransportaréesebolsodemanoWhereistheluggage/baggageclaim? /wéarizδelágidll/bægidllkléim/ ¿Dóndeestálaentregadeequipaje?Ihavenothingtodeclare /aihævnáθiηtudikléar/ NotengonadaparadeclararHowmanybottlescanItakewithme? /háuménibótlzkanaitéikwiδmí:/ ¿Cúantasbotellaspuedollevarconmigo?DoIhavetopaysalestax/customsduties? /duaihævtupeiseiltaks/diútiz/ ¿DebopagarIVA/derechosaduaneros?Isthereaduty-freeshophere? /izδerediu:tifrí:shophíar/ ¿HayunatiendalibredeIVAaquí?Whereisthebar?/restaurant? /wéarzδebá:r/restorant/ ¿Dóndeestáelbar/restaurante?Arewelanding/arrivingsoon? /á:rwilændiη/aráiviηsú:n/ ¿Estamosaterrizando/llegandopronto?We´relanding/arrivinginafewminutes. /wia:rlændiη/aráiviηinefiu:minits/ Estamosaterrizando/llegandodentrodeunos

pocosminutos.Pleaseremainseateduntiltheplane/trainhasstopped. /plí:zriméinsí:tidantilδepléin/tréinhaz

stópt/Por favormanténgasesentadohastaqueelavión/trensehayadetenido.

Pleaseputyourcigaretteoutnow. /plí:zputio:rsigarétáutnau/ Porfavorapaguesucigarrilloahora.Fastenyourseatbelt,foldthetableandputthebackofyourseatintheuprightposition.

/fá:snio:rsí:tbélt/fóuldδetéiblandputδebækovio:rsí:tinδiapráitposíshn/

Ajustesucinturón,doblelamesitayendereceelrespaldodesuasiento

Wehopeyou´veenjoyedyourtrip/flight /wihóupiuvindllóidio:rtrip/fláit/ Esperamosquehayadisfrutadosuviaje/vuelo


F.Shopping(decompras)

Ilikethis/thatwatch/jacket. /ailáikδis/δætwótch/dllákit/ Megustaestereloj/esachaquetaCanIseeit? /kanaisí:it/ ¿Puedoverlo/a?CanItryiton? /kanaitráiitón/ ¿Puedoprobármelo/a?Howmuchisit?/Howmuchdoesitcost? /háumátchizit/háumátchdazitkóst/ ¿Cuántovale?¿Cuántocuesta?Doyouhavealarger/smallersize? /diuhævelárdller/smólersáiz/ ¿Tieneunatallamásgrande/máschica?Ilikethese/thoseglasses/shoes. /ailáikδí:z/δóuzglá:siz/shú:z/ Megustansestoslentes/esoszapatosCanIseethem? /kanaisí:δem/ ¿Puedoverlos/verlas?CanItrythemon? /kanaitráiδemón// ¿Puedoprobármelos/las?Howmucharethey?/Howmuchdotheycost? /háumátchá:rδei /háumátchduδei

kóst/¿Cuántovalen?¿Cuántocuestan?

CanIpaybycreditcard? /kanaipéibaikréditká:rd/ ¿Puedopagarcontarjetadecrédito?CanIpaywithAmericanmoney/USdollars /kanaipéiwiδamérikanmáni /iú:és

dólarz/¿Puedopagarcondineronorteamericano/dólares?

Idon´tlikethecolo(u)r.Doyouhaveadifferentcolo(u)r? /aidóuntláikδekólor/diuhævedífrentkólor/

Nomegustaelcolor.¿TieneUd.uncolordiferente?

Whatsizedoyoutake? /wótsáizdiuték/ ¿QuétallatieneUd.?Iwant tobuyapresent formywife.Canyoushowmesomething?

/aiwónttubáieprezentformaiwáif/kaniushóumisámθiη/

Quierocomprarunregaloparamiesposa.¿Puedemostrarmealgo?

Isitmadeofleather/plastic/wool/cotton/gold/silver? /iz itméidof léδer/plástik/wu:l /kóton/góuld/sílver

¿Estáhechodecuero/plástico/lana/algodón/oro/plata?

Pleasekeepthisreceipt.We´llsendtheitemstotheplane. /plí:zkí:pδis risí:t /wíwilséndδiáitmztuδepléin/

Porfavor,guardeesterecibo.Leenviaremoslosartículosalavión

Howmuchisthiswatch?Howmucharethosegloves?

/háumátchizδiswotch//háumátcha:rδouzglávz/

¿Cuántovaleestereloj?¿Cuántovalenesosguantes?


UNIT21

ASSESSMENTTEST

(PruebadeEvaluaciónFinal)

INSTRUCCIONESGENERALES

1.-Estapruebaconstade2partes:

A.-LISTENTINGPART(ParteAudioEscrita)

B.-READINGPART(ParteEscrita)

2.-UsteddeberátenersuQUESTIONBOOKLET(CuadernillodePreguntas)ysuANSWERSHEET(HojadeRespuestas)

sobresuescritorio,antesdecomenzarlaprueba.

3.-Paracontestar laspreguntasde laLISTENTINGPART (ParteAudioEscrita),Preguntas1-50,usteddeberásolicitara

otrapersona(enloposibleunprofesordeinglésounapersonaquetengabuendominiodeeseidioma),quelelealas

preguntasqueaparecenenelEXAMINER´STEXT(TextodelparaelExaminador).Elexaminadordeberáleer2veces

cadaunadelaspreguntas.

4.-Paracontestar laspreguntas51a120de laREADINGPART (ParteEscrita) ustedcuentacon tiempomaximode35

minutos.

5.-Unavezquehayacontestado las120preguntas,compruebesusrespuestascon la ANSWERKEY (Clavede

Respuestas)ycuenteelnúmeroderespuestascorrectasobtenidas.Enseguidacalculesupuntajefinalsegúnlapauta

dadaacontinuación:

Scoring(Puntaje): ListeningPart:50% Yourscorex1/0=______%

ReadingPart:50% Yourscorex5/7=______%

OverallScore:100% Youroverallscore:=______%

PautadeEvaluación


BASICENGLISHGRAMMARSTRUCTURESANDVOCABULARYASHORTCOURSEINENGLISHFORADULT

ASSESSMENTTEST1

QUESTIONBOOKLET(CuadernillodePreguntas)

A.LISTENINGPART

Instruccionesparalaspreguntas1-15.Ud.oiráoracionesincompletas.EncadacasoUd.deberáelegirlaalternativaA,

B,C,oD,quecompleteenmejorformalaoraciónleídaporelexaminador.Unavezelegidalaalternativacorrecta,Ud.

deberáconsignarla,marcandounaXsobrelaletracorrespondiente,ensuHOJADERESPUESTAS.Noescribaeneste

cuadernillo

1. A.whoPetersentMarylastweek. BwhomPetersentMarylastweek. C.whichPetersentMarylastweek, D.whosePetersentMarylastweek.

9. A.alittlebored.

B.quitebusyatthemoment.

C.veryillnow.

D.toolaterightnow.

2. A.opensthedoornow.

B.istryingtoopenthedoornow.

C.havejustopenedthedoor.

D.wantsopenthedoornow.

10. A.toomuchdifficultforhim.

B.toodifficultforhim.

C.somuchdifficultforhim.

D.afewdifficultforhim.

3. A.canbetherenow.

B.werethereearlier.

C.willbethereontime.

D.hadtobethereveryquickly.

11. A.canseeadoctortoday.

B.mayseeadoctortoday.

C.oughttoseeadoctortoday.

D.mightseeadoctortoday.

4. A.knowhernewaddress.

B.wouldknowhernewaddress.

C.knewhernewaddress.

D.shouldknowhernewaddress.

12. A.anywherethatday.

B.everywherethatday.

C.nowherethatday.

D.somewherethatday.

5. A.wasbeenstolen.

B.wasstealing.

C.hadstolen.

D.hadbeenstolen.

13. A.arebettertogobytaxi.

B.shouldtogobytaxi.

C.wouldrathergobytaxi.

D.hadbettergobytaxi.

6. A.healwaysworkshard.

B.heoftenworkshard.

C.heseldomworkshard.

D.heworkshardasarule.

14. A.won’tbeallowedtoseeitwell,

B.won’tbeabletoseeitwell.

C.won’tcanseeitwell.

D.won’tbepossibletoseeitwell

7. A.haddinnerthatevening.

B.arehavingdinnerthatevening.

C.havebeenhavingdinnerthatevening.

D.werehavingdinnerthatevening.

15. A.givehimyourmessage.

B.willgivetohimyourmessage

C.amgoingtogivehimyourmessage

D.giveyourmessagetohim

8. A.“Howexpensiveitis!”

B.“Whatexpensiveitis!”

C.“Howexpensivewatchisit!”

D.“Whatexpensivewatchisit!”


Instruccionesparalaspreguntas16-30.Ud.oiráoracionescompletasestavez.DespuésdecadaoraciónU¡.oiráuna

preguntaydeberáelegirlaalternativaA,B,C,0D.quelacontesteenmejorforma.unavezelegidalaalternativacorrecta

deberáconsignarla,marcandounaXsobrelaletracorrespondiente,ensuHOJADERESPUESTAS,Noescribaeneste

cuadernillo.

16. A.Onhiswaytotheoffice.

B.Laterintheday.

C.Awayfromtheoffice.

D.Atonce.

17. A.Hewasawayalmostallday,

B.Hewasworkingathomeallday.

C.Hewasrestingallday.

D.Hewasawayalldaylong,

18. A.Didn’tforget.

B.Didn’tcaremuch.

C.Didn’tmakeadecision.

D.Didn’tremember.

19. A.Hehadnotimetotravel.

B.Hedidn’tlikehotelsverymuch.

C.Hewantedtosavemoney.

D.Hewouldmisshisfamily.

20. A.Apoliteperson.

B.Akindperson.

C.Adullperson.

D.Asociableperson.

21. A.Hehasn’tstudiedherwell.

B.Hedoesn’tseehersooften.

C.He’sonlyseenheronceortwice.

D.Hehasn’ttoldusmuchabouther.

22. A.She’llcalltheroll.

B.She’llringthemup.

C.She’llshowthemamap.

D.She’llgoandseethem.

23. A.Becausetheyliketherain.

B.Becausetheylikeshopping.

C.Becauseit’sabusylittletown.

D.Becauseit’saquietandpleasantplace.

24. A.Herememberedhehadafriend.

B.Hevisitedafriendhehadmetattheairport.

C.Hestayedinthegardenallmorning.

D.Hedrovetotheairporttopickupafriend.

25. A.Hehastodecidewhattodosoon.

B.Hemustordersomeonetodothejob.

C.Hehastoworkintheeveningstoo

D.Hemustfinishthejobsometime.

26. A.Theyarealittleyounger.

B.Theyare10yearsaltogether.

C.Theyare12yearsold,

D.Theyareadifferentage.

27. A.Theyhaddinnerattherestaurant.

B.Theywentsomewhereelsetogether.

C.Theyattendedameetingattheclub.

D.Theydecidedtogohomeearly.

28. A.Thereweretoomanypeoplethere.

B.Theweatherwasawful.

C.Itwasaverycrowdedplace.

D.Theymetpeopleandwentonsightseeingtours.

29. A.Hewantedtotakeawalk.

B.Thebuseswerecrowdedatthattime

C.Hewantedtogethomemoresafely.

D.Hepreferredtogohomebytaxi.

30. A.Theygotherefromtimetotime.

B.Theygotherewhentheyhavetime.

C.Theygotherewhentheywanttohavefun.

D.Theygothereonlywhentheweather’sfine.

Instruccionesparalaspreguntas31-40.Ud.oiráoracionescompletasy,encadacaso,deberáelegirlaalternativaA,B,

C,oD.queten-gaelsignificadomásparecidoalaoraciónleídaporelexaminador.Unavezquehayaelegidolaalternativa

correctadeberáconsignarlaensuHOJADERESPUESTAS,Noescribaenestecuadernillo.

31 A.Hehatestobeathomeduringtheday.

B.He’shappywhenhecanstayathomeallday.

C.Hedoesn’tfeellikegoingouttoday.

D.He’dbetterstayathomealldaytoday.

32, A.Hecametoliveinthishouseveryrecently.

B.Helivedinthishouseuntilrecently.

C,Hebecameaccustomedtolivinginthishousequickly.

D.Heusedallhismoneyquicklywhilehewaslivingthere.


33, A.Hecouldnothelpatthereception.

B.Heshouldhavegonetothereception.

C.Hewasn’tallowedtoattendthereception.

D.Hewasn’tabletogotothereception.

34. A.Marytouchedhimassoonasshesawhim.

B.Marywasverysurprisedtoseehimsosoon.

C.Marytelephonedhimaftershegotthere.

D.Marywaswelcomedbyhimattherailwaystation.

35. A.Paulistooyoungtogoabroadalone.

B.Paulistooyoungtohavethatkindoftrouble.

C.Paulcan’ttravelbecausehedoesn’thaveenoughtime.

D,Paulisn’ttallenoughtodrivethecarhimself.

36. A.Theydidn’tacceptHarry’sinvitationbecauseitwascold.

B,Theydidn’teateverythingbecausethefoodwascold.

C,Itwasn’twarmenoughinside,sotheyatequicklyandlefttheplace.

D.Theydidn’tlikethemealHarryservedbecauseitwasnotwarm.

37. A.Roberttelephonedthentogivethemtheneworders

B.Robertcalledthemuptotellthemwhathadhappened.

C.Roberttelephonedtheminagivenorder.

D.Robertcalledtogivethemaneworder.

38. A.Harrydoesn’tknowthatareaverywell.

B.Thatareaneverappearsonthemaps.

C.Itdoesn’tsnowveryofteninthatpartofthecountry.

D.Theweatherinwinterisnotveryniceinthearea.

39. A.Theyalreadyknewhowtorepaircarsinthosedays.

B.Theyworkedinagarageinthosedays.

C.Theyusedtohavetwocarsinthosedays.

D.Theyhaveusedthatcarforalongtime.

40. A.Shedideverythingcorrectly.

B.Shedideverythingimmediately.

C.Shedideverythingascarefullyaspossible.

D.Shedideverythingfollowingtheinstructions.

Instruccionesparalaspreguntas41-50.Elexaminadorleeráunahistoria.Escucheatentamente.Enseguidaoirápreguntas

relativasaltextoleído.Encadacaso,deberáelegirlaalternativaA,B,C,oD.querespondaenmejorformalapregunta.Unavez

quehayaelegidolaalternativacorrecta,deberáconsignarlaensuHOJADERESPUESTAS,Noescribaenestecuadernillo.

41. A.Becausethey´dbeenfriendsformanyyears.

B.Shewantedhimtoadviseherwheretogoonholiday.

C.Shewantedtobuyanairticket.

D.Shewantedtotravelabroadbyboat..

42. A.Becausehewasgladtoseeheragain

B.Becauseshetoldhimaboutherhusband´sdeath.

C.Becausehenoticedshewasanoldladynow.

D.BecauseshewantedtogobackBrightonnextsummer.

43. A.AtahotelwhichamemberofthefamilyhadinBrighton.

B.AtasummerhousetheyhadinthesouthofFrance.

C.AtanicecheapguesthouseonthecoastinBritain..

D.AtanexpensivehotelnearParis.


44. A.Becausetheywantedtheirchildrentostudyaforeignlanguage.

B.Becausetheyknewtheyweregoingtohavegoodweatherthere.

C.Becausethetravelagenttoldthemtheweatherwasnicerinthosecountries.

D.Becauseitwasalotmoreconvenientforthemtogothereonholiday.

45. A.TheGreenswentonholidayabroadforthelasttime.

B.MrsGreen´shusbandpassedaway.

C.Theydecidednottogoonholidayabroadanylonger.

D.MrsGreenwenttohertravelagenttoinquireaboutcheaphotelsinPortugal.

46. A.TovisitsomefriendsinPortugal.

B.TogotoacheaphotelinItalyorSpain.

C.TospendhersummerholidaysinBritain.

D.Tospendhersummerholidaysabroad,asusual.

47. A.ToahotelaPotuguesefriendhadinLisbon.

B.Tothesamefamilyhotelsheusedstaywhenshewasyoung.

C.ToaparticularholidayplaceinIndia.

D.ToaniceandpleasantholidayresortinPotugal.

48. A.BecausehewasnotexpectingtoseeMrsGreenthatday.

B.BecausehethoughtMrsGreenhaddiedafewmonthsago.

C.BecauseMrsGreenwasplanningtospendhersummerholidaysinAsia.

D.Becausewantedtotakeatwo-weekpackagetourofIndia.

49. A.Becauselotsofpeoplewerespendingtheirholidaystherethesedays.

B.Becauseeverythingwasincludedinthefareandshewouldn´thavetoworryaboutanything.

C.BecausethatwastheonlywaytovisitinterestingplacesinIndia.

D.Becausehehappenedtohaveaguidebookandsomebrochurestoshowher.

50. A.Becauseshedidn´tliketravelingwithotherpeople.

B.Becauseshedidn´tlikepackagetoursverymuch.

C.Becauseshewantedtoarrangeherholidayherselfandtravelcheaply.

D.BecauseIndiawasanamazingcountry.

THISISTHEENDOFTHELISTENINGPARTOFTHETEST


B.READINGPART

Instruccionesparalaspreguntas51–80.Encadaunadelasoracioneshayunoodosespaciosenblanco,elijalaalternativa

A,B,C,oD.quelleneelolosespaciosenblancoenformacorrectay,enseguida,consignesuelecciónensuHOJADE

RESPUESTAS,Noescribaenestecuadernillo,

51.Bob:__________youever_________Drambuie,José?

José:No,never.ButIknowit’saverystrongliquor.

A.Do–drank C.Will-drink

B.Have-beendrunk D.Have-drunk

52.CaptainThomashasnotworked_________duringthelastthreemonths,soIdon’tthinkhe’llgetagoodreportfrom

hissuperiors..

A.toogood C.hardenough

B.toomany D.satisfactory

53.Whatisthe____________professionalexperienceyou’vehadinyourmilitarycareer?

A.valuable C.hardest

B.better D.mostgood

54.AssoonasIopenedthedoorandlookedinside,Inoticedthat______________apartythenightbeforebecause

thereweredirtyplatesandglassesandemptybottlesallovertheplace.

A.therehadbeen C.theywerehaving

B.therewere D.itwas

55._____________booksyou´vebroughtwithyou,Jack!Doyouthinkyou´llhavetimetoreadthemall?

A.Whatafew C.Whatalotof

BHowinteresting D.Howmuch

56.Maryseemstobeaveryresponsibleperson.Shehasstudiedveryhard______________thissemester.She´llsurely

getoneof____________marksinthefinalexamination.

A.since-thehigh C.for-themosthighest

B.during-thehighest D.along-thehigher

57.Rememberthatyouhavetoturnoffallthelights___________theoffice.John.

A.beforeleaving C.beforeyou’releaving

B.inordertoleaving D.beforetoleave

58.Youaregettingtoofat,Jim.Ithinkyou__________eatlessanddomorephysicalexercise.

A.mustto C.wouldrather

B.shouldto D.oughtto

59.__________didyouusetowriteto____________whenyouwereservingintheUnitedNationsPeacekeepingForces

intheMiddleEast?

A.Howlong-yourfamily C.Howoften-them

B.Howmanytimes–theirs D.Howmuchtime-yourfriends

60.MrMorrison__________thechildrentotheparkthatmorning,butherememberedthathe_________goandseea


friendwhowasinhospital.

A.hadtaken–must C.hadbeentaking–should

B.wasgoingtotake-hadto D.wouldtake-wasallowed

61.Grandmother____________whenIwentouttodotheshoppingabouttwohoursagoandsheis__________asleep..

Don’tyouthinkIshouldgoandseeifsheisallright?

A.slept –also C.hasslept–already

B.wassleeping–still D.hadbeensleeping–yet

62.Thenumberofaccidentscausedbycarelessdrivers_____________duringthe last twoyears, I’msurethestrict

regulationstheMinistryofTransportimposedtwoyearsago___________theeffectseveryoneexpected.

A.aredecreasing-produce C.hasdecreased-areproducing

B.aredecreased-willproduce D.havebeendecreasing-willbeproducing

63.Anilliteratepersonisaperson_______can’treadorwrite.Consequently,he_________consideredafullmemberof

ourmodernsociety.

A.whose-mustn´tbe C.whom-neverwasabletobe

B.which-doesn’thavetobe D.who-willneverbe

64.I´mgoingto______________assoonasI____________thisafternoon.

A,givetohertheletter-willseeher C.givetheletterher-canseeher

B.givethelettertoher-seeher D.givehertheletter-amgoingtoseeher

65.MrsBrowntakesherchildrentothedentistonceortwice________

A.inayear C.ayear

B.bytheyear D.fortheyear

66.MrSmithisn’tintheofficeatthemoment.Hemustbe_________havinglunch________attendingameetingatthe

ConferenceHall.

A.as- as C.neither-nor

B.either- or D.both-and

67.Ican’tmovethisboxbymyselfbecauseit’s____________

A.veryheavy C.tooheavy

B.toomuchheavy D.notheavyenough

68.Johnandhisfriendsseldom_____________whenthey´reatworkbecausetheirbossisalwayskeepinganeyeon

them.

A.aretalking C.don´ttalk

B.havetalked D.talk

69.Themanagertoldthesecretarytousethecomputer________havetheworkdonebeforemidday.

A.forto C.sothat

B.soto D.inorderto

70.Iftheyhadtakenallthenecessaryprecautions,theaccident_____________.

A.musthaveprevented C.couldbeprevented

B.couldhavebeenprevented D.havebeenprevented


71.Doyouknow___________whenthefirebegan,MissJones?

A.wheredidthepeoplego C.whywassleepingtheoldman

B.whattheyoungmanwasdoing D.whattimewasitexactly

72.Atthistimetomorrow,we______________overtheAtlanticnearthecoastofAfrica;Ithink.

A.aregoingtofly C.willbeflying

B.areflying D.havebeenflying

73.WhenIwasyourage,Tom,I____________footballalmosteveryafternoon.

A.wasplaying C.usedtoplay

B.hadplayed D.went

74.Ifasuperiortellsyouthatyouaren’tdoingthejobcorrectly,___________him.Hemaygetangryandreprimandyou.

A.youdon’tcontradict C.don’tyoucontradict

B.don’tcontradict D.docontradict

75.Heneededtheanswerurgently.soIsenthimanemail__________

A.atall C.allthesame

B.atonce D.suddenly

76.Forthetimebeing,they_________theoldcomputer.Theirlaptopisbeingcheckedbyatechnicianatmoment.

A.haveused C.wereallowedtouse

B.areusing D.seldomuse

77.Ididn’thave___________extramoney,soIcouldgo___________else,excepttotheplaceswhichwerelistedinthe

brochure.IfIhadhadsomeextramoney,Iwouldhavevisitedsomeotherplacestoo.

A.enough - everywhere C.any -nowhere

B,toomuch- somewhere D.some-anywhere

78.You_________doitrightnow,otherwiseyou’llbetoobusytomorrow.

A.wouldbetter C.hadbetter

B.hadto D.wouldrather

79.Yourtaxihasn’tarrived_______,Sir.It__________hereinafewminutes

A.still-shouldbe C.rightnow-musttobe

B.yet-willbe D.already -goingtobe

80.A:What________youdoifyou__________alotofmoney?B:I’dbuyacar,

A,can -have C.did -wouldhave-

B.would -had D.do -canhave


Instruccionespara laspreguntas81-95.Cadaunade lassiguientesoracionestieneunapartesubrayada.Elija la

alternativaA,B,C,oD.queexpreselomismoocasilomismoquelapartesubrayada.RegistresuelecciónensuHOJA

DERESPUESTAS,Noescribaenestecuadernillo,

81.MrsScottquicklygotusedtolivingintheMiddleEast.

A.gottiredof C.gotafraidof

B.becamesickof D.becameaccustomedto

82.MrSmithisquitefondofreadingfictionnovels.

A.preferstoread C.doesn’tenjoyreading

B.hatesreading D.dislikestoread

83.Ithinkthechildrenwouldratherstayathometoday.It’stoocold,

A.havetobe C.oughttostay

B.wouldliketostay D.needtoremain

84.Theboyusuallygetssickwhenhedrinksmilk.

A.becomes C.begins

B.fills D.obtains

85.Howmanytimesaweekdoyoupractisetennis?

A.Howlong C.Howoften

B.Whattime D.Howfrequent

86.Thegirlwasn’toldenoughtogetadrivinglicence.

A.wasmuchtooold C.wasn’tveryold

B.wastooyoung D.wastooveryyoung

87.Theoldmanwasn’tabletogetonthebus,sohewalkedhome.

A.wasn’tallowedto C.simplycouldn’t

B.didn’twantto D.refusedto

88.Johndidn’tcometoclasstoday,andneitherdidBill.

A.andBilldidn’teither. C.andBilldidn’t,too,

B.butBilldidn’talso. D.andsodidBill,

89.Thelieutenantreportedtothegeneralrightaway.

A.intherightway C.fromadistantplace.

B,atonce D.punctually

90.Therewasn’tanyoneelseinthehouse,sothelittleboyhadtospendthedayallbyhimself.

A.quietlyandsecretly. C,completelyalone

B.somewhereelse D.withoutanythingtoeat.

91.Mygrandfatherseldomgoesoutforwalksintheevening.

A,veryoften C.almost

B.hardlyever D.simply


92.TheyarelivinginLosAngelesforthetimebeing.

A.becauseit’sanicecity. C.becausetheweather’sgoodthere.

B.actually D.atpresent.

93.Pleasecrossoutmyname.Iwon’tbeabletoattendthereception.

A.underline C.leaveout

B.consider D.report

94.Heistoooldandislosinghismemory.He’stoldmethesamethingoverandover.

A.fromtimetotime C.withsomeexaggeration

B.onlyafewtimes D.manytimes.

95.Whattimedoyouthinktheywillgetthere?

A.beinthattown C.getaplace

B.leavethecity D.obtainaroom

Instruccionesparalaspreguntas96–105.Leacuidadosamenteelsiguientetrozodelectura.Enseguidadeberácontestar

laspreguntaseligiendolaalternativaA,B,C,oD,queestimeUd.eslamásadecuadaencadacaso.Registrelaalternativa

correctaensuHOJADERESPUESTAS.Noescribaenestecuadernillo.

Beforesheleft,MrsSoamesgavelastminuteinstructionstothebaby-sitter,ayounggirlofseventeen.Thegirlhadneverdonebabysittingbefore,andMrsSoameswasalittleworried.

“Makeyourselfcomfortable,Carol,”MrsSoamessaid.“I’vepreparedatrayoffoodforyou.It’sonthetable.Youcan,ofcourse,listentotheradioorwatchtelevision,butdon’thaveittooloudbecauseyoumightwakeourlittleboy.Iftheboywakesup,gotohisroomandstaythereforafewminutes.He´llgobacktosleepatonce.Anyway,he’sfouryearsold,soyoushouldnothaveanytrouble.MyhusbandandIwillbebackatabouteleveno’clock.”

MrandMrsSoamesreturnedratherlaterthantheyhadexpectedAlightwasstillonintheliving-room,andthetelevisioncouldjustbeheard.MrsSoameswenttotheliving-roomrightawayandcameoutagainamomentlaterholdingtheboy.

“Whatwashedoingthere?”MrSoamesexclaimed.“He’swideawake.”“Hewaslookingatthetelevision,”MrsSoamessaid.“Where’sCarol?”MrSoamesasked.“She’sstillintheliving-room.She’sfastasleep!”

96.WhatdidtheSoamesdothatevening?

A.Theysawaprogramontelevision.

B.Theyhadsometroublewiththeirbaby.

C.Theywenttovisitsomefriends.

D.Theyinvitedababy-sittertotheirhouse.

97.WhywasMrsSoamessoworried?

A.Becausetheboywasnotingoodhealth.

B.Becausethegirlhadneverdonethatkindofjobbefore.

C.Becausetherewasn´tmuchfoodforthebaby-sitter.

D.Becausethegirlcouldnothearthetelevisionverywell.

98.Whywasthegirltoldthatshewouldhavenotroublewiththeboy?

A.Becausetheboywouldbesleepingmostofthetime.

B.Becausetheboywasgoingwiththemaswell.

C.Becausetheboywasanewlybornbaby.

D.Becauseshehadleftatrayoffoodincasehefelthungry.


99.WherewereCarolandthebabywhentheSoamesreturnedhome?

A.Carolwasdownstairsandthebabywasupstairs.

B.Theboywasintheliving-roomandCarolwasinthebed-room.

C.Theboywasawakeandthegirlwasasleep.

D.Theywerebothintheliving-room,ofcourse.

100.WhattimewasitwhentheSoamesarrived?

A.Itwasalmostmidnight.

B.Itwasjustbeforeeleven.

C.Itwasn´tverylate.

D.Itwasonlyafewminutespasteleven.

101.What’sthebestsynonymfor“makeyourselfcomfortable” (line3)

A.GetasofaandwatchTVorlistentotheradioifyoulike.

B.Youcanliedownonourbedifyoufeeltired.

C.Becarefulwiththeneighbours.

D.Don´tworryaboutanything.

102.Whatisthemeaningoftheexpression“ofcourse” (line4)

A.bynomeans C.obviously

B.perhaps D.however

103.Whatdoestheexpression“He’llgobacktosleep”mean?(line6)

A.Hewillgotohisbedroomagain.

B.Hewillfallasleepagain.

C.Hewillfeelsleepy.

D.Hewillgotohisbed.

104.Whatisthebestsynonymfor“expected”’.? (line8)

A.decided C.promised

B.planned. D.left

105.Whatisthemeaningof“holding” (line10)

A.lookingat C.lookingfor

B.wakingup D.carrying

Instruccionesparalaspreguntas106-120.Encadaunadelasseriesdepalabrashayunaquenocorrespondeaella,

(términoexcluido).UbiqueencadaserieeltérminoexcluidoyregístreloensuHOJADERESPUESTAS.Enestasección

haycincoalternativasA,B,C,D,oE,NoescribaenesteCuadernillo

106. A.quickly B.slowly C.careful D.fast E.well

107 A.shirt B.neck C.sock D.tie E.glove

108. A.narrow B.deep C.age D.wide E.high

109. A.cousin B.niece C.aunt D.nephew E.sun

110. A.worse B.cheaper C.clever D.faster E,happier

111. A.mine B.our C.his D.her E.their

112. A.rice B.butter C.meat D.juice E.cotton

113. A.could B.would C.sight D.ought E.should

114. A.behind B.among C.throw D.across E.along

115. A.weak B.month C.day D.century E.hour


116. A.grocer B.customer C.tailor D.barber E.butcher

117. A.seldom B.often C.real D.sometimes E.always

118. A.made B.bought C.broke D.tired E.put

119. A.shoulder B.nose C.elbow D.arm E.belt

120. A.seen B.brought C.forgot D.shut E.come

THISISTHEENDOFTHEASSESSMENTTEST1


BASICENGLISHGRAMMARSTRUCTURESANDVOCABULARYASHORTCOURSEINENGLISHFORADULTSTUDENTS

ASSESSMENTTEST1

ANSWERSHEET(Hojaderespuestas)

Student_sName_______________________Date:_____________Score:_______%

A.LISTENINGPART

1. A B C D

2. A B C D

3. A B C D

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B.READINGPART(Timelimit:35minutes)

51. A B C D

52. A B C D

53. A B C D

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102. A BCD

103. A BCD

104. A BCD

105. A BCD

106. A BCDE

107. A BCDE

108. A BCDE

109. A BCDE

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111. A BCDE

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113. A BCDE

114. A BCDE

115. A BCDE

116. A BCDE

117. A BCDE

118. A BCDE

119. A BCDE

120. A BCDE



ASSESSMENTTEST1

EXAMINER´STEXT(TextoparaelExaminador)

A.LISTENINGPART

Instruccionesparalaspreguntas1-15.Ud.oiráoracionesincompletas.EncadacasoUd.deberáelegirlaalternativaA,

B,C,oD,quecompleteenmejorformalaoraciónleídaporelexaminador.Unavezelegidalaalternativacorrecta,Ud.

deberáconsignarla,marcandounaXsobrelaletracorrespondiente,ensuHOJADERESPUESTAS.Noescribaeneste

cuadernillo

1. I’mabsolutelysurethatthesearethebooksforchildren___________-

2. What’sthatnoise,Mary?Ithinksomebody_____________

3. Thetrafficistooheavyatthistimeofday,John.Ifyoutakeataxi,you________

4. IwouldcertainlysendherapostcardfromEdinburghifI____________

5. AssoonasIenteredtheofficethismorning,Inoticedthatthecomputer________

6. Althoughtheoldmanknowshowtodothejobwell,I’mnothappywithhimbecause________

7. Therewasabignoiseoutsidethebuildingandthelightswentoutwhilewe__________

8. Whentheshopassistanttoldmywifethepriceofthewatch,sheexclaimed__________

9. RobertSmithisplanningtogosomewhereanddosomethinginterestingbecausehefeels________

10. Thelittleboywon’tbeabletoanswerallthequestionscorrectlybecausetheyare_______

11. Tom,youreallydon’tlookwellthismorning.Ithinkyou__________

12. IhadsomanythingstodoattheofficethatIdecidedtogo_________

13. John,youaregoingtogettherelateifyougobybus.Ithinkyou__________

14. Ifyoudon’tputonyourglasses,Jack,you___________

15. Assoonasthemanagercomesbacktotheofficethisafternoon,I___________

Instruccionesparalaspreguntas16-30.Ud.oiráoracionescompletasestavez.DespuésdecadaoraciónUd.oiráunapreguntay

deberáelegirlaalternativaA,B,C,0D.quelacontesteenmejorforma.unavezelegidalaalternativacorrectadeberáconsignarla,

marcandounaXsobrelaletracorrespondiente,ensuHOJADERESPUESTAS,Noescribaenestecuadernillo.

16.RoberttoldJimtocometohisofficerightaway.Question:WhendidRobertwanttoseeJim?

17.Jackdidn’tgooutyesterdaybecausehehadtoreadsomereportsandwritesomeletters.Question:HowdidJack

spendthedayyesterday?

18.Theyoungcaptaindidnotmakeuphismindquickly.Question:Whatdoestheexpression“didn’tmakeuphis

mind”meaninthissentence?

19.Johndidn’tacceptthejobofferbecausehewouldhavetobeawayfromhometoooften.Hethoughthe’dratherbe

nearhiswifeandchildrenthanbetravellingallthetime.Question:Whydidherefusetoacceptthejoboffer?

20.Johnisfondofvisitingpeopleandusuallyentertainsfriendsathishome.Question:WhatkindofapersonisJohn?

21.TomknowsJanebetterbecausethey’vebeenfriendsforyearssincetheywereatschooltogether,whereasRobert

onlymetheracoupleofdaysago.That’swhyhecan’ttellusmuchabouther.Question:Whycan’tweaskRobert

totalkaboutJane’spersonality?

22.Thesecretarycouldnotgetintouchwiththecustomersthismorning,soshewillhavetocallthemagainthisafternoon.

Question:Whatwillthesecretarydoafterlunchtoday?

23.It’susuallycoldanditrainsquitealotduringtheyearinthatpartofthecountry,buttheylikelivinginthatsmalltown

becausealltheshopsarenear,thetrafficisneversoheavyandtherearenofactoriesnearby.Question:Whyare

theysohappytobelivingthere?

24.Johnwasgoingtoworkinthegardenthatmorning,butherememberedhehadtogoandmeetafriendatthe

airport,soheleftthejobforthefollowingweekend.Question:WhatdidJohndothatmorning?

25. Billwillhavetoworkovertimeifhewantstofinishthejobbeforetheendofthismonth.Question:Whatmusthe

doinordertocompletethejobingoodtime?

26.JackandTomarethesameage,butBillistwoyearsyounger.Heisonlytenatpresent.Question:Howoldare

JackandTom?

27. MrJacksonandhisfriendsmetoutsidetherestaurantatabout7.45thateveningbuttheydidnotgoinbecause

itwastooearlyandtheydidnotfeelhungryatthatmoment.Theywenttotheclubinstead.Question:Whatdidthey


doafterallofthemhadarrived?

28.Theyhadagoodtimetherebecause,althoughtheweatherwasnotfine,theyhadthechanceofmakingfriendsand

visitingplaces.Question:Whydidtheyenjoytheirholidayssomuch?

29.MrClarkwalkedhomefromtheofficethateveningbecauseallthebuseswerefullatthattimeandhedidn’thave

enoughmoneytotakeataxi.Question:Whydidn’tMrClarkgohomebybus?

30.TheBrownshardlyevergototheirparents´farminthesouthbecauseitistoofarandittakesthemmorethanten

hourstodrivethere.Question:Howoftendotheygothereduringtheyear?

Instruccionesparalaspreguntas31-40.Ud.oiráoracionescompletasy,encadacaso,deberáelegirlaalternativaA,B,C,

oD.queten-gaelsignificadomásparecidoalaoraciónleídaporelexaminador.Unavezquehayaelegidolaalternativa

correctadeberáconsignarlaensuHOJADERESPUESTAS,Noescribaenestecuadernillo.

31.He’dratherstayathomealldaytoday.

32.Hegotusedtolivinginthishouseafterafewmonths.

33.Hecouldnotattendthereceptionattheembassythatdaybecausehewastoobusy.

34.Marygotintouchwithhimassoonasshegotthere.

35.Paulisn´toldenoughtotravelabroadbyhimself.

36.Theyatetheirmealinahurrybecauseitwastoocoldinsidetherestaurant.

37.Roberttelephonedthemthateveninginordertogivethemthenews.

38.Ithardlyeversnowsinthatregion.

39.Theyusedtorepaircarsinthosedays.

40.Shedideverythingrightaway.

Instruccionesparalaspreguntas41-50.Elexaminadorleeráunahistoria.Escucheatentamente.Enseguidaoirápreguntas

relativasaltextoleído.Encadacaso,deberáelegirlaalternativaA,B,C,oD.querespondaenmejorformalapregunta.Unavez

quehayaelegidolaalternativacorrecta,deberáconsignarlaensuHOJADERESPUESTAS,Noescribaenestecuadernillo.

“A holiday abroad? Yes, of course, Mrs Green. I’m sure we can arrange something for you.”The travel agent smiled at the old lady across the counter. He knew her well. At one time, years before, she and her husband used to go to Brighton every summer. In those days, he booked a family hotel for them. Then they started to take their holidays in France - and he got them their boat tickets. Later, when their children grew up, they ‘discovered’ Italy and Spain. He bought their air tickets or found cheap holidays for them.But then, the previous autumn, Mr Green died. “Well, no more holidays abroad for Mrs Green,” he thought. “She’ll probably start going to Brighton again!”But he was wrong! Here she was, only a few months after her husband’s death, back in his office asking about holidays abroad.“Have you any particular place in mind?” he asked. “How about Portugal, for instance? A nice, friendly place, with good weather... “Mrs Green shook her head. “As a matter of fact,” she said, “I was thinking of India!”India! For a moment, the travel agent was surprised, but then he thought: “Of course! Lots of people want to go to India these days. It’s all these programmes and films on TV. However, at her age...” “India …” he said. “Well, yes. I’m sure we can fix up something for you.” He showed Mrs Green a brochure. “How about a two-week tour, for example? Complete with air ticket, hotels, meals and guides. You’ll see the really important places - and you won’t have to think about a thing!” “Thank you,” said Mrs Green. “That’s exactly what 1 don’t want.” The travel agent looked puzzled. “Look,” Mrs Green went on. “I’ve got a guidebook of India here.” She waved it at him. “It says you can go everywhere by bus or train. There are plenty of cheap hotels - and food is cheap too. So all I need is a cheap air ticket! Can you get me one or not?”

41.WhydidMrsGreenvisitthetravelagentthatmorning?

42.Whydidthetravelagentsmilewhenhesawherinhisoffice?

43.WheredidtheGreensspendtheirsummerholidayswhenthechildrenweresmall?

44.WhydidtheystartgoingtoItalyorSpain?

45.Whathappenedafewmonthsago?

46.WhatdidthetravelagentthinkMrsGreenwasplanningtodo?

47.WheredidthetravelagentsuggestMrsGreenshouldgoonholidaynextsummer?

48.Whywasthetravelagentsosurprised?

49.Whydidthetravelagentofferherthetwo-weekpackagetourofIndia?

50.Whydidn’tMrs.Greenwanttotakethepackagetourthetravelagentrecommendedher?

THISISTHEENDOFTHELISTENINGPARTOFTHETEST



ASSESSMENTTEST1

KEYTOANSWERS(Clavederespuestas)A.LISTENINGPART

1. A B C D

2. A B C D

3. A B C D

4. A B C D

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51. A B C D

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102. A BCD

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104. A BCD

105. A BCD

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CHART1.BASICVERBTENSES

PRESENT SIMPLE(S+DO/DOES+INFINITIVE)

CONTINUOUS(S+AM/IS/ARE+ING)

PERFECT(S+HAVE/HAS+PASTPARTICIPLE)

PERFECTCONTINUOUS(S+HAVE/HASBEEN+ING)

Iwrite(=Idowrite)alettereveryday

(Yoescribounacartatodoslosdías;)

Marywrites(=Marydoeswrite)alettereveryday.

(Maryescribeunacartatodoslosdías)

Iamwritingaletternow.

(Yoestoyecribiendounacartaahora)

Ihavewrittenseveralletterstoday.

(Yoheescritovariascartashoy)

Ihavebeenwritingletterssince8:30thismorning

(Yoheestadoescribiendocartasdesdelas8:30delamañana)

PAST SIMPLE(S+DID+INFINITIVE)

CONTINUOUS(S+WAS/WERE+ING)

PERFECT(S+HAD+PASTPARTICIPLE)

PERFECTCONTINUOUS(S+HADBEEN+ING)

Iwrote(=Ididwrite)aletteryesterday.

(Yoescribíunacartaayer)

IwaswritingaletterwhenJohnarrivedat8:45thisevening.

(YoestabaescribiendounacartacuandoJohnllegóalas8:45estatarde)

IhadalreadywrittenthreeletterswhenJohnarrivedat8:45thisevening.

(YoyahabíaescritotrescartascuandoJohnllegóallas8:45estatarde)

IhadbeenwritinglettersforabouttwohourswhenJohnarrivedat8:45this

evening

(YohabíaestadoescribiendocartasporcercadedoshorascuandoJohnllegóalas8:45estatarde)

FUTURE SIMPLEA) (S+WILL+INFINITIVE)

B) (S+AM/IS/ARE+GOINGTO+INF)

C) (S+AM/IS/ARE+ING)

CONTINUOUS(S+WILLBE+ING)

PERFECT(S+WILLHAVE+PASTPART)

PERFECTCONTINUOUS(S+WILLHAVEBEEN+ING)

a) IwillwritealettertoJohntomorrow

(YoescribiréunacartaaJuanmañana)

b) IamgoingtowritealettertoJohntomorrow.

(YovoyaescribirunacartaaJohnmañana)

c) IamwritingalettertoJohninafewminutes

(EstoyescribiendounacartaaJuandentrodeunospocosminutos)

Iwillbewritingletterswhenyoucometoseemethisevening.

(Yoestaréescribiendocartascuandotúvengasavermeestatarde)

Iwillhavewrittenseveralletterswhenyoucometoseemethisevening.

(Yohabréescritovariascartascuandovengasavermeestatarde)

Iwillhavebeenwriting letters formorethantwohourswhenyoucomeat

midday.

(Yohabréestadoescribiendocartaspormásdedoshorascuandovengasalmediodía.)

APENDICE1


APENDICE2

CHART2.BASICVERBTENSES:STRUCTUREANDUSAGE

A.CONTINUOUS(ORPROGRESSIVE)TENSES

PRESENT PAST FUTURE

USO:

Describeunaacciónqueseestárealizando

oestáocurriendoenestemomentoyque

aúnnohanconcluido.

USO:

Describe una acción que se estaba

realizandooestabaocurriendoenun

momentodeterminadoenelpasado

USO:

Describeunaacciónqueseestarárealizando

o estará ocurriendo en un momento

determinadoenelfuturo

ESTRUCTURA:

S+AM/IS/ARE+ING

ESTRUCTURA:

S+WAS/WERE+ING

ESTRUCTURA:

S+WILLBE+ING

S+AM/IS/ARE+GOINGTOBE+ING

EXPRESIONESDETIEMPO:

Now,atthemoment,atthistime,

Forthetimebeing,atpresent


When+S+Past+yesterday/last

Monday,etc

.At...o´clockyesterday/lastMonday,etc,


When+S+Present+tomorrow/next

week,etc.

At..o´clocktomorrow/nextMonday,etc.

EJEMPLOS:

Johnisspeakingwiththemanagernow

Johnisnot/isn´tspeakingwiththe

managernow

IsJohnspeakingwiththemanager

now?

EJEMPLOS:

Johnwasspeakingtothemanager

whenIsawhimyesterday.

Johnwasnot/wasn´tspeakingtothe

managerwhenIsawhimyesterday

WasJohnspeakingtothemanager

whenIsawhimyesterday?

EJEMPLOS:

Johnwillbespeakingwiththemanager

atthistimetomorrow.

Johnwillnot/won´tbespeakingwith

themanageratthistimetomorrow.

WillJohnbespeakingwiththemanager

atthistimetomorrow.

PREGUNTAHABITUAL:

Whatareyoudoing(now)?

/wóta:riu:dúi_náu/¿Quéesta

haciendoUd.ahora?

PREGUNTAHABITUAL:

Whatwereyoudoing(atthattime)?

/wótweriu:dúi_at__ttáim/¿Qué

estabaUd.haciendoaesahora?

PREGUNTAHABITUAL:

Whatwillyoubedoing(at8:30this

evening)?/wótwiliu:bí:dú:i_ateit_é:

rti_isívni_/¿QuéestaráhaciendoUd.a

las8:30estatarde?

SAMPLEDIALOG:

Sam: HiBob!Whatareyoudoing?

Areyouwatchingthenews?

Bob: No,I´mnot.I´m

studying history.Ihavemyterm

testtomorrow.

Andwhatareyoudoinghere?

Sam: I´mlookingforMary.Issheat

home?

Bob: Yes,sheis.She´sreadingthe

paperinthegarden,Ithink.

Sam: Thanks,Bob.I´msorryI

interruptedyou.

Bob: Don´tworry,.It´sallright

SAMPLEDIALOG:

Detective: Wereyouathomeatthetime

themenbrokeintothehouse,

MrSmith?

Peter: Yes,Sir.ButIwasinthe

garage.Iwaswashingthe

car.

Detective: Wasyourwifewithyou?

Peter: No,shewasn´t.Shewas

attendingaconferenceat

theArtsMuseum.

Detective: Didyouhearanynoiseinthe

house?

Peter: Yes,Idid.ButIthoughtBilly

waswatchingTVupstairs.

SAMPLEDIALOG:

Bob: Whatwillyoubedoingatthis

timenextSaturday?

Jack: I´llbeflyingtoLondon.

Bob: Whattimewillyoubelandingat

Heathrow?

Jack: Atabout8:15intheevening.

Wewon´tbearrivingatthehotel

before9:30.

Bob: Willyougoonasightseeingtouron

Sunday?

Jack: Ofcoursenot!Wewillbe

workingalldayonSunday.We

musthaveeverythingreadyforthe

WorldPeaceTalkswhichstarton

Monday.


B.SIMPLETENSES

PRESENT PAST FUTURE

USO:

Describeunaacciónqueserealizao

sucedeenformahabitual,comotodoslos

días,siempre,etc.

USO:

Describeunaacciónqueserealizóo

sucedióenunafechauhoradeterminada

enelpasado,comoayer,elsábado

pasado.

USO:

Describeunaacciónqueserealizará

osucederáenunahoraofecha

determinadaenelfuturo,comomañana,

elpróximosábado.

ESTRUCTURA:

S+DO/DOES+INFINITIVE*

*Enlaformaafirmativaseusasolamente

S+Infinitive.(conHe,sheitseagregas

/esalinfinitivo).

Enlasnegacioneseinterrogacionesseusa

do/does+infinitive(VerEjemplos)

ESTRUCTURA:

S+DID+INFINITIVE*

*EnlaformaafirmativaseusaS+Past.

Enlasnegacioneseinterrogacionesse

usadid+infinitive(VerEjemplos)

ESTRUCTURA:

a) S+WILL+INFINITIVE(Decisión)

b) S+AM/IS/ARE+GOINGTO+INF

(Intención,plan)

c) S+AM/IS/ARE+ING(Actividad

.previstaoacordadaconaticipación)


Everyday,everyweek,everymonth,etc

Always,usually,often,sometimes,

seldom,etc.

Onceaday,twiceaweek,severaltimesa

year,etc.


Yesterday,lastnight,lastweek,last

Sunday,etc.

Twodaysago,tenmonthsago,etc.

Thatday;onMay4,1997;in1986,etc.


Tomorrow,nextweek,nextmonth,next

Sunday,etc.

EJEMPLOS:

Ispeak(=Idospeak)withthemanager

everyday.

Idonotspeakwiththemanager......

DoIspeakwiththemanager.......?

Janespeaks(=Janedoesspeak)with

themanagereveryday.

Janedoesnotspeakwiththe......

DoesJanespeakwiththemanager....?

EJEMPLOS:

Ispoke(=Ididspeak)withthemanager

yesterday.

Ididnotspeakwiththemanager....

DidIspeakwiththemanager....?

EJEMPLOS:

a) Iwillspeakwiththemanager

tomorrow.

Iwillnotspeakwiththemanager...

WillIspeakwiththemanager....?

b) I´mgoingtospeakwiththemanager

tomorrow.

I´mnotgoingtospeakwith.......

AmIgoingtospeakwith.......?

c) I´mspeakingwiththemanager

tomorrow.

I´mnotspeakingwith.....

AmIspeakingwith......?

PREGUNTAHABITUAL:

Whatdoyoudo(everyday)?

/wótdiu:dú:évridéi/(¿QuéhaceUd.

todoslosdías)

PREGUNTAHABITUAL:

Whatdidyoudo(yesterday)?

/wótdidiu:dú:iésterdei/¿QuehizoUd.

ayer?

PREGUNTAHABITUAL:

a) Whatwillyoudo(tomorrow)?/

wotwiliúdú:tumórou/¿Quéhará

Ud.mañana?)

b) Whatareyougoingtodo

(tomorrow)?/wóta:riu:gói_tudú:

tomórou/¿Quévaahacer...?

c) Whatareyoudoing(tomorrow)?/

wóta:riu:dúi_tumórou/¡Quetiene

previstohacer....?


PRESENT PAST FUTURE

SAMPLEDIALOG:

Bob: Wheredoyoulive,Nancy?

Nancy: IliveonClarkStreet.

Bob: Howdoyougethereevery

day?

Nancy: Igenerallytakethebus.

Bob: Doesyourhusbandtakethe

bustoo?

Nancy: Nohedoesn´t.Heusually

walks.Itdoesn´ttakehimmore

than5minutestogettothe

office.

SAMPLEDIALOG:

Bob: Whatdidyoudolastweek-end?

Jack: Iwenttothebeach.

Bob: Didyougoalone?

Jack: No,Ididn´t.Iwentwithsome

friends.Wereallyhadagreattime

there.

Bob: Wheredidyoustay?

Jack: Werentedasmallhouse.

Bob: WhatdidyoudoonSaturday?

Jack: Intheafternoonwewent

swimmingandintheeveningwe

wenttoadisco.

SAMPLEDIALOG:

Bob: Whatwillyoudointhesummer?.

Ann: WewillgotoCancunagain.

Bob: Whenareyougoingtoleave?

Ann: Well,we´regoingtomake

reservationsforthelasttwo

weeksinJuly.

Bob: Areyoujustgoingtovisit

Cancún?

Ann: Idon´tknowyet.Myfriendsand

Iaremeetingthiseveningto

discussourplans.

Bob: Thatsoundsgreat!


C.PERFECTTENSES

PRESENT PAST FUTURE

USO:

Describea)unaacciónquecomenzóarealizarse

enunafechauhoraenelpasadoyqueha

continuadohastaestemomento;b)unaacción

queacabadeocurrir,c)unaacciónqueseha

realizadovariasvecesenelpasado.

USO:

Describeunaacciónqueserealizóu

ocurrióantesqueotraocurriera.

USO:

Describeunaacciónquesehabrá

realizadoocompletadoantesqueotra

ocurraotraacciónenelfuturo,antesde

unafechafutura

ESTRUCTURA:

S+HAVE/HAS+PASTPARTICIPLE

ESTRUCTURA:

S+HAD+PASTPARTICIPLE

ESTRUCTURA:

S+WILLHAVE+PASTPARTICIPLE


For.....;since.......;already;not...yet;

Just;before;lately,never.

Once,twice,threetimes,Severaltimes,

manytimesEver?


When+S+Past

Bythetime+S+Past

Severaltimesbefore;manytimesbefore,

never.....before


When+S+Present+tomorrow/next

Monday,etc

Bythistimetomorrow/nextmonth,etc.

Bytheendofthismonth/year,etc.

EJEMPLOS:

IhavelivedinSantiagofortenyears

IhavelivedinSantiagosince1992.

Yourtrainhasjustleft,Sir

PeterhasbeeninChicagotwice.

Mrs.Jacksonhasnevertravelled

abroad.

Haveyoueverdrunktequila?

EJEMPLOS:

Thetrainhadalreadyleftwhenwegot

tothestation.

Wehadhaddinnerbythetimethey

arrivedlastnight.

ShehadneverbeeninParisbefore.

HehadworkedintheArmyforabout

30yearswhenheretired.

EJEMPLOS:

WhenPetergetsheretoday,wewill

havehadlunchalready.

TheywillhavegonebythetimePeter

arrivesthisevening

PREGUNTAHABITUAL:

Whathaveyoudone(sinceyouarrived

thismorning)?/wotaviu:dánsinsiu:

arráivdδismó:rniη/¿QuehahechoUd.

desdequellegóestamañana?

PREGUNTAHABITUAL:

Whathadyoudone(beforePeter

arrivedyesterday)?/wothadiu:dánbifó:

rpí:terarráivdiésterdei/¿Quehabíahecho

ud.antesquePeterllegaraayer?

PREGUNTAHABITUAL:

Whatwillyouhavedone(bytheend

ofthismonth)?/wotwiliu:havdánbai

δiéndovδismánθ/¿Quéhabráhecho

ud.haciafinesdeestemes?

SAMPLEDIALOG:

Officer: Isthisthefirsttimeyoucameto

theUnitedStates?

Peter: No,Sir.I´vecomeherethreeor

fourtimes.

Officer: Haveyoueverbeentothe

GrandCanyon?

Peter: No,Ihaveneverbeenthere.

Butoneofmybrothershas

visiteditseveraltimes.He

saysit´sspectacular.

Officer: I´msureyouwillenjoythevisit

SAMPLEDIALOG:

Bob: WasthatyourfirstvisittoNew

York?

Jane: No,itwasn´tIhadbeeninNew

Yorkacoupleoftimesbefore.

ButIhadnevervisiteditinthe

spring.ImustsayCentralParkis

beautifulatthistimeoftheyear.

Bob: Whydidn´tJackgowithyou?

Jane: Hecouldn´taffordthetrip.Hehad

notsavedenoughmoneyforthe

tickets.

SAMPLEDIALOG:

John: Havetheyfinishedbuildingthe

bridgeyet?

Peter: Notheyhaven´t.Ithinktheywill

havefinishedbuildingitbefore

theendofthisweek.

John: Howmanybridgeswilltheyhave

builtbytheendofthisdecade?

Peter: Idon´tknow.Buttheywillhave

builtseveralimportantroads

andoureconomywillhave

grownconsiderably.

John: Ihopeyourdreamscometrue


D.PERFECTCONTINUOUSTENSES

PRESENT PAST FUTURE

USO:

AligualqueelPresentePerfectodescribe

unaacciónquecomenzóarealizarseen

unafechauhoraenelpasadoyqueha

continuadoenformaininterrumpidahasta

estemomento.

USO:

Describeunaacciónquesehabíaestado

realizandoenformaininterrumpidaantes

queotraocurriera.

USO:

Describeunaacciónquesehabráestado

realizándoseen forma ininterrumpida

antesqueotraocurraotraacciónenel

futuro,antesdeunafechafutura.

ESTRUCTURA:

S+HAVE/HAS+BEEN+ING

ESTRUCTURA:

S+HAD+BEEN+ING

ESTRUCTURA:

S+WILLHAVE+BEEN+ING


For......;since.......


Since...../for......whenS+Past

Since...../for....bythetime+S+Past


For......bythetime+S+Present

EJEMPLOS:

Ihavebeenworkingonthisprojectsince

Marchthisyear

Theyhavebeenwaitingforthebusfor

abouttwentyminutessofar.

EJEMPLOS:

Johnhadbeenworkinginhisoffice

since8:30thatmorning.

Ithadbeenraininghardforabouttwo

hoursthatmorning.

EJEMPLOS:

Peterwillhavebeenlivinginthis

countryforfiveyearsbytheendofthis

month.

Iwillhavebeenworkingonthisproject

formorethanthreemonthsbythetime

thistermends.

PREGUNTAHABITUAL:

Whathaveyoubeendoingsinceyou

arrivedherethismorning?

/wotaviu:bí:ndú:iηsinsiu:arráivdhíar

δismó:rniη/¡Quéhaestadohaciendo

Ud.desdequellegóestamañana?

PREGUNTAHABITUAL:

Whathadyoubeendoingbefore

Peterarrivedyesterday?

/wothadiu:bí:ndú:iηbifó:rpí:terarráivd

iésterdei/¿Quéhabíaestadohaciendo

Ud.antesquePeterllegaraayer?

PREGUNTAHABITUAL:

Whatwillyouhavebeendoingbythe

endofthismonth?

/wótwiliu:havbí:ndú:iηbaiδiéndov

δismánθ/¿Quéhabráestadohaciendo

Ud.haciafinesdeestemes?

SAMPLEDIALOG:

Peter: Whathaveyoubeendoingsince

yougotupthismorning?

Mary: I´vebeendoinglotsofthings.

I´vebeenworkingonmythesis,

andIhavebeenstudyingforthe

finalexams.

Peter: Youreallylooktired.

Mary: Yes,Ihaven´tbeensleeping

wellsincethistermstartedin

March..Anyway,Itwillallbeover

beforetheendofthismonth.

Peter: Yes,andyou´llgetyourdegreeat

last!!

SAMPLEDIALOG:

John: Whathadyourfriendsbeen

doingthatevening?

Jim: They´dbeencelebratingMary´s

birthday.They´dbeendancing

andsinging.Andtheyhadalso

beensittingandtalkingbythe

fire..

John: Andwhyweretheneighborsso

angry?

Jim: Theyhadbeentryingtosleep,

buthadn´tbeenabletodoso

becauseofthenoise!!!

SAMPLEDIALOG:

A.Aretheystilldiscussingtheproject

tobuildthenewbridgeacrossthe

Potomac?

B.Yes,Theywillhavebeen

discussingitforfifteenmonthsnext

weekandtheyhaven´tyetdecided

whetheritshouldorshouldn´tbe

built.

A. It´sashame!Well,Ihopetheytakea

standandvoteforit.Inthemeantime,

wesimplyhavetobepatientand

wait.Afterallwehavebeenusingthe

ferryforyearsandhavebecomeused

toit.

Refuerzo Gramática Inglés

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