References are to document numbers · Bahr, Egon, 42, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 56, 144 Baker, John A.,...

Abshire, David, 50, 58Acheson, Dean, 144, 376Ackley, H. Gardner, 310Ad Hoc Group on Economic Policies,

26Africa, 214, 221, 314Agnew, Spiro T., 243, 245, 454

Greece:Agnew’s visit, 320, 325, 326, 328Constantine’s meeting with Agnew,

326, 328Constantine’s return issue, 283,

326, 328Public relations by, 298U.S. Ambassador, appointment of,

252Greece’s political liberalization:

Agnew’s visit and, 320, 325, 328Elections issue, 252, 298U.S.-Greek discussions re, 298, 325,

328U.S. insistence on political reform

as condition for resumption ofmilitary assistance, 283

Greece’s resumed receipt of U.S.military assistance:

NSC study re, 261Phantom aircraft, 327U.S. insistence on political reform

as condition for resumption ofassistance, 283

Tasca, Nixon-Agnew discussion re,326

Turkey, 456Ahlers, Conrad, 42, 45Akalovsky, Alexander, 221, 222, 232,

234Akbay, Celal, 454, 457Akcer, Muammer, 421Akyamac, Asim, 446Albania, 24, 26Algeria, 221Allen, Richard, 106American Council for Private

International Communications,Inc., 52, 53, 57, 58

Anastassiou, T.K., 343

Anderson, Robert B., 203Androutsopoulos, Adamantios, 269Angelis, Lt. Gen. Odysseus, 239, 247,

255, 259, 269, 293, 303, 304, 310,314, 319, 335, 337

Argyropoulos, Gen. Archimedes, 239

Arim, Resat, 446, 450Armitage, John, 66, 416Arms control. See European security

issue; Mutual and Balanced ForceReductions; Strategic ArmsLimitation Talks.

Armstrong, Hamilton Fish, 220Ash, Russell, 13, 80, 137, 195Aslanides, Constantine, 269, 352, 383Athenagoras, 314, 456Austria:

Anti-Nixon demonstrations, 69Army reorganization, 70Chinese representation at United

Nations issue, 66Eastern Europe, views on, 63European Community and, 63, 68European security issue, views on,

68, 70, 71Mutual and Balanced Force

Reductions, views on, 68, 70, 71

Nixon’s meeting with Klaus, 62Nixon’s visit, 67, 68, 69Radical youth problem, 70Soviet Union, relations with, 64Strategic Arms Limitation Talks,

views on, 63, 65, 70Terrorism policy, 71U.S. military assistance to, 64, 70U.S.-Soviet-Chinese relations and,

65Vietnam War, views on, 68, 71Yugoslavia, relations with, 70

Austrian, Michael, 370, 416Averof, Evangelos, 271Azinas, Andreas, 351

Babacek, 79Baer, Brig. Gen. John W., 421

1133

IndexReferences are to document numbers

310-567/B428-S/11006

1328_INDEX 12/10/07 2:04 PM 133

Bahr, Egon, 42, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 56, 144Baker, John A., Jr., 58, 78, 81, 82, 91, 141,

144Ball, George, 376Bangladesh, 454Barbour, Robert, 319Barnes, Harry G., Jr., 199Barrett, Edward, 61Bartlett, Charles, 39, 43Bashev, Ivan, 72, 73, 74Bayar, Celal, 423Bayulken, Haluk, 413, 452, 454, 457Beam, Jacob, 28, 79, 80, 86Bebler, Alex, 223Bekata, Hifzi Oguz, 423Belcher, Taylor G., 341, 342Belgium, 276Bellman, Henry, 73Ben Bella, Ahmed, 221Bergsten, C. Fred, 9, 20, 21, 22, 85, 113,

150, 190, 197, 430, 434Bhutto, Zulfikar Ali, 454Binh, Madame, 221, 234Blee, David, 51, 310Blood, Archer, 239, 247Bodossakis, Athanassiadis, 311, 317Bogdan, Corneliu, 177, 180, 189, 190,

192, 195, 197, 203, 206, 207, 210, 213Bohlen, Charles, 77Borman, Frank, 5Boster, 175Boumediene, Houari, 221Bow, Frank T., 28Boyatt, Thomas, 348, 374, 376, 378, 380,

382, 383, 384, 385, 386, 398, 407, 416Brandt, Willy, 17, 68, 155, 322

Polish-FRG Treaty, 135, 136, 138, 140,141, 167, 172

Radio Free Europe, 36, 40, 42, 44, 45,46, 48, 49

Bray, Charles, 332Brett, Brig. Gen. Devol, 322, 376Brewster, H. Daniel, 239, 241, 243, 244,

247, 248Brezhnev, Leonid, 70, 97, 98, 99, 102,

166, 172, 183, 192, 194, 229, 231,232, 233, 234, 238

Broe, William, 57Brooke, Edward, 22, 205Brosio, Manlio, 283, 368, 369Brown, John, III, 9Brown, R.L., 86, 383Buckley, William F., Jr., 38, 39Bulc, Marko, 221, 223

Bulgaria (see also Eastern Europe):Consular convention with United

States, 75, 76European security issue, views on, 72Official delegation visit to United

States, proposed, 75Political and economic changes, 73Torbert’s protocol call on Zhivkov, 73U.S. broadcasting into, 74U.S. economic/trade relations with,

24, 26, 27, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76Bull, Stephen, 174Bunche, Ralph, 346Bush, George H.W., 370, 414, 456Butterfield, Alexander P., 5, 242

Caglayangil, Ihsan Sabri, 340, 342, 349,420, 430, 433, 439, 446

Cambodia, 195Cargo, William I., 4, 256, 272Casaroli, Cardinal, 117, 118, 123Case, Clifford, 50, 51, 53, 305Cash, Frank E., Jr., 342, 348, 357, 367,

419, 420, 427, 429, 431, 438Castro, Fidel, 172Cattakis, Michael, 295Ceausescu, Nicolae, 187, 189, 192, 194,

206, 207, 209, 210, 212, 213, 214Nixon’s correspondence with, 211,

212, 215Nixon’s meetings with, 180, 183, 184,

199Nixon’s visit to Romania, 7, 176, 180,

183, 184Soviet-Romanian relations, 177, 183,

199U.S. visit, 198, 199

Celac, Sergiu, 192, 199, 213Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (see

also Helms, Richard):Cyprus, 350Greece, 253, 314Polish political unrest of 1970, 144,

145Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty:

Covert CIA funding, 28, 29, 30, 31,34, 52, 53

FRG-U.S. confrontation re, 37, 41,42, 46, 48, 49

Termination option, 33Turkey, 428, 442, 451

Chaban-Delmas, Jacques, 185Chapin, Dwight L., 155, 157, 159, 167Chapin, Frank, 10, 35, 51

1134 Index

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Chapman, Gen. Leonard, 277Cheli, Monsignor, 114, 117, 118, 119,

120, 123China, People’s Republic of, 405, 415

African nations, relations with, 221Finnish views on, 100, 104Poland, relations with, 132South Asia situation, 232Soviet Union, relations with, 183, 192U.N. representation issue, 66U.S.-Romanian discussions re, 183,

192, 199, 206, 210U.S.-Soviet-Chinese relations, 65U.S.-Yugoslav discussions re, 232, 238

Chnoupek, Bohuslav, 90, 91Chou En-lai, 192, 199Christian Science Monitor, 253Christiansen, Richard D., 66Christodoulou, Miltides, 351Churchill, George, 313, 367, 416Clay, Gen. Lucius D., 28, 51, 58Clerides, Glafkos, 340, 341, 343, 351,

355, 362, 363, 373, 374, 392, 402,405, 415, 417

Cleveland, J. Harland, 4Cline, Ray S., 46Coerr, Wymberley DeR., 41, 47, 53, 57Colbert, James L., 2Colson, Charles, 126, 167Commission on International Trade and

Investment, 20Conference on Security and

Cooperation in Europe (CSCE). SeeEuropean security issue.

Congress, U.S.:Czechoslovak gold/claims issue,

83Eastern Europe: Nixon’s 1970 report

to Congress re, 7U.S. economic/trade relations with,

3, 9, 17, 20, 21Greece:

Congressional staffers’ visit, 303Political liberalization, 239Resumed receipt of U.S. military

assistance, 247, 256, 257, 268,278, 282, 287, 293, 319, 320, 322

U.S. homeporting of Naval taskforce in, 332, 335

Narcotics control, 443, 448Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty:

Covert CIA funding, 28Interim funding or liquidation

dilemma, 57

Congress, U.S.—ContinuedRadio Free Europe/Radio Liberty—

ContinuedPublic funding, 50, 51, 52, 53, 58,

59Study commission for, 60

Romania, U.S. economic/traderelations with, 181, 188, 199, 200,203, 204, 205, 213

Turkey, 443, 448Yugoslavia, 235

Connally, John, 234, 444, 445, 448, 454Constantine II, exiled King of Greece,

243, 300Cyprus, 418Greece:

Constantine, U.S. policy toward,301, 308, 310, 315, 319

Constantine’s meeting with Agnew,326, 328

Constantine’s meeting with Tasca,319

Constantine’s proposed meetingwith Papadopoulos, 280

Constantine’s relations withmilitary government, 259

Constantine’s return issue, 240,242, 244, 245, 267, 280, 283,285, 299, 309, 312, 314, 326,328, 334

Constantine’s U.S. visit, 244, 245Political liberalization, 244, 319,

328Resumed receipt of U.S. military

assistance, 244, 267, 319U.S. Ambassador, appointment of,

254, 259Costa Gavras, Constantine, 298Cottakis, Michael, 298Council of Europe, 239, 264Crane, Kent, 310Crawford, William, 340, 343, 348, 381,

383, 390, 395, 415Crnobrnja, Bogdan, 221, 231Cuba, 172, 230, 235Cushman, Lt. Gen. Robert E., Jr., 33, 51,

57, 144, 310, 376Cyprus (see also Cyprus’ intercommunal

conflict), 356, 412Assassination attempts against

Makarios, 350, 351, 352, 353, 355,383

Communist influence in, 355, 360,383, 391

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Cyprus (see also Cyprus’ intercommunalconflict)—Continued

Coup against Makarios, U.S.contingency planning for, 354

Crisis of 1972:Bishops’ demand for Makarios’

resignation, 407, 410, 415Czech arms importation by

Makarios, 389, 392Ending of, 409, 410, 414Greek response, 391, 395, 396, 398,

403, 405, 406Hellenism issue, 408Makarios’ management of, 403NSC/WSAG consideration of, 394,

397, 398, 401, 402, 405Soviet Union and, 398, 400, 402,

404, 405Tasca’s post-crisis assessment,

411U.N. involvement, 398, 399, 402,

405, 406, 409, 410U.S. Embassy assessments, 390,

395, 400, 410U.S.-Greek consultations re, 394,

396U.S. instructions to Ambassadors,

399, 405Grivas insurgency, 379, 383, 384, 389,

392, 393, 403, 410, 415, 417, 418Intracommunal violence among

Greek Cypriots, 353Makarios’ initial meeting with

Popper, 344Makarios’ meeting with Grivas,

413Makarios’ political standing, 355Makarios resignation issue, 407, 410,

415Middle East, views on, 360Nixon’s meeting with Makarios, 357,

358, 359, 360Soviet policy toward, 319, 354, 355,

376, 378, 379State Department roundtable

discussion re, 416Terrorist situation, 347, 353Turkish Cypriot community’s internal

political situation, 386Turkish policy re, 428, 454Turkish-U.S. relations and, 422

Cyprus’ intercommunal conflict, 242Assassination attempts against

Makarios and, 355

Cyprus’ intercommunal conflict—Continued

Central intercommunal institutionalstructure issue, 363

Constitutional compromise, Greekproposal for, 373

Deconfrontation proposal, 386, 388,390

Denktash’s views on, 386Economic issues, 341Greek-Greek Cypriot rift re, 379,

390Greek policy re, 314Greek-Turkish bilateral settlement

option, 364, 365, 369, 371Greek-Turkish cooperation against

Makarios, 383Independent mediation option, 376,

378Lack of progress in resolving conflict,

dangers of, 343Local autonomy issue, 340, 344, 374London-Zurich Agreement, 345, 379,

405, 416Makarios’ hard-line position re, 361,

362Makarios’ program to deal with, 392Military confrontation, increased risk

of, 346Negotiations by communities (see also

U.N. mediation effort below), 366,373, 374, 377, 378, 382, 413, 414,415

Nicosia co-existence issue, 416Normalization issue, 386Partition and annexation (double

enosis) option, 345, 352, 367, 368,369, 374, 379, 413

Police and judiciary issues, 344Turkish military intervention,

possible, 379U.N. mediation effort, 376, 377, 378,

379, 380, 381, 385, 386, 387, 393U.N. military presence (UNFICYP),

344, 345, 385, 387, 388U.S. alleged pro-Turkish bias, 370U.S.-Cypriot discussions re, 344, 345,

362, 386U.S.-Greek discussions re, 379, 382U.S. mediation option, 376, 378U.S. policy on, 357, 365, 369U.S. policy review, 372, 375, 376, 378,

380U.S. summary of developments, 368

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Cyprus’ intercommunal conflict—Continued

U.S.-Turkish diplomaticcommunications re, 342, 348

U.S.-Turkish discussions re, 349, 385,413

Violent incidents, U.S. contingencyplans for, 378

Cyrankiewicz, Jozef, 140Czechoslovakia (see also Eastern

Europe):Air Transport Agreement with

United States, 89Arms sales to Cyprus, 389Catalytic cracking technology from

United States, 151Conservative hardliners’ comeback, 78Consular convention with United

States, 90, 91, 93, 94Cultural exchanges with United

States, 86, 91, 93Gold/claims issue, 80, 81, 83, 84, 85,

87, 90Husak’s accession to power, 81, 82Radio Free Europe, 28Scientific and technological

cooperation with United States,91, 93

Soviet invasion of, 1, 2, 77, 86, 132,177

U.S.-Czechoslovak expulsions ofdiplomats, 88

U.S. economic/trade relations with,24, 26, 27, 79, 80, 85, 86, 90, 91

U.S. NSSM/CIEPSM study onnegotiation strategy, 92, 93, 94

Damaskinos, Archbishop, 333Damianos, Cleanthis, 271Dapcevic, Vlado, 228David, Edward E., Jr., 148, 150, 151, 170,

173, 174, 175Davies, Richard, 10, 57, 118, 139, 141,

330, 378Davies, Rodger P., 263, 275, 276, 277,

286, 292, 305, 306, 313, 316, 327,330, 332, 356, 357, 367, 371, 373,378, 383, 384, 399, 407, 416, 455,457, 458

Davis, Jeanne W., 152, 256, 257, 295,301, 376, 380

Davis, Richard, 176, 178Davis, Thomas W., Jr., 354, 357, 358,

365, 367, 369, 373

Defense Intelligence Agency, 253DeGaulle, Charles, 102, 143, 183Demetracopoulos, Elias P., 248, 279, 316,

321, 322Demirel, Suleyman, 364, 423, 430, 431,

432, 434, 436, 437, 439, 440, 441,448, 458

Nixon’s meeting with, 419, 420Denktash, Rauf, 340, 341, 343, 344, 362,

363, 373, 374, 378, 379, 388, 415Meetings with U.S. officials, 386

Denmark, 99, 276, 287, 289Dent, Harry, 125De Palma, Samuel, 103Dillon, Robert, 416, 452, 455, 458Dobrowolski, Stanislaw, 35Dobrynin, Anatoli F., 156, 157, 177, 329,

330Dole, Robert, 125Downey, Arthur, 124, 138, 198, 427, 442Dran, Jonathan, 44Draper, Morris, 383Drndic, Ante, 221Dubcek, Alexander, 63, 78, 81DuBridge, Lee A., 6, 11, 138, 183, 186,

187Dubs, Adolph, 1, 189Duckwitz, Georg F., 41, 44, 45, 52, 134Durkee, William P., 28, 36

Eagleburger, Lawrence S., 176, 248Eastern Europe:

Austrian views on, 63Greek relations with, 314Narcotics control, 26Nixon’s 1970 report to Congress

re, 7Polish political unrest and, 144, 147Scientific and technological

cooperation with United States,6, 11, 18

U.S. economic/trade relations with,1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 12, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22,23, 24, 25, 26, 27

U.S. official visits to, 5U.S. port security policy re, 8, 13, 15,

16U.S. program to “cause trouble” in,

10Ecevit, Bulent, 458Edwards, Don, 239Ehmke, Horst, 36, 42, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48,

49Ehrlichman, John, 9, 427, 434

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Eisenhower, Dwight D., 158, 177, 420Eisenhower, Milton S., 53, 61Elekdag, Sukru, 421Elez, Jova, 228Eliot, Theodore L., Jr., 54, 59, 87, 94,

128, 147, 148, 152, 173, 200, 294,328, 353, 368, 374, 381, 439

Ellender, Allen J., 51, 52, 53, 55, 56Ellsworth, Robert, 255, 287Enckell, Ralph, 97, 99Enders, Thomas O., 1Erim, Nihat, 314, 364, 374, 414, 442, 444,

446, 447, 448, 449, 450, 451, 453, 457Nixon’s meeting with, 454

Esenbel, Melih, 385, 420, 429, 433, 438,443, 452, 457

European security issue:Austrian views on, 68, 70, 71Bulgarian views on, 72Finnish views on, 96, 97, 99, 100, 102,

103Hungarian views on, 115Polish views on, 132, 133, 148, 163,

167, 172Romanian views on, 192, 195, 199,

206, 207, 215Yugoslav views on, 220, 238

Evans, Rowland, 28, 29, 321Evans, Tom, 254Evdokas, Takis, 351

Feldman, Harvey J., 66Feron, James, 167Fessenden, Russell, 41, 42, 44, 135, 136Finch, Robert, 225Findley, Paul, 235Finke-Ossiander, Renate, 35, 134Finland:

Atomic power plant construction, 97,101

China, views on, 100, 104European security issue, views on,

96, 97, 99, 100, 102, 103“Finlandization” concept, 105Kekkonen’s U.S. visit, 99, 100, 101Kissinger’s assessment of, 95, 99Middle East, views on, 96, 100, 102Mutual and Balanced Force

Reductions, views on, 103Neutrality of, 99Nordic economic union, 99Political situation, 99Soviet Union, relations with, 95, 97,

98, 99, 100, 101, 102

Finland—ContinuedStrategic Arms Limitation Talks,

views on, 96, 99, 100, 102Trade policy, 99U.S.-Soviet relations, views on, 102,

104Vietnam War, views on, 96, 97, 100,

102, 105Fischer, C.W., 30Flanigan, Peter, 20, 24, 25, 26, 27, 92,

129, 168, 169, 170, 173Folsom, Robert S., 342, 346, 348Folten, Gen. Ferdinand, 7040 Committee, 37, 47, 51, 53, 57, 59Frackiewicz, Ryszard, 137France, 185, 276, 281Fraser, Donald, 239Frelek, Ryszard, 153, 172Fulbright, J. William, 51, 58, 59, 60, 61,

64, 255, 303

Gandhi, Indira, 232, 458Gardner, James, 286Gardner, John W., 28, 29, 30General Agreement on Tariffs and

Trade (GATT), 181, 190, 199, 205

Georgalas, George, 302, 303George II, King of Greece, 239Georkatzis, Polykarpos, 347, 350, 351,

352, 353, 355, 383German Democratic Republic (GDR),

24, 26Germany, Federal Republic of (FRG),

103, 264, 276, 322Ostpolitik policy, 17, 144, 145Polish-FRG Treaty, 130, 131, 133, 134,

135, 136, 137, 138, 140, 141, 146,148, 156, 163, 167, 172

Radio Free Europe, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39,40, 41, 42, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49,51, 56

Soviet Union, relations with, 144, 145,199

Gierek, Edward, 159, 168, 169, 172Accession to power in Poland, 143,

144, 145Correspondence with Nixon, 175Nixon’s visit to Poland, 155, 162, 164,

165, 166U.S.-Polish relations, views on,

153Giese, Arthur, 370Gilpatric, Roswell L., 28

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Gomulka, Wladyslaw, 10, 26, 130, 131,143, 144, 145, 147

Goold, Robert, 327Grace, Peter, Jr., 28Graner, Ralph H., 2Granfil, Toma, 221, 231Grechko, Marshal Andrei A., 98, 237Greece (see also Cyprus; Cyprus’

intercommunal conflict; Greece’spolitical liberalization; Greece’sresumed receipt of U.S. militaryassistance):

Agnew’s visit, 320, 325, 326, 328Anti-Americanism in, 317Arms purchases from non-U.S.

sources, 281Congressional staffers’ visit, 303Constantine, U.S. policy toward, 301,

308, 310, 315, 319Constantine’s meeting with Agnew,

326, 328Constantine’s meeting with Tasca,

319Constantine’s proposed meeting with

Papadopoulos, 280Constantine’s relations with military

government, 259Constantine’s return issue, 240, 242,

244, 245, 267, 280, 283, 285, 299,309, 312, 314, 326, 328, 334

Constantine’s U.S. visit, 244, 245Corruption problem, 317, 337Council of Europe, withdrawal from,

264Coup plan against Papadopoulos,

possible, 352Economic situation, 239, 272, 314European relations (see also NATO-

Greece relationship underGreece’s political liberalization),273, 276, 314

Laird’s meeting with Papadopoulos,293

Libya, relations with, 322Middle East, views on, 295Military government, 239, 269, 273,

302, 307, 314, 333Military situation, 253Nixon-Papadopoulos

correspondence, 274, 277, 278Papandreou’s proposed meeting with

Kissinger, 248Political opposition, U.S. contacts

with, 316, 317, 321

Greece—ContinuedPublic opinion, Silva’s report on,

317Public relations by, 298Spain, relations with, 297, 300Strategic importance to United States,

257Tasca’s departure as Ambassador, 338Tasca’s initial call on Papadopoulos,

268Turkey, relations with, 293, 314Universities, condition of, 317U.S. Ambassador, appointment of,

252, 254, 259U.S. homeporting of Naval task force

in, 329, 330, 331, 332, 335, 339,453

U.S. military activities in (see also U.S.homeporting of Naval task forceabove), 313

U.S. official visits, restrictions on, 318,321, 322

Violence against Americans in, 305Vitsaxis’ presentation of credentials,

263Vlachou’s proposed meeting with

Kissinger, 279Greece’s political liberalization:

Agnew’s visit and, 320, 325, 328Businessmen’s role, 311Congressional interest in, 239Constantine’s proposed return and,

285“Cosmetic” gestures by Greek

government, 304, 310Council of Europe and, 239, 264Elections issue, 250, 252, 275, 290,

296, 298, 311, 312Future prospects, U.S. reports re, 272,

302, 314Ioannidis’ views on, 271Johnson Administration policy, 257Martial law issue, 296McClelland’s views on, 239, 247, 255NATO-Greece relationship and, 239,

255, 256, 264, 268, 276, 287, 314

Nixon’s personal encouragement of,320, 323

NSC consideration of, 256, 257, 261

Outside agitation for, 257, 258Papadopoulos’ assumption of

regency and, 333, 334, 336

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Greece’s political liberalization—Continued

Papadopoulos’ views on, 274, 325Pappas’ views on, 309Political prisoners issue, 255, 263,

264, 271, 283, 317, 325Tasca’s instructions for dealing with

Greek government re, 262, 265,270, 283

Tasca’s views on, 273, 275, 302Timetable for, 255, 263, 264, 275U.S. covert activities in support of,

286, 290U.S.-Greek discussions re, 241, 244,

245, 250, 260, 263, 264, 268, 271, 289, 293, 298, 319, 325, 328

U.S. homeporting of Naval task forcein Greece and, 332

U.S. insistence on political reform ascondition for resumption ofmilitary assistance, 282, 283, 284,287, 288, 289

U.S. national security issue, 257U.S. policy on liberalization

following resumption of militaryassistance, 301, 306, 308, 310, 319,323


Announcement of decision re, 277,292

Congressional interest in, 247, 256,257, 268, 278, 282, 287, 293, 319,320, 322

Constantine’s views on, 267Delays in resumption, Greek

response to, 281, 289HAWK missile system, 322Johnson Administration policy, 257McClelland’s views on, 239, 247, 255Middle East situation and, 291National Security Decision

Memoranda re, 262, 272, 284NATO’s attitude toward, 276, 278,

283NSC study re, 246, 251, 256, 257, 261Phantom aircraft, 294, 322, 327, 453Tasca’s instructions for dealing with

Greek government re, 262, 265,270, 283

Tasca’s views on, 273, 289Under Secretaries Committee’s

recommendations re, 277, 278

Greece’s resumed receipt of U.S.military assistance—Continued

U.S.-Greek discussions re, 241, 243,244, 245, 250, 260, 268, 281, 289,293, 319

U.S. insistence on political reform ascondition for resumption ofassistance, 282, 283, 284, 287, 288,289

U.S. national security issue, 249, 251,256, 257, 272

U.S. preliminary work re, 266Vietnam War and, 324

Greenewalt, Crawford H., 28Greenwald, Joseph, 2Grivas, Lt. Gen. Georgios (see also

Grivas insurgency under Cyprus),379, 394, 403, 413

Gromyko, Andrei, 8, 13, 63, 199, 228,232

Gronouski, John A., 28, 61Gruber, Karl, 67, 69, 71Gruenther, Gen. Alfred, 28Guerassimov, Luben, 72, 73Guillion, Edmond A., 61Guthrie, D. Keith, 51, 144, 310

Haider, Michael H., 28Haig, Brig. Gen. Alexander M., Jr., 10,

22, 24, 31, 48, 57, 58, 66, 89, 92, 94,125, 126, 129, 150, 152, 173, 198,200, 210, 222, 225, 232, 235, 251,254, 292, 301, 320, 323, 328, 393,398, 402, 404, 405, 426, 440, 442,454, 456

Poland:FRG-Polish Treaty, 163Nixon’s proposed meeting with

Wyszynski, 159, 160, 161, 162

Nixon’s visit, 155, 156, 159, 160,161, 162

Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 50Haile Selassie, Emperor of Ethiopia, 217Haldeman, H.R., 67, 155, 156, 159, 164,

174Handley, William, 248

Cyprus crisis of 1972, 399, 405Cyprus’ intercommunal conflict, 342,

348, 364, 413, 414Turkey:

Anti-Western attitudes in, 435Ecumenical Patriarchate succession,

455

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Handley, William—ContinuedTurkey—Continued

Handley’s meeting with Demirel,458

Kidnappings of U.S. airmen, 440Narcotics control, 425, 426, 427,

431, 433, 435, 436, 442, 443,446, 447, 448, 449, 450, 458

Political situation, 458U.S. military assistance to, 438U.S. military presence in, 435

Hannah, John, 186, 454Haralambopoulos, Lt. Gen.

Haralambos, 388, 389, 390, 392, 409

Haralambous, Costas, 351Hardin, Clifford M., 9, 186Hare, Ray, 342Harriman, W. Averell, 221Harris, Fred R., 204Hartke, Vance, 106, 325Hartman, Arthur, 277Hays, Wayne, 319, 325Heinemann, Gustav W., 45Helman, Gerald B., 349Helms, Richard, 28, 380

Cyprus, 359Greece, 283, 304Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty:

Covert CIA funding, 30, 52Interim funding or liquidation

dilemma, 52, 55Public funding, 50, 52

Herz, Martin F., 66, 386, 398, 416Hill, Robert C., 267, 300Hillenbrand, Martin J., 28, 47, 58, 66, 86,

96, 101, 105, 108, 110, 133, 166, 221,227, 230, 329, 349

Greece, 276Hungary, 106, 107Poland, 135, 136, 144Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty:

FRG-U.S. confrontation re, 40, 46Public funding, 51, 54

Ho Chi Minh, 96, 192Hoffman, Fred, 402Holdridge, John, 57Homme, Robert O., 241Hormats, Robert, 24, 89, 129, 152, 168,

235Hoskinson, Samuel, 323, 376, 380Houston, Robert B., Jr., 73Hughes, Paul, 96Hume, Lord, 298

Humes, John, 65, 66Hungary (see also Eastern Europe), 143

Amortization of surplus propertydebt, 107, 108, 112

Bilateral problems with UnitedStates, review and examinationof, 107, 108, 109, 111, 112, 115,121

Claims settlement agreement withUnited States, 129

Crown of St. Stephen issue, 116, 125,126

European security issue, views on,115

IMF membership issue, 113Mindszenty affair, 106, 114, 116, 117,

118, 119, 120, 122, 123, 124, 128Radio Free Europe, 28Rogers’ visit, 127, 128U.S. astronauts’ visit, rejection of, 110,

111U.S. economic/trade relations with,

24, 26, 27, 108, 109, 128Vietnam War, views on, 127Zhivkov’s views on, 73

Husak, Gustav, 78, 81, 82Hussein, King of Jordan, 221Hyland, William, 144Hyvarinen, Risto, 97, 98, 101, 103

Iakovos, Archbishop, 455, 456India, 232, 448Ingersoll, Jack, 425, 436Inonu, Ismet, 423, 428, 458International Committee on Space

Research, 5International Monetary Fund (IMF),

434Hungary membership issue, 113

Ioannides, Costas, 351Ioannides, Odysseas, 351Ioannidis, Lt. Col. Dimitrios, 269, 271Ionita, Gheorghe, 203Ipsarides, Elias, 383Irwin, James, 345Irwin, John N., II, 129, 144, 146, 154,

227, 359, 398Cyprus crisis of 1972, 402, 405Cyprus’ intercommunal conflict, 365,

369, 376, 380, 384Turkey, 443, 455

Iscen, Oktay, 349Israel, 221Italy, 63, 230, 231, 242, 245, 276, 283

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Jablonski, Henryk, 157, 164Jagielski, Mieczyslaw, 166Jakes, Milos, 78Jakobson, Max, 100, 101, 103Janiurek, Wlodzimierz, 166Jankowitsch, Peter, 71Japan, 19Jaroszewicz, Piotr, 54, 153, 157, 164, 165,

166, 168, 169, 170Jarring, Gunnar, 346Jaruzelski, Wojciech, 145Javits, Jacob K., 204Jedrychowski, Stefan, 132, 140Jelic, Branimir, 228Jessup, John, 37, 48Jews of Poland, 131Jews of Soviet Union, 102Johnson, Charles K., 66Johnson, Lyndon B., 28, 31, 130, 241,

257, 319, 419, 428Johnson, U. Alexis, 47, 73, 292

Cyprus, 385Greece, 286, 310, 313, 322, 329Hungary, 109Narcotics control, 425, 426, 432, 442Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty:

Covert CIA funding, 29, 30, 53FRG-U.S. confrontation re, 46Interim funding or liquidation

dilemma, 53, 57Public funding, 51, 53, 58, 59Study commission for, 60

Turkey, 425, 426, 432, 442Jones, Betty J., 354Jones, Col. John G., 70Jones, Owen, 108Jordan, 221Jurich, Anthony, 256

Kaczmarek, Jan, 148, 166, 175Kadar, Janos, 10, 111, 115, 116, 127, 128,

143, 172Kaplan, George R., 177Karamanlis, Constantine, 250, 256, 257,

258, 302Karamessines, Thomas H., 49, 51, 57,

144, 304, 398, 402, 405Karaosmanoglu, Attilla, 450Karhilo, Aarno, 101Karjalainen, Ahti, 63, 96, 97Katzenbach, Nicholas, 28, 30, 247Kaunda, Kenneth, 221Kearns, Henry, 174, 219Kehrli, Bruce, 155

Kekkonen, Urho, 95, 98, 102, 104, 105U.S. visit, 99, 100, 101

Kennedy, David, 430, 432, 434Kennedy, John F., 68Kennedy, Col. Richard, 24, 51, 57, 144,

168, 301, 308, 310, 375, 376, 380,397, 398, 401, 402, 405

Kenyatta, Jomo, 221Kerekes, Jozsef, 108, 112Khrushchev, Nikita S., 68, 99, 172King, Barrington, 325Kirchschlaeger, Rudolph, 64, 65, 66, 71Kisiel, Henryk, 166Kissinger, Henry A., 26, 41, 42, 43, 48,

52, 54, 110, 134, 138, 155, 190, 195,243, 263, 268, 272, 306, 320, 374,375, 377, 381, 420, 432, 439

Austria, 62European Community and, 68European security issue, views on,

68Mutual and Balanced Force

Reductions, views on, 68Nixon’s visit, 67, 68, 69U.S. military assistance to, 64Vietnam War, views on, 68

China, People’s Republic of, 183, 206Cyprus:

Crisis of 1972, 393, 397, 398, 399,401, 402, 405

Nixon’s meeting with Makarios,359, 360

Cyprus’ intercommunal conflict, 353Independent mediation option, 376Makarios’ hard-line position re, 361Negotiations by communities,

414U.N. mediation effort, 376, 380U.S. mediation option, 376U.S. policy review, 372, 376, 380

Czechoslovakia:Catalytic cracking technology from

United States, 151Gold/claims issue, 85, 87Soviet invasion, 77U.S. economic/trade relations with,

85U.S. NSSM/CIEPSM study on

negotiation strategy, 92, 94Eastern Europe:

Polish political unrest and, 144Scientific and technological

cooperation with UnitedStates, 6, 18

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Kissinger, Henry A.—ContinuedEastern Europe—Continued

U.S. economic/trade relations with,3, 9, 12, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27

U.S. official visits to, 5U.S. port security policy re, 8, 13,

15, 16U.S. program to “cause trouble” in,

10European security issue:

Austrian views on, 68Finnish views on, 99, 100Polish views on, 133, 148, 163Romanian views on, 206, 215Yugoslav views on, 220

Finland:European security issue, views on,

99, 100Kekkonen’s U.S. visit, 99, 100Kissinger’s assessment of, 95, 99Strategic Arms Limitation Talks,

views on, 99Greece, 320

Constantine, U.S. policy toward,301, 308, 310, 315

Constantine’s return issue, 245, 312Constantine’s U.S. visit, 244, 245Middle East, views on, 295Military situation, 253Papandreou’s proposed meeting

with Kissinger, 248Political opposition, U.S. contacts

with, 316, 321Spain, relations with, 297, 300Tasca’s departure as Ambassador,

338U.S. Ambassador, appointment of,

252, 254U.S. homeporting of Naval task

force in, 329, 331, 335U.S. official visits, restrictions on,

321Vlachou’s proposed meeting with

Kissinger, 279Greece’s political liberalization:

“Cosmetic” gestures by Greekgovernment, 304, 310

Elections issue, 252, 312Nixon’s personal encouragement

of, 323NSC consideration of, 256, 261Tasca’s instructions for dealing

with Greek government re,262, 265

Kissinger, Henry A.—ContinuedGreece’s political liberalization—

ContinuedU.S.-Greek discussions re, 245U.S. insistence on political reform

as condition for resumption ofmilitary assistance, 282, 284

U.S. policy on liberalizationfollowing resumption ofmilitary assistance, 301, 308,310, 323


Announcement of decision re, 292

Congressional interest in, 256Middle East situation and, 291National Security Decision

Memoranda re, 262, 284NATO’s attitude toward, 283NSC study re, 246, 251, 256, 261Phantom aircraft, 294Tasca’s instructions for dealing

with Greek government re,262, 265

U.S.-Greek discussions re, 245U.S. insistence on political reform

as condition for resumption ofassistance, 282, 284

U.S. national security issue, 249,251, 256

Hungary:Bilateral problems with United

States, review and examinationof, 111


Crown of St. Stephen issue, 116,125, 126

IMF membership issue, 113Mindszenty affair, 106, 122, 124Rogers’ visit, 127

Middle East:Greece’s resumed receipt of U.S.

military assistance and, 291Greek views on, 295Yugoslav views on, 220

Mutual and Balanced ForceReductions:

Austrian views on, 68Polish views on, 163

Narcotics control, 425, 426, 434, 445,447

Poland, 171

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Kissinger, Henry A.—ContinuedPoland—Continued

Anti-Semitism in, 131Catalytic cracking technology from

United States, 14, 139, 148, 149,150, 151

European security issue, views on,133, 148, 163

FRG-Polish Treaty, 131, 133, 134,137, 140, 146, 148, 163

Gierek’s accession to power, 144,145

Mutual and Balanced ForceReductions, views on, 163

Nixon’s correspondence withGierek, 175

Nixon’s meetings Gierek, 164, 165Nixon’s proposed meeting with

Wyszynski, 159, 160, 161Nixon’s visit, 154, 156, 157, 158,

159, 160, 161, 164, 165, 166Political situation, 172Political unrest of 1970, 143, 144,

145, 147Radio Free Europe, 163Scientific and technological

cooperation with UnitedStates, 175

U.S. economic/trade relations with,152, 163, 168, 169, 170, 173

U.S. port security policy re, 133Vietnam War, views on, 148, 163

Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty:Covert CIA funding, 30, 34FRG-U.S. confrontation re, 35, 37,

38, 39, 40, 45, 47, 49, 51, 56Interim funding or liquidation

dilemma, 57Polish concerns re, 163Public funding, 50, 51Study commission for, 58, 61Termination option, 32, 33, 34

Romania, 189, 192Catalytic cracking technology from

United States, 14Ceausescu’s U.S. visit, 198, 199China, U.S.-Romanian discussions

re, 183, 206“Developing country” classification

by United States, 200Disaster relief from United States,

194, 196, 197European security issue, views on,

206, 215

Kissinger, Henry A.—ContinuedRomania—Continued

GATT membership issue, 205Nixon’s correspondence with

Ceausescu, 215Nixon’s meetings with Ceausescu,

183, 184, 199Nixon’s visit, 176, 178, 180, 182,

183, 184, 185Press coverage of U.S.-Romanian

contacts, 206Scientific and technological


Soviet Union, relations with, 206,207

U.S. economic/trade relations with,181, 182, 183, 185, 191, 199,200, 201, 204, 205, 208

U.S.-Soviet Summit of 1972,Romanian views on, 212

Vietnam War, views on, 184, 206,207

Strategic Arms Limitation Talks, 99Turkey:

Ecumenical Patriarchate succession,456

Kidnappings of U.S. airmen, 440Narcotics control, 425, 426, 434,

445, 447U.S. economic assistance to, 430,

434, 444U.S. program analysis re, 424

Vietnam War:Austrian views on, 68Polish views on, 148, 163Romanian views on, 184, 206, 207Yugoslav views on, 220

Yugoslavia:European security issue, views on,

220Middle East, views on, 220Nixon’s visit, 220, 221Nixon’s visit to Romania and, 216Post-Tito prospects, 220, 227Rogers’ meetings with Tito, 217Scientific and technological


Soviet Union, relations with, 231,237

Tito’s U.S. visit, 231, 232U.S. economic/trade relations with,

225, 226, 235

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Kissinger, Henry A.—ContinuedYugoslavia—Continued

U.S. private investment in, 217, 219Vietnam War, views on, 220Yugoslav émigré activities in

United States, 231Klaus, Josef, 62Klein, Herb, 157, 164Kleindienst, Richard, 431Knowles, Lt. Gen. Richard T., 51, 310Koenig, Cardinal, 106, 117Kokkinou, Ourana, 351Komer, Robert, 340, 341, 419, 422Komodromos, Epaminondas, 343, 370Kosygin, Alexei N., 70, 97, 98, 99, 100,

101, 102, 167, 238Koundouriotis, Adm., 333Kovalev, Sergei, 72Kraft, Joseph, 158Kreacic, Miroslav, 221Krebs, Capt. Edward C., 421Kreisky, Bruno, 65, 68, 69Krogh, Egil, Jr., 427, 442, 450Krol, John Cardinal, 158, 159, 162Kuchuk, Fazil, 340, 344Kyprianou, Spyros, 345, 370, 379, 387,

409

Ladas, Lt. Col. Ioannis, 239Laird, Melvin R., 20

Eastern Europe, 21Greece, 293, 305, 313, 322, 337, 339Turkey, 421, 424, 432, 438, 453

Laitinen, Paavo, 101Leddy, John M., 1Lehman, John, Jr., 64, 235Lekkas, Col. Antonios, 269Leonhart, William, 218, 220, 221, 222,

223, 224, 231Leskinen, Vaino, 98, 99, 101, 103Leslie, Gen. Edward M., 383Libya, 322, 435Lindjord, Haakon, 256Lipscomb, Glenard P., 28Lisle, Raymond E., 1, 109, 110Litton Industries, 239Livingston, Robert Gerald, 89, 93, 154,

162, 163, 167Lloyd, Charles T., 70Lodge, Henry Cabot, 114, 258Lodge, John, 116Loiza, Vaso, 351Long, R.A., 367, 368, 369, 371, 386,

416

Loomis, Henry, 43Lopez Bravo, Gregorio, 297, 300Lord, Winston, 13, 48Lowenstein, Alan, 303Luetgendorf, Karl Ferdinand, 70Luns, Gen. Joseph, 156, 177Luxembourg, 276Lynn, Laurence E., Jr., 32Lyssarides, Vassos, 351, 389

MacGregor, Clark, 51, 57Mahon, George M., 28, 52, 53, 57Makarezos, Nicholas, 269, 293, 302, 314,

333, 336Makarios III, Archbishop, 298, 314, 319,

343Constantine’s return to Greece issue,

267Cyprus:

Assassination attempts againstMakarios, 350, 351, 352, 353,355, 383

Communist influence in, 360Coup against Makarios, U.S.

contingency planning for, 354Crisis of 1972, 389, 392, 400, 403,

405, 406, 407, 408, 409, 410Grivas insurgency, 392, 417, 418Makarios’ initial meeting with

Popper, 344Makarios’ meeting with Grivas, 413Makarios’ political standing, 355Makarios resignation issue, 407,

410, 415Middle East, views on, 360Nixon’s meeting with Makarios,

357, 358, 359, 360Terrorist situation, 347

Cyprus’ intercommunal conflict:Constitutional compromise, Greek

proposal for, 373Deconfrontation proposal, 388Greek-Greek Cypriot rift re, 379, 390Greek-Turkish bilateral settlement

option, 364Greek-Turkish cooperation against

Makarios, 383Local autonomy issue, 340, 344Makarios’ hard-line position re,

361, 362Makarios’ program to deal with,

392Military confrontation, increased

risk of, 346

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Makarios III, Archbishop—ContinuedCyprus’ intercommunal conflict—

ContinuedNegotiations by communities, 378,

415Police and judiciary issues, 344U.N. mediation effort, 376, 380, 394U.N. military presence, 344U.S. alleged pro-Turkish bias, 370U.S.-Cypriot discussions re, 344,

362Turkish attitude toward, 413

Manescu, Corneliu, 178, 180, 189, 197,198, 213

Manescu, Manea, 210, 214Mao Tse-tung, 206Markezinis, Spyridon, 271Marko, Jan, 86Maronitis, Demetrios, 317Martin, Graham, 299, 301Matlock, Jack, 330Matusek, Ivan V., 86Maurer, Ion Gheorghe, 183, 184, 187,

192, 195Mayo, Robert P., 30, 34Mazarakis, Michael-George, 241Mazurov, Kirill, 98McClelland, Roswell D., 252, 259

Cyprus’ intercommunal conflict, 347Greece, 239, 247, 255

McCloskey, Robert, 29, 75, 103, 247, 382McCracken, Paul W., 20, 203, 206McGinnis, John, 380McGovern, George, 156McGuire, Ralph, 228McHenry, Donald, 256McNamara, Robert S., 454McNaughton, John, 421McSweeney, John, 74Meeker, Leonard C., 187, 193, 195, 197,

209, 212, 214Melen, Ferit, 416, 457Meleton, Bishop, 411, 456Melovski, Milos, 221Merchant, Livingston T., 28Metaxas, Ioannis, 239Meyer, Cord, Jr., 29, 30Michalowski, Jerzy, 43, 133, 134, 138,

139, 141, 148, 154Middle East:

Cypriot views on, 360Finnish views on, 96, 100, 102Greece’s resumed receipt of U.S.

military assistance and, 291

Middle East—ContinuedGreek views on, 295Soviet policy re, 221, 295Turkish views on, 420Yugoslav views on, 217, 220, 221, 232

Mills, Wilbur D., 20, 83, 191, 206, 208,213

Mindszenty, Jozsef Cardinal, 106, 114,116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 122, 123, 124,125, 128

Minkkinen, Capt. Erkki, 99, 100, 101Mitchell, John, 57, 309, 338, 432Mitchell, Marion K., 264Mitchell, Martha, 43Mitran, Mircea, 210Mladenov, Peter, 75, 76Mondale, Walter F., 204, 205Moorer, Adm. Thomas H., 57, 144, 293,

313, 337, 376, 380, 398, 402Moose, Richard, 188, 303Morocco, 300Morse, John H., 70, 144Mosbacher, Emil, Jr., 240, 263, 435Moynihan, Daniel Patrick, 131, 427, 431,

434, 445Mozcar, Maj. Gen. Mieczyslaw, 131, 145Mudd, Robert C., 221Munkki, Olavi, 99, 101, 103Murphy, Robert D., 28, 44, 46, 53, 323Murphy, William Beverly, 57Muskie, Edmund, 156Mutual and Balanced Force Reductions

(MBFR):Austrian views on, 68, 70, 71Finnish views on, 103Polish views on, 138, 163, 167, 172Turkish views on, 457

Myerson, Jacob M., 1

Nagy, Janos, 107, 110Narcotics control:

Eastern Europe, 26Turkey, 425, 426, 427, 429, 431, 432,

433, 434, 435, 436, 437, 442, 443,445, 446, 447, 448, 449, 450, 454,457, 458

Yugoslavia, 224Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 100, 217, 220, 221,

232National Aeronautics and Space

Administration (NASA), 5National Intelligence Estimates, 428

NIE 29.1/71, 314NIE 29-2-71, 451

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National Science Foundation, 6, 18National Security Decision Memoranda:

NSDM 15, 3NSDM 34, 262, 272NSDM 67, 284NSDM 82, 8, 13, 15

Text of, 16NSDM 99, 23NSDM 173, 170NSDM 212, 27

National Security Study Memoranda:NSSM 35, 3NSSM 52, 246NSSM 75, 424NSSM 90, 272NSSM 116, 301, 306, 308NSSM 129, 227, 230NSSM 130, 372, 375NSSM 163, 25, 26

National Student Association, 31Neaher, Rosemary, 393Nehmer, Stanley, 2Nelson, William, 51Netherlands, 276Neubert, Joseph, 10Nguyen Van Thieu, 184Nikezic, Marko, 223Nixon, Patricia, 160, 161, 164, 279Nixon, Richard M., 268

Africa, 221Austria:

Nixon’s meeting with Klaus, 62Nixon’s visit, 67, 68, 69

China, People’s Republic of:U.S.-Romanian discussions re, 183,

192, 199, 210Yugoslavia, relations with, 232

Cyprus:Crisis of 1972, 404Intercommunal conflict, 372, 387Nixon’s meeting with Makarios,

357, 358, 359, 360Turkish policy re, 454

Czechoslovakia, 90, 93Catalytic cracking technology from

United States, 151Consular convention with United

States, 94Gold/claims issue, 83, 84, 85Husak’s accession to power, 82U.S. economic/trade relations with,

85U.S. NSSM/CIEPSM study on

negotiation strategy, 92, 94

Nixon, Richard M.—ContinuedEastern Europe:

Nixon’s 1970 report to Congress re,7

Scientific and technologicalcooperation with UnitedStates, 6, 11, 18

U.S. economic/trade relations with,3, 9, 12, 17, 19, 21, 22, 23, 27

U.S. official visits to, 5U.S. port security policy re, 8, 13,

15, 16U.S. program to “cause trouble” in,


Finnish views on, 100Polish views on, 163Romanian views on, 192, 199, 207,

215Yugoslav views on, 220


100Kekkonen’s U.S. visit, 99, 100Kissinger’s assessment of, 95, 99Middle East, views on, 100Soviet Union, relations with, 100Strategic Arms Limitation Talks,

views on, 100Vietnam War, views on, 100

Greece:Agnew’s visit, 320, 326Constantine, U.S. policy toward,

310Constantine’s return issue, 242,

283, 309, 326Constantine’s U.S. visit, 244, 245Military situation, 253Nixon-Papadopoulos

correspondence, 274, 277, 278Spain, relations with, 297Tasca’s departure as Ambassador,

338U.S. Ambassador, appointment of,

254U.S. homeporting of Naval task

force in, 329, 331U.S. military activities in, 313Vitsaxis’ presentation of

credentials, 263Greece’s political liberalization:

Agnew’s visit and, 320“Cosmetic” gestures by Greek

government, 304, 310

Index 1147


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Nixon, Richard M.—ContinuedGreece’s political liberalization—

ContinuedNixon’s personal encouragement

of, 320, 323Papadopoulos’ views on, 274Pappas’ views on, 309Tasca’s instructions for dealing

with Greek government re,262, 265, 283

U.S.-Greek discussions re, 260, 263U.S. insistence on political reform

as condition for resumption ofmilitary assistance, 282, 283,284

U.S. policy on liberalizationfollowing resumption ofmilitary assistance, 301, 310,323


Congressional interest in, 319, 320Middle East situation and, 291National Security Decision

Memoranda re, 262, 284NATO’s attitude toward, 283NSC study re, 246, 257, 261Tasca’s instructions for dealing


Under Secretaries Committee’srecommendations re, 278

U.S.-Greek discussions re, 243, 260U.S. insistence on political reform

as condition for resumption ofassistance, 282, 283, 284

U.S. national security issue, 249Vietnam War and, 324

Hungary:Bilateral problems with United



Crown of St. Stephen issue, 125Mindszenty affair, 106, 118, 119, 122

Italy, 242Middle East:

Cypriot views on, 360Finnish views on, 100Greece’s resumed receipt of U.S.

military assistance and, 291Turkish views on, 420Yugoslav views on, 220, 221, 232

Nixon, Richard M.—ContinuedMutual and Balanced Force

Reductions, 163Narcotics control, 425, 426, 427, 431,

432, 433, 434, 435, 436, 445, 447,448, 449, 454

Poland, 171Anti-Semitism in, 131Catalytic cracking technology from

United States, 14, 150, 151, 165


FRG-Polish Treaty, 131, 140, 156,163


Nixon’s correspondence withGierek, 175

Nixon’s meetings Gierek, 164, 165,166

Nixon’s proposed meeting withWyszynski, 160

Nixon’s Pulaski Day recognition,174

Nixon’s visit, 155, 156, 157, 158,160, 164, 165, 166, 167

Political unrest of 1970, 145Radio Free Europe, 163Scientific and technological


U.S. astronauts’ visit, 131U.S. economic/trade relations

with, 131, 163, 165, 168, 169,174

Vietnam War, views on, 163Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty:

Covert CIA funding, 34, 52East European émigrés and, 57FRG-U.S. confrontation re, 39, 40,

44, 48Interim funding or liquidation

dilemma, 52, 57Polish concerns re, 163Public funding, 52, 58, 59Study commission for, 58, 60, 61Termination option, 32, 34

Romania:Catalytic cracking technology from

United States, 14Ceausescu’s U.S. visit, 198, 199China, U.S.-Romanian discussions

re, 183, 192, 199, 210

1148 Index


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Nixon, Richard M.—ContinuedRomania—Continued

Cultural exchanges with UnitedStates, 183

“Developing country” classificationby United States, 199

Disaster relief from United States,196

European security issue, views on,192, 199, 207, 215

Foreign policy, 183FRG-Soviet Treaty, U.S.-Romanian

discussion re, 199GATT membership issue, 199Nixon’s correspondence with

Ceausescu, 211, 212, 215Nixon’s meetings with Ceausescu,

180, 183, 184, 199Nixon’s visit, 7, 178, 179, 180, 183,

184, 185, 187, 189Rogers’ visit, 213Scientific and technological

cooperation with UnitedStates, 183, 186, 187

Soviet Union, relations with, 183,192, 199, 207

U.S. economic/trade relations with,181, 183, 188, 199, 202, 204,205, 208, 210, 211

U.S. private investment in, 199U.S.-Soviet Summit of 1972,

Romanian views on, 212Vietnam War, views on, 183, 184,

189South Asia situation, 232Soviet-U.S. relations, 183, 189, 192,

199, 212, 232Strategic Arms Limitation Talks, 100Tasca, Nixon-Agnew discussion re,

326Turkey:

Anti-Western attitudes in, 435Kidnappings of U.S. airmen, 440Middle East, views on, 420Narcotics control, 425, 426, 427,

431, 432, 433, 434, 435, 436,445, 447, 448, 449, 454

Nixon’s correspondence withSunay, 452

Nixon’s meeting with Demirel, 419,420

Nixon’s meeting with Erim, 454Soviet Union, U.S.-Turkish

discussions re, 420, 454

Nixon, Richard M.—ContinuedTurkey—Continued

Subversion problem, 454U.S. economic assistance to, 430,

434, 444U.S. military assistance to, 438, 454U.S. military presence in, 435U.S. policy of maintaining good

relations with, 419U.S. program analysis re, 424

Vietnam War:Finnish views on, 100Greece’s resumed receipt of U.S.

military assistance and, 324Polish views on, 163Romanian views on, 183, 184, 189Yugoslav views on, 220, 221, 234

Yugoslavia:Africa, views on, 221China, relations with, 232European security issue, views on,

220Middle East, views on, 220, 221,

232Nixon’s meetings with Tito, 221,

232, 234Nixon’s visit, 220, 221Post-Tito prospects, 227Rogers’ meetings with Tito, 217Scientific and technological


Soviet Union, relations with, 232,233, 234, 237

Tito’s U.S. visit, 232, 234U.S. economic/trade relations with,

221, 225, 226, 234, 235U.S. private investment in, 217, 219Vietnam War, views on, 220, 221,

234North Atlantic Treaty Organization

(NATO), 4, 138, 230Greece’s political liberalization, 239,

255, 256, 264, 268, 276, 287, 314Greece’s resumed receipt of U.S.

military assistance, 276, 278, 283Norway, 99, 276Novak, Robert, 28, 29Noyes, James H., 310, 380, 402, 405Nutter, G. Warren, 144, 148, 222, 256,

266, 277, 318, 380, 398, 405, 421, 438,453

Nyerere, Julius, 221Nyers, Rezso, 26

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Obst, Harry, 62Ogden, Geoffrey, 385, 443Olcay, Osman, 368, 374, 382, 387, 413,

443, 450, 457Olechowski, Tadeusz, 166, 175Olszowski, Stefan, 154, 166Onaca, Emil, 182Onassis, Aristotle, 314Oncken, Dirk, 134Opas, Pauli, 101Osgood, Robert E., 256O’Shaughnessy, Elim, 108Osolnik, Bogdan, 236Osorio-Tafall, Bibiano, 342, 388, 409, 415Overseas Private Investment

Corporation (OPIC), 219, 230, 234Owen, Robert I., 203

Paasikivi, Juho, 98Packard, David, 30, 51, 57, 310, 313,

322, 327, 432Pakistan, 232, 458Palach, Jan, 77Palamas, Christian X., 74, 241, 245, 250,

295, 296, 298, 303, 319, 325, 335,364, 368, 374, 379, 382, 395, 406

Palestinians, 221Palmby, Clarence, 235Palshe, Arvid, 98Panagoulis, Alexander, 239Pan American Airlines, 89Panayotakos, Constantine, 362, 383, 392,

395, 403, 405Pan-Hellenic Liberation Movement, 248Panteleimon, Bishop, 239Papadopoulos, Despina, 302Papadopoulos, Lt. Col. George, 384, 456

Cyprus:Crisis of 1972, 393, 396, 406, 408, 410Intercommunal conflict, 373, 379,

383Greece:

Agnew’s visit, 325, 326, 328Arms purchases from non-U.S.

sources, 281Constantine’s proposed meeting

with Papadopoulos, 280Constantine’s return issue, 267,

280, 285, 328, 334Corruption problem, 337Coup plan against Papadopoulos,

possible, 353Laird’s meeting with

Papadopoulos, 293

Papadopoulos, George—ContinuedGreece—Continued

Military government, 239, 269, 302,314, 333

Nixon-Papadopouloscorrespondence, 274, 277, 278

Spain, relations with, 300Tasca’s initial call on

Papadopoulos, 268Turkey, relations with, 293U.S. Ambassador, appointment of,


force in, 335Greece’s political liberalization:

Agnew’s visit and, 325, 328Businessmen’s role, 311Elections issue, 252, 275, 290, 311,

312Future prospects, U.S. reports re,

302McClelland’s views on, 239NATO-Greece relationship and,

239, 268Nixon’s personal encouragement

of, 320Papadopoulos’ assumption of

regency and, 333, 334, 336Papadopoulos’ views on, 274,

325Political prisoners issue, 325Timetable for, 275U.S. covert activities in support of,

289U.S.-Greek discussions re, 268, 289,

293, 325, 328U.S. insistence on political reform

as condition for resumption ofmilitary assistance, 288, 289


Announcement of decision re, 292Delays in resumption, Greek

response to, 281, 289U.S.-Greek discussions re, 268, 281,

289, 293U.S. insistence on political reform

as condition for resumption ofassistance, 288, 289

Papadopoulos, Tassos, 383Papagos, Leonidas, 244Papandreou, Andreas, 243, 247, 248,

302, 305, 314, 319, 326Papanicolao, Col. Nicholas, 317

1150 Index


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Pappas, Thomas A., 242, 252, 309, 314,338

Parker, David, 157Parker, Jim, 442Pasztor, Laszlo, 116, 125Patatakos, Kyriacos, 355Patilis, Demetrios, 269Patolichev, Nikolay, 98, 172Pattakos, Stylianos, 243, 244, 269, 293,

296, 314, 317, 333, 336Pauls, Rolf, 144Paul VI, Pope, 114, 117, 118, 120, 122,

124Pedersen, Richard F., 66Pell, Claiborne, 247, 256Peter, Janos, 112, 114, 115, 121, 122, 127,

128Peterson, Frederick V.E., 95, 97, 99, 100,

101, 102, 104, 105Peterson, Peter G., 22, 150, 151, 168,

169, 172, 175, 205, 208, 225, 235Petrides, Frixos, 383Phillips, Ruth H., 1Piller, Jan, 78Pipinelis, Panayotis, 244, 245, 247, 255,

259, 264, 267, 269, 280, 340, 343,348, 352, 355

Platt, Nicholas, 325Poage, W.R., 9Podgorny, Nikolay, 98, 99, 102, 454Poland (see also Eastern Europe), 171, 405

Anti-Semitism in, 131Automobile usage, 172Catalytic cracking technology from

United States, 14, 138, 139, 148,149, 150, 151, 152, 165

China, relations with, 132Economic situation, 143European security issue, views on,

132, 133, 148, 163, 167, 172FRG-Polish Treaty, 130, 131, 133, 134,

135, 136, 137, 138, 140, 141, 146,148, 156, 163, 167, 172

Gierek’s accession to power, 143, 144,145

Gierek’s views on U.S.-Polishrelations, 153

Mutual and Balanced ForceReductions, views on, 138, 163,167, 172

Nixon’s correspondence with Gierek,175

Nixon’s meetings Gierek, 164, 165,166

Poland—ContinuedNixon’s proposed meeting with

Wyszynski, 159, 160, 161, 162Nixon’s Pulaski Day recognition, 174Nixon’s visit, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158,

159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165,166, 167

Oil exploration, 167Political situation, 130, 172Political unrest of 1970, 142, 143, 144,

145, 147Radio Free Europe, 28, 35, 41, 43, 45,

54, 163Scientific and technological

cooperation with United States,173, 174, 175

Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia,132

Soviet Union, relations with, 172Strategic Arms Limitation Talks,

views on, 138U.S. Ambassador’s annual report

(1969), 130U.S. astronauts’ visit, 131U.S. economic/trade relations with

(see also Catalytic crackingtechnology from United Statesabove; U.S. port security policy rebelow), 24, 26, 131, 132, 152, 163,165, 168, 169, 170, 172, 173, 174,175

U.S. port security policy re, 133, 137,138

Vietnam War, views on, 132, 138, 148,152, 163, 167, 172

Polish-American Trade Commission,168, 169, 175

Pommerening, Horst, 36, 41Pompidou, Georges, 185, 232Popescu, Dumitru, 199Popov, Ivan, 75, 76Popper, David, 342, 343, 356, 379, 383

Cyprus:Assassination attempts against

Makarios, 350, 352, 355Communist influence in, 355Crisis of 1972, 399, 400, 402, 405,

409, 410Grivas insurgency, 383, 417, 418Makarios’ initial meeting with

Popper, 344Makarios’ political standing, 355Nixon’s meeting with Makarios,

357, 358

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Popper, David—ContinuedCyprus—Continued

State Department roundtablediscussion re, 416

Terrorist situation, 347Cyprus’ intercommunal conflict:

Assassination attempts againstMakarios and, 355

Central intercommunalinstitutional structure issue,363

Deconfrontation proposal, 388Greek-Turkish bilateral settlement

option, 364Local autonomy issue, 344Makarios’ hard-line position re, 362Military confrontation, increased

risk of, 346Negotiations by communities, 366,

373Partition and annexation (double

enosis) option, 352Police and judiciary issues, 344U.N. mediation effort, 381U.N. military presence, 344U.S. alleged pro-Turkish bias, 370U.S.-Cypriot discussions re, 344, 362U.S. policy on, 357U.S.-Turkish diplomatic

communications re, 348Portugal, 276Potsdam Conference (1945), 130Potts, James M., 317Pranger, Robert, 277Preston, Gene, 307Pribyl, Jaromir, 80Price, Ray, 168, 169Proctor, Edward W., 256Pucinski, Roman C., 149Pugh, Robert L., 438Puhan, Alfred, 106, 107, 108, 110, 112,

114, 115, 116, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122,123, 124, 127, 128

Quinn, Charles W., 322

Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty:Activities and effectiveness of, 28Covert CIA funding, 28, 29, 30, 31,

34, 52, 53East European émigrés and, 57FRG-U.S. confrontation re, 35, 36, 37,

38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 44, 45, 46, 47,48, 49, 51, 56

Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty—Continued

Interim funding or liquidationdilemma, 52, 53, 55, 57

Polish-U.S. confrontation re, 43, 45,54, 163

Public funding, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 58,59

Public stance on funding, 31Study commission for, 58, 60, 61Termination option, 28, 32, 33, 34USIA involvement, 28U.S. troop presence in FRG and, 45

Rahman, Mujib, 232Ramparts magazine, 28Ramsbotham, Peter, 346Raspopovic, Blazo, 228Reid, Ogden R., 50, 51, 53Ribicic, Mitja, 218, 221, 222, 228Richardson, Adm. David C., 281Richardson, Elliot L., 10, 32, 110, 111,

135, 136, 181, 191, 193, 201, 204,245, 277, 278, 371, 432, 448

Roberts, Brig. Gen. Francis J., 376, 380Roche, James M., 28Roche, John P., 61Rockwell, Stuart W., 244, 250, 255, 256,

259, 264, 419Rodman, Peter W., 206Rogers, William P., 243, 248, 282, 313,

399Austria, 62

Eastern Europe, views on, 63European security issue, views on,

71Mutual and Balanced Force

Reductions, views on, 71Strategic Arms Limitation Talks,


Bulgaria:Consular convention with United

States, 75European security issue, views on,

72Official delegation visit to United

States, proposed, 75U.S. economic/trade relations with,

72, 75China, People’s Republic of, 132,

238Cyprus:

Crisis of 1972, 393, 400, 407Makarios resignation issue, 407

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Rogers, William P.—ContinuedCyprus’ intercommunal conflict:

Negotiations by communities, 382Partition and annexation (double

enosis) option, 367, 368U.N. mediation effort, 381, 387U.N. military presence, 387U.S.-Cypriot discussions re, 345U.S.-Greek discussions re, 382U.S. policy on, 357U.S. policy review, 378U.S. summary of developments,

368U.S.-Turkish discussions re, 349

Czechoslovakia, 82Consular convention with United

States, 90, 93Cultural exchanges with United

States, 86, 93Gold/claims issue, 83, 85, 90Scientific and technological


Soviet invasion, 86U.S. economic/trade relations with,

86, 90U.S. NSSM/CIEPSM study on

negotiation strategy, 92, 93, 94

Eastern Europe:Austrian views on, 63Scientific and technological

cooperation with UnitedStates, 6, 18

U.S. economic/trade relations with,2, 17, 20, 21, 24

U.S. port security policy re, 8, 13European security issue:

Austrian views on, 71Bulgarian views on, 72Finnish views on, 96, 103Polish views on, 132Yugoslav views on, 238


96, 103Kekkonen’s U.S. visit, 101Middle East, views on, 96Mutual and Balanced Force

Reductions, views on, 103Soviet Union, relations with, 101Strategic Arms Limitation Talks,


Rogers, William P.—ContinuedGreece, 298

Constantine, U.S. policy toward,315

Constantine’s return issue, 244, 299Constantine’s U.S. visit, 244Corruption problem, 337U.S. homeporting of Naval task


318Greece’s political liberalization:

Businessmen’s role, 311Elections issue, 296Martial law issue, 296NATO-Greece relationship and,

264, 287Timetable for, 264, 275U.S.-Greek discussions re, 244, 260,

264U.S. insistence on political reform

as condition for resumption ofmilitary assistance, 283, 287,288


Announcement of decision re, 292Congressional interest in, 287NATO’s attitude toward, 283NSC study re, 261

Greece’s resumed receipt of U.S.military assistance—Continued

Phantom aircraft, 322U.S.-Greek discussions re, 244, 260U.S. insistence on political reform

as condition for resumption ofassistance, 283, 287, 288

Hungary, 110Bilateral problems with United



Rogers’ visit, 127, 128U.S. economic/trade relations with,

128Middle East:

Finnish views on, 96Yugoslav views on, 217, 221

Mutual and Balanced ForceReductions:

Austrian views on, 71Finnish views on, 103Turkish views on, 457

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Rogers, William P.—ContinuedNarcotics control, 429, 431, 442, 443,

449, 450, 457Poland:

China, relations with, 132European security issue, views on,

132FRG-Polish Treaty, 146Nixon’s visit, 155, 156, 164, 166U.S. economic/trade relations with,

132, 168Vietnam War, views on, 132

Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty:East European émigrés and, 57Public funding, 50, 51, 58Study commission for, 58

Romania, 206“Developing country” classification

by United States, 200Disaster relief from United States,

196Nixon’s visit, 189Rogers’ visit, 213Soviet Union, relations with, 177U.S. economic/trade relations with,

200, 203, 208, 213U.S.-Soviet Summit of 1972,

Romanian views on, 213Soviet-U.S. relations, 238Strategic Arms Limitation Talks:

Austrian views on, 63Finnish views on, 96

Terrorism, 71Turkey, 454


Narcotics control, 429, 431, 442,443, 449, 450, 457

Nixon’s meeting with Demirel, 419U.S. economic assistance to, 430,

434, 444U.S. military assistance to, 452,

457U.S. military presence in, 419U.S. policy of maintaining good

relations with, 419Vietnam War:

Austrian views on, 71Finnish views on, 96Polish views on, 132Yugoslav views on, 221

Yugoslavia:China, U.S.-Yugoslav discussions

re, 238

Rogers, William P.—ContinuedYugoslavia—Continued


Middle East, views on, 217, 221Nixon’s visit, 221Rogers’ meetings with Tito, 217,

218, 238Soviet Union, relations with, 228,

233, 238U.S. economic/trade relations with,

225Vietnam War, views on, 221

Rohal, Ivan, 87Romania (see also Eastern Europe):

African economic development,proposed U.S.-Romaniancooperation re, 214

Catalytic cracking technology fromUnited States, 14

Ceausescu’s U.S. visit, 198, 199China, U.S.-Romanian discussions re,

183, 192, 199, 206, 210Civil Air Agreement with United

States, 181Consular Convention with United

States, 203Cultural exchanges with United

States, 183“Developing country” classification

by United States, 199, 200Disaster relief from United States,

194, 196, 197Emigration policy, 181European security issue, views on,

192, 195, 199, 206, 207, 215Foreign policy, 183FRG-Soviet Treaty, U.S.-Romanian

discussion re, 199GATT membership issue, 181, 190,

199, 205Nixon’s correspondence with

Ceausescu, 211, 212, 215Nixon’s meetings with Ceausescu,

180, 183, 184, 199Nixon’s visit, 7, 176, 178, 179, 180,

182, 183, 184, 185, 187, 189, 216

Press coverage of U.S.-Romaniancontacts, 206

Rogers’ visit, 213Scientific and technological

cooperation with United States,6, 7, 183, 186, 187

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Romania—ContinuedSoviet invasion of Czechoslovakia, 2,

177Soviet Union, relations with, 177, 179,

180, 183, 192, 194, 195, 199, 206,207

Tourism industry, 203U.S. economic/trade relations with,

14, 24, 26, 27, 181, 182, 183, 185,188, 191, 193, 199, 200, 201, 202,203, 204, 205, 208, 210, 211, 213,214

U.S. port security policy re, 181U.S. private investment in, 199U.S.-Soviet Summit of 1972,

Romanian views on, 212, 213Vietnam War, views on, 183, 184, 189,

195, 206, 207, 209Romanian Trade Act of 1969, 188Ronne, Torben, 346Roosevelt, Franklin D., 180Root, William A., 1Rossides, Eugene, 431Rossides, Michaliakis, 351Rossides, Zenon, 345, 370Rostow, Walt, 28, 319Roufogalis, Col. Michael, 239, 269, 336Rowe, David, 313Rumsfeld, Donald, 224Rush, Kenneth, 36, 44, 70, 134Rusk, Dean, 28, 319Russell, Richard B., 28, 51

Sadat, Anwar el-, 232, 405Safire, William, 164Sampas, James G., 101Samuels, Nathaniel, 202Sargeant, Howland H., 28Satir, Kenal, 423Saunders, Harold H., 22, 245, 248, 251,

254, 256, 257, 261, 263, 279, 282,295, 308, 315, 320, 321, 323, 335,353, 361, 372, 375, 376, 380, 393,397, 398, 401, 402, 405, 414, 435,442, 456

Savasci, Lt. Gen. Hayati, 441Savides, Michael, 383Scali, John, 164Schaller, Charles, 210Scheel, Walter, 45, 103, 140Schlesinger, James R., 57Schmidt, Carl W., 2Schroeder, Gerhard, 140Schumann, 63

Schwartz, Harry, 425, 427, 429Scott, Harold B., 22, 73, 148Scranton, William, 53, 176Seaborg, Glenn, 6, 110Sebastian, Peter, 189Selden, Armistead I., Jr., 70, 376, 402Senior Review Group, 306, 308, 310,

376, 380Servan-Schrieber, Jean Jacques, 276, 302Seward, William, 458Seymour, Whitney, 28Shakespeare, Frank J., Jr., 35, 38, 39, 41,

43, 131, 256, 270, 277Shaw, David G., 2Shelepin, Aleksandr, 98Shelest, Petr, 98Sherer, Albert W., Jr., 91Shultz, George P., 20, 55, 57Sihanouk, Prince Norodom, 195Sik, Ota, 78Silva, Walter J., 317, 327, 416Sisco, Joseph J., 277, 286, 287, 288, 306,

313, 318, 369, 386, 419, 457, 458Cyprus, 358

Crisis of 1972, 398, 399, 400, 402,405, 407

Makarios resignation issue, 407Cyprus’ intercommunal conflict, 340,

346, 348, 354, 366Constitutional compromise, Greek

proposal for, 373Deconfrontation proposal, 388Greek-Turkish bilateral settlement

option, 371Independent mediation option,

376, 378Negotiations by communities,

414Partition and annexation (double

enosis) option, 367, 368U.N. mediation effort, 376, 377,

378, 380, 381, 385U.N. military presence, 385U.S. mediation option, 376, 378U.S. policy review, 376, 378, 380U.S. summary of developments,

368U.S.-Turkish discussions re, 385Violent incidents, U.S. contingency

plans for, 378Greece:

Constantine, U.S. policy toward,301

Constantine’s return issue, 285

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Sisco, Joseph J.—ContinuedGreece—Continued

Papandreou’s proposed meetingwith Kissinger, 248

Political opposition, U.S. contactswith, 316, 321

U.S. homeporting of Naval taskforce in, 332

Greece’s political liberalization:Constantine’s proposed return and,

285Elections issue, 250, 290Tasca’s instructions for dealing

with Greek government re, 270U.S. covert activities in support of,

290U.S.-Greek discussions re, 250


Phantom aircraft, 327Tasca’s instructions for dealing

with Greek government re, 270U.S.-Greek discussions re, 250U.S. preliminary work re, 266

Narcotics control, 431, 433, 442, 449Turkey, 452

Narcotics control, 431, 433, 442, 449

U.S. military assistance to, 438Skoug, Kenneth N., Jr., 46Skouras, Spyros, 298Smith, Gerard, 156Smrkovsky, Joseph, 78Sokolov, Oleg M., 404Solomon, Anthony M., 1Sonnenfeldt, Helmut, 20, 21, 22, 42, 48,

56, 69, 113, 133, 152, 166, 180, 221,235, 320, 335, 426

Austria, 64Czechoslovakia:

Gold/claims issue, 87Soviet invasion, 77U.S. NSSM/CIEPSM study on

negotiation strategy, 92, 94Eastern Europe:

Polish political unrest and, 144U.S. economic/trade relations with,

24U.S. port security policy re, 13U.S. program to “cause trouble” in,


Polish views on, 148, 172Romanian views on, 195

Sonnenfeldt, Helmut—ContinuedHungary:

Bilateral problems with UnitedStates, review and examinationof, 111


Crown of St. Stephen issue, 116,125, 126

Mindszenty affair, 122Rogers’ visit, 127

Mutual and Balanced ForceReductions, 138, 172

Poland:Catalytic cracking technology from

United States, 138, 139, 148,150

Economic situation, 143European security issue, views on,

148, 172FRG-Polish Treaty, 134, 137, 138,

140, 146, 148, 172Gierek’s accession to power, 143Mutual and Balanced Force

Reductions, views on, 138, 172Nixon’s proposed meeting with

Wyszynski, 159Nixon’s Pulaski Day recognition,

174Nixon’s visit, 156, 159Political situation, 172Political unrest of 1970, 143, 144Strategic Arms Limitation Talks,

views on, 138U.S. economic/trade relations with,

168, 172, 173, 174U.S. port security policy re, 137,

138Vietnam War, views on, 148, 172

Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty,FRG-U.S. confrontation re, 35, 37,39, 45

Romania, 192Disaster relief from United States,

194, 197European security issue, views on,

195GATT membership issue, 190Nixon’s visit, 176, 185, 216Soviet Union, relations with, 195U.S.-Soviet Summit of 1972,

Romanian views on, 212Vietnam War, views on, 195

Strategic Arms Limitation Talks, 138

1156 Index


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Sonnenfeldt, Helmut—ContinuedVietnam War:

Polish views on, 148, 172Romanian views on, 195

Yugoslavia:Nixon’s visit to Romania and, 216U.S. military cooperation with, 222

Soviet Union (see also Eastern Europe),268, 281, 283

Austria, relations with, 64Brezhnev Doctrine, 72, 177, 183, 220,

228, 233China, relations with, 183, 192Cyprus crisis of 1972, 398, 400, 402,

404, 405Cyprus policy, 319, 354, 355, 376, 378,

379Czechoslovakia, invasion of, 1, 2, 77,

86, 132, 177Expansionist policy, 102Finland, relations with, 95, 97, 98, 99,

100, 101, 102FRG, relations with, 144, 145, 199Greece, U.S. homeporting of Naval

task force in, 329, 330, 335, 339Jewish population, 102Middle East policy, 221, 295Poland, Nixon’s visit to, 156, 157,

158Poland, relations with, 172Polish-FRG Treaty, 135Polish political unrest, 144, 147Political leadership, 70, 98Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 28,

33, 56Romania, relations with, 177, 179,

180, 183, 192, 194, 195, 199, 206,207

South Asia situation, 232Turkey, relations with, 428Turkish-U.S. discussions re, 420, 421,

454United States, relations with, 131,

167, 172, 183, 189, 192, 199, 232,238

Finnish views on, 102, 104Summit of 1972, 212, 213

U.S.-Soviet-Chinese relations, 65Yugoslavia, relations with, 228, 229,

231, 232, 233, 234, 236, 237, 238Spacil, Dusan, 86, 88, 91Spain, 276, 297, 300Spain, James, 458Spasowski, Romuald, 157, 162, 166

Stabler, Wells, 259Stamatelopoulos, Byron, 383Stamatelopoulos, Dimitri, 239, 269, 302Standard Oil of Indiana, 167Stans, Maurice H., 20, 121, 139, 151,

169, 186, 234Eastern Europe, U.S. economic/trade

relations with, 19, 21, 22Stein, Herbert, 210Stern, Lawrence, 350Stoessel, Walter J., Jr., 26, 71, 166

Poland:Anti-Semitism in, 131Catalytic cracking technology from

United States, 139FRG-Polish Treaty, 130, 131, 135,

136Gierek’s views on U.S.-Polish

relations, 153Nixon’s proposed meeting with

Wyszynski, 162Nixon’s visit, 154, 155, 162Political situation, 130Political unrest of 1970, 142Radio Free Europe, 54U.S. Ambassador’s annual report

(1969), 130U.S. astronauts’ visit, 131U.S. economic/trade relations with,

131Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT):

Austrian views on, 63, 65, 70Finnish views on, 96, 99, 100, 102Polish views on, 138

Strauss, Franz Josef, 44, 105, 172Streator, Edward, 276Stromayer, James, 1Strougal, Lubomir, 78Sunay, Cevdet, 342, 423, 439, 441, 442,

452, 457Sundquist, Ulf, 105Sutterlin, James S., 41, 46, 56Svoboda, Ludvik, 84, 87Swank, Emory C., 86, 109, 110, 136Sweden, 99Symington, Stuart, 76Szabo, Karoly, 128Szilagyi, Bela, 107, 108Szlachcic, Franciszek, 166, 172Szydlak, Jan, 166

Tabacek, Jan, 79Tagmac, Gen. Memduh, 383, 423, 441Tambaca, Lijana, 221, 232, 233, 234

Index 1157


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Tasca, Henry J., 274, 293, 309Cyprus:

Crisis of 1972, 391, 394, 396, 399,400, 406, 408, 411

Intercommunal conflict, 364, 377,379, 381

Greece:Agnew’s visit, 320, 326Arms purchases from non-U.S.

sources, 281Congressional staffers’ visit, 303Constantine, U.S. policy toward,

301, 315, 319Constantine’s meeting with Tasca,

319Constantine’s proposed meeting

with Papadopoulos, 280Constantine’s return issue, 267,

280, 283, 285, 299, 312, 334Corruption problem, 337European relations, 273Libya, relations with, 322Military government, 269, 273, 302,

333Political opposition, U.S. contacts

with, 316, 321Spain, relations with, 297, 300Tasca’s departure as Ambassador,

338Tasca’s initial call on

Papadopoulos, 268U.S. Ambassador, appointment of,



321, 322Violence against Americans in, 305

Greece’s political liberalization:Agnew’s visit and, 320Businessmen’s role, 311Constantine’s proposed return and,

285Elections issue, 275, 290, 296, 311,

312Future prospects, U.S. reports re,

302Ioannidis’ views on, 271Martial law issue, 296McClelland’s views on, 255NATO-Greece relationship and,

268, 287Nixon’s personal encouragement

of, 320, 323

Tasca, Henry J.—ContinuedGreece’s political liberalization—

ContinuedPapadopoulos’ assumption of

regency and, 333, 334, 336Political prisoners issue, 271, 283Tasca’s instructions for dealing


Tasca’s views on, 273, 275, 302Timetable for, 275U.S. covert activities in support of,

286, 290U.S.-Greek discussions re, 268, 271,

289, 319U.S. homeporting of Naval task

force in Greece and, 332U.S. insistence on political reform

as condition for resumption ofmilitary assistance, 282, 283,287, 288, 289

U.S. policy on liberalizationfollowing resumption ofmilitary assistance, 319


Announcement of decision re, 277,292

Congressional interest in, 268, 287,319, 320, 322

Constantine’s views on, 267Delays in resumption, Greek

response to, 281, 289HAWK missile system, 322NATO’s attitude toward, 283Phantom aircraft, 322Tasca’s instructions for dealing


Tasca’s views on, 273, 289Under Secretaries Committee’s

recommendations re, 277U.S.-Greek discussions re, 268, 281,

289, 319U.S. insistence on political reform

as condition for resumption ofassistance, 282, 283, 287, 288,289

Nixon-Agnew discussion re, 326Tepavac, Mirko, 221, 223, 228, 233, 236,

238Terrorism, 221

Austrian policy re, 71Cyprus situation, 347, 353

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Terrorism—ContinuedTurkish policy re, 457

Thant, U, 382, 385, 387Theodorakis, Mikis, 239, 302Thompson, Llewellyn E., 28, 53303 Committee, 28, 30, 33, 34Tibbetts, Margaret J., 101, 276, 277Tihany, Leslie C., 107Timmons, William E., 9, 20, 21, 219Tito, Josef Broz, 199, 223

Kissinger’s assessment of, 220Nixon’s meetings with, 221, 232, 234Nixon’s visit to Yugoslavia, 220, 221Rogers’ meetings with, 217, 218, 238Soviet-Yugoslav relations, 228, 229,

232, 233, 234, 237, 238U.S. visit, 231, 232, 234

Tombazos, Georgios, 403Tomkins, Ed, 346Toon, Malcolm, 2, 29, 80, 84, 236, 237Topaloglu, Ahmet, 421Torbert, Horace, Jr., 73, 74, 76Tovar, Hugh, 30Trampczynski, Witold, 153, 154, 157,

158, 159, 161, 166, 174, 175Trueheart, William C., 29, 30Tsirimokos, John, 271Tuominen, Leo, 105Tuovinen, 105Turkey (see also Cyprus; Cyprus’

intercommunal conflict):Anti-Western attitudes in, 422, 428,

435Economic situation, 434, 454, 457Ecumenical Patriarchate succession,

455, 456Greece, relations with, 293, 314Handley’s meeting with Demirel, 458Kidnappings of U.S. airmen, 440Middle East, views on, 420Middle Eastern neighbors, relations

with, 428Military’s plans to assume control of

government, 423Mutual and Balanced Force

Reductions, views on, 457Narcotics control, 425, 426, 427, 429,

431, 432, 433, 434, 435, 436, 437,442, 443, 445, 446, 447, 448, 449,450, 454, 457, 458

Nixon’s correspondence with Sunay,452

Nixon’s meeting with Demirel, 419,420

Turkey—ContinuedNixon’s meeting with Erim, 454Political situation, 423, 439, 441, 451,

454, 457, 458Soviet Union, relations with, 428Soviet Union, U.S.-Turkish

discussions re, 420, 421, 454Subversion problem, 454Terrorism policy, 457U.S. economic assistance to, 428, 430,

434, 444U.S. intelligence estimates re, 428, 451U.S. military assistance to, 421, 422,

428, 438, 452, 453, 454, 457U.S. military presence in, 419, 422,

428, 435U.S. policy of maintaining good

relations with, 419U.S. program analysis re, 424

Under Secretaries Committee, 181, 191,193, 200, 201, 202, 204, 226, 277, 278

United Arab Republic (UAR), 221, 232,295

United Kingdom, 264, 276, 398United Nations:

Chinese representation issue, 66Cyprus crisis of 1972, 398, 399, 402,

405, 406, 409, 410Cyprus’ intercommunal conflict, 344,

345, 376, 377, 378, 379, 380, 381,385, 386, 387, 388, 393

United States Information Agency(USIA), 28

Urgupulu, Suat, 457

Valtin, Fred, 37, 41, 42, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49Valyi, Peter, 121Vance, Cyrus, 376Van Hollen, Christopher, 286, 376Vassilev, Vesselin, 72Vassilikos, Vassilis, 298Veniamin, Dirgen, 370, 383Vietnam War, 281

Austrian views on, 68, 71Finnish views on, 96, 97, 100, 102,

105Greece’s resumed receipt of U.S.

military assistance and, 324Hungarian views on, 127Polish views on, 132, 138, 148, 152,

163, 167, 172Romanian views on, 183, 184, 189,

195, 206, 207, 209

Index 1159


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Vietnam War—ContinuedU.S. agricultural sales to Eastern

Europe and, 9Yugoslav views on, 220, 221, 234

Vigderman, Alfred G., 252, 255, 277,287, 292, 296, 298

Vitsaxis, Basil, 263, 264, 292, 295, 298Vlachou, Eleni, 279, 285Vogt, Lt. Gen. John W., 144, 405Volker, Paul, 454Volpe, John A., 153Vrhunec, Marko, 221Vunovic, Xenia, 416

Waldheim, Kurt, 63, 399, 402, 405, 413,414

Walker, Charles E., 380Waller, John, 376, 380, 398, 402, 405Walsh, John, 62, 80, 182, 244, 248, 251Walter, Ralph, 36, 41Walters, Maj. Gen. Vernon, 243Wandler, Mark, 398, 402, 405Warren, George, 247Washington Special Action Group

(WSAG), 144, 147Cyprus crisis of 1972, 397, 398, 401,

402, 405Weintal, Edward, 43Welander, Adm. Robert O., 380Well, Guenther van, 56Wellons, A.E., 46Wenick, Martin A., 72Williams, Albert, 20Winiewicz, Jozef, 54, 132, 134Wise, Samuel G., 88Wojtowicz, Andrzej, 154, 163, 167Wright, Robert B., 2Wyszynski, Stefan Cardinal, 159, 160,

161, 162

Yahya Khan, Gen., 232, 458Yegen, Avdin, 452, 455Yigit, Ozdemir, 349Young, Milton R., 28Yugoslavia (see also Eastern Europe):

Africa, views on, 221

Yugoslavia—ContinuedAustria, relations with, 70China, U.S.-Yugoslav discussions re,

232, 238European security issue, views on,

220, 238Italy, relations with, 230, 231Middle East, views on, 217, 220, 221,

232Narcotics control, 224Nixon’s meetings with Tito, 221, 232,

234Nixon’s visit, 220, 221Nixon’s visit to Romania and, 216Post-Tito prospects, 220, 223, 227, 230Rogers’ meetings with Tito, 217, 218,

238Scientific and technological

cooperation with United States,226, 230

Soviet Union, relations with, 228, 229,231, 232, 233, 234, 236, 237, 238

Tito’s U.S. visit, 231, 232, 234U.S. economic/trade relations with,

24, 26, 221, 223, 225, 226, 230,234, 235

U.S. military cooperation with, 218,222, 230

U.S. private investment in, 217, 219,230

Vietnam War, views on, 220, 221, 234Yugoslav émigré activities in United

States, 231

Z (film), 298Zablocki, Clement, 148Zantovsky, Jaroslav, 86, 91Zarkovic, Vidoje, 232Zhivkov, Todor, 73Ziegler, Ronald, 31, 164, 166, 207, 221,

370Zoitakis, Lt. Gen. George, 269, 333, 334Zumwalt, Adm. Elmo, 313, 335Zygdes, John, 325

1160 Index


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