REFOR T RESUM - ERIC · refor t resum. ed 015 672. equipment guice for classroom television....
35
REFOR T RESUM ED 015 672 EQUIPMENT GUICE FOR CLASSROOM TELEVISION. SYLVANIA ELEC1RIC PRODUCTS INC., NEW YORK, N.Y. EARS PRICE MF-$0.25 HC-$1.52 36P. EM 005 632 DESCRIPTORS- *EDUCATIONAL TELEVISION, *EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURERt, *EQUIPMENT UTILIZATION, *GLOSSARIES, PROJECTION EQUIPMENT, INSTRUCTIONAL TELEVISION, CLASSROOMS, VIDEO TAPE RECORDINGS, VICICON EQUIPMENT THE GUIDE IS DESIGNED TO ACQUAINT EDUCATORS WITH EDUCATIONAL TELEVISION HARDWARE. FEATURES INCLUDE A GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS, DESCRIPTIONS OF VARIOUS TELEVISION CAMERAS AND LENSES, PROJECTION EQUIPMENT, TAPE RECORDERS, MONITORS, AND TELEVISION RECEIVERS. NECESSARY EQUIPMENT FOR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS, PROTABLE STUDIOS, LARGER AND PROFESSIONAL STUDIOS, AND COMPLETE EDUCATIONAL TELEVISION INSTALLATIONS IS DETAILED. (MS)
Transcript of REFOR T RESUM - ERIC · refor t resum. ed 015 672. equipment guice for classroom television....
REFOR T RESUMED 015 672EQUIPMENT GUICE FOR CLASSROOM TELEVISION.SYLVANIA ELEC1RIC PRODUCTS INC., NEW YORK, N.Y.
EARS PRICE MF-$0.25 HC-$1.52 36P.
EM 005 632
DESCRIPTORS- *EDUCATIONAL TELEVISION, *EQUIPMENTMANUFACTURERt, *EQUIPMENT UTILIZATION, *GLOSSARIES,
PROJECTION EQUIPMENT, INSTRUCTIONAL TELEVISION, CLASSROOMS,
VIDEO TAPE RECORDINGS, VICICON EQUIPMENT
THE GUIDE IS DESIGNED TO ACQUAINT EDUCATORS WITH
EDUCATIONAL TELEVISION HARDWARE. FEATURES INCLUDE A GLOSSARY
OF TECHNICAL TERMS, DESCRIPTIONS OF VARIOUS TELEVISION
CAMERAS AND LENSES, PROJECTION EQUIPMENT, TAPE RECORDERS,
MONITORS, AND TELEVISION RECEIVERS. NECESSARY EQUIPMENT FOR
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS, PROTABLE STUDIOS, LARGER AND
PROFESSIONAL STUDIOS, AND COMPLETE EDUCATIONAL TELEVISION
INSTALLATIONS IS DETAILED. (MS)
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INT
RO
DU
CT
ION
TH
IS is the secondpublication by Sylvania to
be devoted entirely tothe subject of educa-
tional television. The
first, Television in
Education,
published in mid-1962,
covered four distinct as-pects of E
TV
:its background and
accomplish-
ments, how
television istransm
itted, some of the
equipment requirem
ents,and the facilities w
ithinthe school w
hich shouldbe prepared to accom
mo-
date the use of televisionin the curriculum
.
Although there w
as hardly ashortage of inform
-ative literature on any
aspect of this important
subject, we felt w
ecould still m
ake a helpful con-tribution in the form
of abrief and lucid survey
of the above aspectsthat w
ould serve as agood
starting point for thenon-technical school adm
in-istrator. T
he enthusiasticreception accorded that
first book (includingits use as a text at H
arvard)quickly confirm
ed ourjudgm
ent.
This response also
included a number of ques-
tions that indicatedthe need for m
oredetailed
knowledge about equipm
ent,especially the specific
types needed toaccom
plish the various usesto
which television has already
been put. Again, the
answers to m
ostof these questions
could be foundam
ong theconsiderable bulk of literature
alreadyin existence, but not in
the readily availableform
atw
e hadpreviously found to be so
useful.
Hence, w
e decided toproduce a second book
thatw
ould concentrate onthe "hardw
are" of ET
V,
andinclude a num
ber of typical ET
V system
sranging
from sim
--le electronicenlargem
ent to fullyequipped Ptudios. W
herefeasible, a suggested
equipment list for each
is provided.H
owever, equipm
entrepresents only a portion
of the total investment
that a school must
make.
Installation alone is asignificant part, and can be
realistically estimated only
in terms of a specific
school.
.. its location, type of
construction, thedistances to be covered,
number of transm
ittingand receiving points
and the over-allcom
plexityof the system
. To this
must be added the
continuingoverhead costs of m
aintenanceand personnel.
We m
ention these factorsnot to discourage any-
one fromreading on beyond this page,
but only tohelp place as realistic a
perspective as possible atyour disposal.
After m
ore than ten years,tele-
vision's role in theeducational process has
beenproven repeatedly
to be a valuable one, eventhough
the vast majority of
schools have yet to takead-
vaatage of it.T
aus it is to your interest as aneducator, as w
ellas to
Pvlvania's as an equipment
manufacturer,
that any step into televisionbe taken w
ith as fullan understanding
of all its ramifications as
possible.
The
Lan
guag
e of
Tel
evis
ion
4
The
Vid
icon
Cam
era
8
How
it w
orks
8
Vid
eo ie
solu
tion
9
Syl
vani
a T
elev
isio
nC
amer
as
Lens
s fo
r V
idic
onC
amer
as12
Ligh
ting
for
Tel
evis
ion
13
Aux
iliar
y O
rigin
atin
gE
quip
men
t14
Mon
itors
and
ET
VR
ecei
vers
16
Typ
ical
ET
V S
yste
ms
,,.1
8
With
in th
e sa
me
clas
sroo
m19
Mas
ter
dist
ribut
ion
syst
ems
20
Tra
nsm
ittii-
g th
roug
hout
the
scho
ol22
Tea
cher
-con
trol
led
syst
ems
23
Bey
ond
the
one-
man
stud
io26
The
pro
fess
iona
l-typ
est
udio
28
The
com
plet
e E
TV
inst
alla
tion
30
Sch
ool-t
o-sc
hool
tran
smis
sion
32
Che
cklis
t for
ET
V34
TH
ELA
NG
UA
GE
OF
TE
LEV
ISIO
NT
he tr
aditi
onal
loca
tion
for
agl
ossa
ry is
, of
cour
se, a
t the
end
of a
boo
k. H
owev
er, w
e ha
vepl
aced
it u
p fr
ont,
and
give
n a
slig
htly
ful
ler
expl
anat
ion
and
desc
ript
ion
of th
e te
rms
that
are
likel
y to
be
of m
ost p
ract
ical
in-
tere
st. T
his
is in
kee
ping
with
the
over
-all
purp
ose
of th
isbo
ok w
hich
is to
pro
vide
tli.;
non-
tech
nica
l per
son
with
ara
pid,
yet
mea
ning
ful s
tep
for-
war
d in
the
dire
ctio
n of
fur
ther
unde
rsta
ndin
g of
the
"thi
ngs"
in te
levi
sion
with
whi
ch h
e m
ayso
on b
e cl
osel
y co
ncer
ned.
4
AD
JAC
EN
TC
HA
NN
EL
INT
ER
FE
RE
NC
ET
he d
isto
rtio
n of
sou
nd a
nd/o
r pi
c-tu
re d
ue to
sim
ulta
neou
s re
prod
uc-
tion
of p
rogr
ams
from
sta
tions
utili
zing
wav
e le
ngth
s co
ntig
uous
to o
ne a
noth
er.
AM
PLI
FIE
RA
n el
ectr
onic
com
pone
nt w
hich
rece
ives
a w
eak
sign
al f
rom
any
orig
inal
sou
nd o
r vi
sual
sou
rce
(mic
roph
one,
rec
ord
play
er, t
ape-
head
, or
tele
visi
on c
amer
a) a
ndst
reng
then
s it
to th
e po
int w
here
itca
n dr
ive
a sp
eake
r or
rep
rodu
cea
pict
ure
on a
tele
visi
on s
cree
n.W
hile
AU
DIO
and
VID
EO
am
plif
iers
are
desi
gned
dif
fere
ntly
acc
ordi
ngto
thei
r re
spec
tive
func
tion,
the
basi
c pr
inci
ple
of a
goo
d am
plif
ier
is th
at it
doe
s no
t cha
nge
(i.e
. dis
-to
rt)
the
orig
inal
sig
nal i
n an
y w
ayot
her
than
to g
ive
it th
e ne
cess
ary
boos
t alo
ng th
e w
ay.
AN
TE
NN
AA
dev
ice
for
rece
ivin
g an
d th
enco
nduc
ting
radi
o an
d/or
tele
visi
onsi
gnal
s th
at h
ave
been
tran
smitt
edth
roug
h sp
ace.
In
tele
visi
on, t
hesi
mpl
est f
orm
of
ante
nna
is th
efa
mili
ar "
rabb
it ea
rs"
plac
ed a
top
the
rece
iver
. An
exte
nsio
n of
this
type
is th
e ro
of a
nten
na w
hich
can
serv
ice
up to
fou
r se
ts, d
epen
ding
upon
the
stre
ngth
of
the
sign
al r
e-ce
ived
and
the
dist
ance
of
the
sets
from
the
a/A
LI-
ma.
Eor
opt
imum
qual
ity a
nd c
onsi
sten
cy o
f re
cep-
tion,
the
ante
nna
is c
onne
cted
to a
NO
TE
: It
ems
in s
mal
l cap
itals
are
desc
ribe
d in
this
glo
ssar
y.
MA
STE
R D
IST
RIB
UT
ION
SY
STE
M w
ithel
ectr
onic
am
plif
icat
ion
for
all
avai
labl
e br
oadc
ast c
hann
els.
AU
DIO
Ref
ers
to th
e so
und
port
ion
and
the
rela
ted
equi
pmen
t of
any
com
mun
i-ca
tions
sys
tem
. Dep
endi
ng u
pon
the
type
of
tele
visi
on s
yste
m in
use
,au
dio
may
be
tran
smitt
ed e
ither
over
the
sam
e si
gnal
car
rier
with
the
tele
visi
on im
puls
es o
r m
ay b
e a
com
plet
ely
inde
pend
ent s
yste
m.
AU
DIO
VID
EO
MIX
ER
(MO
DU
LAT
OR
)A
n el
ectr
onic
com
pone
nt o
f an
RF
(rad
io f
requ
ency
) tr
ansm
issi
onsy
stem
that
com
bine
s (o
r "m
odu-
late
s")
the
sepa
rate
aud
io a
ndvi
deo
sign
als
from
mic
roph
one
and
cam
era
resp
ectiv
ely
into
a s
ingl
ehi
gh f
requ
ency
sig
nal f
or tr
ans-
mis
sion
to th
e re
ceiv
ing
equi
pmpt
whe
re th
e si
gnal
s ar
e ag
ain
sepa
-ra
ted
and
dire
cted
to th
e sp
eake
ran
d sc
reen
.
low
bau
d"F
MM
AR
INE
. AIR
CR
AF
T.
1
chan
nels
RA
DIO
GO
VE
RN
ME
NT
. ET
C.
2 3
4 5
6
II
I
"hig
h ba
nd"
chan
nels
7 8
9 10
111
213
5488
108
174
SIM
PLI
FIE
D S
PE
CT
RU
M C
HA
RT
218
BA
ND
A p
ortio
n of
the
freq
uenc
ies
in th
esp
ectr
um a
lloca
ted
by th
e FC
C f
orsp
ecif
ic p
urpo
ses.
For
exa
mpl
e, A
Mra
dio
exte
nds
from
550
-160
0 ki
lo-
cycl
es, V
HF
(ver
y hi
gh f
requ
ency
)te
levi
sion
fro
m 5
4-88
and
fro
m17
4-21
8 m
egac
ycle
s fo
r ch
anne
ls
2-6
and
7-13
res
pect
ivel
y,FM
rad
iofr
om 8
8-10
8 m
egac
ycle
s,U
HF
(ultr
a hi
gh f
requ
ency
)te
levi
sion
from
470
-890
meg
acyc
les
(cha
n-ne
ls 1
4-83
). A
new
ET
Vba
nd o
f25
00-2
690
meg
acyc
les
was
allo
-ca
ted
in 1
963
for
poin
t-to
-poi
ntM
ICR
OW
AV
E tr
ansm
issi
on.
0I I
S11
0 0
MC
ST
AN
DA
RD
i M
C U
S T
ELE
VIS
ION
CH
AN
NE
L Is
snsp
lase
dl
BA
ND
WID
TH
The
fre
quen
cy r
ange
of a
spe
cifi
csi
gnal
bei
ng tr
ansm
itted
.E
ach
broa
dcas
t tel
evis
ion
chan
nel
in th
eU
nite
d St
ates
cov
ers
6M
EG
AC
YC
LE
S
for
both
aud
io a
ndvi
deo.
For
ex-
ampl
e, c
hann
el 2
cov
ers
aba
nd-
wid
th e
xten
ding
fro
m54
-60
meg
acyc
les.
BR
OA
DC
AS
TT
he "
open
cir
cuit"
tran
smis
sion
of
eith
er r
adio
or
tele
visi
onsi
gnal
sth
roug
h th
e ai
r at
freq
uenc
ies
whi
ch c
an b
e re
ceiv
ed b
y an
y ap
-pr
opri
atel
y tu
nabl
eeq
uipm
ent
with
in r
ange
of
the
tran
smitt
er.
All
broa
dcas
ting
isre
gula
ted
byth
e Fe
dera
lC
omm
unic
atio
nsC
omm
issi
on.
CA
ME
RA
In te
levi
sion
, tha
tde
vice
whi
ch b
yut
ilizi
ng a
n op
tical
sys
tem
, alig
ht-
sens
itive
ele
ctro
nic
tube
,an
d an
elec
tron
ic s
cann
ing
devi
ceco
nver
tsa
visu
alim
age
into
ele
ctri
cal
impu
lses
.
CA
ME
RA
CH
AIN
One
or
mor
e ca
mer
asw
ith s
uch
as-
soci
ated
ele
ctro
nic
devi
ces
asne
eded
to tr
ansm
it a
tele
visi
onpi
ctur
e.C
AN
DLE
PO
WE
RR
efer
s to
the
amou
nt o
flig
ht in
agi
ven
area
. One
foo
t-ca
ndle
is th
eam
ount
of
light
em
itted
by
ast
and-
ard
cand
le a
t one
foo
tdi
stan
ce.
Ave
rage
off
ice
or c
lass
room
light
-in
g ge
nera
lly r
ange
sfr
om 2
5-75
foot
-can
dles
. Bri
ght s
unlig
htis
appr
oxim
atel
y 10
,0C
o fo
ot-c
andl
es.
The
VID
ICO
N te
levi
sion
cam
era
can
deliv
er a
pic
ture
with
as
little
as
8 fo
ot-c
andl
es, b
ut th
ede
sira
ble
light
leve
l in
a st
udio
wou
ldbe
am
inim
um o
f ab
out 2
50 f
oot-
cand
les.
CA
RR
IER
The
ele
ctro
nic
wav
e by
whi
ch a
udio
and
vide
o im
puls
es a
reca
rrie
dfr
om tr
ansm
itter
tore
ceiv
er.
CH
AN
NE
LT
he s
egm
ent o
f th
ebr
oadc
ast s
pec-
trum
to w
hich
a te
levi
sion
stat
ion
is a
ssig
ned
or to
whi
ch a
CL
OSE
D
CIR
CU
IT te
levi
sion
cam
era
is tu
ned
whe
n tr
ansm
ittin
g vi
ara
dio
fre-
quen
cies
. The
act
ual c
hann
els
used
in a
ny c
lose
d ci
rcui
tin
stal
latio
nw
ould
nor
mal
ly b
e th
ose
not a
llo-
cate
d to
a lo
cal b
road
cast
stat
ion.
CLO
SE
D C
IRC
UIT
Asy
stPn
i of
tran
smitt
ing
tele
vi-
sion
sig
nals
to r
ecei
ving
equi
pmen
tth
at is
dir
ectly
link
ed to
the
orig
i-na
ting
equi
pmen
t by
CO
AX
IAL
CA
BL
E, M
ICR
OW
AV
Ere
lay,
or
tele
-ph
one
lines
.
CO
AX
IAL
CA
BLE
A s
peci
al c
able
des
igne
dto
car
ryse
vera
l cha
nnel
s of
tele
phon
e an
dte
levi
sion
sig
nals
sim
ulta
neou
sly.
Use
of
this
cab
le m
aint
ains
the
pri-
vaci
of
the
syst
em L
nd a
void
s ex
-te
rnal
inte
rfer
ence
.C
ON
TR
OL
CO
NS
OLE
An
asse
mbl
y of
tele
visi
on s
tudi
oeq
uipm
ent w
hich
con
tain
sth
esw
itche
s, m
eter
s, m
onito
rsan
dco
ntro
ls r
equi
red
for
oper
atin
g an
dad
just
ing
the
vari
ous
com
pone
nts
of a
maj
or in
stal
latio
n.C
ON
VE
RT
ER
In te
levi
sion
, an
elec
tron
icde
vice
that
con
vert
s br
oadc
ast
sign
als
from
one
fre
quen
cy r
ange
to a
n-ot
her.
A V
HF
rece
iver
with
a c
on-
vert
er c
an r
ecei
ve U
HF
chan
nels
.O
r a
mas
ter
ante
nna
and
dist
ribu
-tio
n sy
stem
so
equi
-ppe
d ca
nse
rvic
ean
y nu
mbe
r of
,sta
ndar
d V
HF
re-
ceiv
ers
with
pro
gram
sin
itial
lyte
leca
st a
nd r
ecei
ved
onU
HF
fre-
quen
cies
, the
n co
nver
ted
tope
rmit
rece
ptio
n on
any
VH
F ch
anne
lnot
bein
g us
ed in
the
part
icul
ar a
rea.
DO
LLY
A w
heel
ed (
cast
ered
)pl
atfo
rm d
e-si
gned
to s
uppo
rt a
nd p
rovi
de m
o-bi
lity
to a
cam
era
on tr
ipod
and/
orot
her
equi
pmen
t.
5
ED
UC
AT
ION
AL
TV
ST
AT
ION
A n
on-p
rofi
t tel
evis
ion
stat
ion
oper
atin
g to
ser
ve c
omm
unity
need
s in
the
area
s of
inst
ruct
ion,
cultu
ral d
evel
opm
ent,
etc.
E IA
ST
AN
DA
RD
SE
IA is
the
Ele
ctro
nics
Ind
ustr
yA
ssoc
iatio
n w
hich
set
s a
num
ber
ofst
anda
rds
for
equi
pmen
t man
ufac
-cu
rers
. The
ir s
tand
ards
mus
t be
met
by
any
tele
visi
on e
quip
men
tin
tend
ed f
or b
road
cast
tran
smis
-si
on o
r re
cept
ion.
FIL
M C
HA
INA
com
bina
tion
of v
ario
us ty
pes
ofpr
ojec
tors
, a M
UL
TIP
LE
XE
R, a
nd a
tele
visi
on c
amer
a us
ed to
fac
ilita
teth
e pi
ckup
and
use
of
proj
ecte
dm
ater
ials
.
HE
AD
SE
TA
dev
ice
whe
reby
an
indi
vidu
al o
rin
divi
dual
s ca
n lis
ten
to a
n au
dio
sour
ce. W
hen
a m
icro
phon
e is
adde
d, in
terc
omm
unic
atio
n be
-tw
een
head
sets
can
be
achi
eved
.IM
AG
E O
RT
HIC
ON
The
type
of
tele
visi
on c
amer
a pi
ck-
up tu
be c
omm
only
use
d in
live
broa
dcas
ting
cam
eras
and
in th
em
ost h
ighl
y so
phis
ticat
ed c
lose
dci
rcui
t ins
talla
tions
hav
ing
prof
es-
sion
ally
trai
ned
staf
fs.
INT
ER
LAC
EA
met
hod
of s
cann
ing
the
face
plat
eof
the
vidi
con
tube
in tw
o se
para
tefi
elds
of
alte
rnat
e lin
es s
o th
at e
ach
imag
e is
sca
nned
twic
e. D
escr
ibed
in d
etai
l on
page
s 8-
9.)
KIL
OC
YC
LE10
00 c
ycle
s (1
kc)
per
sec
ond,
acy
cle
bein
g us
ed a
s a
unit
of m
eas-
urem
ent o
f fr
eque
ncy.
AM
rad
io is
broa
dcas
t in
the
kilo
cycl
e ra
nge.
(1
kc is
app
roxi
mat
ely
two
octa
ves
abov
e m
iddl
e C
on
pian
o.)
KIN
ES
CO
PE
RE
CO
RD
ING
A f
ilm r
ecor
ding
mad
e by
a 1
6mm
mot
ion
pict
ure
cam
era
spec
ially
de-
sign
ed to
pho
togr
aph
a te
levi
sion
prog
ram
dir
ectly
off
the
fron
t of
ate
levi
sion
tabe
. The
sou
nd p
ortio
nof
the
prog
ram
is a
lso
reco
rded
sim
ulta
neou
sly.
The
film
so
pro-
duce
d ca
n th
en b
e sh
own
on a
ny16
mm
pro
ject
or, a
s w
ell a
s on
tele
visi
on.
MA
ST
ER
DIS
TR
IBU
TIO
NS
YS
TE
MC
ompr
ises
ant
enna
and
am
plif
iers
for
boos
ting
over
-the
-air
sig
nals
,pl
us c
able
s an
d ta
p-of
f co
nnec
tions
for
use
of c
amer
as a
nd r
ecei
vers
thro
ugho
ut a
bui
ldin
g.M
AS
TE
RT
V C
ON
TR
OL
The
are
a or
poi
nt f
rom
whi
ch a
llsi
gnal
s ar
e co
ntro
lled
and
e dj
uste
clpr
ior
to d
istr
ibut
ion.
ME
GA
CY
CLE
1,00
0,00
0 cy
cles
(1
mc)
per
sec
ond,
used
as
a un
it of
mea
sure
men
t of
freq
uenc
y. 1
,000
kilo
cycl
es is
equ
alto
one
meg
acyc
le.
MIC
RO
WA
VE
A m
etho
d of
tran
smitt
ing
clos
edci
rcui
t rad
io a
nd te
levi
sion
sig
nals
thro
ugh
the
air
on a
hig
hly
dire
c-tio
nal l
ine-
of-s
ight
sys
tem
fro
mth
e or
ig'n
atin
g st
atio
n to
one
or
mor
e re
ceiv
ing
stat
ions
. Whe
nte
rrai
n, m
an-m
ade
obst
acle
s, o
rdi
stan
ce in
terf
eres
with
the
line-
of-s
ight
, rel
ay s
tatio
ns a
re u
sed
enro
ute.
Alth
ough
a p
riva
te s
yste
m,
mic
row
ave
tran
smis
sion
is r
egu-
late
d by
the
FCC
,M
ON
ITO
RA
spe
cial
type
of
high
qua
lity
tele
-vi
sion
rec
eive
r us
ed s
peci
fica
lly in
VID
EO
tran
smis
sion
, rat
her
than
RF.
Vid
eo m
onito
rs a
re n
ot tu
nabl
e to
chan
nels
, and
mus
t be
used
with
vide
o ca
mer
as. T
hey
norm
ally
hav
eno
pro
visi
on f
or s
ound
rec
eptio
n.(T
he te
rm "
mon
itor"
is a
lso
used
info
rmal
ly to
des
igna
te a
ny r
e-ce
iver
bei
ng u
sed
by th
e ca
mer
a-m
an o
r pr
ogra
m d
irec
tor
to c
heck
the
pict
ure
bein
g se
nt o
ut.)
MU
LTIP
LEX
ER
In te
levi
sion
, a s
peci
aliz
ed o
ptic
alde
vice
that
mak
es it
pos
sibl
e to
use
a si
ngle
tele
visi
on c
amer
a in
con
-ju
nctio
n w
ith o
ne o
r m
ore
mot
ion
pict
ure
proj
ecto
rs a
nd/o
r sl
ide
proj
ecto
rs in
a f
ilm c
hain
. The
cam
-er
a an
d pr
ojec
tors
are
in a
fix
ed
rela
tions
hip,
and
pri
sms
orsp
ecia
l(d
ichr
oic)
mir
rors
are
use
d to
pro
-vi
de s
moo
th a
ndin
stan
tane
ous
non-
mec
hani
cal t
rans
ition
fro
mon
e pr
ogra
m s
ourc
eto
the
othe
r.
OS
CIL
LOS
CO
PE
A te
st in
stru
men
t tha
t,in
dica
tes
volta
ge a
nd c
urre
nt c
hara
cter
istic
son
a s
cree
nsi
mila
r to
that
of
ate
levi
sion
rec
eive
r.
PR
OJE
CT
ION
TE
LEV
ISIO
NA
uni
t com
pose
d of
ahi
gh-i
nten
sity
pict
ure
tube
, and
a s
erie
sof
mir
-ro
rs a
nd le
nses
arra
nged
in s
uch
am
anne
r as
topr
ojec
t an
enla
rged
tele
visi
on p
ictu
re o
n a
scre
en.
RF
.CE
IVE
RA
ny te
levi
sion
set
, tho
ugh
mor
esp
ecif
ical
ly, o
ne d
esig
ned
fort
uned
(rad
io f
requ
ency
) ch
anne
l rec
ep-
tion
of s
ound
and
pic
ture
.M
ay b
eei
ther
a s
tand
ard
"hom
ese
t" o
ron
e de
sign
edes
peci
ally
for
cla
ss-
room
use
.
RE
SO
LUT
ION
The
det
ails
that
can
be
dist
ing-
uish
ed o
n th
e te
lei i
sion
scr
een.
Ver
tical
res
olut
ion
refe
rsto
the
scan
ning
line
s on
e se
es o
nth
esc
reen
. Hor
izon
tal
reso
lutio
n re
-fe
rs to
the
num
ber
ofva
riat
ions
with
in e
ach
scan
ning
line
,an
d is
vari
able
acc
ordi
ng to
the
band
-w
idth
use
d. B
road
cast
(and
RF
clos
ed c
ircu
it) te
levi
sion
,lim
ited
to4.
5 m
egac
ycle
ban
dwid
th,h
as a
bout
300
lines
of
hori
zont
alre
solu
tien
as s
een
on a
nR
F re
ceiv
er. W
ithhi
gh r
esol
utio
n vi
deo
cam
eras
and
mon
itors
, ope
ratin
g on
a 1
0 m
ega-
cycl
e ba
ndw
idth
, hor
izon
tal
reso
lu-
tion
can
be a
s hi
gh a
s 80
0lin
es.
(Des
crib
ed in
det
ail o
n pa
ges
8-9.
)
RF
CR
A01
0 FR
EQ
uEN
ey3
A s
yste
m o
f tr
ansm
issi
onut
ilizi
ngtu
ned
band
wid
ths
ofth
e ra
dio
spec
trum
to c
arry
bot
hau
dio
and
vide
o si
gnal
s. T
he a
dvan
tage
sw
ithR
F ar
e th
at s
ever
al p
rogr
ams
(aud
io a
nd v
ideo
) ca
nbe
tran
s-m
itted
and
rec
eive
dsi
mul
tane
ousl
yth
roug
hout
a s
choo
l ove
r a
sing
leco
axia
l cab
le. T
hedi
sadv
anta
ges
are
in th
ere
lativ
ely
low
er p
ictu
requ
ality
obt
aina
ble
whe
nco
mpa
red
with
vid
eo b
ecau
se o
f R
Fba
nd-
wid
th r
estr
ictio
ns.
SW
ITC
HE
RA
con
trol
dev
ice
whi
chpe
rmits
the
sele
ctio
n of
one
imag
e fr
om a
nyof
seve
ral c
amer
as. T
he im
age
sele
c-te
d is
then
pro
cess
ed in
to th
etr
ans-
mis
sion
equ
ipm
ent.
SW
ITC
HE
R -
FA
DE
RA
con
trol
that
per
mits
eac
hof
two
or m
ore
cam
eras
to b
e se
lect
ivel
yfe
d in
to th
e di
stri
butio
nsy
stem
.T
he "
fade
r" p
erm
its g
radu
altr
an-
sitio
n fr
om o
ne c
amer
a to
anot
her.
SY
NC
HR
ON
IZIN
GG
EN
ER
AT
OR
An
elec
tron
ic d
evic
e th
atsy
nchr
on-
izes
the
imag
e sc
anne
d by
the
cam
-er
a w
ith th
eim
age
appe
arin
g on
the
rece
ivin
g tu
be. I
t is
also
re-
quir
ed to
avo
id "
pict
ure
roll
up"
whe
n sw
itchi
ng b
etw
een
two
orm
ore
cam
eras
in a
sing
le p
rogr
am.
TR
AN
SM
ISS
ION
LIN
EA
con
duct
or s
yste
mde
sign
ed to
tran
smit
elec
tric
al im
puls
esal
ong
a co
ntin
uous
path
fro
m o
ne p
lace
to a
noth
er.
VID
EO
A s
yste
m o
f tr
ansm
ittin
gte
levi
-si
on, u
tiliz
ing
band
wid
thfr
eque
n-ci
es f
rom
zer
o to
fif
teen
meg
acyc
les
to c
arry
the
pict
ure
sign
als.
Onl
yon
e vi
deo
sign
alat
a ti
me
can
betr
ansm
itted
ove
r th
e ca
ble.
Nor
-m
ally
, a s
epar
ate
audi
o ca
ble
mus
tbe
use
d fo
r so
und,
ifre
quir
ed.
Pict
ure
qual
ity is
sup
erio
r to
that
of R
F, b
ut th
e ra
nge
oftv
ansm
is-
sion
is c
ompa
rativ
ely
shor
tan
dre
quir
es m
ore
freq
uent
line
ampl
ific
atio
n.
VID
ICO
NT
he c
amer
a pi
ck-u
p tu
beus
ed in
the
vidi
con
cam
era
and
whi
ch g
ives
this
type
of
cam
era
its n
ame.
The
vidi
con
cam
era
is u
sed
inm
ost
clos
ed c
ircu
it sy
stem
s as
wel
l as
for
film
ed p
rogr
ams
in b
road
cast
ing.
; Lvi
VIE
WF
IND
ER
Bas
ical
ly, a
sm
all t
elev
isio
nm
oni-
tor
whi
ch is
bui
lt in
toth
e te
levi
sion
cam
era
and
pick
s up
only
the
pic-
cure
fro
m th
atpa
rtic
ular
cam
era,
thus
ena
blin
g th
e ca
mer
aman
tose
e ex
actly
wha
thi
s ca
mer
a is
"see
ing.
"
ZO
OM
LE
NS
A le
ns w
hich
allo
ws
cont
inuo
usch
ange
of
its f
ocal
leng
thw
hile
be-
ing
used
, thu
s pe
rmitt
ing
cam
era
to p
ick
up f
rom
clo
se u
pto
long
shot
of
the
sam
e sc
ene
with
outh
av-
ing
to b
e m
oved
itse
lf.
7
TH
EV
IDIC
ON
CA
ME
RA
The
vid
icon
cam
era
take
s its
nam
e fr
omth
evi
dico
n tu
be w
hich
form
s th
e he
art o
fits
oper
atio
n. O
nly
61/2
"lo
ng a
nd 1
" in
dia
m-
eter
, thi
s tu
bem
ade
it po
ssib
le to
deve
lop
inex
pens
ive,
com
pact
tele
visi
on c
amer
assi
mpl
e en
ough
for
oper
atio
n by
non
prof
es-
sion
als
in b
oth
indu
stry
and
edu
catio
n.T
he c
hoic
e of
mod
els
is q
uite
bro
ad, r
ang-
ing
from
bas
icin
dust
rial
type
s at
abou
t$8
00 to
pro
fess
iona
lbr
oadc
astin
g ty
pes
atab
out $
5000
. Ope
ratin
gco
sts
are
quite
low
.Fo
r ex
ampl
e, th
evi
dico
n tu
be h
as a
life
expe
ctan
cy o
f ab
out
5000
hou
rs a
nd c
anbe
repl
aced
for
abo
ut$1
50. H
ourl
yop
erat
ing
cost
s co
me
to le
ssth
an 5
¢.*
Apa
rt f
rom
itsm
oder
ate
cost
, the
vidi
con
cam
era
has
been
use
d in
crea
sing
lyby
pro
-fe
ssio
nals
as
wel
l as
amat
eurs
bec
ause
of
its o
wn
spec
ial
perf
orm
ance
qua
litie
s.Fo
rex
ampl
e, p
ract
ical
lyal
l film
ed te
levi
sion
prog
ram
s us
eth
e vi
dico
n ca
mer
a,la
rgel
ybe
caus
e of
its
unif
orm
gra
ysc
ale
and
rela
-tiv
e ab
senc
e of
visu
al d
istu
rban
ces
know
nas
"no
ise.
"G
iven
rea
sona
ble
care
,suc
h as
any
pre
ci-
sion
inst
rum
ent
dese
rves
, it i
s di
ffic
ult
toda
mag
e th
e vi
dico
ntu
be. U
nder
pro
per
light
ing
cond
ition
s, it
may
be le
ft in
ope
ra-
tion
for
hour
s at
atim
e, in
tent
iona
lly o
r un
-in
tent
iona
lly, a
nd w
ithou
tcha
nge
of s
cene
.T
he tr
aini
ng r
equi
red
for
oper
atin
g th
eca
mer
a is
littl
e m
ore
than
req
uire
d fo
r op
-er
atin
g a
stan
dard
hom
e re
ceiv
er, t
houg
hfa
r m
ore
inte
rest
ing.
Thu
s, a
s w
ill b
e se
enin
late
r pa
ges,
man
yte
levi
sion
teac
hers
set
up a
nd o
pera
teth
e ca
mer
as th
emse
lves
, or
call
upon
a s
tude
ntfo
r as
sist
ance
.*T
hese
fig
ures
are
in m
arke
dco
ntra
st w
ith th
e im
age
orth
icon
tube
(an
d ca
mer
a) u
sed
in c
omm
erci
al b
road
cast
ing,
whi
ch
is in
the
$20,
000
clas
s,an
d ha
s ho
urly
ope
ratin
gco
sts
of$1
.00
to $
1.50
.
HO
W T
HE
WI:M
ON
CA
ME
RA
WO
RK
ST
o th
ose
who
stil
l mar
vela
t the
tran
smis
sion
of s
ound
thro
ugh
the
air,
tele
visi
on p
rese
nts
an e
ven
grea
terc
halle
nge
to th
e im
agin
atio
n.Pe
rhap
s th
ose
who
may
soo
nbe
wor
king
dire
ctly
with
tele
visi
on c
amer
asw
ould
fin
d it
inte
rest
ing
to r
ead
abr
ief
and
non
tech
nica
lex
plan
atio
n of
how
they
func
tion.
Alth
ough
the
vidi
con
cam
era
uses
con
ven-
tiona
l 16m
m m
otio
npi
ctur
e le
nses
, the
re-
sem
blan
Ce
to th
e fi
lm c
amer
aen
ds r
ight
ther
e.Fc
r th
e ex
tern
alim
age
view
ed b
y th
ele
nsis
not
bro
ught
tofo
cus
on a
mov
ing
stri
pof
film
, but
on
the
phot
o-co
nduc
tive
face
plat
eof
the
vidi
con
tube
.Fr
om th
e re
ar o
f th
evi
dico
n, a
n el
ectr
ongu
n sh
oots
a n
arro
wbe
am th
at s
cans
the
imag
e on
the
face
plat
e in
a p
reci
sely
calc
u-la
ted
patte
rn o
f m
ovem
entf
rom
left
to r
ight
and
from
top
tobo
ttom
, sim
ilar
to th
eey
e's
mov
emen
t in
read
ing.
Thi
s m
ovem
ent o
fthe
4
Ie
-
elec
tron
bea
m is
cont
rolle
d by
two
sets
ofde
flec
ting
coils
. Hor
izon
tal
defl
ectin
g co
ilsm
ove
the
beam
fro
m le
ft to
rig
ht,t
hen
back
agai
n to
beg
in th
ene
xt li
ne. A
t the
sam
etim
e, v
ertic
al d
efle
ctin
gco
ils b
ring
the
beam
dow
n to
the
prop
erst
artin
g po
int u
nder
the
prev
ious
ly s
unne
d lin
e.D
urin
g ea
ch r
etra
cem
ovem
ent,
the
beam
is a
utom
atic
ally
shu
tof
f, o
r "b
lank
ed."
Eve
ry 1
/30
of a
sec
ond,
the
beam
sca
ns52
5 of
thes
e lin
es,
whi
ch c
over
the
com
plet
eim
age.
How
ever
, to
prev
ent a
n an
noyi
ngly
evid
ent f
licke
r, th
ebe
am d
oes
not s
can
the
lines
in a
sin
gle
cont
inuo
us s
eque
nce,
but
uses
a te
chni
que
know
n as
inte
rlac
ing.
Tha
tis
, ins
tead
of
scan
ning
all 5
25 li
nes
succ
es-
sive
ly f
rom
top
tobo
ttom
, the
bea
m f
irst
scan
s th
e"o
dd"
lines
for
min
g on
e/k
id o
f26
2.5
lines
. The
n th
ebe
am r
etur
ns to
the
top
agai
n to
com
plet
eth
e se
cond
fie
ld o
f26
2.5
"eve
n" li
nes,
Eac
h of
thes
e tw
o fi
elds
take
s1/
60 o
f a
seco
nd to
com
plet
e, a
nd tc
geth
erth
ey c
ompr
ise
one
frem
e.T
here
are
two
type
sof
inte
rlac
e. I
n2-
to-1
lock
ed in
terl
ace,
the
lines
of
the
seco
ndfi
eld
fall
exac
tly b
etw
een
the
lines
of
the
firs
tfie
ld,
so th
at 5
25lin
es a
re a
ctua
llypr
oduc
ed b
yth
e ca
mer
a. I
n 4Y
indO
in in
terl
ace,
as
the
term
sug
gest
s, N
ame
of th
e lin
es o
f th
e se
c-on
d fi
eld
will
ove
rlap
thos
e of
the
firs
t,an
dth
us r
educ
e th
eef
fect
ive
num
ber
actu
ally
tran
smitt
ed.
.1.1
.011
0
focu
s an
ode
All
broa
dcas
t tel
evis
ion
requ
ires
lock
ed in
-te
rlac
e, w
hich
ispr
ovid
ed b
y a
sync
hron
izin
gge
nera
tor.
The
syn
cge
nera
tor
also
pre
vent
sim
age
"rol
l-up
" w
hen
switc
hing
fro
m o
neca
mer
a to
ano
ther
in c
lose
d ci
rcui
ttr
ans-
mis
sion
.*.L
ow c
ost .
vidi
con
cam
eras
gene
rally
off
er o
nly
rand
omin
terl
ace,
alth
ough
Syl
vani
am
odel
s 40
0 an
d C
OO
can
be
used
with
. an
exte
rnal
syn
c ge
nera
tor
to p
rovi
de lo
cked
inte
rlac
ew
hen
desi
red.
Now
, whi
le th
e be
am is
sca
nnin
g ea
ch li
ne,
it is
als
o va
ryin
g in
inte
nsity
as
it re
spon
dsto
the
vary
ing
tone
s of
the
imag
e on
the
face
plat
e. I
n ef
fect
, the
se v
aria
tions
may
be
com
pare
d to
the
scre
ened
dot
s of
the
phot
o-en
grav
ing
whi
ch a
lso
pres
ents
the
eye
with
an il
lusi
on o
f co
ntin
uous
tone
. Of
cour
se,t
hepr
inte
d ph
otog
raph
rem
ains
sta
tic, w
here
asth
e te
levi
sion
imag
e is
con
stan
tly c
hang
ing.
The
spe
ed o
f th
is c
hang
e ca
n be
rea
dily
ap-
prec
iate
d w
ith s
ome
sim
ple
mul
tiplic
atio
n.B
y sc
anni
ng 5
25 li
nes
each
1/3
0 of
a s
econ
d,th
e be
am p
rodu
ces
a to
tal o
f 15
,750
-es
per
seco
nd.
The
num
ber
of to
nal v
aria
tions
with
inea
ch li
ne is
ano
ther
fac
tor
to c
onsi
der,
as
this
det
erm
ines
the
degr
ee o
f de
tail
that
can
be tr
ansm
itted
. In
RF
tran
smis
sion
, for
ex-
ampl
e, b
andw
idth
lim
itatio
ns a
s es
tabl
ishe
dby
the
FCC
, hol
d th
e m
axim
um n
umbe
r of
vari
atio
ns p
er li
ne to
350
. Mul
tiply
350
tim
es15
,750
and
the
vari
atio
ns p
er s
econ
d co
me
to a
littl
e ov
er 5
1/2
mill
ion.
Hen
ce, a
pot
entia
lba
ndw
idth
of
51/2
meg
acyc
les.
Eac
h te
levi
sion
cha
nnel
has
a m
axim
=20
0ba
ndw
idth
of
6 m
egac
ycle
s al
loca
ted
to it
,w
hich
mus
t be
used
for
the
soun
d as
wel
l as
2th
e pi
ctur
e, p
lus
som
e at
tenu
atio
n at
the
extr
emes
to a
void
inte
rfer
ence
with
adj
acen
tch
anne
ls. S
o in
act
ual p
ract
ice,
the
pict
ure
port
ion
of a
cha
nnel
, whe
ther
bro
adca
st o
rcl
osed
cir
cuit
RF,
is li
mite
d to
abo
ut 4
meg
a-7
cycl
es. O
ther
fac
tors
, suc
h as
loss
es in
300
+ea
nsm
issi
on, f
urth
er r
educ
e ho
rizo
ntal
reso
lutio
n fr
om th
e no
min
al 3
50 li
nes
toab
out 3
00.
0A
fter
the
beam
pas
ses
thro
ugh
the
phot
o-n
cond
ucti
,e f
acep
late
, it e
nter
s an
ext
erna
l12
circ
uit a
nd is
then
con
vert
ed in
to a
var
iabl
evo
ltage
. Whe
n th
is a
mpl
ifie
d vo
ltage
pas
ses
thro
ugh
the
coax
ial c
able
(or
thro
ugh
any
othe
r si
gnal
car
rier
), th
e en
tire
scan
ning
proc
ess
is e
ssen
tially
dup
licat
ed o
n th
ete
le-
visi
on r
ecei
ver.
The
sam
e nu
mbe
r of
line
s ai
ere
peat
ed o
n th
e re
ceiv
er, w
heth
er it
is 5
inch
es o
r 23
inch
es in
its
diag
onal
dim
en-
sion
s. O
n th
e la
rger
scr
een,
the
imag
e is
sLap
ly s
how
n la
rger
, jus
t as
with
a p
hoto
-gr
aphi
c im
age
proj
ecte
d on
a m
ovie
scr
een,
11-T
0-1
MIT
IML
AC
ED
WM
/MN
°T
first
Phi
©f e
deta
nist
nber
ed li
nes
is s
how
sk.
At t
he e
nd o
f th
is f
ield
(a)
,the
beam
out a
nd r
etra
ces
vert
ical
ly to
( b)
it be
gins
sca
nnin
g th
e se
cond
fie
ld o
ftim
bere
d lin
es. A
t the
end
of
the
sec-
fiel
d; (
c), o
ne f
ram
e ha
s be
en c
ompl
eted
,ag
ain
blan
ks o
ut w
hile
ret
urn-
'to
(4
to b
egin
the
entir
e pr
oem
aga
in.
elap
sed:
1/3
0th
of a
sec
ond,
400
500
--
600
700
800
--
The
type
you
can
read
at a
ny p
lace
on
this
cha
rt a
s se
enon
a te
levi
sion
scr
eens
indi
cate
s th
e ho
rizon
tal
reso
lutio
n th
e sy
stem
isca
pabl
e of
pro
duci
ng A
s yo
uca
n se
e, th
eth
ickn
ess
oflin
e fo
r th
e le
tters
mat
ches
the
lines
at l
eft w
hich
dup
licat
eth
ose
used
on
stan
dard
res
o-lu
tion
char
ts. S
tand
ard
broa
d-st
rec
eptio
n w
ill n
orm
ally
ael
eve
reso
lutio
n ra
ngin
g fr
om 2
75 to
325
5w
itHe
vide
o re
solu
tion
on p
rope
rly tu
ned
cam
eras
and
mon
itors
can
be
as h
igh
as 8
00 li
nes.
SY
LVA
NIA
TE
LEV
ISIO
NC
AM
ER
AS
Her
e is
a r
ange
of
mod
els
that
mee
tsvi
rtua
lly e
very
req
uire
men
t to
be f
ound
in th
eed
ucat
iona
l fie
ld, f
rom
the
mos
t mod
est
of a
pplic
atio
ns to
sop
hist
icat
ed p
rofe
ssio
nal
inst
alla
tions
. Eac
h Sy
lvan
ia c
amer
a is
a c
ompl
etel
yse
lf-c
onta
ined
uni
t, co
mpl
ete
with
all
oper
atin
g co
ntro
ls a
nd p
ower
sup
ply.
For
oper
atio
n, th
ese
cam
eras
nee
d on
ly to
be
conn
ecte
d to
the
rece
iver
. . .
eith
er d
irec
tly, o
rthr
ough
a s
witc
hing
dev
ice
whe
n m
ore
than
one
cam
era
is b
eing
use
din
tele
visi
ng a
less
on o
r a
prog
ram
.A
ll fe
atur
e a
crys
tal c
ontr
olle
dho
rizo
ntal
sca
n, n
eces
sary
to a
ssur
e co
nsta
nt a
nd s
tabl
eim
age
rece
ptio
n w
hen
mul
tiple
cam
eras
are
in o
pera
tion.
Mod
els
300,
400
and
600
can
be
tune
d di
rect
ly to
cha
nnel
s 2
thro
ugh
6.M
odel
300
is tu
nabl
e fr
om 4
2-88
meg
acyc
les
(sub
-ch
anne
ls p
lus
chan
nels
2 th
roug
h 6)
. T
his
perm
its u
se o
f th
e ca
mer
a w
ith a
ny s
tand
ard
RF
rece
iver
. With
the
exce
ptio
n of
mod
el 3
00,
whi
ch tr
ansm
its R
F on
ly, t
he m
odel
des
igna
-tio
n of
eac
h ca
mer
a in
dica
tes
its h
oriz
onta
lvi
deo
reso
lutio
n.
300'
MO
DE
L 30
0T
his
is th
e ba
sic
RF
cam
era
that
ori
gina
llybr
ough
t the
cos
t of
clos
ed c
ircu
it te
levi
sion
with
in r
ange
of
the
smal
lest
com
pani
es ..
.an
d la
ter
of s
choo
ls a
s w
ell.
For
max
imum
use
of w
ide
angl
e an
dte
leph
oto
lens
es, i
tin
clud
es a
4-p
ositi
on le
ns tu
rret
, whi
ch in
-cl
udes
a c
lose
up p
ositi
on f
or v
iew
ing
obje
cts
in d
etai
l. T
he E
lect
roni
c Se
lf A
djus
tmen
tfe
atur
e au
tom
atic
ally
adj
usts
the
cont
rast
of
the
pict
ure
to v
aryi
ng li
ghtin
g co
nditi
ons
with
out r
equi
ring
the
lens
ope
ning
it ie
lf to
be c
hang
ed. E
xclu
sive
of
lens
es, t
he 3
00 m
eas-
ures
onl
y 12
"x7"
x6".
Eve
n w
ith a
full
corr
iple
-m
ent o
f th
ree
lens
es, i
t wei
ghs
but 1
6 po
unds
.
N
MO
DE
LS 4
00A
ND
400
/MSi
mila
r to
Mod
el 3
90,
but c
an tr
ansm
it bo
thR
F an
d vi
deo
(400
-lin
ere
solu
tion)
sim
ulta
ne-
ousl
y. T
hus,
eith
er o
fth
ese
two
cam
eras
can
be a
dded
to a
n ex
istin
gin
stal
latio
n an
d us
edw
ith b
oth
RF
and
vide
ore
ceiv
ing
equi
pmen
t.M
odel
400
/ M
inco
rpo-
rate
s a
5" v
ideo
mon
itor.
C
MO
DE
L B
OO
Hig
h re
solu
tion
vide
o/R
F ca
mer
a fo
r ap
plic
atio
nsw
here
tran
smis
sion
of
fine
det
ail i
s es
peci
ally
im-
port
ant,
yet w
here
a m
odes
t inv
estm
ent i
n ca
mer
aeq
uipm
ent i
s al
so in
dica
ted.
Cir
cuitr
y in
clud
esa
spec
ial v
olta
ge r
egul
ator
to h
old
elec
tric
al f
ocus
con-
stan
t eve
n w
hen
line
volta
ge v
arie
s. R
F an
d 60
0-lin
evi
deo
reso
lutio
n ca
n be
tran
smitt
ed s
imul
tane
ousl
y.
ALL
-TR
AN
SIS
TO
RIZ
ED
SY
NC
GE
NE
RA
TO
RPr
ovid
es 2
-to-
1 lo
cked
inte
rlac
e sy
nchr
oniz
ing
puls
esfo
r m
odel
s 40
0, 4
00/M
and
600
. Als
o E
IAsy
nc f
orm
odel
s in
800
ser
ies
whe
n no
t equ
ippe
d w
ith b
uilt-
insy
nc g
ener
ator
.
MO
DE
L 8
00M
OD
EL
800/
M
SE
RIE
S 8
00...
TR
AN
SIS
TO
RIZ
ED
, BR
OA
DC
AS
T Q
UA
LIT
YPr
emie
r m
odel
s of
the
Sylv
ania
line
, with
800
-am
ine
vide
o re
solu
tion,
and
uni
que
desi
gnth
at p
erm
itsop
erat
ion
in th
ree
dist
inct
ly d
iffe
rent
mod
es. A
s a
self
-con
tain
edca
mer
a, th
e 80
0 m
easu
res
only
6" w
ide,
8W
' hig
h an
d 14
" lo
ng, y
et c
onta
ins
its o
wn
sync
hron
izin
g ge
nera
tor
and
mee
ts a
ll br
oad-
cast
ing
requ
irem
ents
. Bot
h its
3-p
ositi
on le
ns tu
rret
and
opt
ical
foc
usar
e m
otor
ized
and
ele
ctro
nica
llyco
ntro
lled
from
the
rear
con
trol
pan
el. I
ts 1
8 w
att p
ower
con
sum
ptio
n le
nds
itsel
fre
adily
to b
atte
rypo
wer
, mak
ing
the
800
avai
labl
e fo
r us
e in
any
env
iron
men
t whe
re th
ere
isno
AC
pow
er a
vaila
ble.
Seri
es 8
00 c
amer
as a
re a
vaila
ble
with
cho
ice
of in
tern
al o
r ex
tern
alsy
nc g
ener
ator
, mot
oriz
ed o
r si
n-gl
e-le
ns tu
rret
, vid
eo a
nd R
F or
vide
o ou
tput
onl
y.T
he 8
00's
vid
icon
ass
embl
y is
quic
kly
rem
ovab
le f
rom
the
case
and
can
be o
pera
ted
as a
min
iatu
reca
mer
a up
to 2
5 fe
et a
way
fro
mth
e co
ntro
l uni
t. W
eigh
ing
but 4
11po
unds
, it l
ends
itse
lf to
con
veni
ent
hand
ope
ratio
n as
wel
l as
to li
ght-
wei
ght s
tand
s or
trip
ods.
In
this
oper
atio
n, th
e 80
0 ca
n al
so a
ccom
-m
odat
e zo
om le
nses
with
opt
ical
view
find
ers,
to g
ive
it an
unp
rece
-de
nted
mob
ility
and
ver
satil
ity.
All
the
oper
atin
g co
ntro
ls o
f th
e80
0 ar
e or
gani
zed
on a
sin
gle
re-
mov
able
pan
el th
at p
erm
its r
emot
eop
erat
ion
from
100
0 fe
et. W
hen
used
with
mot
oriz
ed z
oom
lens
and
rem
ote-
cont
rolle
d pa
n an
d til
t hea
d,th
e 80
0 ha
s vi
rtua
lly u
nlim
ited
rang
e an
d an
gle
of c
over
age.
With
con
trol
pan
elre
mov
ed f
orre
mot
e op
erat
ion
I
As
sepa
rate
min
iatu
re c
amer
a an
dco
ntro
l uni
t
LEN
SE
SF
OR
TH
EV
IDIC
ON
CA
ME
A
12
The
lens
es u
sed
in v
idic
on c
amer
as a
reid
entic
al to
thos
e m
ade
fog
16m
m m
otio
npi
ctur
e ca
mer
as. A
ll th
e ru
les
of o
ptic
spe
rtai
n he
re a
s w
ell.
A b
asic
fam
iliar
ityw
ith th
e va
riou
s ty
pes
of le
nses
and
the
effe
ct th
ey h
ave
on a
sce
ne is
ess
entia
l to
anyo
ne a
ttem
ptin
g to
vis
ualiz
e "t
hrou
ghth
e ey
e" o
f th
e ca
mer
a.
FO
CA
L LE
NG
TH
Foca
l len
gth
is th
e ba
sic
iden
tific
atio
n of
the
lens
,as
it d
eter
min
es th
e ar
ea th
at th
e le
ns w
ill c
over
at a
giv
en d
ista
nce
from
the
cam
era.
The
sho
rter
the
foca
l len
gth,
the
wid
er th
e an
gle.
Foc
al le
ngth
itsel
f is
sim
ply
the
dist
ance
fro
m th
e op
tical
cen
-te
r of
the
lens
to th
e fo
cal p
lane
whe
n th
e le
ns is
focu
sed
at in
fini
ty. (
See
fig.
a.)
In
vidi
con
cam
-er
as, t
he s
tand
ard
and
refe
renc
e le
ns is
the
1"(2
5 m
m)
. A w
ide
angl
e le
ns is
V2"
, oth
er (
tele
-ph
oto)
lens
es i,
i com
mon
use
are
2",
3"
or lo
nger
.
AN
GLE
OF
CO
VE
RA
GE
Thi
s ca
n be
rea
dily
cal
cula
ted
with
out r
ecou
rse
toch
arts
or
othe
r re
fere
nces
. With
the
1" le
ns, t
heho
rizo
ntal
ang
le o
f vi
ew w
ill b
e ju
st h
alf
the
dis-
tanc
e of
the
scen
e fr
om th
e le
ns, a
s sh
own
in f
ig-
ure
b. W
ith a
2"
lens
, the
ang
le is
a q
uart
er o
f th
edi
stan
ce, a
s sh
own
in f
igur
e c.
The
ver
tical
ang
leof
vie
w is
alw
ays
on a
rat
io o
f 3
to 4
.
LEN
S "
SP
EE
D"
Thi
s re
fers
to th
e am
ount
of
light
that
can
pas
sth
roug
h a
lens
to th
e fo
cal p
lane
. Con
vent
iona
llyra
ted
by "
f" s
tops
, the
spe
ed o
f a
lens
is d
eter
-m
ined
by
the
form
ula:
ffo
cal l
engt
hef
fect
ive
diam
eter
Thu
s a
lens
with
a 1
" fo
cal l
engt
h an
d 1/
2" d
iam
-et
er is
rat
ed a
t f2.
The
adj
usta
ble
built
-in
iris
, or
diap
hrag
m, c
an b
e m
ade
smal
ler
("st
oppe
d do
wn"
)th
roug
h a
seri
es o
f pr
ecis
ely
calc
ulat
ed f
-sto
ps.
The
larg
er th
e f-
stop
, the
"sl
ower
" th
e le
ns.
Len
s sp
eed
does
not
hav
e th
e sa
me
effe
ct o
n ex
-po
sure
in te
levi
sion
cam
eras
as
it do
es in
pho
tog-
raph
y, s
ince
the
imag
e it
plac
es o
n th
e vi
dico
n's
face
plat
e is
sca
nned
at a
con
stan
t rat
e. H
owev
er,
the
qual
ity o
f th
e pi
ctur
e in
term
s of
its
clar
ityan
d co
ntra
st d
epen
ds u
pon
the
amou
nt o
f av
ail-
able
ligh
t and
cam
era
cont
rol s
ettti
ngs.
The
lens
open
ing
thus
use
d in
a g
iven
sce
ne w
ill d
epen
dla
rgel
y up
on th
e lig
ht le
vel.
DE
PT
H O
F F
IELD
Thi
s is
the
area
in f
ront
of
the
cam
era
whi
ch w
illbe
in f
ocus
whe
neve
r th
e le
ns is
foc
used
on
a gi
ven
poin
t. T
his
fron
t-to
-bac
k di
stan
ce w
ill v
ary
in a
c-co
rdan
ce w
ith th
e "s
peed
" of
the
lens
ope
ning
.A
t its
max
imum
ope
ning
, a le
ns w
ill h
ave
the
leas
t dep
th o
f fi
eld,
and
as
the
lens
is s
topp
eddo
wn,
the
dept
h of
fie
ld in
crea
ses
(See
fig
. d).
In o
pera
tion,
this
eff
ect c
an b
e ea
sily
vie
wed
on
the
mon
itor.
TH
E Z
OO
M L
EN
ST
he z
oom
lens
pro
vide
s al
l the
cha
ract
eris
tics
ofco
nven
tiona
l len
ses
in a
sin
gle
unit,
as
its f
ocal
leng
th is
con
tinuo
usly
var
iabl
e fr
om w
ide
angl
e to
tele
phot
o. T
hus,
whe
n on
ce f
ocus
ed a
t a g
iven
dis
-ta
nce,
it c
an p
rovi
de a
n in
fini
te v
arie
ty o
f an
gles
of c
over
age
with
in th
e lim
its o
f its
nea
r an
d fa
rra
nges
. Thi
s is
a m
ore
impo
rtan
t fea
ture
than
its
mor
e sp
ecta
cula
r (a
nd s
omet
imes
ove
rdon
e) e
ffec
tof
zoo
min
g in
and
out
whi
le a
sce
ne is
bei
ng v
iew
ed.
a. F
OC
AL
LEN
GT
HO
PT
ICA
L C
EN
TE
R
VID
ICO
N T
UB
E
FO
CA
L LE
NG
TH
--61
b. A
NG
LE O
F C
OV
ER
AG
EW
ITH
1"
LEN
S
Va
X F
EE
T
c. A
NG
LE O
F C
OV
ER
AG
EW
ITH
2"
LEN
S
1)15
°V
. X F
EE
T
X F
EE
T
d. D
EP
TH
OF
FIE
LD-1
" LE
NS
2W
1S.
or.
,
IN c
INIT
Y
Man
ual Z
oom
Len
aM
otor
ized
Zoo
m L
ens
LIG
HT
ING
FO
RT
ELE
VIS
ION
Scoo
pSp
otlig
ht.
Phot
oR
efle
ctor
Self
-Ref
lect
orL
amp
Lig
htin
g re
quir
emen
ts f
orsc
hool
-or
igin
ated
tele
visi
on a
re r
elat
ivel
ysi
mpl
e,co
mpa
red
with
sta
ge o
rm
otio
n pi
ctur
elig
htin
g. T
he b
asic
obj
ectiv
e is
toac
hiev
ea
leve
l of
illum
inat
ion
that
will
res
ult i
n a
good
pic
ture
sig
nal .
..
with
pro
per
con-
tras
t, su
ffic
ient
tona
l bal
ance
and
abse
nce
of p
ictu
re "
nois
e."
Ade
quat
ere
sults
can
be o
btai
ned
with
abo
ut25
0 fo
ot-c
andl
esan
d le
ns o
peni
ng; a
t f2.
8. F
orgr
eate
r de
pth
of f
ield
, with
out s
acri
fici
ngpi
ctur
e qu
ality
,th
e lig
ht le
vel w
ould
hav
e to
be
incr
ease
d.Pr
ofes
sion
al b
road
cast
qua
lity
at a
lens
open
ing
of f
5.6
or f
8 no
rmal
lyca
lls f
orab
out 5
00 f
oot-
cand
les.
The
effi
cien
cy o
fre
flec
ting
surf
aces
will
aff
ect t
heac
tual
amou
nt o
f lig
ht r
equi
red.
(A
n ex
posu
rem
eter
is a
val
uabl
e as
sist
her
e.)
Spec
ial l
ight
ing
ef:e
cts
need
tobe
con
-si
dere
d on
ly w
hen
elab
orat
epr
oduc
tions
are
bein
g pl
anne
d.W
here
thre
e lig
hts
(key
, bac
k an
d fi
ll) a
re b
eing
use
d,th
e ty
pi-
cal r
atio
for
hig
h ke
y lig
htin
g is
as
follo
ws
for
a le
ns o
peni
ng o
f ab
out f
4 to
f8: k
eylig
ht 1
50 f
oot-
cand
les,
bac
k lig
ht15
0fo
ot-c
andl
es, f
ill li
ght
120
foot
-can
dles
.U
nles
s a
scho
ol h
as a
n ex
peri
ence
dlig
ht-
ing
tech
nici
an o
n th
e st
aff,
ligh
ting
shou
ldbe
kep
t as
sim
ple
as p
ossi
ble.
The
re a
re a
num
ber
of s
peci
aliz
edlig
ht-
ing
fixt
ures
com
mon
ly u
sed
inte
levi
sion
stud
ios.
For
the
mai
n or
"ke
y"lig
ht,
stud
ios
gene
rally
use
the
wid
ebea
mfl
ood-
light
kno
wn
as th
e "s
coop
," w
hich
can
take
lam
ps r
angi
ng f
rom
750
to 2
500
wat
tsan
d av
aila
ble
in 1
4" to
42"
dia
met
ers.
Supp
lem
enta
ry li
ghtin
g fr
om th
e ba
ckto
giv
e hi
ghlig
hts
and
to h
elp
the
subj
ect
stan
d ou
t fro
m th
e ba
ckgr
ound
can
be
adde
d by
spo
tligh
ts.
Perf
ectly
ade
quat
e lig
htin
g fo
r te
levi
-si
on c
an a
lso
be o
btai
ned
thro
ugh
the
use
of le
ss e
xpen
sive
equ
ipm
ent,
such
as
phot
olam
p re
flec
tors
and
sel
f-re
flec
tor
lam
ps, w
hich
can
be
clam
ped
to p
roje
c-tio
ns o
n th
e w
alls
or
plac
ed o
n fl
oor
stan
ds.
A
RE
AM
AN
GLE
AN
D
FLO
OD
LE
NS
SY
LVA
NIA
SU
N G
UN
PR
OF
ES
SIO
NA
L
Sylv
ania
's S
un 4
.74T
un P
rofe
s-si
onal
, with
its
1 ig
h in
tens
ityqu
artz
lam
p an
d w
ide
vari
ety
of in
terc
hang
eabl
e ac
cess
orie
s,C
3mpr
ises
a c
ompl
ete
light
ing
syst
em. T
he b
asic
100
0 w
att
lam
p is
equ
ival
ent i
n ou
tput
to a
500
0 w
att i
ncan
desc
ent
lam
p, a
sig
nifi
cant
fac
to -
-. f
ora
scho
ol w
hich
may
othe
rwis
e1
equi
re r
ewir
ing
topr
ovid
ead
equa
te li
ght f
or te
levi
sion
.A
uni
que
feat
ure
of th
e Su
nG
un is
its
sepa
rate
tran
sist
or-
ized
ligh
ting
cont
rol w
hich
give
s an
y de
sire
d lig
ht o
utpu
tfr
om z
ero
to f
ull b
righ
tnes
s.A
t ten
fee
t dis
tanc
e, o
ne S
unG
un w
ill g
ive
650
foot
-can
dles
of il
lum
inat
ion.
The
Sun
Gun
's n
orm
alan
gle
of c
over
age
is 3
0°ve
rtic
al, 3
6° li
qriz
onta
l. Fo
rbr
oade
rco
vera
ge, t
hedu
al-p
urpo
se f
lood
lens
of-
fers
a c
hoic
e of
110
° x
48°
or 6
'° 7
. 48°
bea
m s
prea
d,re
vers
ing
the
lens
in it
s ne
cess
ory
hold
er.
NO
RM
AL
FLO
OD
361
I4$
VE
RT
ICA
L
HO
RIZ
ON
TA
L /
!MO
OT
S F
OR
CO
NT
RO
LLE
D
LIG
HT
SE
AM
Use
of
slip
-in
snoo
ts c
on-
vert
s th
e Su
n G
un in
to a
spot
light
. One
sno
ot g
ives
med
ium
spo
t, an
othe
r af
-fi
xes
onto
the
firs
t to
pro-
vide
Ft"
ligh
t con
trol
.
Oth
er a
cces
sori
es f
or th
eSu
n G
un P
rofe
ssio
nal i
nclu
dela
rge
barn
doo
rs f
or h
oriz
on-
tal c
ontr
ol o
f lig
ht b
eam
, and
vari
ous
othe
r fi
lters
and
lens
esto
mat
ch b
eam
s to
cam
era
lens
angl
es.
NO
RM
AL
FLO
OD
3D'
I co'
at t
it
\I
13
MO
TIO
N P
ICT
UR
ES
Con
vent
iona
l mot
ion
pict
ure
proj
ecto
rs p
rese
nt a
prob
lem
of
sync
hron
izat
ion
with
the
tele
visi
on c
amer
aan
d ne
ed to
be
mod
ifie
d fo
r be
stre
sults
. The
rea
son
isth
at th
e m
otio
n pi
ctur
e pr
ojec
tor
pres
ents
aco
ntin
u-in
g se
quen
ce o
f co
mpl
ete
still
pic
ture
s,at
the
rate
of
24 p
er s
econ
d, w
here
as th
e sc
anni
ng r
ate
of th
e vi
di-
con
tube
is 1
/30
of a
seco
nd. A
flic
keri
ng e
ffec
t thu
sre
sults
.Su
cces
sful
use
has
bee
n m
ade
ofco
nven
tiona
l pro
-je
ctor
s w
hose
shu
tters
have
bee
n re
mov
ed. T
he im
age
is th
en p
roje
cted
ont
o a
rear
-pro
ject
ion
scre
enfr
omw
hich
it is
pic
ked
up b
y th
e te
levi
sion
cam
era.
Thu
s,an
y pr
ojec
tor
alre
ady
owne
d by
a s
choo
l can
be
utili
zed.
The
re a
re s
peci
ally
des
igne
d m
otio
n pi
ctur
e pr
o-je
ctor
s w
hose
shu
tters
are
syn
chro
nize
dfo
r te
levi
sion
,bu
t the
se a
re r
elat
ivel
y ex
pens
ive,
cos
ting
appr
oxi-
mat
ely
$2,0
00.
Mon
/ SLI
DE
SSl
ide
proj
ecto
rs c
an a
lso
be u
sed
with
rea
r sc
reen
proj
ectio
n te
chni
ques
. The
sin
gle
lens
ref
lex
cam
era,
with
its
prec
ise
thro
ugh-
the-
lens
vie
win
g,m
akes
itbo
th e
asy
and
prac
tical
for
a s
choo
l to
prep
are
its o
wn
slid
es f
rom
opa
que
mat
eria
ls.
AU
XIL
IAR
YO
RIG
INA
TIN
GE
QU
IPM
EN
TT
he te
levi
sion
cam
era
is h
ardl
y lim
ited
toth
e tr
ans-
mis
sion
of
live
imag
es o
nly.
Its
use
with
aux
iliar
ypr
ojec
tion
equi
pmen
t to
tran
smit
film
ed, p
rint
edan
d re
cord
ed m
ater
ial o
f vi
rtua
lly e
very
des
crip
-tio
n an
d to
inte
grat
e th
em a
ll w
ithliv
e pr
ogra
m-
min
g is
per
haps
of
grea
test
sig
nifi
canc
e.T
his
mea
ns th
at a
sch
ool e
quip
ped
with
its
own
prog
ram
-ori
gina
ting
faci
litie
s ca
nm
ake
use
ofm
otio
n pi
ctur
es, f
ilmst
rips
, slid
es, p
hoto
grap
hs,
draw
ings
, clip
ping
s ...
and
util
ize
them
with
in it
sow
n cu
rric
ulum
and
sche
dule
as
it de
sire
s. F
urth
er,
a sc
hool
equ
ippe
dto
tape
its
own
prod
uctio
ns c
anam
ortiz
e th
e in
itial
pre
para
tion
cost
s ov
er r
epea
ted
show
ings
and
to la
rger
audi
ence
s th
an c
ould
eve
rbe
acc
omm
odat
ed "
live.
"
tWE
RN
EA
D P
RO
JEC
TIO
NT
he v
ersa
tile
over
head
pro
ject
or, w
ith it
s la
rge
tran
s-pa
renc
ies
that
can
be
hom
e-m
ade,
draw
n up
on a
ndus
ed w
ith m
ultip
le o
verl
ays
for
"act
ion"
whi
levi
ew-
ing,
can
als
o be
inte
grat
ed in
to th
ete
levi
sion
pro
gram
.T
he te
levi
sion
cam
era
is g
ener
ally
pla
ced
alon
gsid
eth
e pr
ojec
tor
to p
ick
up th
e im
age
off
the
scre
en.
OP
AQ
UE
PR
OJE
CT
ION
Opa
que
mat
eria
ls, s
uch
as p
hoto
grap
hs,
clip
ping
s,dr
awin
gs, m
aps,
dia
gram
s, e
tc.,
can
be u
sed
dire
ctly
with
out h
avin
g to
be
conv
erte
d to
film
ed tr
ansp
aren
-ci
es. A
ny o
paqu
e pr
ojec
tor
now
ow
ned
by a
sch
ool c
anbe
use
d in
the
sam
e m
anne
r as
the
over
head
pro
-je
ctor
, alth
ough
ther
e ar
e sp
ecia
lmod
els
desi
gned
for
tele
visi
on.
LOW
Ci3
ST
FIL
M C
HA
IN
PR
OF
ES
SIO
NA
L F
ILM
CH
AIN
WIT
H M
ULT
IPLE
XE
R
FIL
M C
HA
INS
A te
levi
sion
cam
era
and
one
or m
ore
film
pro
ject
ors
mou
nted
in a
fixe
d-po
sitio
n
asse
mbl
y th
at m
aint
ains
the
nece
ssar
yop
tical
rel
atio
nshi
p co
mpr
ise
the
film
chai
n. A
n op
tical
dev
ice,
the
mul
tiple
xer,
is u
sed
for
smoo
th a
ndin
stan
tane
ous
switc
hing
fro
m o
ne p
roje
ctor
toan
othe
r, s
uch
as f
rom
mot
ion
pict
ures
to s
lides
.
A p
rofe
ssio
nal-
type
film
chai
n/m
ultip
lexe
r as
sem
bly,
incl
udin
g a
16m
m
mot
ion
pict
ure
proj
ecto
r, 3
5mm
slid
e pr
ojec
tor
and
mou
ntin
gas
sem
bly
wou
ld
cost
app
roxi
mat
ely
$3,5
00,
not i
nclu
ding
the
tele
visi
on c
amer
aits
elf.
Prac
tical
and
eco
nom
ical
alte
rnat
ives
are
read
ily a
vaila
ble,
how
ever
, usi
ngth
e re
ar-p
roje
ctio
n sc
reen
tech
niqu
e. I
n on
e ap
plic
atio
n, th
e ca
mer
aits
elf
ism
ount
ed o
n a
swiv
el f
or u
se w
ith a
pair
of
proj
ecto
rs. A
part
fro
mth
e in
itial
savi
ngs,
this
met
hod
perm
itsot
her
uses
to b
e m
ade
of a
ll th
eeq
uipm
ent.
A s
choo
l with
a m
aste
rdi
stri
butio
n sy
stem
can
use
mor
eth
an o
ne f
ilm c
hain
sim
ulta
neou
sly
to s
ervi
ce a
dditi
onal
clas
sroo
ms
and
spec
ial v
iew
ing
loca
tions
.
Syst
ems
can
even
be
engi
neer
ed to
perm
it th
e te
ache
r in
the
clas
sroo
m to
star
tan
d st
op th
e fi
lmin
g hi
mse
lfby
rem
ote
cont
rol.
AD
VA
NT
AG
ES
OF
CE
NT
RA
LIZ
ED
VIE
WIN
G
A s
choo
l with
a m
aste
rdi
stri
butio
n sy
stem
and
a f
ilmpr
ojec
tion
cent
er c
anov
erco
me
som
e of
the
inhe
rent
pro
blem
s m
et in
the
conv
entio
nal m
etho
d of
show
ing
film
s in
cla
ssro
oms.
No
time
is lo
st in
bri
ngin
g th
epr
ojec
tor
to th
ecl
assr
oom
, or
the
clas
s to
the
proj
ecto
r. N
or is
ther
e an
y ch
ange
inth
e cl
ass-
room
atm
osph
ere.
The
roo
mst
ays
light
ed, a
nd s
tude
nts
can
take
not
es w
ithou
tdi
ffic
ulty
. The
tend
ency
to b
ecom
edr
owsy
is a
lso
less
ened
. Als
o,si
nce
shad
esne
ed n
ot b
e dr
awn,
ther
e is
no
inte
rfer
ence
with
ven
tilat
ion.
VID
EO
TA
PE
RE
CO
RD
ING
sign
ific
ance
of
the
low
-cos
tpo
rtab
le v
ideo
tape
reco
rder
The
adv
ent o
f th
e lo
w-c
ost,
port
able
vid
eota
pere
cord
er (
$10-
12,0
00)
may
wel
lhav
e an
eff
ect o
ned
ucat
iona
l tel
evis
ion
com
para
ble
toth
e ch
ange
svi
deot
ape
has
long
sin
cem
ade
in c
omm
erci
albr
oadc
astin
g. U
ntil
163,
vide
otap
e re
cord
ers
wer
e in
the
$50,
000
clas
s an
d w
arra
nted
onl
y in
maj
or s
tate
-wid
e or
uni
vers
ityin
stal
latio
ns.
Bai
t now
, any
sch
ool w
ith a
mas
ter
dist
ribu
-tio
n sy
stem
can
look
for
war
dto
the
use
of th
egr
owin
g lib
rari
es o
f sp
ecia
llyta
ped
lect
ures
and
cour
ses.
Eve
n m
ore
sign
ific
ant,
scho
ols
who
wou
ld w
ant t
o of
igin
ate
thei
r ow
ncl
osed
cir
cuit
prog
ram
min
g ca
n no
w a
mor
tize
the
orig
inal
pro
-du
ctio
n co
sts
by r
ecor
ding
on
tape
for
rep
eate
dsh
owin
gs a
t any
con
veni
ent
hour
.Su
ch s
choo
ls c
an m
aint
ain
full
cont
rol o
ver
thei
r en
tire
curr
icul
um in
both
con
tent
and
sche
dulin
g, w
hile
at t
he s
ame
time
they
take
ful
lad
vant
age
of te
levi
sion
's u
niqu
eab
ility
to r
each
mul
tiple
aud
ienc
es s
imul
tane
ousl
y.T
hus,
a s
choo
l whi
ch h
as y
et to
take
its
firs
tst
ep in
to c
lose
d ci
rcui
tte
levi
sion
can
now
re-
cons
ider
with
this
sig
nifi
cant
ly n
ewpo
int o
fvi
ew. A
lso,
the
scho
ol w
hich
has
alre
ady
had
som
e lim
ited
expe
rien
ce w
ith li
ve p
rogr
amm
ing
can
now
sta
rtpl
anni
ng p
rogr
ams
on a
mor
eam
bitio
us b
asis
. Apa
rt f
rom
the
vast
ly e
xpan
ded
flex
ibili
ty it
aff
ords
, a r
ecor
ded
prog
ram
obvi
-ou
sly
relie
ves
all t
he p
ress
ures
inhe
rent
in th
eliv
e pe
rfor
man
ce.
The
pri
ncip
le o
f op
erat
ing
vide
otap
e re
cord
ers
is e
ssen
tially
the
sam
e as
with
the
audi
o ta
pere
cord
er. U
sing
a s
tand
ard
vidi
con
cam
era
and
soun
d sy
stem
, a c
ompl
ete
prog
ram
can
be ta
ped
and
play
ed b
ack
inst
antly
on
any
stan
dard
mon
-ito
r. T
apes
can
be
reus
edre
peat
edly
, pre
serv
edin
defi
nite
ly ..
. and
eas
ily e
rase
d or
edite
d to
be
kept
up-
to-d
ate.
Tec
hnic
alqu
ality
is o
n a
par
with
live
bro
adca
stin
g.A
t thi
s w
ritin
g, o
ne m
odel
usi
ng1"
wid
e ta
pe,
offe
rs a
bout
11/
2, h
ours
of
play
ing
time
per
reel
.A
noth
er m
odel
, des
igne
d fo
r us
ew
ith 2
" ta
pe,
play
s up
to 5
hou
rs p
er r
eel.
Am
inut
e's
wor
th o
fta
pe c
osts
abo
ut 7
5 ce
nts
to o
nedo
llar.
VID
EO
MO
NIT
OR
ST
he v
ideo
mon
itor
diff
ers
mar
kedl
y fr
om th
em
ore
fam
iliar
RF
rece
iver
. It c
an b
e us
ed o
nly
with
cam
eras
cap
able
of
vide
o ou
tput
, the
sig
-na
l it r
ecei
ves
occu
pies
the
entir
e ba
ndw
idth
of
the
coax
ial c
able
, and
it h
as n
o pr
ovis
ion
for
rece
ivin
g an
d de
tect
ing
the
com
bine
d au
dio-
vide
o si
gnal
tran
smitt
ed o
n an
RF
carr
ier.
As
pure
ly p
rofe
ssio
nal e
quip
men
t, vi
deo
mon
-ito
rs h
ave
heav
y du
ty in
tern
al c
ompo
nent
s an
dus
e pi
ctur
e tu
bes
with
nar
row
er a
ngle
s of
de-
flec
tion
than
RF
rece
iver
s. T
he r
esul
ting
pict
ure
has
high
er b
righ
tnes
s an
d co
ntra
st, a
nd g
reat
erco
rner
-to-
corn
er s
harp
ness
.Si
nce
vide
o tr
ansm
issi
on is
not
lim
ited
byFC
C r
egul
atio
ns to
the
350
max
imum
hor
izon
-ta
l res
olut
ion
of R
F, it
lend
s its
elf
to a
var
iety
of a
pplic
atio
ns w
here
the
tran
smis
sion
of
fine
deta
il is
impo
rtan
t.
Bec
ause
of
thei
r sp
ecia
lized
use
, vid
eo m
oni-
tors
are
mad
e in
a v
arie
ty o
f si
zes.
As
an in
te-
gral
par
t of
a, v
iew
find
er c
amer
a, f
or e
xam
ple,
a 5"
scr
een
is ty
pica
l. In
the
cont
rol r
oom
, 8"
and
14"
mon
itors
suf
fice
. In
the
labo
rato
ry o
rm
edic
al s
choo
ls, v
ideo
mon
itors
ran
ge u
p to
27"
in s
ize.
Sylv
ania
's c
ompa
ct, s
elf-
cont
aine
d vi
deo
mon
itors
are
eng
inee
red
for
cont
inuo
us d
uty
unde
r al
l nor
mal
ope
ratin
g co
nditi
ons.
The
irre
solu
tion
exte
nds
beyo
nd 6
00 li
nes
(800
in th
ece
nter
).T
hey
are
avai
labl
e in
a v
arie
ty o
fm
odel
s, tu
bed
and
tran
sist
oriz
ed, f
or r
ack
mou
ntin
g or
in th
eir
own
cabi
nets
for
por
t-ab
le u
se.
Not
e: a
lso
avai
labl
e is
Mod
el 2
3E02
/V, a
spe
cial
23"
mon
itor
capa
ble
of r
ecei
ving
bot
h vi
deo
and
RF
sign
als.
Res
olut
ion
is a
ppro
xim
atel
y50
0 lin
es.
MO
NIT
OR
SA
ND
ET
VR
EC
EIV
ER
S
MO
DE
L V
MR
88
ET
V R
EC
E ;V
ER
SE
TV
rec
eive
rs a
re e
ssen
tially
up-
grad
ed v
ersi
ons
of th
e ty
pica
lho
me
rece
iver
. The
y fe
atur
e a
num
ber
of s
afet
y an
d pe
rfor
man
cefa
ctor
s w
hich
mee
t the
spe
cial
req
uire
men
ts o
f cl
assr
oom
rec
ep-
tion.
For
exa
mpl
e, th
ey h
ave
high
er a
udio
pow
er to
per
mit
ampl
eso
und
leve
l thr
ough
out t
he c
lass
room
with
out i
ntro
duci
ng d
isto
r-tio
n. S
peak
ers
are
fron
t-m
ount
ed f
or o
ptim
um d
ispe
rsio
n. P
ictu
retu
bes
are
shat
terp
roof
and
bac
ks a
re m
ade
tam
perp
roof
. Woo
d or
plas
tic c
abin
ets
are
mos
t des
irab
le, a
lthou
gh m
etal
cab
inet
s th
atar
e pr
oper
ly g
roun
ded
and
is&
ute
d fr
om th
e ch
assi
s ar
e al
sosa
tisfa
ctor
y.E
TV
rec
eive
rs s
houl
d al
so in
clud
e pr
ovis
ions
for
use
with
ex-
tern
al s
peak
er s
yste
ms.
Inp
uts
for
tape
rec
orde
rs a
nd r
ecor
dpl
ayer
s ar
e al
so d
esir
able
fea
ture
s. O
n th
e in
side
, the
des
ign
ofth
e ci
rcui
try
shou
ld le
nd it
self
to e
asy
mai
nten
ance
, and
the
over
-al
l qua
lity
of c
onst
ruct
ion
shou
ld a
llow
the
rece
iver
to w
ithst
and
the
rigo
rs o
f co
nsta
nt u
se s
and
mov
emen
t fro
m o
ne lo
catio
n to
anot
her.
MO
DE
L V
MC
8M
OD
EL
VM
C14
SY
LVA
NIA
ET
V R
EC
EIV
ER
S
MO
DE
L 23
E02
MO
DE
L V
MC
Com
pact
23"
rec
eive
r (2
77 s
q. in
ches
) in
met
al c
abin
et e
ngin
eere
dfo
r co
m-
plet
e sa
fety
in c
lass
room
s. S
peci
al c
hass
is o
pera
tes
wel
l bel
ow r
ated
tube
and
com
pone
nt c
apac
ity in
cri
tical
cir
cuits
for
max
imum
perf
orm
ance
with
min
i-m
um s
trai
n an
d he
at.
MO
DE
L V
MC
24
./1/1
0111
1
23"
rece
iver
(27
7 sq
. inc
hes)
with
suc
h fe
atur
es a
s al
l-w
ood
cabi
net,
tam
per-
proo
f ba
ck, f
ront
con
trol
s lo
cked
beh
ind
door
, 4 w
att p
ower
am
plif
ier,
fron
t-m
ount
ed 6
" x
9" s
peak
er, j
acks
for
use
with
tape
rec
orde
r, r
ecor
dpl
ayer
,ex
tern
al s
peak
ers.
Mod
el 2
3E01
is a
lso
avai
labl
e w
ith 1
0 w
att a
mpl
ifie
r, f
or u
se w
here
full
rang
e hi
gh f
idel
ity e
xter
nal s
peak
ers
may
be d
esir
able
, suc
h as
in m
usic
app
re-
ciat
ion
clas
ses.
Thi
s hi
gher
aud
io p
ower
is a
lso
impo
rtan
tw
here
sev
eral
spea
kers
are
pos
ition
ed th
roug
hout
a la
rge
room
, eac
h dr
iven
fro
m a
sin
gle
rece
iver
.
17
TY
PIC
AL
ET
V S
YS
TE
MS
AN
D T
HE
IRE
QU
IPM
EN
TR
EQ
UIR
EM
EN
TS
As
used
in e
duca
tion
toda
y, te
levi
sion
run
s a
broa
d ga
mut
ran
g-in
g fr
om a
sin
gle
cam
era
and
rece
iver
und
er th
e co
mpl
ete
cont
rol
of th
e cl
assr
oom
teac
her
to f
ull s
cale
live
and
rec
orde
d pr
ogra
ms
prod
uced
and
tran
smitt
ed th
roug
h fa
cilit
ies
equi
vale
nt to
com
-m
erci
al b
road
cast
ing
stat
ions
.U
nfor
tuna
teb
,m
uch
of th
e in
form
atio
n on
ET
V p
ublis
hed
toda
te la
ys m
ore
stre
ss o
n so
phis
ticat
ed in
stal
latio
ns th
an o
nth
eba
sic
and
mod
est a
ppro
ache
s w
hich
man
y sc
hool
s w
ould
fin
d be
tter
suite
d to
thei
r ow
n sp
ecif
ic n
eeds
.A
s a
resu
lt, it
is li
kely
that
a n
umbe
r of
sch
ools
whi
ch w
ould
othe
rwis
e ha
ve a
lrea
dy lo
oked
into
the
poss
ible
use
s of
tele
visi
on(o
ther
than
occ
asio
nal b
road
cast
rec
eptio
n) h
ave
not d
one
sola
rgel
y be
caus
e th
ey c
onsi
dere
d ev
en a
min
imum
clo
sed
circ
uit s
ys-
tem
to b
e be
yond
thei
r m
eans
.Pe
rhap
s th
e ap
plic
atio
ns d
escr
ibed
on
the
follo
win
g pa
ges
will
serv
e to
sho
w th
at te
levi
sion
can
inde
ed b
e br
ough
t int
o a
scho
olon
a d
emon
stra
bly
mod
ests
cale
, yet
not
pre
clud
e ex
pans
ion
whe
nde
emed
adv
isab
le a
ccor
ding
to f
irst
-han
d ex
peri
ence
and
res
ults
.
ELE
CT
RO
NIC
EN
LAR
GE
ME
NT
Clo
sed
circ
uit t
elev
isio
n le
nds
itsel
f re
adily
to a
wid
eva
riet
y of
use
s si
mpl
y as
an
elec
tron
ic e
nlar
ger
for
the
bene
fit o
f st
uden
ts w
ithin
the
sam
e cl
assr
oom
as
the
teac
her.
The
teac
her
need
s lit
tle tr
aini
ng in
tele
visi
onbe
yond
a s
hort
intr
oduc
tion
to th
e eq
uipm
ent,
and
few
prep
arat
ions
bey
ond
thos
e m
ade
prev
ious
ly. H
e is
sim
-de
mon
stra
tions
and
exp
erim
ents
as
befo
re, b
ut n
oww
ith th
e fa
cilit
ies
to le
t all
the
stud
ents
see
an
en-
ply
taki
ng a
dvan
tage
of
the
oppo
rtun
ity to
con
duct
larg
ed c
lose
-up
at th
e sa
me
time.
The
equ
ipm
ent f
or th
is p
urpo
se c
onsi
sts
of a
cam
era
on a
con
veni
ent s
tand
or
trip
od, a
. mon
itor
for
the
teac
her's
gui
danc
e an
d w
hate
ver
rece
iver
s ar
e ne
eded
to s
erve
the
stud
ents
. (In
a s
mal
l cla
ss, a
sin
gle
re-
ceiv
er c
an s
erve
bot
h fu
nctio
ns s
imul
tane
ousl
y.)
Inst
al-
latio
n in
volv
es n
o m
ore
than
con
nect
ing
the
cam
era
to th
e re
ceiv
er(s
) an
d pl
uggi
ng th
e po
wer
cor
d of
eac
hin
to a
n A
C o
utle
t.
MIC
RO
SC
OP
YT
he v
idic
on te
levi
sion
cam
era
can
also
be
used
dir
ectly
on
a m
icro
scop
e to
bri
ng e
lec-
tron
ic e
nlar
gem
ent t
o its
ulti
mat
e po
ten-
tial.
Sinc
e de
tail
is th
e pr
ime
requ
isite
inth
is a
pplic
atio
n, e
spec
ially
at t
he c
olle
gele
vel,
the
high
est r
esol
utio
n vi
deo
cam
era
shou
ld b
e co
nsid
ered
. Syl
vani
a's
mod
el80
0, w
ith it
s 80
0-lin
e re
solu
tion,
has
the
furt
her
uniq
ue a
dvan
tage
of
its c
ompa
ct,
rem
ovab
le v
idic
on u
nit.
Wei
ghin
g bu
t 41
poun
ds, i
t can
eas
ily b
e pl
aced
on
the
mic
rosc
ope
with
out n
eed
for
a su
ppor
ting
stan
d. S
tand
ard
mic
rosc
opes
alr
eady
owne
d by
the
scho
ol m
ay b
e us
ed f
or th
ispu
rpos
e an
d no
spe
cial
ligh
ting
is n
eede
d.
SY
ST
EM
#1
(RF
onl
y)C
amer
a (M
odel
BO
O)
Tri
pod,
dol
lyM
onito
r (M
odel
28E
01or
23E
02)
SY
ST
EM
#2
(RF
and
Vid
eo)
Cam
era
(Mod
el 4
00 o
r60
0)T
ripo
d, d
olly
Mon
itor(
Mod
el23
E02
/V)
SY
ST
EM
#3
(hig
hest
reso
lutio
n vi
deo
only
)C
amer
a (M
odel
800
)T
ripo
d, d
olly
Mon
itor
(Mod
el V
MC
14or
larg
er)
OV
ER
HE
AD
TV
Ano
ther
tech
niqu
e us
ing
the
equi
pmen
tal
read
y de
scri
bed
is "
over
head
" te
levi
sion
,si
mila
r in
pri
ncip
le to
the
over
head
pro
-je
ctor
. For
this
pur
pose
, the
cam
era
ism
ount
ed o
n a
clos
e-up
sta
nd a
nd u
sed
to"p
roje
ct"
any
opaq
ue (
flat
or
thre
e-di
men
-si
onal
) ob
ject
ont
o th
e te
levi
sion
scr
een.
Not
hing
has
to b
e sp
ecia
lly p
hoto
grap
hed,
draw
n, o
r re
prod
uced
on
film
.Si
nce
the
mat
eria
ls a
re r
estin
g on
aho
rizo
ntal
sur
face
, the
teac
her
can
mov
eth
em a
bout
as
he p
leas
es, w
rite
on
them
,dr
op p
repa
red
over
lays
and
oth
erw
ise
take
as m
uch
adva
ntag
e of
his
"st
age"
as
hech
oose
s.O
f co
urse
, the
siz
e of
the
over
-all
tele
-vi
sed
imag
e is
lim
ited
by th
e si
ze o
f th
ere
ceiv
er's
tube
, but
by
low
erin
g an
d ra
is-
ing
the
cam
era
(or
by u
sing
a z
oom
lens
,pr
efer
ably
), a
ny p
ortio
n of
the
orig
inal
mat
eria
l can
be
sele
cted
to f
ill th
e en
tire
scre
en in
clo
se-u
p.W
ith s
uch
an o
ppor
tuni
ty th
us a
ffor
ded
to m
ake
conv
enie
nt a
nd e
ffor
tless
use
of
visu
al a
ids,
a te
ache
r is
mor
e lik
ely
to in
-co
rpor
ate
mor
e of
them
in h
is le
ctur
e th
anev
er b
efor
e.
19
Bro
adba
ndV
HF
Sig
nal f
rom
ante
nna
AN
TE
NN
AS
-
Am
plifi
er
00-
Sin
gle
band
(VH
F)
Sig
nal
split
ter
UH
F
ELE
ME
NT
S O
FT
HE
MA
ST
ER
DIS
TR
IBU
TIO
NS
YS
TE
M
Eve
n th
ough
onl
y br
oadc
astr
ecep
tion
may
be p
lann
ed in
itial
ly,
the
inhe
rent
lim
ita-
tions
it p
lace
s up
on th
ein
divi
dual
sch
ool
are
read
ilyap
pare
nt. T
he s
choo
l has
no
cont
rol o
ver
cont
ent o
rtim
ing,
but
can
only
util
ize
wha
teve
r pr
ogra
ms
are
avai
l-
4ab
le in
its
part
icul
ar a
rea,
and
mus
t ada
ptits
ow
n sc
hedu
les
and
goal
sac
cord
ingl
y.T
here
fore
inst
alla
tion
of a
mas
tera
nten
na,
ampl
ific
atio
n an
d di
stri
butio
nsy
stem
shou
ld b
e gi
ven
the
fulle
stpo
ssib
le c
on-
side
ratio
n at
the
very
out
set o
f a
scho
ol's
plan
s to
add
any
for
m o
fte
levi
sion
to it
scu
rric
ulum
.W
ith s
uch
a sy
stem
, a s
choo
lis
pre
pare
dfo
r op
timum
rec
eptio
n of
all
chan
nels
in it
sar
ea, U
HF
and
VH
F, a
nd to
dis
trib
ute
a+
per
fect
sig
nal t
o ev
ery
rece
ivin
glo
catio
nin
the
scho
ol. I
n ad
ditio
n,th
e sc
hool
can
utili
ze th
e sa
me
RF
syst
em f
orits
c-i
vn li
ve
and
reco
rded
clo
sed
circ
uit
prog
ram
min
gw
hene
ver
desi
red
and
with
out
furt
her
in-
stal
latio
n ex
pens
es.
AN
TE
NN
AS
The
re a
re tw
o ba
sic
type
s of
ante
nnas
in g
ener
alus
e: th
e br
oadb
and
ante
nna
whi
ch c
over
s al
l TV
chan
nels
and
FM
rad
io, a
nd th
esi
ngle
ban
d an
-te
nna
syst
em w
ith in
divi
dual
chan
nel t
unin
g.T
he ty
pe to
use
dep
ends
upo
nth
e si
gnal
are
a.W
here
all
chan
nels
lie
in th
e sa
me
dire
ctio
n an
dar
e of
equ
al s
tren
gth,
the
broa
dban
d an
tenn
a m
aybe
ade
quat
e. I
n w
eake
r ar
eas
anw
here
cha
nnel
slie
in d
iffe
rent
dir
ectio
ns, t
hein
divi
dual
ant
enna
syst
em is
pre
ferr
ed.
An
impo
rtan
t com
pone
nt to
incl
ude
in th
e an
tenn
asy
stem
is th
e "b
alun
," a
tran
sfor
mer
dev
ice
whi
chm
atch
es a
nd tr
ansf
ers
the
sign
al f
rom
eac
h an
-te
nna
to th
e am
plif
icat
ion
and
dist
ribu
tion
syst
em.
AM
PE-1
11C
AT
EO
NT
he s
igna
l str
engt
h of
the
chan
nels
in th
e sc
hool
'sar
ea w
ill a
lso
dete
rmin
e th
e ty
pe o
f am
plif
ying
syst
em n
eede
d to
pro
vide
the
desi
red
rece
ptio
n.W
here
all
chan
nels
are
of
equa
lst
reng
th, a
sin
gle
Con
vert
er
I
Am
p.
Cou
pler
Cou
pler
1 Am
p.
broa
dban
d am
plif
ier
wou
ld b
e ad
equa
te. B
ut o
ther
-w
ise,
indi
vidu
al c
hann
el (
"str
ip")
am
plif
iers
wou
ldbe
req
uire
d to
ass
ure
that
eve
ry s
igna
l tra
nsm
itted
thro
ugho
ut th
e sc
hool
wou
ld b
e of
equ
al s
tren
gth.
SIG
NA
L C
AR
RIE
RT
his
cons
ists
of
the
coax
ial c
able
(an
d its
con
nec-
tors
) th
at c
arri
es th
e si
gnal
s fr
om th
e am
plif
ier
(s)
to e
ach
rece
ivin
g ar
ea. T
he m
ost f
lexi
ble
and
use-
ful t
ype
of d
istr
ibut
ion
syst
em is
the
"clo
sed
loop
."In
this
sys
tem
, the
trun
k ca
ble
serv
es th
e en
tire
scho
ol, w
ith ta
p-of
f co
nnec
tions
pro
vide
d at
eac
hde
sire
d lo
catio
n.W
ith th
is s
yste
m, e
ach
rece
ivin
g ar
ea c
an a
lso
bead
apte
d to
ser
ve a
s a
prog
ram
ori
gina
tion
poin
t by
plug
ging
in a
cam
era
inst
ead
of a
rec
eive
r. T
hesi
gnal
fro
m th
is c
amer
a w
ill th
en b
e tr
ansm
itted
thro
ugho
ut th
e sy
stem
to e
very
rec
eive
r tu
ned
toth
e ch
anne
l on
whi
ch th
e ca
mer
a ha
s be
en s
et.
LOW
CO
ST
DIS
TR
IBU
TIO
N S
YS
TE
MS
A le
ss a
mbi
tious
, alte
rnat
ive
to th
e cl
osed
loop
syst
em is
the
type
that
may
be
desc
ribe
d as
the
non-
ampl
ifie
d "o
ctop
us."
In
this
sys
tem
, eac
h ro
om
00
0
=2
1991
1111
0 = _
=as
conn
ectio
n is
at t
he e
nd o
f its
ow
n in
depe
nden
tca
ble,
rat
her
than
bei
ng a
n in
tegr
al p
art o
f th
eto
tal d
istr
ibut
ion
syst
em. T
his
syst
em is
con
side
r-ab
ly le
ss e
xpen
sive
than
the
clos
ed lo
op, b
ut h
asno
rec
eivi
ng/tr
ansm
ittin
g tw
o-w
ay f
lexi
bilit
y.T
his
type
of
syst
em is
rec
omm
ende
d on
ly w
hen
asc
hool
is in
a s
tron
g si
gnal
are
a, d
oes
not n
eed
tose
rve
mor
e th
an f
our
rece
iver
s fr
om e
ach
ante
nna,
and
has
no in
tent
ion
of e
ver
usin
g cl
osed
cir
cuit
tele
visi
on. C
oupl
er
Sig
nal
split
te
EQ
UIP
ME
NT
LIS
TS
ingl
e B
and
Sys
tem
Ant
enna
s an
d to
wer
VH
F (o
ne p
er c
hann
el)
UH
F (o
ne p
er c
hann
el)
Con
vert
er (
UH
F to
VH
F)T
rans
form
ers
(one
per
ant
enna
)C
oupl
er (
one
per
syst
em)
Am
plif
iers
(on
e pe
r ch
anne
l)C
able
s an
d co
nnec
tors
(as
req
uire
dpe
r ro
om)
Bro
adba
nd S
yste
mA
nten
nas
and
tow
erV
HF
UH
FC
onve
rter
(U
HF
to V
HF)
Am
plif
ier
(one
per
sys
tem
)T
rans
form
erC
oupl
erC
able
s an
d co
nnec
tors
(as
req
uire
dpe
r ro
om)
Sim
plifi
ed L
ow C
ost S
yste
mB
road
band
ant
enna
s an
d to
wer
VH
FU
HF
Con
vert
er (
UH
F to
VH
F)C
oupl
erSi
gnal
spl
itter
Bal
uns
(one
per
rec
eive
r)C
able
s an
d co
nnec
tors
(as
req
uire
dpe
r ro
om)
Not
e: A
ll th
e di
stri
butio
n sy
stem
sde
scri
bed
abov
e ar
e fo
r R
F tr
ans-
mis
sion
onl
y, c
over
ing
VH
F ch
anne
ls2-
13 a
nd U
HF
chan
nels
14-
83 a
s w
ell
asFM
rad
io. F
or F
ide°
, whi
ch r
e-qu
ires
the
entir
e ba
ndw
idth
of
the
cabl
e, e
ither
a s
epar
ate
dist
ribu
tion
syst
em s
ervi
ng a
sec
tion
of th
e sc
hool
wou
ld b
e ne
eded
, or
a pe
riod
of
time
set
asid
e fo
r th
e ex
clus
ive
use
of th
evi
deo
prog
ram
.
21
TR
AN
SM
ITT
ING
PR
OG
RA
MS
TH
RO
UG
HO
UT
TH
ES
CH
OO
LW
hen
clos
ed c
ircu
it te
levi
sion
is u
sed
only
for
elec
tron
ic e
nlar
gem
ent w
ithin
a si
ngle
cla
ssro
om,
little
of
its f
ull p
oten
tial a
s a
teac
hing
too,
has
bee
nta
pped
. A. s
choo
l whi
ch is
alr
eady
equ
ipN
,1 w
ith a
/no
Rte
rdi
stri
butio
n sy
stem
need
onl
y ad
d a
soun
d m
odul
ator
to it
s ca
mer
a to
serv
ice
any
num
ber
of a
ddi-
tiona
l cla
ssro
oms.
The
mos
t fun
dam
enta
l dif
fere
nce,
how
ever
, will
be
that
all t
he r
ecei
ving
clas
sroo
ms
will
be
view
ing
ever
ythi
ng o
n te
levi
sion
, the
teac
her
as w
ell a
shi
s m
ater
ials
. Hen
ce, t
he u
se o
f th
e te
levi
sion
equ
ipm
ent a
sw
ell a
s th
epl
anni
ng o
f th
e le
ctur
e ta
kes
on a
n en
tirel
y di
ffer
ent s
cope
and
dim
ensi
on.
The
ori
gina
ting
clas
sroo
m h
as n
ow b
ecom
e th
e st
udio
.H
ow m
odes
t or
how
am
bitio
us th
e st
i dio
fac
ilitie
s an
dth
e na
ture
of
the
lect
ure
shou
ld b
e m
ust b
e de
term
ined
by
the
scho
olits
elf,
bas
ed u
pon
its o
wn
imm
edia
te a
nd lo
ng-r
ange
pla
ns .
. .an
d th
e fu
nds,
per
sonn
el a
ndef
fort
it w
ishe
s to
mak
e av
aila
ble.
As
the
syst
ems
desc
ribe
d on
the
follo
win
g pa
ges
will
show
, the
fir
st s
tep
into
sch
ool-
wid
e cl
osed
cir
cuit
TV
can
be
a m
odes
t one
. If
asc
hool
wis
hes,
it ca
n ga
in it
s ea
rly
expe
rien
ce w
ith te
levi
sion
pro
duct
ion
with
out c
omm
it-tin
g its
elf
to a
maj
or in
vest
men
t. T
hen
as th
e m
ediu
m p
rove
sits
elf
to b
e of
valu
e, th
e sy
stem
can
be
expa
nded
in c
aref
ully
pla
nned
sta
ges
that
keep
pac
ew
ith th
e sc
hool
's o
wn
plan
s fo
r it.
AU
DIO
CO
NT
RO
L
TH
E S
OU
ND
SY
ST
EM
The
sam
e R
P di
stri
butio
n sy
stem
that
car
ries
the
pict
ure
sign
al c
an a
lso
carr
y th
e so
und
as w
ell,
just
as
in o
ver-
the-
air
broa
dcas
ting.
The
var
ious
sou
nd s
ourc
es s
uch
as th
em
icro
phon
e an
d m
otio
n pi
ctur
e pr
ojec
tor
are
plug
ged
into
the
audi
o co
ntro
l and
fro
m th
ere
to th
e au
dio-
vide
o m
ixer
'hic
h al
so r
ecei
ves
the
coax
ial c
able
fro
m th
e ca
mer
a. T
he a
udio
-vi
deo
mix
er s
uper
impo
ses
both
sou
nd a
nd p
ictu
resi
gnal
s on
an
RP
carr
ier
wav
e an
dse
nds
them
alo
ng th
e ca
ble
to th
e te
levi
sion
rec
eive
rsw
here
they
are
aga
in d
ivid
ed b
yth
e ap
prop
riat
e ci
rcui
try.
The
qua
lity
of s
ound
mat
ches
the
soun
d th
at is
exp
ecte
dfr
om s
tand
ard
broa
dcas
tpr
ogra
ms.
In
syst
ems
usin
g Sy
lvan
ia c
amer
as,w
here
voi
ce tr
ansm
issi
on o
nly
is r
equi
red,
Sylv
ania
's lo
w c
ost S
ound
Mod
ulat
or s
erve
s sa
tisfa
ctor
ily in
plac
e of
the
audi
o vi
deo
mix
er.
Oth
er a
ltern
ativ
e so
und
syst
ems
wou
ld b
e an
exi
stin
g pu
blic
addr
ess
syst
em a
t the
scho
ol, o
r a
sepa
rate
sou
nd s
yste
m p
lann
ed to
mee
t spe
cial
need
s, s
uch
as in
mus
ic a
ppre
-ci
atio
n w
here
ful
l ran
ge h
igh
fide
lity
resp
onse
isre
quir
ed. (
Vid
eo in
stal
latio
ns r
equi
reco
mpl
etel
y in
depe
nden
t sou
nd s
yste
ms.
)
TE
AC
HE
R-C
ON
TR
OLL
ED
SY
ST
EM
ST
he s
impl
e op
erat
ion
of th
e vi
dico
n ca
mer
a ha
s le
d a
num
ber
of s
choo
ls to
plan
sys
tem
s in
whi
ch th
e te
ache
r pu
ts th
e en
tire
lect
ure
...in
clud
ing
him
-se
lf.
.. o
nte
levi
sion
. Som
e of
thes
e ar
e sh
own
as e
xam
ples
of
wha
t can
beac
com
plis
hed
both
with
a m
inim
um o
f lo
w c
ost e
quip
men
tand
equ
ipm
ent o
fa
mor
e so
phis
ticat
ed n
atur
e.
SIN
GLE
CA
ME
RA
ON
TR
IPO
DT
he s
impl
est p
ossi
ble
syst
em w
ould
be
to p
lace
the
cam
era
with
asi
ngle
lens
on
a tr
ipod
and
have
its
angl
e of
vie
w c
over
the
teac
her
eith
er s
ittin
g at
his
desk
or
stan
ding
at t
hebl
ackb
oard
. Whi
le o
n th
e ai
r, th
e te
ache
r vi
ews
the
prog
ram
ove
r a
mon
itor
plac
ed o
utof
ran
ge n
ext t
o th
e ca
mer
a.T
o av
oid
mak
ing
a co
mpl
etel
y st
atic
pre
sent
atio
n, a
stu
dent
can
ser
ve a
s ca
mer
aman
to f
ace
the
cam
era
tow
ard
a di
ffer
ent s
ettin
g ...
map
, flip
char
t, sp
ecim
en, o
r re
ar p
roje
c-tio
n sc
reen
to p
ick
up s
lides
or
mot
ion
pict
ures
.Fo
r sm
ooth
and
rap
id p
ictu
re tr
ansi
tion,
the
floo
r ar
ea w
ould
be
mar
ked
and
lens
setti
ngs
pre-
arra
nged
(or
lens
turr
et tu
rned
) fo
r ea
ch p
lann
ed s
cene
cha
nge.
SO
PH
IST
ICA
TE
DO
NE
-MA
N S
TU
DIO
At t
he o
ther
ext
rem
e, a
sch
ool c
ould
hav
e a
fully
-au
tom
ated
one
-man
stu
dio
with
cam
era
equi
pped
with
rem
ote
cont
rol z
oom
lens
and
mou
nted
on
rem
ote
cont
rol p
an a
nd ti
lt be
ad. F
ilm e
quip
men
t,su
ch a
s 16
mm
mot
ion
pict
ure
proj
ecto
r an
d 35
mm
slid
e pr
ojec
tor,
wou
ld a
lso
be p
art o
f th
is s
tudi
o.A
ll th
e eq
uipm
ent w
ould
be
cont
rolle
d by
a p
ro-
gram
med
con
trol
con
sole
at t
he te
ache
r's d
esk,
with
push
but
tons
use
d to
pla
ce a
ny p
re-s
elec
ted
scen
eon
the
air.
For
exa
mpl
e, w
hile
the
teac
her
him
self
is o
n ca
mer
a, p
ress
ing
one
butto
n w
ould
do
the
follo
win
g: b
lank
out
the
pict
ure,
pan
the
cam
era
toth
e re
ar p
roje
ctio
n sc
reen
, zoo
m th
e le
ns f
or th
esc
reen
dim
ensi
ons,
sta
rt th
e pr
ojec
tor,
turn
on
pic-
ture
and
sou
nd. T
he p
rice
for
suc
h pr
ogra
mm
edco
nven
ienc
e is
hig
h, h
owev
er, a
nd s
houl
d be
wei
ghed
agai
nst w
hat c
an b
e ac
com
plis
hed
with
ort
hodo
xeq
uipm
ent a
nd th
e us
e of
stu
dent
: as
cam
eram
enan
d fl
oor
aide
s.
23
24
tille
ssm
aeun
ingi
Th:
r1
airr
17.7
,7
Her
e is
an
exam
ple
of h
ow a
com
plet
e cl
osed
cir
cuit
stud
'_o*
can
be
desi
gned
into
a s
ingl
e, p
orta
ble
unit
that
can
be
whe
eled
to a
ny r
oom
in a
sch
ool
eqtti
pped
with
a m
aste
r di
stri
butio
n sy
stem
. Hea
rt o
f th
is s
yste
m is
a c
onso
leth
at c
onta
ins
ever
ythi
ng n
eede
d to
put
a li
ve a
nd r
ecor
ded
prog
ram
on
the
air.
The
cam
era
is a
Syl
vani
a 60
0 ca
mer
a w
ith p
an a
nd ti
lt-he
ad o
n a
heig
ht-
adju
stab
le m
ount
. Bui
lt-in
to th
e co
nsol
e is
an
8" v
ideo
mon
itor,
com
plet
eso
und
syst
em w
ith 1
0 w
att a
mpl
ifie
r, c
lose
-up
light
ing
syst
ems
grou
nd g
lass
scre
en a
nd s
peci
al s
tand
for
use
with
acc
esso
ry p
roje
ctor
s,di
gita
l rea
d-ou
tcl
ock,
inpu
t/out
put p
anel
, and
a n
umbe
r of
add
ition
al f
eatu
res.
CO
MP
LET
SIN
GLE
CA
ME
RA
PO
RT
AB
LE S
TU
DIO
n
TV
ED
UC
AT
OR
FE
AT
UR
ES
1. T
V C
AM
ER
Ase
nds
pict
ures
to T
V m
onito
rsw
ithin
the
sam
e ro
om, a
nyw
here
in th
e sa
me
build
ing
or o
ther
bui
ldin
gs a
s fa
r di
stan
t as
sev-
eral
mile
s w
ith a
cces
sory
equ
ipm
ent.
2. C
HO
ICE
OF
LE
NS
ES
(zoo
m w
ith c
lose
-up
atta
chm
ent
or 3
fix
ed le
nses
up
to 6
inch
es in
foca
lle
ngth
and
clo
seup
kit)
ena
ble
cove
rage
of
vari
ous
dept
hs o
f fi
elds
and
dis
tanc
es.
3. P
AN
AN
D T
ILT
HE
AD
allo
ws
flex
ibili
ty in
live
imag
ete
levi
sing
.4.
AD
JUS
TA
BLE
CA
ME
Rit
MO
UN
Tm
oves
cam
era
to th
e de
sire
d he
ight
.5.
DIG
ITA
L R
EA
D-O
UT
CLO
CK
with
larg
e nu
mer
als,
perm
its in
stru
ctor
to e
asily
kee
p tr
ack
of ti
me.
11. B
UIL
T-I
N M
ON
ITO
Ren
able
s in
stru
ctor
to s
eeex
actly
wha
t the
stu
dent
see
s. B
y th
is m
eans
he
can
chec
k an
d co
ntro
l the
pic
ture
bei
ng v
iew
ed.
7. G
RO
UN
D G
LAS
S S
CR
EE
Ntr
ansm
its d
iffu
sed
light
for
pro
ject
ing
slid
es, f
iim-s
trip
s, m
icro
film
and
othe
r tr
ansp
aren
cies
into
the
TV
sys
tem
. It
is a
lso
used
as
a sc
reen
for
mov
ie a
nd a
uto-
mat
ic s
lide
proj
ectio
n.
The
"T
V E
duca
tor"
is a
lso
avai
labl
eas
a tw
o-ca
mer
a sy
stem
, with
vie
w-
find
er c
amer
a, d
ual b
uilt-
in m
onito
ran
d re
mot
e co
ntro
l tha
t ena
bles
in-
stru
ctor
to s
witc
h ca
incr
as w
ithou
tm
ovin
g.
*The
"T
V E
duca
tor,
"de
sign
ed a
nd c
onst
ruct
ed b
yV
ideo
Eng
inee
ring
Co.
, Inc
.,W
ashi
ngto
n, D
.C.
RE
FLE
CT
OR
MIR
RO
Rth
row
sim
age
from
pro
-je
ctor
to g
roun
d gl
ass
scre
en w
here
it is
pic
ked
up b
y th
e T
V c
amer
a.5.
INT
ER
IOR
LIG
HT
ING
with
dim
mer
con
trol
isho
used
insi
deth
eca
bine
t for
pro
ject
ion
oftr
ansp
aren
cies
.11
I. P
RO
JEC
TO
R S
TA
ND
perm
its p
rope
r po
sitio
ning
of p
roje
ctor
s.11
. RE
AR
CO
NT
RO
L P
AN
EL
incl
udes
mas
ter
AC
switc
h, m
aste
r vo
lum
e co
ntro
l, au
dio
on-o
ff a
ndm
icro
phon
e vo
lum
e, in
tern
al s
peak
er v
olum
e, in
-te
rior
ligh
t con
trol
.12
. AC
PLU
GM
OLD
insi
de a
nd o
utsi
de p
rovi
des
out-
lets
for
all
acce
ssor
y an
d de
mon
stra
tion
equi
p-m
ent.
A m
aste
r on
-off
AC
sw
itch
cont
rols
all
equi
pmen
t hoo
ked
up to
the
syst
em.
13. L
AV
ALI
ER
MIC
RO
PH
ON
Epe
rmits
inst
ruct
or to
mov
e fr
eely
whi
le ta
lkin
g to
his
aud
ienc
e.14
. SP
EA
KE
Rpr
ojec
ts s
ound
for
larg
e au
dien
ce.
15. S
IDE
PA
NE
Lin
clud
es ja
cks
for
mic
roph
one
in-
put,
AC
inte
rloc
k,vi
deo
outp
ut, R
F ou
tput
,au
dio
outp
ut.
TW
O-C
AM
ER
AP
OR
TA
BLE
ST
UD
IOT
each
er-c
ontr
olle
d sy
stem
s ar
e no
tlim
ited
to s
ingl
e ca
mer
as, a
ssho
wn
by th
is tw
o-ca
mer
ate
achi
ng a
ssem
bly.
*
The
equ
ipm
ent c
onsi
sts
oftw
o Sy
lvan
ia 4
00 c
amer
as,
each
mou
nted
on
pan
and
tilth
eads
, and
usi
ng w
heel
ed
cabi
nets
inst
ead
of tr
ipod
and
dolly
. One
of
the
cam
eras
ispl
anne
d fo
r us
e as
a c
lose
-up
unit,
with
adj
usta
ble
light
ing
brac
kets
. The
cab
inet
cont
ains
the
mic
roph
one
inpu
t jac
k. T
he o
ther
cab
inet
hous
es th
e m
onito
r (1
7"
RF)
and
the
audi
o-vi
deo
mix
er f
or th
e so
und
syst
em.
In p
lann
ing
a ty
pica
l lec
ture
for
tran
smis
sion
to r
emot
ecl
assr
oom
s, th
e te
ache
r se
ts u
pbo
th c
amer
as
in a
dvan
ce to
cov
er th
e fi
rst
two
scen
es to
be
tele
vise
d.T
he c
lose
-itp
cam
era,
for
exam
ple,
will
hav
e th
e va
riou
s
visu
al m
ater
ials
sta
cked
inpo
sitio
n fr
om to
p to
bot
tom
.T
he le
ctur
e w
ould
nor
mal
ly s
tart
with
the
teac
her
on c
amer
a at
her
lect
ern.
Whe
n it
was
time
to s
how
a
visu
al, s
he w
ould
sw
itch
onth
e cl
ose-
up c
amer
a an
d co
ntin
ueth
e na
rrat
ion
whi
le s
tepp
ing
over
to it
fro
m th
e
lect
ern.
Whe
n th
e la
st v
isua
l is
on,t
he te
ache
r re
turn
s to
the
lect
ern
whi
le c
ompl
etin
g he
r co
mm
ents
rela
ted
to
the
visu
al a
nd th
en s
witc
hes
hers
elf
back
on
cam
era.
Of
cour
se,
she
may
als
o tu
rn th
e se
cond
cam
era
tow
ard
the
blac
kboa
rd o
r fl
ip c
hart
,if
pre
ferr
ed.
*Des
igne
d en
d m
zstr
uete
d by
I. J
. Kay
lc a
ndA
ssoc
iate
s. C
hica
go,
26
TH
E S
TE
PB
EY
ON
D T
HE
ON
E-M
AN
ST
UD
IOT
he in
stal
latio
ns d
escr
ibed
on
the
prev
ious
pag
es, w
hile
pra
ctic
al a
nd r
e-qu
irin
g a
min
imum
of
equi
pmen
t, do
limit
the
scop
e of
pre
sent
atio
n th
at c
anbe
mad
e. E
ven
thou
gh a
teac
her
may
have
mas
tere
d th
e te
chni
que
of m
anip
u-la
ting
one
or tw
o ca
mer
as w
hile
deliv
erin
g a
lect
ure,
his
pri
me
resp
onsi
bilit
yre
mai
ns th
at o
f te
achi
ng it
self
.A
s fo
r th
e st
uden
ts, t
hey
need
not
con
cern
them
selv
es w
ith th
e pr
oduc
-tio
n te
chni
ques
bei
ng e
mpl
oyed
.The
ir c
once
rn is
with
lear
ning
, and
the
only
just
ific
atio
n fo
r te
levi
sion
bei
ng u
sed
is it
s co
ntri
butio
n to
the
lear
ning
situ
atio
n. A
ssum
ing
the
initi
al e
xper
ienc
ew
ith te
levi
sion
has
bee
n a
posi
tive
one,
the
next
ste
pfo
r th
e sc
hool
wou
ld b
e to
con
side
rexp
andi
ng th
e fa
cilit
ies
and
assi
gn p
erso
nnel
to f
orm
the
teac
hing
-tel
evis
ion
prod
uctio
n te
am.
Thi
s st
aff
wou
ld n
ow c
arry
out
the
func
tions
of
prod
ucer
, dir
ecto
r,te
chni
cian
and
cam
eram
an, w
heth
erth
e st
aff
itsel
f co
mpr
ises
a s
ingl
epe
rson
or
indi
vidu
alsp
ecia
lists
. Thi
s, o
f co
urse
, rep
rese
nts
the
begi
nnin
g of
a hi
gher
sta
ndar
dof
tele
visi
on p
rodu
ctio
n, f
or w
hich
the
addi
tiona
l inv
est-
men
t is
not o
nly
in e
quip
men
t,bu
t in
the
time
and
effo
rt r
equi
red
of th
eed
ucat
iona
l sta
ff to
pla
n an
d pr
oduc
ele
ctur
es o
f a
mor
e am
bitio
us a
nd c
om-
plex
nat
ure
than
pre
viou
sly
atte
mpt
ed.
TH
E L
OW
CO
ST
ST
UD
IOT
his
thre
e-ca
mer
a in
stal
latio
n ta
kes
the
sam
elo
w c
ost e
quip
men
t, su
ch a
s m
ay h
ave
been
used
in te
ache
r-co
ntro
lled
syst
ems,
and
brin
gs it
into
a fo
rmer
cla
ssro
omth
at h
as n
ow b
een
mod
i-fi
ed (
acou
stic
s, li
ghtin
g, v
entil
atio
n,ba
ckgr
ound
drap
es, f
loor
ing,
etc
.) f
or f
ull-
time
stud
io u
se.
A v
iew
find
er c
amer
a ha
s be
en a
dded
for
live
pick
-up,
whi
le th
e tw
o no
n-vi
ewfi
nder
cam
eras
are
empl
oyed
in th
e fi
lmch
ain
and
clos
e-up
sta
ndre
spec
tivel
y. S
witc
hing
con
trol
s fo
r au
dio
and
vide
o ar
e no
w g
roup
ed a
t the
con
trol
cent
er,
toge
ther
with
fou
r m
onito
rs, o
ne f
or e
ach
cam
-er
a an
d on
e fo
r th
e pr
ogra
mbe
ing
tran
smitt
ed.
EQ
UIP
ME
NT
LIS
T
Cam
eras
400/
M v
iew
finde
r40
0 (f
or fi
lm c
hain
)60
0
Lens
es
1/2"
wid
e-an
gle
3" te
leph
oto
(1"
lens
sup
plie
d w
ithca
mer
as)
man
ual z
oom
(al
tern
ate
toab
ove)
Cam
era
Acc
esso
ries
Trip
od, d
olly
Clo
se-u
p st
and
with
ligh
ts
Mon
itors
VM
C8
(8"
vide
o) fo
r ca
mer
as23
" R
F m
onito
r fo
rlin
e
Film
Cha
in
16m
m p
roje
ctor
35m
m p
roje
ctor
Rea
r sc
reen
ada
pter
s(2
)
Sou
nd S
yste
m
Mic
roph
ones
, lav
alie
rA
udio
-con
trol
Hea
dset
(fo
r ca
mer
aman
)T
urnt
able
Tap
e R
ecor
der
Con
trol
sw
itchi
ng c
onso
leS
ync
gene
rato
rA
udio
-vid
eo m
ixer
Cry
stal
con
trol
tran
smitt
erH
ardw
are,
con
nect
ors,
cabl
e
(Lig
htin
g sy
stem
as
requ
ired)
27
ST
UD
IO C
ON
TR
OL.
CO
NS
OLE
Thi
s is
the
hear
t of
the
stud
io o
pera
tion,
con
tain
ing
ever
ypr
ovis
ion
for
cont
rolli
ng th
e si
gnal
s fr
om th
e ca
mer
as a
nd s
ound
sou
rces
.Fro
m th
eco
nsol
e, th
e di
rect
or c
an s
ee e
ach
pict
ure
bein
gtr
ansm
itted
fro
m e
ach
cam
era,
bal
ance
them
for
brig
htne
ss a
nd c
ontr
ast,
switc
h fr
om o
ne to
the
othe
r, o
r fa
de o
ut f
rom
one
as
he f
ades
in a
noth
er. O
ne s
ectio
n of
the
cons
ole
wou
ld c
onta
in r
emot
e co
ntro
lsfo
r op
erat
ion
of th
e fi
lmch
ain.
Fac
ilitie
s ar
e al
so p
rovi
ded
for
com
mun
icat
ing
with
the
cam
era-
men
thro
ugh
thei
r he
adph
ones
and
the
stud
io in
gen
eral
thro
ugh
a lo
ud-
spea
ker.
One
"lin
e" m
onito
r, v
ideo
or
RF
depe
ndin
g up
on th
e op
erat
ion,
is p
rovi
ded
for
each
cam
era,
plu
s a
mon
itor
for
the
prog
ram
goi
ng o
utov
er th
e di
stri
butio
n sy
stem
.
TH
E P
RO
FE
SS
ION
AL-
TY
PE
BR
OA
DC
AS
T Q
UA
LIT
Y S
TU
DIO
Thi
s in
stal
latio
n is
a s
ubst
antia
l und
erta
king
, to
be c
onsi
dere
d on
ly b
y a
scho
ol
who
se s
taff
and
adv
iser
s in
clud
e pr
ofes
sion
ally
trai
ned
expe
rts
in e
very
asp
ect o
fed
ucat
iona
l tel
evis
ion.
It i
s eq
uipp
ed to
pro
duce
bot
hliv
e an
d ta
ped
prog
ram
s of
full
broa
dcas
t qua
lity,
bot
h. in
the
stud
ioan
d on
loca
tion
for
over
-the
-air
tran
smis
-si
on to
oth
er s
choo
ls.
The
con
trol
con
sole
and
film
cha
in (
s) a
re in
sepa
rate
roo
ms,
isol
ated
fro
m th
em
ain
stud
io it
self
. The
com
plet
e lis
t of
equi
pmen
tfo
r su
ch a
stu
dio
oper
atio
n is
an
exte
nsiv
e on
e, a
nd o
f co
ncer
n on
ly to
the
prof
essi
onal
engi
neer
. But
the
maj
or it
ems,
as li
sted
on
the
oppo
site
pag
e,in
dica
te th
e ra
nge
of e
quip
men
t req
uire
d.
EQ
UIP
ME
NT
LIS
T
Cam
etis
400
(for
film
cha
in)
600
(for
clo
se-u
p st
and)
800/
M (
2)
Lens
es
1/2"
wid
e-an
gle
3" te
leph
oto
(Mod
els
400
and
600
supp
lied
with
1"
lens
)M
otor
ized
zoo
m (
2)
Cam
era
acce
ssor
ies
Trip
od, d
olly
Clo
se-u
p st
and
with
ligh
ts
Film
cha
in16
mm
pro
ject
or35
mm
pro
ject
or (
2)M
ultip
lexe
r an
d fie
ld le
ns a
ssem
bly
Aud
io e
quip
men
tA
udio
con
trol
Tur
ntab
leT
ape
reco
rder
Mic
roph
ones
, lav
alie
r (2
)M
icro
phon
e bo
omH
eads
ets
(2)
Vid
eota
pe r
ecor
der
Con
trol
/Sw
itchi
ng C
onso
leC
ompl
etel
y eq
uipp
ed w
ith s
ectio
nsfo
r co
ntro
lling
and
sw
itchi
ng a
ll au
dio
and
vik.
..)o
sign
als
for
all e
quip
men
t in
stud
io; a
lso,
nec
essa
ry te
st e
quip
-m
ent.
(Mon
itors
: VM
C8(
4), 2
3E02
.)
Aud
io-V
ideo
mix
er
Cry
stal
con
trol
led
tran
smitt
erH
ardw
are,
con
nect
ors,
cab
le
(Lig
htin
g S
yste
mas
req
uire
d)(O
ver-
the-
air
tran
smis
sion
sys
tem
assp
er:if
ied)
TH
EC
OM
PLE
TE
ET
VIN
ST
ALL
AT
ION
;:4
:211
3111
11L
1
Tu.
c7C
L.
'at,
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MI !
ES
EM
I MK
1N
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IMS
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N U
fa 1
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IES
1111
111
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t4 F
E.R
EN
CE
. 172
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tvt
-11p
t- in
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war
kusu
llA
g.\
"AK
,pa
s\si
lks
-rm
TV
-D
IsE
Rty
5uT
4ois
ic.
A51
.6.
M A
C
icz
30
Her
e ar
e th
e va
riou
s el
emen
ts o
f an
edu
catio
nal t
elev
isio
n sy
stem
brou
ght t
oget
her
with
in a
sin
gle
scho
ol b
uild
ing.
Fro
m th
e m
ain
stud
io a
nd c
ontr
ol c
ente
r (1
) , e
very
form
of
broa
dcas
t and
clo
sed
circ
uit t
elev
isio
n ca
n be
dis
trib
uted
ove
r th
e m
aste
r di
stri
butio
nca
ble
to e
very
cla
ssro
om (
2) p
lus
a nu
mbe
r of
oth
er s
peci
al r
ecei
v-in
g ar
eas
such
as
the
cafe
teri
a (4
) .W
ith th
e cl
osed
loop
inas
ter
dist
ribu
tion
syst
em, a
cam
era
can
be p
lugg
ed in
to th
e pr
inci
pal's
offi
ce (
7), t
he c
onfe
renc
e ro
om (
3), t
he m
achi
ne s
hop
(8)
or g
ym-
nasi
um (
9) a
nd tr
ansm
it th
roug
hout
the
scho
ol. T
he m
ain
audi
-
tori
um (
5) is
als
o eq
uipp
ed f
or p
rogr
am o
rigi
natio
n, w
ith c
amer
ain
puts
loca
ted
on b
oth
the
stag
e an
d on
the
balc
ony.
The
labo
rato
ry(6
) is
wir
ed w
ith it
s ow
n hi
gh r
esol
utio
n vi
deo
syst
em a
nd c
anal
so tr
ansm
it an
d re
ceiv
e ov
er th
e sc
hool
-wid
e sy
stem
whe
n no
RF
chan
nels
are
in u
se. N
ote
: the
dis
trib
utio
n sy
stem
for
suc
h an
in-
stal
latio
n m
ust b
e th
e cl
osed
loop
type
, inc
ludi
ng s
peci
al tw
o-w
ayw
all o
utle
ts, p
rope
r am
plif
iers
and
term
inat
ing
equi
pmen
t. N
eed-
less
to s
ay, t
he p
lann
ing
and
engi
neer
ing
of a
sys
tem
as
elab
orat
eas
this
mus
t be
done
by
com
pete
nt p
rofe
ssio
nal p
erso
nnel
.
31
som
plum
man
nim
mw
m,
SC
HO
OL-
TO
-SC
HO
OL
TR
AN
SM
ISS
ION
A c
lose
d ci
rcui
tdi
stri
butio
n sy
stem
may
be p
lann
ed n
oton
ly to
serv
ice
a si
ngle
build
ing,
but
a g
roup
of b
uild
ings
on
the
cam
pus,
neig
hbor
ing
scho
olsy
stem
s, o
r ev
en to
exte
nd th
roug
hout
an
entir
e
stat
e. T
he s
igna
ls m
aybe
car
ried
eith
erov
er-t
he-a
ir v
ia m
icro
wav
e
rela
y, o
r vi
a co
axia
lca
ble
inst
alle
d by
and
leas
ed f
rom
the
loca
l
tele
phon
e co
mpa
ny o
rot
her
com
mon
carr
ier.
The
cho
ice
depe
nds
upon
anu
mbe
r of
fac
tors
,su
ch a
s di
stan
cean
d te
rrai
n, b
oth
of
whi
ch d
eter
min
e th
ere
lativ
e co
st a
ndle
vel o
f pe
rfor
man
ce.
--..
----
-- VO
NSS
9001
1101
0111
0000
1011
1111
1111
1111
1110
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.
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iiiii
' 'vi i* 1 i i
A
1.i4 t p
ft
LOW
PO
WE
RM
ICR
OW
AV
EJu
st a
s th
e de
ve.a
pmen
t of
the
low
cos
t por
tabl
e vi
deot
ape
reco
rder
may
be e
xpec
ted
to g
ive
a fr
esh
new
impe
tus
to p
rogr
am o
rigi
natio
nw
ithin
the
scho
ol, s
o m
ay th
ede
velo
pmen
t of
the
low
pow
erov
er-t
he-a
ir tr
ans-
mis
sion
sys
tem
do
the
sam
e fo
rsc
hool
-to-
scho
ol c
omm
unic
atio
ns.
Stri
ctly
spe
akin
g, th
is is
afo
rm o
f m
icro
wav
e tr
ansm
issi
on,
in th
atea
ch c
hann
el is
bea
med
on
adi
rect
line
of
sigh
t fro
m p
oint
topo
int.
How
ever
, the
equ
ipm
ent i
s co
nQ:d
erab
lyle
ss e
xpen
sive
to p
urch
ase
and
mai
ntai
n, a
nd s
igna
ls c
an b
eea
sily
dir
ecte
d in
so
man
ydi
rect
ions
fro
m
the
tran
smitt
ing
faci
litie
sth
at f
or p
ract
ical
pur
pose
s it
may
be th
ough
t
of a
s om
ni-d
irec
tiona
l.T
he c
hann
els
allo
cate
d by
the
FCC
for
this
pur
pose
are
in th
e 25
0-26
90 m
egac
ycle
ran
ge. A
tthe
stu
dio,
the
sam
e V
HF
sign
al is
gen
erat
edas
in a
ny c
oaxi
alca
ble
syst
em. T
hen
it is
conv
erte
d to
the
allo
cate
d"c
cape
r U
HF"
cha
nnel
in th
esp
ecif
ied
rang
e, a
nd s
ent o
ver
the
air
inas
man
y di
rect
ions
as
nece
ssar
y ac
cord
ing
to th
e lo
catio
n of
the
re-
ceiv
ing
scho
ols.
Eac
h re
ceiv
!ag
scho
ol is
equi
pped
with
a s
impl
e an
tenn
aan
d fr
eque
ncy
conv
erte
r w
hich
sen
ds th
esi
gnal
thro
ugh
its d
istr
ibut
ion
syst
em o
ver
any
unus
edU
HF
or V
HF
chan
nel.
LEA
SE
D C
OA
XIA
LC
AB
LEW
here
as th
e sc
hool
pur
chas
esan
d m
aint
ains
its
own
mic
row
ave
tran
s-m
issi
on s
yste
m a
nd a
ssum
es a
llre
spon
sibi
lity
for
it, th
e le
ased
coax
ial
cabl
e sy
stem
is in
stal
led
by a
ndre
mai
ns th
e re
spon
sibi
lity
ofth
e te
le-
phon
e co
mpa
ny. T
he c
ost f
or a
cabl
e sy
stem
is d
eter
min
edes
sent
ially
by th
e m
ileag
e re
quir
emen
tsan
d is
pai
d fo
r on
a m
onth
lyba
sis
over
the
peri
od o
f tim
e co
ntra
cted
for
,us
ually
ten
year
s.O
bvio
usly
, the
num
ber
of s
choo
ls to
be s
ervi
ced
and
the
dist
ance
sin
-
volv
ed w
ill h
ave
muc
h to
do
with
det
erm
inin
g w
hich
of
thes
e tw
o al
ter-
nativ
e sy
stem
s w
ould
be
mor
efe
Psib
le f
rom
a c
ost s
tand
poin
t.B
esid
es
nao
requ
irin
g an
initi
alca
pita
l out
lay,
the
leas
edca
ble
syst
em a
lso
re-
lieve
s th
e sc
hool
of
conc
ern
with
mai
nten
ance
, rep
lace
men
t,ob
sole
scen
ce,
insu
ranc
e an
d th
e ef
fect
s of
the
wea
ther
upo
n th
e co
nsis
tenc
y of
sign
al.
CH
EC
KLI
ST
FO
RE
TV
As
you
have
see
n, th
ere
is n
o si
ngle
"ty
pi-
cal"
tele
visi
on s
yste
m f
ored
ucat
ion,
but
aw
hole
ran
ge o
f po
ssib
ilitie
sth
at c
an m
eet
the
vari
ous
need
s en
coun
tere
din
dif
fere
ntsc
hool
s. T
his
chec
klis
t may
be o
f he
lp a
syo
u co
nsid
erth
e ki
nd o
f te
levi
sion
sys
tem
your
sch
ool
mig
ht u
tiliz
e. A
s yo
u re
adth
roug
h it,
che
ck o
ff a
s m
any
item
s as
you
cons
ider
app
licab
le.
US
ES
FO
R T
ELE
VIS
ION
INT
HE
CU
RR
ICU
LUM
:
Ele
ctro
nic
enla
rgem
ent
Dire
ct in
stru
ctio
nC
ours
es:
Enr
ichm
ent
Cou
rses
:
Tea
m te
achi
ngN
ew c
ours
es to
be
adde
dth
roug
h N
ET
or
othe
r so
urce
sIn
-ser
vice
teac
her
educ
atio
n
SY
ST
EM
TO
PR
OV
IDE
Clo
se-u
psB
road
cast
rec
eptio
nLi
ve C
CT
V o
rigin
atio
nV
ideo
tape
rec
ordi
ngC
entr
al d
istr
ibut
ion
of fi
lmed
and
prog
ram
sS
peci
al s
ound
sys
tem
(e.
g., f
or m
usic
appr
ecia
tion)
reco
rded
TY
PE
OF
TR
AN
SM
ISS
ION
RF
onl
yR
F a
nd V
ideo
Vid
eo o
nly
400-
line
reso
lutio
n60
0-lin
e re
solu
tion
800-
line
reso
lutio
n
PO
I IT
S O
FO
RIG
INA
TIO
N R
EC
EP
TIO
NS
tudi
o
0
Aud
itoriu
mC
onfe
renc
e ro
om (
e.g.
Boa
rd o
f Ed.
)G
ymna
sium
Sup
erin
tend
ent's
offi
ceS
peci
al r
oom
s (la
b,m
achi
ne s
hop,
etc
.)S
tadi
umS
mal
l cla
ssro
oms
(num
ber)
Larg
e cl
assr
oom
s(n
umbe
r)O
ther
SP
AC
E T
O B
E P
RO
VID
ED
FO
R
Stu
dio
Sep
arat
e co
ntro
l roo
mS
epar
ate
film
cha
in r
oom
Gra
phic
art
sS
tora
ge a
nd m
aint
enan
ceO
ffice
s (n
umbe
rR
ehea
rsal
DIS
TR
IBU
TIO
NS
choo
l-wid
e m
aste
r an
tenn
a sy
stem
with
ampl
ifica
tion
Sin
gle
band
Bro
ad b
and
Lim
ited
syst
em, n
o am
plifi
catio
nS
ingl
e bu
ildin
gM
ultip
le b
uild
ings
PE
RS
ON
NE
L R
EQ
UIR
ED
Tea
cher
(s)
Cam
eram
anG
raph
ic a
rtis
t and
pho
togr
aphe
rT
echn
icia
nS
ubje
ct m
atte
r co
nsul
tant
sP
rodu
cer-
dire
ctor
(s)
Adm
inis
trat
ive
dire
ctor
QU
ES
TIO
NS
YO
U M
AY
WIS
H T
OA
SK
:
