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131

Above: Rearing of post larvae

Right: The motor device

Researchers in India have developed a larval rearing device

Low cost larval rearing devicefor murrel cultureMA. HANIFFA , T.A.SETHURAMALINGAM D. KUMAR,P.S. ALLEN BENZIGER and Y.ANANTH KUMARCentre for Aquaculture Research and Extension (CARE),St. Xavier's College, Palayamkottai, Tamil Nadu, India *haniffacaregmiLcorn

MURRELS, otherwise called snakehead, are• economically important freshwater fish species

Hatchhngs and post occupying the top rank in South East Asia.They are preferred for their taste, medicinal

larvae succumb to• qualities and less intramuscular spines. There• are more than seven species viz Channa

heavy flOi . strtatus, (stripped murrel), Channapunctatusmortality C.h • (spotted murrel), C.maurilius (giant murrel),

• C.orientalis, C.gachua, C.leucopunctatus andto various reasons, • C.micropeltus available in south India.

• Murrels lay 5,000-10,000 eggs (diameterincluding water : 1.2mm-1.5mm) and the rate of fertilisation

ranges between 70-90%. Hatching takes place

quality and disease. 24-30 hour after fertilisation and the hatchling: (length: 2.8 mm-3.2 mm) utilise the yolk sac,• which is completely absorbed on the third day• when the mouth is fully formed. The post

larvae start exogenous feeding, preferably on

small plankton like rotifers. Both parents,especially the male, guard the hatchlings andthe post larvae. Unfortunately, Indian fishfarmers have not succeeded in murrel culturedue to want of breeding, larval rearing andfeeding techniques. Murrels are carnivorous,piscivorous and also cannibalistic. Moreover,no seed supply centre is available for murrels,unlike carp.

Moreover, the hatchlings and post larvaesuccumb to heavy mortality due to variousreasons, including water quality and disease.In the tropics, adult murrels are severelyaffected by diseases, especially epizooticulcerative syndrome. Once the post larvaereach the fry stage, their own parents attackthem and cannibalism is very common amongmurrels. Meanwhile, if the hatchlings and post

• ••

Hsn Forme! Junuoryi Februav 2007 www.fishfarmermagazine.com" rs

. , >re s . x, '. '' ,,' , s4,' '

When the post

larvae reach the fry

larvae are removed from their own parents,they succumb to heavy mortality.At this juncture, rearing of post larvae is a

Herculean task. When the post larvae reachthe fry stage, they become hardy andwithstand adverse conditions. At thefingerling stage, they are safer and survivalwill be more than 90% in the presence ofadequate feed. Hence the research team atCARE designed a low cost device, whichcould be very useful for rearing the youngones (post larvae/early fry) of murrels in theabsence of parents. This device consists of aplastic fan, motor, wheel, 5V eliminator, beltand wooden piece. The plastic fan is con-nected to a motor (5V) by means of a belt,which is attached to a thick wooden piece.The aeration speed can be modified accord-ing to convenience. The motor should beswitched off after 30-45 minutes of eachoperation to avoid heat.

InducedIn the present investigation, spawning was

induced in the striated murrel C.striatus byintramuscular injection of ovaprim (0.5ml/kg). Each breeding set consisted of twomales and one female and spawning wasnoticed 24 hours after injection. The ferti-lised eggs were collected from the breedingpond (4m x 4m x im) and the hatchlingswere reared in plastic troughs (20 1 capac-ity). The post larvae were collected using ahand net and carefully transferred to analuminum-rearing tank (60 1 capacity).Water quality parameters such as DO (6.8

www•fishfarrner-rnagazine.com

mg/l) temperature (29 1C±11C) and PH (7.2)were recorded every day and 50% of the waterwas changed daily. The post larvae were fedwith plankton twice daily (10.00 h and 16.00 h)ad libitum.

The fan device was operated eight times/dayfor a' duration of 45 minutes with an interval of45 minutes or more between two successiveoperations and continuous operation wasavoided. Since the device produced centrifugalforce, simulating riverine environment, thenatural habitat, the post larvae were comfort-able in the rearing tank. This resulted in abetter survival rate of C. striatus post larvae(98%) since the water current produced by thefan device not only enhanced aeration of thewater by increasing the oxygen availability, butalso resulted in rheotaxis.

P0k Fa

stage, they become

hardy and withstand

adverse conditions.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

- We thank the Department ofBiotechnology. New Delhi for

• financial assistance (DBT letterNo.BT/PR1892/SPD/l6/137/2000). We also thankRev. Fr. Dr. A. Antonysàmy.

• S.j.. Principal, St. Xavier'sCollege for providing

• necessary facilities Thanks aredue to Er. Mohamed Riaz

• (Managing Director, ArasarGroup of Companies,

• Palayamkotcai) for fabricationof the larval rearing device.

i0ne Jclrluory/FeOrrJc;y 2007

Journal of Theoretical and Experimental Biology 2(3 and 4): 107-109,2006© 2006 Elias Academic Publisherswww.ejteb.org

Growth Rates of Channa striatus Fry Fed onDifferent Formulated Diets

D. Kumar* and M. A Haniff'a

Center for Aquaculture Research and Extension (CARE), Si. Xavier's College (Autonomous)Palayamkottai-62 7002, Tamil Nadu, India.

Received: 12 October, 2005; revised received: 12 May, 2006

Abstract

The growth rates of Channa striatus fry were investigated using 4 different types of diets for 40 days.The fry fed D4 (Plankton, soybean, Groundnut oil cake and egg) showed the best growth rate of30.2±0.04mm, while other diets Dl (plankton), D2 (fish meal and whole egg) and D3 (soybean and wholeegg) showed minimum growth rates of 3.5±0.081, 5.5±0.081, and 2.23±0.0471 respectively for the 40days.

Keywords: Channa striatus, nutrition, growth

Introduction

Channa striatus, snakehead, an obligatory air

breathing, fish has long been commercially culturedin Thailand, Taiwan, Philippines and India (Wee,1982). This is one of the best-known and mostsuccessful predatory freshwater fishes in SouthEast Asia (Ng and Lim, 1990). It is found in rivers,canals, lakes swamps, marshes and rice fields

(Kilambi, 1986). It is an important food fish,

produced from both pond culture and from capturefisheries (Wee, 1982). In polyculture, snakeheadsare used to control unwanted small fishes throughpredation (Cruz and Laudencia 1980). Inmonoculture, this species is cultured at very highdensities which is made possible by their air

breathing ability that allows this fish to live in waters

of low oxygen tension (Singh etal., 1986). In order

to conserve fish population, and to develop atechnology for breeding, rearing and nursing of fry

and fingerlings are essential either in culture or asstock in open water bodies.

Materials and MethodsFry of Channa striatus were collected from CAREAqua farm, St. Xavier's College and acclimatizedin the cement tanks for one week. During theacclimation period, the fry were fed with plankton.The fry (Length mm 14.53 ± 0.047, Weight 0.032

± 1.24) were grouped into 4 batches; each with 10fry and were reared in plastic troughs except forbatch D4 which was reared in cement tanks for 40days. Four different diets were used for the presentstudy. Plankton (D), fish meal (75%) and wholeboiled chicken egg (25%) in the form of semi moistcondition (D2), soybean and whole boiled egg in

the form of semi moist condition (D), plankton

mixed with the soybean (75%) and ground nut oil

cake (25%) and 1 whole boiled egg in the form ofsemi moist condition (D4) (Table 1).

*Corresponding author; Email address: devadosskumaryahoo.co.in

107

Dl 02 D3 04

30

> 25

20

w

15

Dl D2 03 04

Kumar I Growth Rates of Channa striatus Fry Fed

Table 1: Mean weight, total length, survival rate and growth rate of fry Channa striatus reared in plastic troughs and incement tanks fed with different diets.

Diets Di D2 D3 D4Mean wt (g) at stocking 0.031±4.71 0.031471 0.031±4.71 0.031±4.71

Mean total length (mm) at 14.56±0.047 14.56±0.047 14.56±0.047 14.56±0.047stockingRearing days 40 40 40 40

Mean wt (g) at Final 0.075±0.0008 0.101 ±0.0008 0.060±0.0004 0.3400.0004

Mean total length (mm) at 20.13±0.047 20.2±0.081 20.1±0.047 30.2±0.047harvestMean growth rate %/day 3.5±0.008 1, 5.5±0.008 1 2.23±0.0471 24.8±0.081

Survival %

97.5±0.081 95.0±0.00.094 85.16±0.235 90.33 ±0.235

Diets--- Mean growth rate %/day

Figure 1: Total weight gain of Channa striatus fry fed withdifferent forrhulated diets.

0.4

0.35

0.3

0.25

0.2

p.15

0.1

0.05

0

Diets

-4-- Mean initial weight (g) Mean final weight (g)Figure 2 Growth rate of Channa striatus fry fed on different diets.

108

Kumar I Growth Rates of Channa striatus Fry Fed

The fry in plastic trough as well as cementtank (6 x 1 x im) were fed twice daily. The waterquality parameters such as temperature 29°C ± 1°Cand DO 6.1 - 6.6 ppm and pH 7.5 - 8.0 wererecorded once daily while water was exchangeddaily in the morning).

Results and DiscussionAfter forty days of rearing the fry on different diets,the highest growth (24.8%) was obtained from thosefed with natural food + soybean + GOC + wholechicken egg in the cement tank (D 4), followed bythose fed with fishmeal + whole egg (5.5%/day)(D 2), plankton (3.5%/day) and (D3) soybean +whole chicken egg (2.23%/day) (D), (Table 1).The highest mean weight of 0.340 g from 0.031 ginitial weight was attained from fry reared in thecement tank fed with natural food + soybean +groundnut oil cake + whole egg (D 4). Lowestgrowth occurred with feed D3 (soybean + wholechicken egg) (Table 1).Total weight increment andgrowth rate of Channa striatus fry were presentedin fig i and 2.

The present study observed that survivalrate of fry reared on the four different diets wasabove 85%, rising to 97.5%. When fed withplankton in the (plastic trough) 401t, followed bythose fed with soybean + whole chicken egg(85.0%) and fishmeal + whole Chicken egg(95.0%). These results showed that rearing of C.striatus fry requires cement tank with sufficientnatural food and additional protenoussupplementary semi moist feed containing animalprotein for better growth, when fed with othersupplementary diets. Similar results were alsoreported by Abi-Ayad and Kestemont (1994) whoobserved a higher Specific Growth Rate in gold fishCarassius auratus larvae fed the mixed diet. KauShik (1986) reported that, as protein utilization isfundamental to growth, proteolytic enzymes havean important role to play in the adult as well as inthe larval fish. Larvae receiving live food alsoshowed better survival and growth than larvaereceiving artificial diet. Sea bass Dicentrarchus

labrax, and carp larvae fed with live food alsoshowed better performance than larvae fed withformulated diets (Cahu et al., 1998). These resultsshow that cement tank with enough natural food

need to be maintained in addition to supplementaryprotein containing feed to promote the growth ofC. striatus fry.

Acknowledgement

The author thanks the UGC for the financialsupport, and is thankful to Principal Rev.Fr .Dr.A. Antonysamy, St. Xavier's College for giving thelaboratory , facilities to do this work.

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Cruz, E.M., Laudencia, I.L., 1980. Polyculture of Milkfish(Chanos chanos Forskal), all male nile tilapia (Tilapianilotica) and snakehead (Ophicephalus striatus)

in freshwater ponds with supplemental feeding.Aquaculture, 20: 231-237.

Kaushik, S.J. 1986. Some aspects of larval nutritionalphysiology in carp. In: Aquaculture of Cyprinide.Edited by. R. Billard and J. Marcel Institute Nationalde la Recherché Agronomique. Paris France. pp. 215-226

Kilambi, R.V., 1 986.Age, growth and reproductive strategyof the snakehead, Ophicephalus Striatus Bloch,from Sri lanka. J. Fish Biol., 25: 13-22.

Ng, P.K.L., and Lim, K.K.P. 1990. Snakeheads (Pisces:Channidae): Natural history, biology and economicimportance. Essay in Zoology: paperscommemorating the 401 Anniversary of the Dept ofZoology, National University of Singapore.pp. 127-152.

Singh, BR., Prasad, M.S., and Mishra, A.P. 1986. Oxygenuptake through water during early life in Channa

striatus (Bloch). Hydrobiol., 33:97-104.Wee, K.L. 1982. The biology and culture of snakeheads.

In: Recent Advances in Aquacurture. Edited by:J.F. Muir and R.J. Roberts. West View Press. Boulder,Colorado. USA. pp. 180-211.

109

S, Vol. 5, No. 1, January - Juno 2006

AX

JOURNAL I IE[**.'0 CHRISICÔLLEGE

0 Bangalore,

- -

MiS, Vol. 5, No. 1, January - June 2006, pp. 30-37

EFFECT OF DIFFERENT DIETS ONSURVIVAL AND GROWTH OF STRIPEDMURREL FRY CHANNA STRIATUS

D. Kumar & M.A. Haniffa*

ABSTRACTTubifix, Chiranomus, Beef liver, mosquito larvae and plankton used asfeed were tested as diets in the early larval growth of Channa striatus

fry over a 45 days period. Among all the food types Chironomus was

found to produce the best growth results followed by tubifix, while

other food types yielded poor results.

Keywords: Channa striatus, growth, nutrition, diet

IntroductionVarious dry feed formulae have been investigated as possible substitutes of livefood for larval development (Appelbaum and Dor, 1978; Dabrowski 1983; 1984).In recent years suitability of various dry feed formulae has been investigated for therearing of Cyprinid and catfish larvae (Bryant and Matty 1981; Msiska, 1981;Hecht and Vii joen, 1982). However it has been shown that formulated compounddiets do not provide optimal larval growth when used exclusively as larval food,especially during the early larvae stages of Cyprinids and catfish (Hogendoorn,1980; Dabrowski 1984; prinsloo and Schoonbee, 1986), therefore live food provide

Centre for Aquaculture Research and Extention (CARE), St. Xavier's College (Aulonomus),Polo yankottai, Tirunelveli. E-mail: [email protected].

30

a substantial availability of protein and other essential nutrients (Jhingran, 1 975;Ahmed, 1994; Thakur. 1978; Munnef, 1979) provided some basic information onthe feeding of C. batrachus fry. However development of suitable feed for rearingChonna striatus fry is lacking. It is therefore important to study the efficacy of a fewselective feeds.

Channa strio (us snakehead is an air breathing, and carnivorous in nature. Theyare widely distributed in Africa and Asia. It is having high market due to its tasteand flesh. They support economically important fisheries and aquoculture industryin many Asian countries (Ling 1979, Chen 1990). Among murrels C. striatus formsa significant role in capture fisheries of India. Characteristics of this fish that makeit desirable cultivable food fish include rapid growth and the ability of the fish tostore and use atmospheric oxygen for respiration in waters with low dissolved oxygenand they can withstand higher stocking densities also. It has been estimated thatout of 18,000 t of marketable surplus air breathing fishes caught from naturalresources in India, murrels account for nearly 12,000 t (Jhingran 1 975) with majorpart of them constituted by Chonna morulius, Channa striatus and Channapunctatus. However, murrel culture is not practised in a well-defined way in Indiadue to several reasons. One of these is that there are no seed supply / sales centrefor murrels in country.

The fish farmers therefore depend on wild collection, which are unpredictable.Further, the rearing of hatchlings, post larvae and fry of C. striotus is a complicatedprocess unlike the raising of carp fry, which has been standardized in some extent.Recently attempts have been made on larval nutrition of Channo striatus by (Qin etal. (1997), Samantaray and Mohanty (1997). But these authors have providedformulated pelleted feeds (instead of live feed) to the larvae resulting in poor survivaland growth. In the present study a comparison is made on the growth of C. striatuslarvae using tubifix,. Chironomus, plankton and Beef liver and mosquito larvae astwo alternative live foods during the early larval growth phase of this species.

Materials and MethodChanna striatus fry (length: 3.57 + 0.05 cm, weight 0.425 + 0.03 g) were collectedfrom (CARE) earthen pond and acclimatized in the cement tanks for a period ofone week; during this period they were fed with plankton soup. They were groupedinto 5 batches and stocked for 10 individual for each treatment with three replicatesand reared in plastic troughs. (Capacity 1 5/Lt).

Water quality parameters viz., temperature 29°C ±. 1°C dissolved oxygen 6.1 -6.6mg/It and pH 7.5-8.25 were recorded throughout the study. They were fed with

fubifix, Chrionomus larvae, beef liver, mosquito larvae'and plankton soup twiceday (11 .00 hrs, 13.00 hrs) ad libitum. The feeding trial was continued fora periodof 45 days. Water was changed everyday with minimal disturbance to the experimentalanimals full nos. the length and weight were recorded once in every fortnight, thegrowth parameters viz, weight gain (%), specific growth rate and (%/doy) andsurvival (%) were estimated as Weight gain (%/day)final mean weight—initialmean weight / initial mean weight / days x 100; SGR (%/day)=final mean logweight—initial mean log weight/days x 100; Survival (%) = Final total no. of fish/Initial total no. of fish x 100. After the completion of the experiment five fishes weresacrificed for the proximate composition estimations.

Results

All foods were readily accepted from the start of feeding.The beef liver was taken bylarvae from the bottom of the trough, whereas zooplankton, mosquito larvae in themid water of the trough and the tubifix, Chironomus taken by the larvae from thebottom. The body composition of the fish fed on different diets and growth parameterwas presented in table 1, 2. From that fables, body protein, carbohydrate and lipidof the fish is higher in the diet of D2 and followed by other diets groups. And Fig 1shows the Specific growth rate and relative growth rate and growth rate of Channastriatus fry.

Table 1. Growth and Survival of Channa sfriatus fry fed on different typesof diets

Diets

ubifix Blood worm_- Beef liver Mosquito Plankton

Initial 3506±024 3603±018 3586± 109 366± 141 3523±053length (cm)

Initial .406±020 .390±031 .425±041 .443±.040 .463±026weight (g)

Final 6.918±.072 7.66±082 - 6.69±052 6.512±.305 6.054±069length (cm)

Final 3267±020 3.948±.056 2.85±081 2.11±082 2.126±010weight (g)Duration 45 45 45 45 45

SGR% 1.383±049 1.529±052 1.22±097 1.112±081 1.082±045

Weight 705.64± 919.00± 578.15± 380.20± 360.185±gain 41.805 62.324 - 74.78 38.37 26.47

32

RGR% 7056±418 9.162±70 5.78±747 3.801±382 3.601±264

ADG .0723±0004 .0874±0013 .0629±0016 .0466±001 .0472±0002(g/day)

Growth 39,39±301 40.55±299 37.79 ±600 35.56±760 35.18±551rote (%)

Survival% 90±14.14 t6.66±4.714 76.66±4.714 66.66±4.714 73.33±9.428

Table 2. Body composition of the Channa sfriatus fry fed on different diets

Diets

Initial Dl D2 03 D4 D5

Protein % 14,01 15.14 16.28 15.68 1 14.21 14.32

Carbohydrate % .88 .98 1.01 .88 .94 .93

Lipid % 3.14 3.16 3.06 2.94 3.01 2.84

Ash % 3.2 3.5 3.9 2.8 3.2 3.4

Moisture% 76.14 74.15 73.48 75.14 74.28 75.01

Dl -Tubifix, D2-Chironomus, D3-Beef liver, D4-Mosquito, D5-Plankton

. SGR%50 • RGR%40 x Growth rate (%)30

DID2D3D4 D5

Diets

Fig 1. Effect of different diets on the growth performance ofChonno striafus fry fed on different diets

Live food is regarded as the best for fishes, many crustacean, insect larvae. Inpresent study the result revealed that the highest specific growth rate (1 .529%/day),was obtained in the individual fed with Chironomus (Table 1) followed by tubifix fedon 1.383%/day), beef liver (1.22%/day), mosquito larvae (1.1 12%/day) andplankton (1 .082%/day). The best weight gain was obtained by those fed on

33

Chironomus larvae (919.00). And followed by (705.6) those fed on tubifix. Thebest survival rate (96.66 %) was obtained in Channa striatus fed on Chironomuslarvae whereas the lowest survival (73.33%) were observed in those fed on plankton.

Discussion

The results showed that live food, in particular Chironom,s larvae is most desirablediet for the rearing of the Channa stricr tus larvae. The importance of artemia as livefood (Hogendoorn, 1980; Msiska, 1981) is again confined by this investigation.However Prinsloo and Schoonbee (1986) observed zoôplankton as best live foodin comparison to commercial dry feed for the rearing of the silver carp and grasscarp species over a period of 10-14 days; silver carp and grass carp larvae acquiredrelatively better growth with zooplankton as compared to commercial dry food. Inour present study instead of zooplankton chironomus displayed superior growthand other para meter were recorded, due to the higher protein 61.17% and häemcontent of the Chironomus larvae. Qin, Fast, DeAnda &Weidenbach (1997) alsodeveloped a protocol for weaning larval snake heads from live artemia to formulatedfeed, but grow out performance with formulated feed was not evaluated.

Live food is an important diet in the rearing of larvae of a member of fish species(Hogendoorn, 1980; Msiska, 198 1; Stenson; 1982) indicated the importance ofrotifer Brachionus plicatilis for mass larval rearing of fishes and stressed the valueof the inclusion of rotifers in combination with artificial :dry feeds for the optimumgrowth of Cyprinus carpio larvae. Matlak and Matlak (1976) indicated that rotifersare important food items of carp larvae during the first three weeks in nurseryponds. Zooplankton is the best larval food for a variety bf fish larvae (Kilambi andZdinak, 1982; Geiger 1983c, and Dabrowski 1984). Thenutritional value of artemiafor Cyprinus carpio larvae indicated good growth (Bryant and Mohy 1981). Avariety of dry foods were used for the rearing of C.carpiolarvae (Appelbaum andDor 1978; Hecht and Villean 1982).

According to Cahu et al. (1998), larvae receiving live food also showed bettersurvival and growth than larvae receiving artificial diets, sea bass DicentrarchusIabrax. Abi-Ayad and Kestemont (1994) observed the highest SGR in gold fishCarassius auratus larvae fed the mixed diets. Whereas the lowest SGR (1 .325%/day) fed on plankton. Numbers of reports are available On larval rearing, Mahseerlarvae (Rai, 1990), also reported that larvae of Mahseelfed with plankton showedbetter growth when fed with other supplementary diets. In addition to the fry of katIeAcrossocheiius hexagono!epis also showed better growth, when fed with 30% proteincontent with plankton soup (Rai, 1990).

34

Malkotro and Munchi (1985) found that formulated feed might also be physicallyunsuitable for most first feeding fish larvae because large food particles that didn'tpass down the gut could subject larvae to physical stress or physiological stress.The fish growth rate is generally related to availability and density of optimal food(Mittelbach 198 1). Walleye growth increased after they switched their diets fromzooplankton to chironomids (Fox eta/i 989). But in our present study Chironomuslarvae displayed superior growth fed with the Chonna striatus fry is reported.

Dabrowski (1982) reported that many small fish larvae do not have the enzymes fordigesting non-living diets. So we are applied different types of feeds. Artemia naupliasuitable for rearing of the young ones. Some relevant reports are available; Fluechter(1980) found that protein digestion enzymes in live Artemia nauplia were responsiblefor successful rearing of Whitefish (coregonus Iavaretus) larvae.

Conclusion

Our present results strongly support the use of live food in the early larval growthphase of C.striatus larvae. So the blood worm is strongly recommended to therearing of C.striatus larvae, it should not affect further development of the larvae.

Acknowledgement

The author is thankful to UGC for their financial support, and thankful to PrincipalRev. Fr. Dr. A. Antonysamy, St. Xavier's College (Autonomous) Palcyomkottai,Tirunelveli, for giving the lob facility to do this work, in St. Xavier's CollegePa laya m koffa i.

References

1. Abi-Ayad A. and P Kestemont 1994. Comparison of the Nutritional Status of gold fishCarassius auratus larvae with live mixed or dry diet Aquaculture 128:163-176.

2. Ahmed, G.U. 1994, Effect of first food on the, growth of African catfish (C. gariepinus)during the primary nursing phase. BAV Res. Prog. 8:567-574.

3. Appelbaum, S. and U. Dor 1978. Zehntagige Anfutterung von Karpfenlarven (Cyprinuscarpio) mit Trockenfutfer auf Kommerzierller basis. Der Fischwirt, 28 (5): 25-26.

4. Bryant, PL. and A.J. many 1981. Adaptation of carp (Cyprinus carpio) larvae to artificialdiets 1: Optimum feeding rate and adapation age for a commercial diet. Aquaculture,23:275-286.

35

5. Cahu, C, J.H. Zambonino Infante A.M. Escatfre, P. Bergot and S. Kaushik 1998. Perlirninaryresults on sea bass (DicentrarChijs labrax) larvae rearing with compound diet from firstfeeding. Comparison with carp (Cyprinus carpio) larvae, Aquaculture 169:1-7.

6. Chen, L.C. 1990, Snake head culture: 39-42. In. L.C. Chen (ed). Aquaculture in Taiwan.Blackwell scientific publication, London.

7. Dabrowski, K. 1982 Proteolytic enzyme activity decline in starving fish alevins and larvaeEnviron. Biol. Fish, 7:73-76.

8. Dabrowski, K. 1983. Comparative aspect of protein digestion and amino acid absorptionin fish and other animals. Corn. Biochern. Physiol: 74A:41 7-425.

9. Dabrowski, K. 1984. Influence of initial weight during the change from live to compoundfeed on the survival and growth of four cyprinids. Aquiculture 148:105-113.

10. Fluechter, j. 1980. Review of the present knowledge of rearing white fish (Coregonidae)larvae, Aquaculture 19:191-208.

11. Fox M.G., Keast J. A., Swainson, Ri, 1989. The effect of fertilization regime on juvenileWalleye growth and Prey utilization in rearing Ponds. Environ. Bio. Fish 26:129-142.

12, Geiger, J.G. 1983a. Zooplankton production and manipulation in striped bass rearingpond. Aquoculture, 35:331-351.

13. Hecht, Y and H. Viljoe, 1982. Observation on the suitability of various dry feeds for thecommercial rearing of carp, Cyprinus carpio larvae in South Africa. Water SA, 8(l):58-65.

14. Hoogendoorn, H. 1980. Controlled propagation of the African catfish, Clariass lazera(C & V). Ill: Feeding and growth of fry, Aquaculture, 21:233-241.

15. Jhingran, 1975. Fish and fisheries of India. Hindustan, Publishing Corporation, 954 pp.

16. Kilambi, R.V. and A. Zdinak, 1982. Food intake and growth of hybrid carp (female carp,Ctenopharyngodon idella and male bighead, Aristichthys (Hypotalmichthys nobilis) fedon zooplankton and chard, J. Fish Biol., 21:63-67.

17. Ling, SW,, 1977., Snake head Ophiocephalus spp. Culture, pp. 60-64 In, S.W. Ling (ed)AquacultUre in South East Asia. A historical review. University of Washington Press, Seattle.

18. Malkotra, YR., Munshi. S. 1985. First Feeding and Survival of Aspido Paria Morar(Cyprinidae) Trans. AM. Fish. Soc. 114:286-290.

19. Matlak, I. and 0. Matlaak, 1976. The natural food of carp fry (Cyprinus carpio). Ada.Hydrobiol., 18(3):203-228.

20. Mittelbach G.G., 1981. Foraging efficiency and body size; A study of optimal diet andhabitat use of blue gills, Ecology 62:1370-1386.

21. Msiska, O.V. 1981. Rearing of the fry of the African catfish Clorius lazero (C & V) using liveand artificial feed stuffs. Bamidgeh, 33:122-127.

22. Munnet, S.K. 1979. An experiment of feeding of magur, Clarius batrachus ( linn). I. InlandFish. Soc. India 11 (2(:1.0-14.

36

23. Prinsloo, J.F. and J.H. Schoonbee, 1986. Comparison of the early Larval growth rates of theChinese silver carp Hypophthalmicthys nobilis using live and artificial Feed Water SA;12(4):229-234.

24. Qin, J., Fast, AX, De Anda D. & Weidenbach R.P (1997) Growth and survival of larvalsnake head Channo striatus, fed different diets. Aquacullure 148:105-113.

25. Rai, A.k., 1990. Propagation of katie (Acrossocheilus hexagonolepis) and studies on foodhabits and growth of young ones in different dietary protein level. A project report submittedto International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Lalitpur, Nepal, Inland FisheriesDev. Project, Harihar Bhawan, Pulchowk, 22p.

26. Samantarary K. and S.S. Mohanty (1997) interactions of dietary levels of protein and energyon fingerling snakehead, Chonna striotus, Aquaculture 156:(241-249).

27. Stenson, J.A.E. 1982. Fish impact on rotifer community structure. Hydrobiologia, 87:57-64.

28. Thakur, N.K., 1978. On the food of the air breathing catfish calias batrachus (Linn)occuring in wild water. t-lydrobiologia, 63(3):421-431.

37

MiS, Vol. 5, No. 1, January - June 2006, pp. 38-46

IMPACT OF HAZARDOUS INDUSTRIALWASTE ON HEALTH ANDENVIRONMENT

Ananatha Rama V, Prakash P** &Kiran Kumar B.V***

ABSTRACTFrom the days of primitive society, human and animals have used theresource of the earth to support life and to dispose waste. Rapidpopulation growth and uncontrolled industrial development are seriouslydegrading the urban and semi-urban environment in many of thedeveloping countries placing enormous strain onnatural resourcesand undermining efficient and sustainable development. Industrialoperations leads to considerable generation of hazardous waste andin rapidly industrializing countries such as India the contribution tohazardous waste from industries are largest. Hazardous wastegenerations from industries is also critical due to thei large geophysicalspread in the country, leading to regionwide impacts. Due toliberalisation pa/ky the pace of industrialization has been accelerated,which has resulted in increasing amount of hazardous waste everyyear This along with a growing amount of municipal solid waste due torapid urbanization and inadequate pa/ky and technlogica/ measures

* Lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering, SBM Jain College of Engineering, Bangalore.* * Senior Lecturer, Dayonando Sagar College of Engg., Shavigemthlleshwara Hills, Kumaraswamy

Layout, Bongo/ore.***Ledurer, Doyananda Sagar College of Engineering, Ban galor.

38

LI

Figure 1. Active male chasing the female.

Figure 3. Courtship behaviour.

Figure 2. Male hitting the vent region. Figure 4. Egg mass guarttect by female parent.

SCIENTIFIC CORRESPONDENCE

Breeding behaviour and parental care of the induced bredspotted murrel Channa punctatus under captivity

The spotted murrel Channa punctatus, anobligatory air-breathing fish, is distri-buted all over India (According to anIUCN report it is at low risk, near-threat-ened category). It naturally breeds duringsouth-west and north-east monsoons inflooded rivers and ponds'. According toParameshwaran and Murugcsan2 , indu-cccl bred murrels never exhibited parentalcare. We report our observations onbreeding behaviour and parental care ofthe spotted murrel Channa punctatus in-

duced with different ovulating agents.The present study was conducted in

cement tanks (3 x I x I m) between Julyand December 1999. Mature healthymales and females (length 12-18 cm andweight 35-80 g) were selected by exter-nal morphological characteristics. A daybefore the expedment, the required fisheswere selected and transferred to (3 >< 1 xI in) cement tanks of 15001 capacityfilled with 30 cm level of dc-chlorinatedwater. Each breeding set consisted of two

males and one female 3 . Different types of

natural (pituitary gland and human cho-rionic gonadotropin) and synthetic hor-mones (ovaprim and ovatide) were usedto induce spawning. For each hormone,three doses were used and for each dose,three breeding trials were made to assessthe reproductive response of the fish. In-jections were administered intramuscu-larly in the dorso-lateral legion of thebody. Immediately after administeringthe hormones, the breeding sets were re-leased into the spawning tanks (3 x II m), provided with Hydri/la vertici//atafor hiding purposes. Spawning behaviourwas observed 4 h after hormone injectionuntil spawning. After spawning, eggswere allowed to hatch and glow alongwith the parents in the breeding tanks.

In the present study, the hormone-administered fishes showed breeding be-haviour after 4 h of injection irrespectiveof the type of ovulating agents used.Each female paired with a single male.At all times the more active and aggres-sive male paired with the female and theother male was found passive and idle inthe corner of the breeding tank. Matingwas preceded by elaborate courtship. Theactive male chased the female (Figure 1)and frequently excited movement of the

paired breeders commenced from 10 to12 h after the hormone injection. In allthe spawning attempts, the male was moreactively involved in the courtship andspawning. It was seen hitting the femalesnout and vent region more frequently(Figure 2). The spawning activity con-tinued till the release of gametes. At theculminating courtship, the male bent itsbody close to the female, breeders joinedtogether (Figure 3) and the male releasedits milt and the female its eggs, afterexternal fertilization occurred. The eggswere laid in a clear area harboured byweeds. In the present study, breeding be-haviour of C. punclatus commenced 4hafter administration of the hormone andcontinued till spawning. Parameshwaranand Murugesan2 reported that mating be-haviour in C. punctatus was preceded bythe excited movements of the pairedbreeders, which commenced about 9-14 hafter the second injection of pituitary ex-tract. Similar reports are available on the

spawning behaviour of Anaba.s testudineus4,

C/arias batrachus 5 and Heteropneusles

fossils6 . In the present investigation, nonest building was observed iii C. pu,ic-

talus spawners. The giant murrel C. ma-

ru//us has been reported to construct acup-like nest in water not more than1.2 in depth 7 . Table I reports the differ-ences between natural breeding and indu-ced breeding behaviour. Whereas naturalspawners showed frequent jumping abovethe water surface oil day prior tospawning, no such movement was noticedin the case of induced spawners. More-over, no nest-building habit was observedin the latter. In contrast to previous re-ports of Parameswaran and Murugesan2,parental care was noticed prior to inducedmating.

The scattered eggs in the breeding tankwere pooled in the vicinity of weeds bythe moving activity of the male parent.The male parent was found with eggsand hatehlings while the female parentwas seen in the vicinity of the egg massin the breeding tank (Figure 4). The ferti-

lized eggs usually float and adhere toeach other forming an egg mass 5-10 cmin diameter while the unfertilized eggslost their adherent ability and were scat-

CURRENT SCIENCE, VOL. 86, NO. 10,25 MAY 2004 1375

SCIENTIFIC CORRESPONDENCE

Table 1. Spawning and parental behaviourof C. punctatus during natural and induced breeding

Natural breeding

Spawnersjump frequently above the watersurface up to a height of 30-90 cm beforespawning'

Spawners were sluggish but building nests wasobserved'

Aggressive behaviour was exhibited by femaleafter spawning4

Chasing by male was normal1°

Selection of male by female was at random"

Both parents guarded the juveniles4

tered throughout the tank. While guard-ing the egg mass, the male parent remainedquiet, curving around eggs or intermit-tently swimming in a slow circle fanningthe eggs with its pectoral fins. Intenseparental care was observed in the breed-ers induced by different hormones. Bothparents guarded the eggs, but aggressivebehaviour was observed in the male par-ent. Previous reports of C. punctatus in-

dicate both parents have been reported tolook after the eggs and fry' in naturalconditions. In the present investigation,

parental care was observed up to onemonth and eggs guarded by the maleparent remained clean, developing em-bryos until hatching and after reachingpost-larval stage. If the eggs were remo-

induced breeding

Spawners never Jump

Spawners were sluggish but no nest buildingwas observed'

Aggressive behaviour was observed inthe male'

Chasing by male was more aggressive

Aggressive male forces the female tocopulate by driving away thepassive male'

Female guarded the eggs whereasmale guarded the juveniles8

ved and incubated without parental care,they would have suffered fungal infec-

tion followed by poor hatching.

I. Alikunhi, K. H., Bull, Indian Counc.Agri. Res., 1957, 20, 144.

2. Parameshwaran, S. and Murugesan, V.K., Hydrobiologia, 1976, 50, 81-87.

3. Haniffa, M. A., Shaik Mohamed, J. andMerlin, T., Fishing Chimes, 1996, 23.

4. Johannessen, 1., Gj osaeter, J. andMoksness, E., .4quaculture, 1993, 115,

41-51.5. Moitra, A., Pandey, A., Ghose, T. K. and

Munshi, J. S. D., Symposium on InlandAquaculture held at CIFRI, Barrsckpore,West Bengal 1979, pp. 2-3.

6. Thakur, N. K., Jpn. J. Ichthyol., 1976,

23,178-180.

7. Thakur, N. K., Nasar, S. A. K. and Shed,

M., Physiol. Behav., 1974, 39, 53-55.

8. Marimuthu, K., Haniffa, M. A., JesuArokia Raj, A. and Muruganandam, M.,Indian J. Fish., 2001, 48, 409-411,

9. Haniffa, M. A., Shaik Mohamed, J. andMerlin, T., Acta Ichihyol. Piscatoria,2000,30,53-60.

10, Devaraj, M., Indian J. Fish., 1973, 20,

138-147.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . We thank the

Indian Council of Agricultural Research, NewDelhi, for financial assistance (F. No. 4-12/1999-ASR-1). We also thank Rev. Fr. Dr A.Antonysamy, S. J., Principal, St. Xavier'sCollege, Palayamkottai for providing neces-sary facilities.

Received 30 October 2003; revised accepted27 January 2004

M. A. HANIFFA*

K. MARIMUTHU

M. NAGARAJAN

A. JESU AROKIARAJD. KUMAR

Centre for Aquaculture Research andExtension 1'cARE,,

St. Xavier's College,Palayanikottai 627 002, India*For correspondence.e-mail: haniffacare@IiOtn7a11'.c0

CURRENT SCIENCE, VOL. 86, NO, 10, 25 MAY 2004

1376

AQUACULT Vol. 8 (1), 21-26, 2007 ISSN - 0972 - 2262

Growth assessment of red swordtails Xzphophorus helen

(Poecill"idae) fed on three different diets

D. Radhika, C. Veerabahu and D. Kumar

Department of Zoology and Research laboratory, V.O.Chidarnbaram College, Tuticorin - 628 008.

(Accepted for publication - 2" February, 2007)

Abstract

The swordtails Xiphophorus helleri were selected for the present investigation. The uniform sizes of 10 individual

fishes were selected for each one of the cement tank (2.5"x3" circular tank) with the water capacity level of 30 It.The experimental duration was 42 days. Three types of feed were fed for the experimental fish viz; Chironomuslarvae (Dl) Animal protein 40 % (D2) and Plant protein 40% (D3). The best specific growth rate were observedin those fed on chironomus larvae (Dl) 3.84±.008 followed by other diets 3.356±0.004, 3.23±0.008. The bestsurvival 100% were observed in Dl followed by other parameters such as ADG, RGR, and weight gain.

Key words: Swordtails xihophonis helleri, growth, feed.

Introduction

The culture of ornamental fish remains an

important activity in several Asian countries. Ng

and Tan (1997) estimated a total production value

of US$80-150 million annually from Southeast

Asian aquarium fish farms. Live bearing species

from the family Poeciliidae such as guppies

(Poecilia reticulata), mollies (Poecili a latipinna,

Poecilia sphenops), swordtails (Xphophorus hellerO

and platies (Xiphophorus maculatus) are a

popular group being produced in Singapore,

Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, India and China.

According to a survey of the ornamental fish trade

in the United States, guppies and swordtails

accounted for 25.8% and 5.4%, respectively, of total

number of ornamental fish.

Feeding of broodstock in Asian farms still relies

mainly on live feed such as bloodworms, Tubifex,

coupled with daily prepared paste consisting

mixture of fish meal and skimmed milk powder

(Fernando et al., 1991) . Besides the risks of

introducing harmful pathogens, these feeding

practices may not provide adequate nutrient levels

required by broodstock fish. These types of diets can

also cause potential problems in terms of

detrimental pond effluent. The use of fish meal in

ornamental fish culture also means that potentially

consumable protein is being converted to

nonconsumable luxury items (Tiusty, 2002).

Studies have shown that reproductive

performances of these live breeders are influenced

by nutrition (Dzikowski et al., 2001; Kruger et al.,

AQUACULT Vol. 8 (1) Growth assessment of red swordtails X. he/len (Poecliidae)

22

2001a). In swordtails, internal fertilization will be

followed by hatching of eggs and a gestation period

of approximately 27 days prior to release of free-

swimming fry (Siciliano, 1972). Due to differences

in biological processes, the nutrient requirements of

brood stock may be different from growing juvenile

animals.

The current study was designed to investigate

the effects of different diets on the growth aspects of

swordtail utilizing pelleted diets.

Materials and Methods

Red Swordtails Xiphophorus helleri fry werecollected from local aqua farm and brought to the

laboratory in polythene bags containing aerated

water. They were acclimated to the laboratory

conditions for 15 days in two large cement tanks.

During acclimation juveniles were fed ad libitumwith control feed twice a day. Uneaten food was

removed after one hour of feeding and aquarium

water was changed once in two days. Water quality

parameters viz; temperature 29°C ± 1°C dissolved

oxygen 6.1-6.6 mg/lt and pH 7.5-8.25 were

recorded throughout the study. The feeding trial

was continued for a period of 42 days. Water was

changed everyday with minimal disturbance to the

experimental animals full nos. Proximate analysis

of diets was conducted according to AOAC (1990)

for verification of nutrient levels.

Three types of feeds were viz; Chironomus

larvae and pelleted diet containing 40% animal

protein and plant protein was maintained

throughout the experimental period, and was

prepared adopting the box model of Ali (1982). The

water quality parameters such as pH and DO were

monitored daily. Feeding of fry was carried out with

Chironomus larvae and 40% pelleted animal and

plant protein for 42 days.

The feeding trial lastd for 42 days. At the end

of the experiments, the individual weight of fishes

was measured before they were sacrificed for

proximate analysis of muscle (AOAC, 1990).

The active juveniles of swordtails Xzhophorushelleri (0.126 mg) were selected from the

acclimation tank, and divided into three groups

corresponding to three different types of feeds viz;

Dl., D2, and D3. Individual fish belonging to

corresponding pelleted diet were fed at a rate of 5%

body weight twice a day at 1000 and 1700 hours for

2 hours and then unconsumed food was collected

by a pipette and dried in hot air oven at 80°C. Each

group consisted of 10 individuals and triplicates

were maintained.for each diet. Experiments were

conducted in cement tank (3"X2") containing

30 liters of water. Aquarium water was changed

every day to remove the accumulated faeces at the

bottom.

Result

During the feeding trial, the fish readily

accepted all the three. diets. The growthesponse

under different treatments are given in Table 2.

Initial body weight of the various dietary groups did

not vary significantly, but after 42 days the growth

performance varied in terms of specific growth

rate (SGR) food conversion rate (FCR), relative

growth rate, and growth rate as presented in table

2. The highest SGR (3.84%/day) was observed in

fish fed with Dl, FCR was better among the groups

where SGR and growth rate of fish were higher

(Dl). In the table 1 clearly showed the feed

composition and nutrient content of the feed were

tabulated.

The proximate composition of the three types

of feeds was estimated to assess the food value

(Table 1). Among the two types of feed, Dl had the

highest level of protein Dl (62.55 %), D2 (41.2/g)

and the lowest protein (38.48/g) was recorded in

AQUACULT Vol. 8 (1)

D. Radhika et al., 23

Table 1 : Feed formulation and proximate composition of test diets.

Diets

Ingredients Dl D2 D3

Rice bran - 12.3 8.4

Tapioca - 12.3 8.4

Ground nut oil cake - 37.6 41.5

Fish meal - 37.6 41.5

Vit. mix - 0.1 0.1Mm. mix - 0.1 0.1Nutrient Content

Protein % 62.55 4f.98 38.25Fat% 8.16 7.12 6.10Ash % 8.15 6.62 5.00

Note : Dl = Chironomus larvae; D2 = Animal protein 40%; D3 = Plant protein 40%

D3. The lipid content of the feeds was 7.12mg/g

and 6.12 mg/g in Dl and D2. The results showed

that different types of feed significantly enhance the

growth of test animal. The fish fed with diet Dl

elicited higher relative growth rate than those fed

with D2 and D3. However fish fed with ., pelleted. typesof diet D2, D3 had lower levels of feeding than thoseother groups (Table 1).

Discussion

This present study demonstrated that feedingwith the 40%, animal, plant protein and

Chironornid larvae for the test animal. The

Chironomus larvae resulted in significantly largergrowth and best survival were observed. There was

little changes in the body composition of the test

animal were observed after the feeding. Numerous

studies elsewhere have shown that an important

contribution of dietary protein toward growth

performance and the effect on the body size. Fig 1

and 2 clearly shows the growth performance of the

test animal was presented.

Reigh and Ellis (1994) demonstrated that

commonly used plant protein and animal protein

supplements differ in nutritional value for Crayfish,P CIa rkii. Among plant protein ingredients soybean

meal is considered as the most nutritive plant

protein sources. Dabrowski et at., (1989) reported

that the growth rate of rain bow trout..fry was

reduced significantly when 50% of the fish meal was

replaced by soybean meal and 100% replacement

resulted in severe growth depression and mortality.

But in our study, the best growth and weight gain

and other parameter were observed in diet Dl

followed by D2 and D3. In diet D2 fish meal

displaced the similar types of results as observed in

the study by the above said author

Escaffre et at., (1997) reported that

incorporation of Soybean protein concentration

upto 40% in the diet did not adversely affect the

survival for growth of carp larvae. However,

Dabrowski and Kozak (1979) found that thegrowth of grass carp fry was depressed when the

content of soybean meal in the diet was increased,

despite the addition of deficient amino acids. Feed

intake of fish depends on the size of the prey and

Predator quality density, physical attractiveness and

AQUACULT Vol. 8 (1) Growth assessment of red swordtails X. he//er! (Poeciliidae) 24

Table 2 : Effect of different diets on growth survival and body indices, flesh composition of Red swordtail

Xiphophorus helleri.

Diets

Parameters Dl D2 D3

Initial length (cm) 1.16 ± 124 1.16 ± 124 1.16 ± 124

Initial weight (g) 0.126 ± 0.002 0.126 ± 0.002 0.126 ± 0.002

Final length (cm) 4.2 ± 0.081 3.86 ± 0.047 3.56 ± 0.047

Final weight (g) 4:13 ± 0.008 3.66 ± 0.012 3.526 ± 0.024

SGR% day 3.84 ± 0.008 3.356 ± 0.004 3.23 ± 0.008

FCR% 1.02 ± 0.016 1.81 ± 0.008 2.12 ± 0.014

ADG 0.095 ± 0.0006 0.087 ± 0.008 0.080 ± 0.003

RGR 31.77 ± 0.008 28.047 ± 0.008 26.966 ± 0.009

Growth rate (%) 40.726 ± 0.012 40.54 ± 0.008 40.486 ± 0.004

Survival% 100 90 80

Flesh Composition

Protein % 43.22 41.12 39.65

Fat% 8.12 7.88 6.12

Mositure % 78.22 78.12 75.63

Ash % 6.12 5.22 4.55

mode of presentation of food (Hastings and Dickie,

1972; Mathavan, 1976; James et at., 1993). The

active movement and high protein 62.5% content of

Chironomus larvae sp. could have stimulatory effect

on the predatory response of the experimental fish,

which enhance the growth rate. James et at., (1993)

reported that the wriggling movement of large and

nutritionally rich prey organism such as

Chironomus larvae and Culux pipiens larvae

maximize the growth of Cyprinus carpio which

support the present findings.

We propose that the minimum dietary protein

requirement for swordtail should be 30-40%,

depending on farming conditions. This is slightly

lower than the proposed 45% dietary protein level

as optimum requirement level for growth of 64

weeks old juvenile swordtails (Kruger et al.,

2001b).

Since the actual dietary protein, requirement of

fish is also affected by factors such as protein quality,

levels of lipid and digestibility, further studies

considering these factors will be needed for more

precise determination.

Conclusion

From our experimental study we

observed the best feed of chironomus larvae is

recommended for the larval rearing and brood stock

maintenance of fresh water ornamental fish under

in lab condition.

Acknowledgement

The authors deeply thankful to ICAR for their

financial assistance and thankful to Secretary and

Principal V.O:Chidanibaram College for giving the

lab facility and successfully complete the work.

AQUACULT Vol. 8 (1) D. Radhika et al., 25

, Fig. 1: Weight increment of red swordtail Xiphophorus helleri fedon differnet diets.

.........................Initial weight (g)

6 - . . 0 Final weight (g)

' 2 - - -

Dl D2 D3

Diets

Fig. 2 : Specific growth rate and growth rate of red swordtail fed on H

different diets.

SGR ',,)/day

60 - - .____ - --- I Groh rate

20 -

0 .

Dl D2. D3 .Diets

References

Chong, A. S. C. et al., Aquaculture 234 (2004) 381-392 391.

AOAC : Official Methods of Analysis of Association ofOfficial Analytical Chemists, 15th ed. AOAC,Arlington, VA. 1298 pp. Aquaculture, vol. 6. WorldAquaculture Society, Louisiana, USA, pp. 26-50.(1990).

Akiyama, D. E., D. M. (Eds.), Crustacean Nutrition,Advances in World.

Dabrowsici, l(, P. Poezyezynski and B. Kock Berger : Effectof partially or totally replacing fish meal protein by

soybean meal protein on growth, food utilizationand proteolytic enzymes activities in rain bow trout(Salmon gairdneri) new in vivo test for exocrinepancreatic secretion. Aquaculture, 77 : 29-49(1989).

Dahigren, B. T. : The effects of three different dietaryprotein levels on fecundity in the guppy, Poeciliareticulata (Peters). J. Fish Biol., 16 : 83-97(1980).

Dzikowski, R., G. Hulata, I. Karplus and S. Harpaz: Effectof temperature and dietary L-carnitinesupplementation on reproductive performance offemale guppy (Poedilia reticulata). Aquaculture,

AQUACULT Vol. 8 (1) Growth assessment of red s.iordtalls X. he I/er! (Poeciliidae)

26

199 : 323-332 (2001).

Escafre, A. M., J . L. Z. Infante, C. L. Cahu, M. Mambrini,

P. Bergot and S. J . Kushick: Nutritional value of

soybean protein concentrate for larvae of commoncarp (Cyprinus carpio) based on growthperformance and digestive enzyme activities.Aquaculture, 153 63-80 (1997).

Fernando, A. A., V. P. E. Phang, and S. Y. Chan : Dietsand feeding regimes of Poecillid fishes in Singapore.

Asian Fish. Soc., 4 : 99-107 (1991).

Guillaume, J . : Protein and amino acids. In: D' Abramo,L.R., onklin, Gunasekera, R.M., Shim, K.F., Lam,T.J., 1997b. Influence of protein content on thedistribution of amino acids in oocytes, serum andmuscle of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis nioticus (L.).

Aquaculture, 152 : 205-221 (1997).

Hastings, W. H. and L. M. Dickie : Feed formulation andevaluation. In: Fish nutrition. pp. 327-374.

Academic press, London (1972).

James, R., J . Muthukrishnan and K. Sampath : Effect offood quality on temporal and energetic cost of

feeding in Cyprinus carpio (Cyprinidae). J.Aquault. Trophics, 8 : 47-53 (1993).

Kruger, D. P., P. J . Britz, J . Sales: The influence of livefeed supplementation on growth and reproductive

performance of swordtail (Xzphophorus belIer!

Heckel 1848) brood stock. Aquar. Sci. Conserv.,

3 : 265-273 (2001a)

Kruger, D. P., P. J . Britz and J. Sales: Influence of varying

dietny protein content at three lipid concentrationson growth characteristics of juvenile swordtails(Xiphophorus helleri Heckel 1848). Aquar. Sci.

Conserv., 3 : 275-280 (2001b).

Mathavan, S. : Satiation time and predatory behaviour of

the dragon fly nymph mesogomphus lineatus.

Hydrobiologia, 50: 55-64 (1976).

Ng, P. K. L. and H. H. Tan : Freshwater fishes of SoutheastAsia: potential for the aquarium fish trade andconservation issue. Aquai Sci. Conse,v., 1 : . 79-90

(1997).

Reigh, R. C., and S. C. Ellis : Utilization of animal proteinand plant protein supplement by red Swamp Cray-fish Procambarus Clarkii fed formulated diets. j

World. Aquacult. Soc., 25 : 541-552 (1994).

Siciliano, M. J . : Evidence for .a. spontaneous ovarian cycle

in the fish of the genus Xiphophorus. Biol. Bull.

142 : 480-488 (1972).

Tiusty, M. : The benefits and risks of aqua culturalproduction for the aquarium trade. Aqiiaculture,

205 : 203-219 (2002).

Environment & Ecology 24 (2): 373 - 378. 2006© Copyright by MKK Publication 2.006 ISSN 097070420

Life Cycle and Larval Rearing of Cluronomus ramosus usingDifferent Organic Nutrients

C VEERABAHU D RADHIKA AND D KUMAR0. Chidanzbara,n College. PG Department of Zoology & Research Center

Tuticorin 628008, IndiaE-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

The Chirononius larvae were selected for the present study. Four types of organic nutrient manure wereprepared viz., cow dung, vegetable waste, duck waste and rice bran. Each organic manure weighing 5, tO, 15 gwas dissolved in tO liters ofdechlorinated water. Among the organic manure the cow dung (15 g) displayed thefollowing parameters: no. of eggs was 286.66±1.24, hatchability 96.66±4.71, the fly emergence is 15.0±816days and survival rate was 100% followed other organic manures. Due to organic manure variation, the larvalperiods varied from 14-19 days. The life cycle of the species was completed in 23 days.Key ,4.ffrds Clsironomus ramosus Rearing Organic manure Life cycle Live feed

Chironomids are the most abundant and laboratory growth of Chironomus ramosus larvaediverse group or-aquatic insects. They are found reared- using different organic manures and lifein almost any water body and it is common for cycle of the species was recordedchironornids to comprise more than 50% of the (The financial assistance we got from thespecies richness Some kinds of chironomids are Indian Council of Agricultural Research Newblood red. The red.,coloration comes from Delhi, is -greatly acknowledged. The authorhemoglobin that allows the larvae to store-ox . ygen thankful to Secretary VO Chidambaram Collegeand survive in situations with low dissolved and the Principal for providing the laboratoryoxygen It is an important food source for insects, facilities)fishes and birds Particle size of the nutrient. Methodsmedium and silt used for construction of the tube

-

determine the efficiency of filtration and growth The vegetable waste was collected from the(1 2) Studies on food consumption and growth local market and dried in our . laboratory. It wasof chironomids have been mostly carried out in powdered and sieved with the help of fine meshthe field where the effect of quality of food can and stocked The same method was followed innot be easily monitored (3) The chironomid larvae the cow dung waste Series of culture media wereand pupae are highly nutritious and nourishing and prepared using dry cow dung vegetable wasteconstitute one of the stable food items for many duck waste and rice bran Freshly hatched larvaefishes in the natural environment They have been from the egg masses incubated at 28 C in thereported to be adequate for growth in fishes (4— laboratory-were reared in separate plastic trough6) The larvae are used as live food for aquarium with 10 liters of dechlorinated drinking waterfishes and carnivorous fish fry in fish culture Its providing dry cow dung and vegetable waste ducksuitability in this aspect has been well documented waste ,and- rice bran powder as a nutrient source

(5 7 8) Larval insects of the family chironomidae Each series consisted of about 20 larvae and allor midges are the common and most important the larvae were hatched from the same egg massnatural foods of many fishes Midges larvae only The larvae were weighed before theoccasionally have been reared as food for cultured commencement of feeding experiment Initialfish (8-12) The present paper reports on the -length and weight of the larvae was 07 mm and

373

374 VEERA.BAHJJ ETAL

0.08 mg To facilitate easy construction of tube antenna have plumose type of antenna The malesthe worms were gently aerated. The mosquito net and females were identified and transferred to thewas used to cover the plastic trough fully to other trovghsto lay the eggs, containing the crudeprevent the entry of mosquito into the culture cow dung extract mixed with water. The speciessystem 0 2 g of organic matter free soil (particle were also identified using standard key undersize 0 1 mm' was provided as a substratum camera Lucida microscope The water level was

The nutrient source weight ranged from 5, maintained. Within I or 2 days, mating took place.10, and 15 g of cow dung dry powder and the same - Lweight was followed in the vegetable waste dry.,e C

ycle

matter, duck waste and rice bran (all weredrjed The four life stages, namely, egg, larvae,and powdered) Each experimental set up was pupae, and adult, are treated separately. The lifemaintained in triplicate The nutrient extract was history of Chironomus spp has been described bysupplied daily twice in the morning and evening Oliver (13) nd Hill and Cheung (14) But thefrom the different amounts of the organic manure, detailed study of the different stages of the lifeand the wastes were removed from the extract cycle of the species in south India has not beenThe water chemistry values over the duration of done. The developmental stage of the C. ramosus

the experiment was pH 6.8-7. 5, dissolved oxygen from egg to adult was 23 days as recorded in our5. 876. 5 mg/liter, temperature 25-28 C and the total laboratoryammonia were !^1 0-1 8 mg/liter were monitored E Massfor every two days The culture system was

Egg

watched for the emergence of midges daily. The eggs of 210 to 240 nos were recorded

/from each of the individual breeding set The sex

Collection ratios of 2:1 k'ere allowed in a breeding set TheThe Chzronomus larvae were collected from eggs were collected in the petridish and put into

Tuticorin all through the season especially from another trough containing crude cow dung extractthe drainage canals and the larvae were transported After 24 hours the young ones hatched from theto zoalagy research lab-oratory of VO same egg massChidambaram College Tuticorin Larvae: First Instar to Fourth instaz

Rearing First instar larvae were colorless althoughThe collected worms were reared in the later instars are usually red depending on nutrition

laboratory condition using crude wet cow dung and oxygenation The energy required forextract as nutrient sources The -water level was swimming is obtained by feeding on suspendedmaintained throughout the rearing periods The algae and detritus, but some nourishment may besuspected gravid adult was allowed to lay the eggs derived from the yolk that remains from the eggin the laboratory the eggs were left to hatch and (15)thereafter reared up to the adult

The first instar settled after several days andbuilt a ease First instar larvae could be recoveredMale Female Identification-

- from the field at this stage in bottom samples. TheFor male and female identification the molt to the second instar followed quite rapidly.

midges were morphologically differentiated The In the second instar the single pair of ventralmales have the thin abdomen with greenish color tubules althou 1gh present was relatively shorterand have the plimose type of antenna The female than in third or fourth instars Second andhave broad abdomen with dark color and the subsequent instars showed strong negative

VEERABAHU ETAL 375

phototaxis, bright directional light even causing 18, 16, and 15 days in those reared on 5, 10, andthem to leave their tubules. 15 g of cow dung followed by vegetable waste it

Results was 15, 16, and 17 days, duck waste (16, 19 and19), rice bran (14,17 and 16) days respectively.

Effect of different nutrient sources on the In rice bran 5 g was enough for the larvalgrowth performance, hatchability, fly emergence rearing of the C. ramosus. But for other organicand survival rate of C. ramosus larvae are manure 15 g was needed suitable for the larvalpre-sen-ted in Table 1. Figure 1 shows the rearing. The number of eggs were varied from oneemergence of midge fly larvae and hatchability organic manure to others due to composition ofof the eggs, survival rate were showed on the the manure. We have recorded that 15 g is suitablechosen nutrient media viz., cow dung, vegetable for the rearing of this species in 10 liter of water.waste, duck waste and rice bran. Among the If there is organic load in the rearing tank or troughorganic nutrient sources cow dung fed groups on mass mortality will happen. According to the size15 g medium were first observed to emerge as fly and density of the animal we should apply thecompared to other organic nutrient media And the organic manure So 15 g of medium is suitablehatchability was 96.66%, days of fly emergence for the culture of Chironomus larvae in 10 liter ofis 15.0±816 days and the survival rate is 100, water. The temperature plays a major role in thefollowed by other organic manure were recorded. larval development of the midge fly larvae.The metamorphosis took place within the larval The larval development mainly depends ontube. However the larval period was prolonged to temperature. If the temperature falls below 10 C

Table 1. Effect of different organic nutrient sources on the growth performance, hatchability. fly emergence and survival rate ofC. rwnosus larvae in lab condition.

- Nutrientsources

Cow dung powder (g) Vegetable waste powder (g)

5 10 IS 5 10 IS

No. of worms stocked - 30 30 30 30 30 30Temperature (C) 28 28 28 28 28 28Ammonia 15l.0 :51.0 51.0 :5I.0 :51.0 :51.0PH 6.7-7.8 6.9-7.5 6.8-7.0 6.8-7.2 •6.8-7.0 6.9-7.2DO mg/liter 5.3 5.5 5.6 5.2 5.3 5.6No. of eggs counted 259.66±5.31 267.66±2.86 286.66±1.2 227.66±2.86 258.33±1.69 268.66±1.69Hatchability (%) 89.5±.70 91.66±6.23 -96.66±4.71 90±14.14 95±4.08 90±14.14Days of fly emergence 18.0±.816 16.33±1.247 15±.8 16 17.33±1.247 1 5,0±.8 16 I6.0±.816Survival rate (%) 90±8.164 96.66±4.71 100 83.33±4.71 86.66±12.4 90±8.16

Nutrient sources

Duck waste powder (g) Rice bran (g)

5 10 15 5 10 15

No. of worms stocked 30 30 30 30 30 30Temperature (C) 28 28 28 28 28 28Ammonia :51.0 ^1.0 151.0 151.0 _-q1.0PH 6.8-7.0 6.8-7.0 6.8-7.0 6.8-7.2 6.8-7.0 8.0DO mg/liter 5.8 5.0 5.3 r 5.6 5.5 5.7No. of eggs counted 263.0±1.63 247.33±3.29 277.0±2i16 267.66±2.05 248.33±7.7 33±3.29Hatchability (%) 86.66±4.71 80±8.16 93.33±9.42 83.33±4.71 88.5±2.12 93.33±4.714Days of fly emergence 19.66±A71 19.0±.81 1833±124 14.0±.81 17.33±.47 16.66±.942Survival rate (%) 86.66±12.4 80±8.16 90±14.14 83.33±16.9 83.33±16 93.33±9.42

376

100% -90%80%70%

60%-L -

50°'I. •• •

.4 .. 44.

4 •44. .4.4

0 444 4.4. 444

40/. 14+1 4...tt±1 Ut1.IIL1iJITIIUHCow dung powder (9) Vegetable waste Duck waste powder (g) Rice bran (g)

powder (g)

Different organic manure (g)No. of eggs counted Q Hatchebity (%) S Payed fly enrgenCe 0 Ut Survival rule (%)

Figure I. Effect of difTereni organic nutrient sources on the growth performance, hatchability. fly emergence andsurvival rate of C ra,nosus larvae in lab condition.

mass mortality was observed. The larvae length role in those reared on the different type of organic

ranged from 3.5-4.5 cm in cow dung nutient manure.sources. However the duration required for Temperature is one of the major factorsmetamorphosis of the larval into pupae and imago controlling rates of growth and development indid not differ due to difference in the quality of aquatic insects (17). The adult body size of athe medium. number of insects depends largely on temperature

experienced during larval development (18). InDiscussion -addition to a ' direct .effect on metabolism.

Among different organic manure media temperature is also likely to have an indirect effectprovided in a series of sets, dry cow dung and through its influence on food quality and quantityvegetable waste in the ratio of 15 g was found to (18).be suitable for maximizing the productivity of But there is evidence that food qualit y may

U:,ronon:us midges. The fact that chicken manure also have a significant effect (19). He studiedprovides a potential nutrient medium for growth and development of a range of species atChiivnumus culture has been demonstrated by different temperatures. At 1 5 C, larvalShaw and Mark (16). At an expense of 1,440 kg development required between 5 and 48 days for

of Chicken manure about 140 kg of Chironoinus completion (20). Larvae reared at lowerlarvae were obtained in an area of 675 m l in about temperature are usually longer than those reared50 days. at higher temperature. In our study, similar results

The best survival and weight gain are were observed in the growth and emergence ofpresented in Table 1. The best weight gain was midge fl y. Our study shows that 15 g cow dung

observed in those reared on the cow dung of 15 g dry powder extract, vegetable waste, duck wastefollowed by other organic manure ratios. The time can give the best fly emergence within a shortof fly emergence may vary from one nutrient period of days than the natural cycle of thesource to other one due to certain components of Chironornus. In Hong Kong chironomid larvae arethe organic manure. The teiperature plays -a major grown on chicken manure (16). The yield is about

VEERABAHU ETAL

377

28 g/m 2 per week which is much lower than theyield of 250 to 375 gIm2 per week obtained byYashouv (6) who grew chironomid larvae onchicken manure in pans within a green house withaeration;

Horse manure has also been used to fertilizethe pool for blood worm culture But the averageyield of the best pools was 11 g/m2 per week whichwas only a fraction of the maximum yield obtainedfrom other midge's culture systems (21). Theattempt to rear blood worms with various byproducts such as wheat bran, rice bran, soya beanmeal, coconut refuse have been carried out withsatisfactory results (22, 23). Our study alsoshowed the similar results.

Conclusion

The cow dung is easily available. Thefarmers, who may not know the use of the bloodworms, may be recommended to start the bloodworm culture within the aqua farm. Since theylive in oxygen depleted area even in the drainagecanals their culture is easy. The cow dung extractshould be given in the culture system and the waterlevel must be maintained throughout the cultureperiod. This can be done with fish culture goingon side by side. We can harvest the worms at thetime of maturing period. Larval rearing of bloodworms is easy in the laboratory condition.Therefore dry cow dung is considered as a bettersource of nutrients followed by dry vegetablepowder, duck waste and rice bran, for culture ofChironomus larvae.

References

McLachlan A. J. and C. H. Dickinson. 1977.Microorganism as a factor in the distribution ofC/,irononius luqubris Zetterstedtin-a bog lake. Arch.Hydrobiol. 80: 133-146.Shanmugavelu V. 1984. On some aspects of tube buildingbehavior, life history chemical composition andPopulation of detritivor Chironornus sp. M. Phil thesis,Madurai Kamaraj Univ., Madurai, India.Johanson 0. E. 1980. Energy dynamics of the eutrophicChirononius pIunose F, Semireeductus from-the bag ofQuinte, lake Ontario. Can. J. Fish. Aquat Sd. 37: 1254-1265.

4. Johnson M. S. 1929. Some observation of chironomidlarvae and their usefulness as fish food. Trans. Ann. Fish.Soc. 59: 153-157.

5. Ling S. W. 1966. Feeds and feeding on warm water fishesin ponds in Asia and the far East. FAO World Symp. onwarm water ponds fish culture, May 18-25, 1966, pp.291-309.

6. Yashouv A. 1970. Propagation of chiranornid larvae asfood for fish fry Bamidgeh 22: 101-105.

7. YashouvA. 1956. Problem in carp nutrition. Bamidgeh.8:79-87.

8. Yashouv A. and R. Ben Shachar. 1967. Breeding andgrowth of Mugilidae 11. Feeding experiments underlaboratory conditions with Mugil cephalus L. and M.capita (Cuvier). Bamidgeh 19: 50-66

9. Sadler W. 0. 1935. Biology of the midge C/iironomustentansfabricius and methods for its propagation. CornellUniv.Agri. Exp.Sta. Mem. 173: 1-25.

10. KonstantinovA. S. 1952. Semi commercial propagationofchironomid larvae. Rybnoje Choziajstvo. 1:31-33 (InRussian): Unedited translation available from fish. Res.Board can. Fresh water institute. Winnipeg, Mail.

II. Konstantinov A. S. 1954. An experience in semicommercial midge propagation. Rybnoje Choziajstvo II:41-43 (In Russian).

12. Konstantinov A. S. 1958. The effect of temperature ongrowth rate and development of Chironomid larvae.Doki. Akad. .Nauk. SSSR. 120: 136271365.

13. Oliver D. R. 1971. Life history of the Chironomidae.Ann. Rev. Entomol. 16:211-230.

14. Hill D. S. and W. K. Cheung. 1978. Hong Kong insects.Government printer, Hong Kong.

15. Alekseyev N. K. 1965. On the nutrition ofChironomidaeduring the planktonic period of life. Nauch.DDkI.vyssh.shk biol.Nauki 1: 19-21.

16. Shaw P. C. and K. K. Mark. 1980. Chiranomid farming ameans of recycling farm manure and potentially reducing.water pollution in Hong Kong. Aquaculture 21: 155-163.

17. Anderson N. H. and K. W. Cummins. 1979. Influence ofdiet on the life histories of aquatic Insects. J. Fish. Res.Bd. Can. 36: 335-342.

18. Sweeney B. W. and R. L. Vannote. 1978. Size variationand the distribution of hemimetabolouS aquatic insects.Two thermal equilibrium hypotheses. Science 200: 444-446.

19. Ward C. M. and K. W. Cummins. 1979. Effect of foodquality on growth of a stream detritivore, Paratenthpesalbi,nanus (Meigen) (Diptera: Chiranomidae). Ecology

60:57-64.20. Mackey A. P. 1977. Growth and development of larval

Chironomidae. Oikos 28: 270-275.21. McLaeney W. 0., S. Henderson and M. M. Sherman.

1974..A new method for culturing Chi,vnornus tentansfabricius larvae using burlap substrate in Fertilized pools.Aquaculture 4: 267-276.

378 VEERABAIHU ETAL

Koh Y. C. and K. F. Shim. 1980. Studies ofsome physicalfactors on the survival and growth ofchironomid larvae.Singapore J. Prin. Ind. 8: 39-47.Teo L. H., T. W. Chen and K. F. Shim. 1985. Culture of

blood worms on different types of waste materials. 2ndAsean workshop on technology of animal feedproduction utilizing food waste materials Singapore, pp.189-206.

22.

23

E1"°' &Eco!ogi' 24 (3) : 535 - 538. 2006CopyrghL by MKK Publication 2006 ISSN 0970.0420

Electrolytes Assessment of Channa striatus Fingerling due to Low pH Effect

D. KUMAR AND M. NARAYANANAquatic Bjo-Djversjtv Center. St. Xaviers College (Aulononitis)

Palat'a,nko,iaj 627002. India*/. mail d adosskuinar@t ahoct co '

Abstract

Clianna s(i 1111:15 were exposed to different levels ofacids such as pH 5-0.5.6 and control and they were fedwith beef meat. The objective of this study was to quantify the electrolytes, (Na. K. Cland Ca) present in thes.runi of the blood of acid stressed Cizanna sti talus Results indicated that the electrolytes drastically decreasedfrom the control and led to circulatory collapse. The results exhibited the reduction of Na from the control was1893 mmol/liter at p1-I 5.0. Similarly at pH 5.6 the reduction ofNa was 10.63 mmollliter from the control. Thepotassium at pH 5.0 was 10.833 mmollliter and at pH 5.6 it was 6.7339 mmoliliter from the control. Similarlythe reduction ofchloride at pH 5.0. 5.6 and 8.2 were 106.10 mrnol, 116.53 mmol. 132.1 mmol/liter, respectively.Calcium reduced from the control at pH 5.0 was 2.987 mg% and at pH 5.6 iLwas 1.65 mg%.Key words Electrolytes Beef meat Channa sinatus Low p11 effects

Acidic precipitation is likely to cause changesin pH of surface waters in regions, where watersare low in alkalinity (1). It is a well establishedfact that acidic precipitation is a result-ofenvironmental pollution that is mainly due to theburning of fossil fuels and industries which resultin the release of mainly CO 2 . SO and NO

2* Acid

rain kills mainly aquatic life forms such asplankton and fish and affects the productivity ofaquatic ecosystems. Many bacteria and blue greenalgae are killed due to the acidification disturbingthe whole ecological balance. Acidification ofwater body by acid precipitation has severe effectson endemic fish population. Observed effectsinclude acute, mortality (2), skeletal deformities(3), reproductive failure (4), reduced growth (5)and accumulation of potentially toxic traceelements (6). However the mechanisms by whichacidification affects fish are not completelyunderstood. It is suggested that adverse effectsmay result from increased hydrogen ion orincreased metal concentration (7). Hydrogen ionor the metal may affect fish through effects onrespiration, osmotic balance and gametogenesis(8). Acid stress results in an immediate stimulationof the secretion ofcortisol and significant increasein secretary activity of the corticosterol isobservable at least on the first day following acid

535-

exposure (9). It is possible that' the increase inplasma Na may be upset, by osmoregulatingadjustment mediated by adrenocortico steroidhormone.: The increased metabolic cost ofmaintaining plasma electrolyte during conditionof acid stress may be a significant factorcontributing to the reduction in growth (9) Theloss of Na leads to the mortality especially onthe site of toxic action on gills. The acid exposureresults in increased bronchial permeability towater and ions (10 Il) The literature regardingeffect of low pH on fishes in Indian environmentis scanty. It is a maiden attempt on Channa strialusinhabits in almost all the freshwater bodies inIndia. This fish is supposed to be the cheapestanimal protein for.people. Since it is a prolificbreeder and can withstand extremes ofenvironmental factors, this species was chosen forthe present investigation.

Methods

Healthy individuals of Channa strialus werecollected from the Thamirabarani River andbrought to the laboratory of Aquatic Bio-diversitycenter of St. Xavirs College (Autonomus)Palayamkottai and acclimated for a period of 15days. During the period of acclimation the fishwere fed ad libilum with chopped beef liver.

PH

200 Nacmrnot&,

Ic ImmoI.'L

150 Ca ^9

C1 (MMOVL)

0.

5.0 5.6 8.2

Figure 1. Electrolyte evaluation of sodium, potassium,calcium and chloride of Channa aria tus fingerlingexposed to different acidic PH media.

serum of Chcznna siriatus exposed to the acidicenvironments (pH 5.0 and 5.6) revealed a drastichyponatreirsia. For instance the decrease of Na'-in fish exposed to pH 5.0 mediumwas 18.93mrnol/liter from the control (Table 1, Fig. 1) andat pH 5.6 the reduction of Na was 10.63 mmol/liter from thecontrol.

Potassium (K)

Results

Sodium (Na )

The , electrolyte Na+ content present in the

Table I. Electrolyte evaluation ofsod ium, potassium, calciumand chloride of CIian,ia strianis fingerling exposedto different acidic pH media.

pil Na(mmol/l)

5.0 151.266±0.124

S.( 159.566*0.047

8.2 170.2±0.08 1

K Ca(mg%)(mmol/l)

17.2* 7.133±

0.0816 0.047

21.31 8.466*

0.081 0.047

28.033* 10.12*

0.047 0.047

Cl (mmol/l)

106.1±0.081

116.533±0.169132. 1*0.0816

536 KUMAR & NARAYANAN

Channa strialus was segregated into threegroups namely, A (15.25±020 g), B (15.27±016g) and C (15.276±0.012 g). Fish of the group Awere introduced into experimental medium of pH5.0, fish of the group B were introduced into theexperimental media of pH 5.6 and the fish of thegroup C were treated as control. The experimentalduration was 30 days. Acid media were preparedby the addition of sulfuric acid and the experimentalmedia were changed every day. Experiments weredone in triplicates. During the experimental periodthe fish were fed with cooked chopped chickenintestine. The fish were kept under the respectivepH medium throughout the experimental period.After the completion of the experimental period,the electrolytes estimations were carried out in theblood of experimental fishes.

Experimental Design. Different groups of channastriatus were subjected to 3 different pH media inthe acidic ranges namely pH 5.0, 5.6 and control(8.2 pH).

Preparation ofLowpH Medium. Acidic media for Low pH attributed the decreased potassium

experimental were prepared by dissolving sulfuric level in the blood of fish. For instance the decreaseacid in tap water. The pHofthe media was checked of K content!using a pH meter. (digital pH meter, DPH 500). exposed to pH 5.0 medium was

10.833 mmol/Ijter from the control (Table 1, Fig.Serum samples of all experimental fish were 1) and the pHl5.6 the reduction of K was 6.733analyzed for in vitro quantitative determination(%) from the control were reported.Of sodium, potassium chloride, calcium and

protein using ECA-3 kit. . chmjde (CI)

The chloride content in the serum of the fishvaried with different degrees of acidic pH. Theobserved result's showed that fish exposed to lowerpH 5.0, 5.6 arid control pH (8.2) exhibited thedepletion of chloride content that were 106.10,116.53, 132.1 mmol/jjter.

Calcium .(Ca)

Ile-results displayed the decrease of calciumin fish exposed to low pH media of pH 5.0 and5.6. Amonthe experiments, the fish tested inmedia pH 5.0 showed the higher depletion ofcalcium than the fish exposed to pH 5.6. Thedecline of calcium in the fish exposed to pH 5.0

KU MAR & N ARAYAN AN

537

Table 2.. Effect of low pH on the serum protein of Channas/iia(us fingerling-

PH Serum protein (%)

5.0 1.03*0.0165.6 0.95*0.0328.2 2.1±0.061

was 2.987 mg% from the control and the fishtested in the experimental media pH 5.6 was 1.65mg% (Table I Fig. 1).

Serum Protein

The fish tested in the pH 5. 0 showed aremarkable increase of serum protein than the fishexposed to pH 5.6. The serum protein level was1.03% in pH 5.0 and at pH 5.6 is 0.95%. Thecontrol fish showed the maximum serum proteincontent to the tune of 2.1±0.061% (Table 2, Fig..2).

Discussion

The impact of acidity has highly influencedon the electrolytes status on the blood serum ofthe fish, which were stressed under severe acidityat pH 5.0. The results revealed a significant(P<0.05) depletion of Na in the fish exposed topH 5.0. The loss of plasma sodium in brown troutwas reported by Leivestaci and Muniz (12). Theseelectrolytes are lost from muscle tissues andplasma. The depletion of Na might also be due tothe effect of'acidity on aldosterone depressing the

W

.8CV

0.

5.0 5.6 8.2Figure 2 Effect of low p1-I on the serum protein of Channa

st, mius fingerling exposed to different acidic pHmedia.

Na concentration. Aldosterone has an antagonisticaction with Na electrolyte.

Similarly like that of Na Cl- was alsodepleted in the serum of the fish, when exposedto low environmental acidic media. Leivested andMuniz (12) reported the loss of Cl-in brown troutexposed to acidic stress. Fraser and Harvey (13)reported that rainbow trout exposed to pH 419exhibited 14% of Cl.

The present results are similar with Fraserand Harvey (13). When the extra cellular fluidbecome exceedingly acidic the renal tubulereabsorbs large quantities of bicarbonate ions andCl-ions, reabsorption becomes greatly diminished.So the Cl-depletion in the fishes may be due tothe- failure of-acid base balance. • The • excessivereabsorption of bicarbonate ions shifts the pH ofthe buffer system in the extra cellular fluid towarda normal pH.

The depletion of Ca might be due to the acidstress response in fish and these results corroboratewith the results ofLeivested and Muniz(12).McDonald (10) reported the depletion of Ca inAtlantic salmon exposed to chronic acidic stress.

Many biochemical nutrients and hormonesare involved in Ca regulation. The fat-solublevitamin D is essential and it increases the rate ofcalcium absorption from the gastrointestinal tract.The acidity affected the vitamin D and it leads tothe depletion of Ca level. The hypersecretion ofparathyroid hormone feed back mechanismoperates where decreased Ca ions concentrationincreases parathyroid hormone secretion. Thismay be the cause for the depletion of Ca. Further,calcitonin plays the important role in regulationof Ca level. Decreased secretion of calcitonin inthe fish in acidic environments resulted in thedecreased plasma ion concentration.

When the fish are exposed to low pH, chloridecells in the gill tissue take up bicarbonate (HCO1)ion from the outside to neutralize the hydrogen(H) ion flowing in the body. At this time, thelosses of sodium (Na) and chloride (CI-) ionsfrom the body fluids occur and plasma osmotic

S3 8 KUMAl & NARAYANAN

pressure decreases (14). This process is consideredto be one of the major reasons, why fresh waterfish die under acidic conditions. In tilapiaOreochronzjs nilolicus, 0. mossambicus andmedaku Oryzias lulipc.r, Na, K ATP-ase activityin chloride cells increases in association with Naloss when exposed to low pH. This suggests thatNa, K - ATP ase may act to affect Na uptake underan acidic hypo tonic environment (Yada and Ito1997, 98).

In particular, great numbers of Atlanticsalmon Salmo salar and brown trout S. trulta weredestroyed by the acidification induced by the rapidinflow of acid pollutants into rivers during springsnow-melts (snow-melt acid shock) inScandinavian countries (12). Fish have the abilityto regulate their acid-base balance to maintainnormal pH of their body studies under acidicambiance. Plasma Na levels could be used as anindicator to estimate the acute effects ofacidification on fish. When rainbow troutOncorhynchus mykiss were exposed to variousacidic conditions, the fish showed lower plasmaNa' levels and the Na levels and pH were foundto be significantly correlated (15-17).

References

Haines T. A. 19$3. Error in pH measurement with calorimetric Indicators ill waters. Ilydrobiologia107: 57-61.

2. Jensen K. and T. Snekvjck . 1972. Low pH levels wipeout salmon and trout population in southernmost,Norway. Ambio I: 223-225.

3. Beam,h R. 1975. Long term acidification ofa lake andresulting effects on fishes. Ambio. 4: 98-102.

4. Beamish R. 1976. Acidification of lakhes in Canada byacid precipitation and the resulting effects on fishes.Water Air and soil pollution. 6:501-514,

5. Ryan D. M. and El. I-I. Harvey. 1980. Growth responses

of yellow perch Perca flavescens (Mitchell) to lakeacidification in the lacloche mountain lakes ofOntarj0..Environth, Blot. Of Fish. 5:97-108.

6. Jemelov A. 1980. The effects ot'acidity on the uptake ofmercury in fish. Pages 211-222 in Toribora Ni. Millerand F. Mo'rrow, editors. Polluted rain. Plenum Press, NewYork, USA.

7. Schofield C. and J. Trojnar. 1980. Aluminium toxicity tofish in acidified waters. Pages 34I-366 in T. Toribar,M. Miller and P. Morrow. editors. Polluted rain. PlenumPress, Ncw York, USA.

8. Fromm M. 1980. A. A. Review of some physiotogicaland toxicological responses of fresh water fish to acid,..Stress, Eri"ironm, Biol. Fish. 5: 79-93.

9. Tam W. H., P. U. Payson and R. J. J. Roy. 1986.Redartation and recovery of growth in book trout frySalve/inusjontjna/js exposed for various duration toacidified water. Can. J. Fish. Quat. Sci. 43: 2048-2050

10. McDonald 0. G. 1980. The effect of H upon the gills offresh water'. Fish Can 3. Zool. 61: 691-703,

II. Wanderer BongoS. E. J., C. A. Vander Meij and G. Flik.1984. Prtlactin and acid Stress in the telecostOreoc/iroajis rnossarnbjcus Gen. Comp. Endocrindt. 55:323-332.

12. Leivested H. and I. P. Muniz. 1976. Fish kill at tow pHin a Norwegian river. Nature 259: 391-392.

13. Fraser G. A. and H. H. Harvey. 1984. Effects ofenvironmental pH on the ionic composition of whitesucker (Catosto,nac connzersonj) and spumpkinseed(Lepoinis gibbosus). Can J. Zoo]. 62: 249-259.

14. lwata M.. V. Shimoyama, N. Sakai, K. Suzuki, H. Ida,K. Mutoand and U. Akutsu. 1990. Eftect o fsulfuric acidstress on Osmoregulatory ability of' Japanese CharSu/i'e/jn u.s leucOflza/inus) Butt. Nail. Res. Inst.

Aquaculture: 18: 31-37.IS. YauJa I'., T. Azuma, S. Kitanura and K. Ikuta, 2000. Dose

depending effect of exposure to acidic water on plasmasodium levels in rainbow trout. Trout. Bull. Nail. Res.Inst. Aquacult. 29: 217-224.

16. Yada T. and F. Ito. 1997. Difference in tolerance to acidicenvironments between two species of tilapiaO'eoc/,roflijs ?ii/o/jcus and 0. l7iossivnbjcus Bull. Nail.Iiisij. Fish. Sci. 9: 11-18.

17. Yada F and F. Ito. 1998. Sexual difference in acidtolerance in media Oryzias lahipes. Fish. Sci. 64: 694-699.

Malaysian Journal of Science 24 9 - 15 (2005)

Effect of different diets using sewage sludge on the growthperformance of the gold fish Carassius auratus

Veerabahu C., *Radhjka D., Felsia R. and Kumar D.

V.O.Chidambaram College, Department of Zoology, Tuticorin 628008 Tamil Nadu, India*veeraj [email protected] 24 December 2004, accepted in revised form 2 July 2005

ABSTRACT The gold fish Carassius auratus was selected for the present investigation. The growthrate and other parameters of gold fish (18 days old) Carassius auratus juveniles were investigated usingfour different types of diets for 21 days. The diets were prepared using the sewage sludge after they weretreated in two methods namely antibiotic treatment and acid treatment. This was compared with dietsprepared from untreated (raw) sewage sludge and conventional feed (without sewage sludge). Thejuveniles fed with acid treated sewage sludge showed the best growth rate of 0.194 g, and specific growthrate of 0.685.%/ day and FCR (%) of 0.027, while other diets of untreated sludge, conventional feed, andantibiotic treated sludge showed minimum growth rates of 0.069 g, 0.067 g, and 0.129g respectively.Acid-treated sludge feed showed the best gross growth efficiency, net growth efficiency, relative growthefficiency and FCR (%) of 4.232, 4.455, 0.040 and 0.027, respectively. Antibiotic treated sludge feedshowed the best assimilation efficiency of 95.8%. Untreated sludge feed showed the assimilation,metabolism and contractory consumption (C) rate of 4.60%, 4.482, and 4.998, respectively, for 21 days.

(Carassius auratus, feeding, growth, sewage sludge)

INTRODUCTION

The gold fish Carassius auratus is one of themost attractive and economically importantamong the aquarium fishes. They are marketedall over the world and yield foreign exchange tosome extent. The demand for good qualityornamental fish far exceeds the supply. Thesuccess of an organism depends mainly on theright choice of food, which provides all thenutrients. Aquarium fishes accept a wide varietyof live and formulated feeds. The primaryproblem in rearing larval fish depends on size,quality and quantity of food. The supplementaryfeeding is a routine practice in aquaculture toenhance the production of organisms tomarketable size in short period [11, 9]. Manyauthors have studied the effect of nutrition ongrowth of cultivable fishes and few worked onornamental fishes [14, 10, 6, 8, 4, 5, and 17].

Sewage is known to contain about 50% proteinrich in essential amino acids, which are similar toother dietary sources. The activated sludge couldbe successfully utilized, as a protein source in thediets of animal and fish [12]. The activated

sewage sludge has low energy content rather thanpoor protein content [2]. Activated sludgeproduced during the treatment of municipalsewage may be heavily contaminated, suchsludge should be treated to remove heavy metals,bacteria and virus, before they are utilized forfish feed preparation [15]. The acid treatedcoastal sewage sludge would be used as food forcommon carp [13].The treatment of sewage forthe preparation of fish feed [15]. The utilizationof processed sewage sludge in the diets of fishfeeds reported by [16].

The present paper reports on the effects ofprocessed sewage sludge mixed with differenttypes of ingredients and used as a feed forCarassius auratus juveniles.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Juveniles of Carassius auratus (18-days old)were collected from a local aquaculturc farm andbrought to the laboratory in polythene bagscontaining aerated water. They wereacclimatized to the laboratory conditions for 15days in two large cement tanks. During

Malaysian Journal of Science 24: 9 - 15 (2005)

acclimatization juveniles were fed ad libitumwith minced beef liver twice a day. Uneaten foodwas removed after one hour of feeding andaquarium water was changed once in two days.

The sewage sludge samples were collected fromthe sea site coastal localities of fishing harbor ofTuticorin town. The collected sewage was acidtreated and antibiotic treated by a new methoddescribed by [13]. The proximate composition ofthe processed sludge and the four types offormulated feed viz; Dl (Acid treated), D2

(Untreated feed), D3 (Conventional feed) and D4(Antibiotic treated feed) were estimatedfollowing [1] and the composition of the fourdifferent types of feed are presented inTable 1 .The pélleted diet containing 40% proteinwas maintained throughout the experimentalperiod, and ws prepared adopting the box modelof Au (1982). The water quality parameters suchas pH and DO were monitored through out theexperimental period in all the treatment of feed.The experimental duration is 21 days.

Table 1. Proximate composition of four types of experimental feed (quantity in glkg.)

D1 D2' D3'" D4*

(Acid treated) (untreated) (Conventional) (Antibiotic treated)

Rice bran 100 - -

Tapioca flour 100 90 90 90

Fish meal 400 455 - -

455

500mg

5m1

455

1000

40.20

26.13

8.26

Groundnut oil cake 400

Vit. mix 500mg

Vegetable oil

5m1

Sewage sludge

Total

1000

Protein% 37.10

Carbohydrate % 17.31

Lipid% 7.20

Note: * Acid treated feed** Untreated feed*** Conventional feed

** Antibiotic treated feed

227.5 455

500mg 500mg

5m1 5m1

227.5 455

1000 1000

Nutrient content

36.92

45.86

16.50

28.00

9.2

12.88

The active juveniles of C. auratus (0.73 ± 0.002mg) were selected from the acclimatization tank,and divided into four groups corresponding tofour different types of formulated feeds viz, Dl,D2, D3 and D4. Individual fish belonging tocorresponding pelleted diet were fed ad libitumtwice a day at 1000 and 1700 hours for two hoursand then unconsumed food was collected by apipette and dried in hot air oven at 80°C.Eachgroup consisted of ten individuals and triplicateswere maintained for each diet. Experiments wereconducted in circular plastic troughs (0.53 x0.46m: 110 liter capacity) containing 90 liters ofwater. Aquarium water was changed every day to

remove the accumulated faeces at the bottom.The weighing bf fish during and on terminationof the experiment was as described by [7].

RESULTS

The proximate! composition of the four types offeeds was estimated to assess the food value(Table 1). Ambng the four types of feed, Dl hadthe highest level of protein (45.86 mg/g) and thelowest protein (36.92 mg/g) was recorded in D2.Similar patterh could be observed in thecarbohydrate c ntent. The lipid content of thefeeds was 9.2 mg/g and 12.88 mg/g in D2 and D3

10


respectively. In the case of Dl it had lower lipidcontent of 7.20%. Heterotrophic bacterial countsof the feeds were also analyzed (Table 2). Dlrecorded the lowest heterotrophic population(1.6x103 CFUIg) and the highest population ofheterotrophs (1 .Ox1O 5CFU/g) were recorded inD2.

During the feeding trial, the fish readily acceptedall the four diets. The growth responses underdifferent treatments are given in Table 3. Theacid treated sewage sludge recorded the lowestbacterial count of 1.6x103 CFU/g. In the case ofantibiotic treated feed, the absence ofheterotrophic population was observed (Table 2).Initial body weight of the various dietary groupsdid not vary significantly, but after 21 days thegrowth performance significantly (p<z0.01)(Figure 1) varied in terms of specific growth rate(SGR), food conversion rate (FCR), relativegrowth efficiency, net growth efficiency, grossgrowth efficiency, assimilation efficiency

metabolism, assimilation, consumption andweight gain. Similarly relative growth efficiency,net growth efficiency, gross growth efficiencyand weight gain were also significantly higher

(p<O.Ol ) in fish fed with Dl than those of otherdiets groups (Figure 2). The highest SGR(0.685%/d) was observed in fish fed with Dl(Figure 3). FCR% was better among the groupswhere SGR and dry weight gain of fish werehigher (Dl). Net growth efficiency showed asimilar trend as that of SGR and the highest valueof 4.455 was observed in fish fed with Dl (Table3), followed by the groups fed with diets D4, D3and D2. Net growth efficiency ranged from 1.499to 4.455 % and gross growth efficiency showed asimilar trend to that of SGR and the best value of4.232 % was observed in fish fed with Dl,followed by the groups fed with diets D4, D2 andD3 respectively. All the significance differencewas observed from the ANOVA test.

Table 2. Total Heterotrophic bacterial counts (CFU/g) of the four feeds

Total no of (Dl) (D2) (D3) (D4)

Bacterial count (CFU/g) 1.6x 103 1.0x105 3.12x104 NIL

Table 3. Growth Parameters of Juvenile Gold fish (18 days old) fed with four different types of feeds

ParameterAcid treated feed Untreated feed Conventional F Antibiotic treated feed

D 1 D2 D3 D4

Initial dry wt (g,w i ) 0.180±0.007 0.180±0.007 0.180±0.007 0.180±0.007

Final dry wt (g,w2) 0.324±0.016 0.249±0.013 0.247±0.012 0.309±0.015

Weight gain in dry

Consumption[c]

Faecal out put [F]

Assimilation[AC-F]

Metabolism[R=A-P]

Assimilation Efficiency (%)

Gross growth efficiency (%)

Net growth efficiency (%)

Relative growth efficiency gm

per day

FCR (%)

Specific Growth Rate(%/day)

0.144±0.009

3.402±0.170

0.170±0.008

3.232±0.161

3.038±0.0016

95.002±4.750

4.232±0.002

4.455±0.002

0.040±0.002

0.027±0.001

0.685±0.002

0.069±0.06

4.998±0.249

0.397±0.019

4.601±0.230

4.482±0.224

92.056±4.603

1.3805±0.005

1.499±0.018

0.029±0.001

0.036±0.002

0.325±0.003

11

0.067±0.006

4.312±0.216

0.265±0.013

4.047±0.202

3.930±0.196

93.854±4.69

1.553±0.023

1.655±0.001

0.030±0.002

0.042±0.002

0.319±0.0008

0.129±0.008

3.174±0.158

0.132±0.007

3.042±0.152

2.913±0.004

95.842±4.792

4.064±0.004

4.240±0.004

0.038±0.001

0.026±0.001

0.614±0.002

12


Dl D2 D3 D4

Diets

Figure 1. Weight gain of gold fish fed on different diets

5

4.5

4

35

CD 3

2.5

01.5

0.5

0

Dl 02 D3 D4

Diets

Figure 2. Gross growth efficiency and Net growth efficiency of gold fish fed on different diets

El initial dry wt (g)

Jrywt(g)0.35

0.3

0.25

0

0.05

0

6 Relative growth efficiency (dj

o0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

E

0

Malaysian Journal of Science 24 9 - 15 (2005)

Dl D2 D3 D4

Diets

Figure 3. Relative growth efficiency and specific growth rate of gold fish fed on different diets

DISCUSSION

Sewage sludge has been reported to contain 21 to38.5% protein [16]. The conventional feed usedin the present study had a protein level of37.10%. But in the feed with antibiotic treatedsewage sludge a slight increase in protein contentof 40.20% was recorded that the protein contentsof raw and acid treated sewage sludge were 36%and 50% respectively [13]. It is well known thatthe sewage sludge used contains large quantitiesof insoluble metallic sulphides. Due to anaerobiccondition prevailing in the sewage because ofheavy organic load, denitrification occurs, andthe nitrate present in water is converted intogaseous nitrogen. Following denitrification,sulphate reduction occurs in sewage water. Dueto sulphate reduction, hydrogen sulphide isformed which reacts with metallic ions to forminsoluble metallic sulphides. When acid treatmentis given to sewage sludge, these insolublemetallic sulphides are converted into theirrespective chloride salts, which are soluble inwater. Thus the removal of metallic sulphidefrom the sewage sludge might have been themajor reason for the relative enhancement of thelevel of protein. The food value of sewage sludgehas been attributed to the higher level of proteinrich in essential amino acids, which are similar toother dietary sources and used as sewage sludgeas trout feed [16]. The activated sewage sludge

had a low energy content rather than proteincontent reported by [2]. Similar results were alsoobtained in the present study. The low energycontent was primarily due to insoluble metallicsulphide which can be removed using 0.5 NHCL. Such removal of metallic sulphides will notonly enhance the protein level, but will alsoimprove the quality of the sludge as a fish feed.[ 13 ] . The acid treatment and consequent attack onmetallic sulphides invariably resulted in a 14%increment in protein content [13]. In our presentstudy the recorded increment in protein contentdue to acid treatment was 45.86%. In the case ofacid treated feed the recorded percentagecontribution values of protein, lipid andcarbohydrate were slightly higher than that ofantibiotic treated feed. The acid treated sewagesludge recorded the lowest bacterial count of1.6x 103 CFU/g. In the case of antibiotic treatedfeed, the absence of heterotrophic population wasobserved.

Although sewage sludge has been used forfeeding of animals and fishes [16, 3]. The acidtreated and antibiotic treated sewage sludge havenot been tested extensively for suitability as atotal fish feed. The sewage sludge used as acomponent of fish feed and recorded higher grossand net growth efficiencies than untreated sludgeincorporated feed and the control feed [13]. In thepresent study vital growth parameters viz: weight

13


gain, consumption, faecal output, assimilation,metabolism, net growth efficiency and relativegrowth efficiency of the test I

animal variedsignificantly (p<0.01). However no informationis available regarding the utilization of sewagesludge as a total feed. The growth was highestwhen fed with acid treated sewage sludge.Sewage sludge treated with antibiotic ranked nextto acid treated sewage sludge. The main problemwith the antibiotic treated sludge was that despitethe eradication of the microbial populationpresent in the feed, the feed itself may eliminatethe natural microbes present in the gut of the testanimal. Further studies on how to improve thequality of the acid treated feed by addingimportant trace micronutrients and an essentialamino acid is needed.

CONCLUSION

The utilization of sewage sludge for fish culture 9.appears to be the best economically viablemethodology of bioprocessing of municipalsewage sludge for animal protein. It is alsoimperative that it is an efficient way of utilizing

waste nitrogen for protein production at low cost. 10.

Acknowledgments The authors arethankful to the secretary and the Principal of V.0.Chidambaram College Tuticorin, for providing

laboratory facilities to carry out the work 11successfully.

REFERENCES

12.

1. A.O.A.C. (1970). Official methods ofAnalysis. 1 1 th et. Association of Analyticalchemists. Washington, D.C.

2. Au, S.A. (1982). Feed formulation methods. 13.In: Manual of Research method for fish andshellfish nutrition. CMIFRI Publication,Cochin, 95-99.

3. Anwar, A., Ishak, M.M., Zeinu M. Ee and

14.G.D.I. Hassanen. (1981). Metobolizalenergy and gross protein value of safelyprepared activated sewage sludge. EgyptionJ. Nutr, 3: 63-68.

4. Anwar, A., Ishak, M.M., Zeinu M. Ee andG.D.I. Hassanen. (1982). Activated sewagesludge as a replacement of bran cottonseedmeal mixture for carp, Cyprinus Carpid.Aquaculture, 28: 321-325.

5. Degani G. (1990). Effect of different dietsand water quality on the growth of the larval

Of Trichogaster trichopterus (Bloch andSchneider 1901). J. Aqua Trop. 6: 15-141Degani G. (1991). The effect of dietpopulation density and temperature ongrowth of larval and Juveniles TrichogasterTrichopterus (Bloch and Schneider 1901) J.Aqua Trop 6: 135-141.Galica W., K. Shakuntala and S.Ravichandra Reddy. (1991). Evaluation oftwo natural foods for the culture of JuvenileClarias batrachus (Linn). J. Aqua. Trop. 6:128-134.Hasan, M.R., M.G. Alam and M.A. Islam.(1989). Evaluation of some Indigenousingredients as dietary protein sources for thecatfish (Clarius batrahus. Linnaeus) Fry. InAquacultuer research in Asia: Managementtechniques and nutrition. Huisman, E.A., N.Zonneveld and A.H.M. Boumans (eds).pudoc. Press Wegeningen pp.1 25-137.James R, J. Muthukrishnana and K.Sampath. (1993). Effects of food quality ontemporal and energetic cost of feeding inCyprinus Carpio (Pisces : Cyprinidae) J.Aqua. Trop. 8: 47-53.James R., K. Sampath and S. Kittobar.(1977). Effect of body weight on satiationtime and predation rate in red swordtailXiphophorus helleri (Poeci liidae) fed onadult Artemia. Indian J. Fish 34: 5 1-56.Jobling M (1983). Effect of feedingfrequency ,on food in take and growth ofArctic. Charr Salvelinus alpinus (L.) J. FishBiol. 23: 171-185.Legar P., D.A. Bengston, K.L. Simp and P.Sorgoloss. (1986). The use and nutritionalvalue of Artemia as a food source.Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev. 24: 521-623.Manimaran, B. (1988). Waste watertreatment in Aquaculture System. Themanual water quality management,Aquaculture Syst. 94-100pp.Manimaran, B., Santhanam. R. and V.Ramadhas. (1995). Treatment and utilizationof coastal •sewage sludge for aquaculture.P.93-95. In R. Jaya Raman, R. Santhanam,U. Sundararaj. K. Venkata Ramanujam andG, Sanjeêvaraj (eds) Shrimp feeds.Proceedings of the Seminar on Shrimp feedsand workshop on impact of coastalaquaculture on environment. Tanuvaspublication No BM 0 1/95. Tuticorin, India.

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15. Sampath K. (1984). Preliminary report of theeffects of feeding frequency in Channastriatus. Aquaculture. 40: 301-336.

16. Schonborn, W. (1975). In: Radiation for aclean Environment International AtomicEnergy Agency (IAEA)-SM- 1941701, 579-588.

17. Tacon, A.G.J. (1978). In proceedings ofworld symposium on fin fish nutrition andfish feed technology. Hamburg, 20-23 June,Heenemaunpublication, Berlin.

18. Wilkerling K. (1992). Platies for every one.Trop. fish hobby 41: 8-2 1.

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Malaysian Journal of Science 23(2) 31 - 35 (2004)

Effect of Low pH on Electrolytes Evaluation of Oreochromismossambicus

Kumar J)., M. Narayanan and A. Ibrahim

Aquatic Biodiversity Centre, St. Xavier's College, (Autonomous) Palayamkottai - 627 002, Tamil Nadu,

India* [email protected] 22 March 2004, accepted in revised form 16 September 2004

ABSTRACT The fish Oreochromis ,nossambicus was selected for this present investigation.

0. ,nossambicus were exposed to different degrees of acid exposures such as, pH 4.9, 5.8 and control andthey were fed with beef meat. The objective of this present study was to quantify the electrolytes (Na, K,Cl and Ca) present in the serum of the blood of acid stressed 0. mossambicus. Results obtained in the

present investigation clearly indicated that the electrolytes drastically decreased from the control and ledto circulatory collapse. The results exhibited the reduction of Na from the control and led to circulatorycollapse. The results exhibited the reduction of Na from the control 17.93mmol/1 in pH 4.9. Similarly and

pH 5.8 the reduction of Na + was 9.6 mmol/1 from the control. Similarly the reduction of chloride andpotassium were 103. /1 rnmol/1, 112.53 mmol/1, 130.1 rnmol/l, respectively, Calcium also reduced fromthe control 1.9mg/mmolIl respectively, and 567 in the fishes exposed to p11 4.9 and 5.8 respectively.

(p1-I, electrolytes, beef meat)

INTRODUCTION

Acidic precipitation is likely to cause changes inpH of surface waters in regions, where waters arelow in alkalinity [1]. It is a well established factthat acidic precipitation is a result ofenvironmental pollution that is mainly due to theburning of fossil fuels and industries which resultin the release of mainly CO 2, SO2 and NO 2 . Acidrain kills mainly aquatic life forms such asplankton and fish and affects the productivity ofaquatic ecosystems. Many bacteria and bluegreen algae are killed due to the acidificationdisturbing the whole ecological balance.

Acidification of water body by acid precipitationhas severe effects on endemic fish population.Observed effects include acute mortality [2]skeletal deformities [3] reproductive failure [4]reduced growth [5] and accumulation ofpotentially toxic trace elements [6]. However themechanisms by which acidification affects fishare not completely understood. It is suggestedthat adverse effects may result from increasedhydrogen ion or increased metal concentration[7]. Hydrogen ion or the metal may affect fish

through effects on respiration, osmotic balanceand gametogenesis [8].

Acid stress results in an immediate stimulation ofthe secretion of cortisol and significant increasein secretary activity of the corticosterol isobservable at least on the first day following acidexposure [9]. It is possible that the increase inplasma Na may be upset by osmoregulatingadjustment mediated by adrenocortico steroidhormone. The increased metabolic cost ofmaintaining plasma electrolyte during conditionof acid stress may be a significant factorcontributing to the reduction in growth [9]. Theloss of Na leads to the mortality especially onthe site of toxic action on gills.

The maintenance of Ca homeostasis in fish iscrucial throughout life but it is especiallyimportant in young fish; ca is also critical forgrowth. The acid exposure results in increasedbronchial permeability to water and ions [10, 11].The literature regarding effect of low pH onIndian fishes in Indian environment is scanty.This is the first attempt on Oreochromis

mossambicus an exotic fish that has invadedalmost all the freshwater bodies in India. Though

31

Malaysian Journal of Science 23(2) 31 -35 (2004)

fish farmers regard it as an intruder, it issupposed to be the cheapest animal protein forthe poor people. Since it is a prolific breeder andcan withstand extremes of environmental factors,this species was chosen for the presentinvestigation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Healthy individuals of 0. 'nossambicus werecollected from the ponds and careflully brought tothe laboratory and acclimated for a period of 15days. During the period of acclimation the fishwere fed ad libitum with chopped beef liver.

Oreochromis mossambicus were segregated intothree groups namely A (17.33 5 1.16g), B (17.38

0.932g) and c(17.3 II] 0.0953g). Fishes of thegroup A were introduced into experimentalmedium of pH 4.9,:fishes of the group B wereintroduced into the experimental Media of pH 5.8and the fishes of the group C were treated ascontrol. The experimental duration was 30 days.Acid media were prepared by the addition ofsulphuric acid and the experimental media werechanged every day. Experiments were done intriplicates. During the experimental period thefishes were fed with chopped beef liver. Thefishes were kept under the respective pH mediumthroughout the experimental period. After thecompletion of the experimental period, theelectrolytes estimations were carried out in theblood of experimental fishes.

Experimental designDifferent groups of 0. mossambicus weresubjected to three different pH media in theacidic ranges namely pH 4.9, 5.8 and control pH8.2.

Preparation of low pH mediumAcidic media for experimental were prepared bydissolving sulphuric acid in tap water. The pH ofthe media was checked using a pH meter. (DigitalpH meter, DPH 500).

Fish - 0. mossambicus

'1^ ^ "^pH - 4.9 5.8 8.2

Duration - 30 days 4

METHODOLOGY

Serum samples of all experimental fish wereanalyzed for in-vitro quantitative determinationof Sodium, Potassium Chloride, calcium andprotein. Using ECA*3 kit (Dr. Reddy'sLaboratories Diagnostic Division)

RESULTS

Sodium (Na)The electrolyte Na content present in the serumof 0. mossambius exposed to the acidicenvironments (pH 4.9 and 5.8) revealed a drasticHyponatremia. For instance the decrease of Nain fish exposed to 4.9 p1-1 medium was17.93mmolIl from the control (Table 1, Figure 1)and at pH 5.8 the reduction of Na was 9.6mmol/1 from the control.

Potassium (K)Low pH attributed the decreased potassium levelin the blood of fishes. For instance, fishes testedin pH 4.9 and 5.8 and control serum contentwas 16.7 minol/1 and 22.3 mmoL'l and 25.03mmolll respectively (Table 1, 2 and Figure 1).

Chloride (Cr)The chloride content in the serum of fishes variedwith different degrees of acidic pH. The observedresults showd that fishes exposed to lower pH4.9, 5.8 and, control. pH 8.2 exhibited thedepletion of chloride content were 103.1 mmol/l,112.533 mmolIl, and 130.1 mmol/l respectively.

Calcium (Ca)The observed results displayed the decrease ofcalcium in fishes exposed to low pH media pH4.9 and 5.8. Among the experiments, the fishestested in experimental media pH 4.9 showed thehigher depletion of calcium than the fishesexposed to pH 5.8. The decline of calcium in thefishes exposed to pH 4.9 was 1.9 mg% from thecontrol and the fishes tested in the experimentalmedia pH 5.8was 0.567mg% (Table 1, Figure 1).

Serum ProteinThe fishes tested in the pH 4.9 showed aremarkable increase of serum protein than thefishes exposed to pH 5.8. The serum protein levelwas 0.94mg in pH 4.9 and at pH 5.8 The serumproteins was 0.8mg. The control fishes showedthe maximum serum protein content to the tuneof 1.6 ± 0.061 mg (Table 2, Figure 2).

32

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.Iiaysian Journal of Science 23(2) : 31 - 35 (2004)

/

Table I. Effects of low p1-I on electrolytes evaluation of Oreochromis rnossa,nbicus

p11 Na (mmoLfL) K (mmoi/L) Ca mg %

4.9 149,266±0.124 16.7±0.0816 8.133 ±0.047

5.8 157.566±0.047 22.3±0.081 9.466±0.047

8.2 167.2 ±0.081 25.033±0.047 10.033±0.047

CI (mmoVL)

103.1±0.081

112.533±0.169

130.1±0.0816

Table 2. Effects of low p1-I on the serum Protein of 0. massambicus

ptt Serum Protein (g %)

4.9 0.94±0.016

5.8 0.8—+0.032

8.2 . 1.6±0.061

--. ;;;; exposed to different acidicI'{ media.

-2

1.5

E 0.52

4'. 9

5.8

8.2pH

—j

Figure 2. Effect of low pH on the serum Protein of 0. mossambicus

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Malaysian Journal of Science 23(2) : 31 -35 (2004)

DISCUSSION

The impact of acidity has highly influenced onthe electrolytes status on the blood serum of thefish, which were stressed under severe acidity atpH 4.9.

The results revealed a significant (p<0.05)depletion of Na in fishes exposed to pH 4.9. Theloss of plasma sodium in brown trout wasreported by [12]. These electrolytes are lost frommuscle tissues and plasma. The depletion of Namight also be due to the effect of acidity onaldosterone depress the Na concentration.Aldosterone has an antagonistic action with Naelectrolyte [13].

Similarly like that of Na, Cl - was also depletedin the serum of the fishes, when exposed to lowenvironmental acidic media (Leivested andMuniz [12]) reported the loss of CY in browntrout exposed to acidic stress (Fraser and Harvey[14]) reported in rainbow trout exposed to pH 4.9exhibited that 14% of Ci.was observed.

The present results are highly corroborated with[13, 14] when the extra cellular fluid becomeexceedingly acidic the renal tubule reabsorb largequantities of bicarbonate ions and Cl - ions,reabsorption become greatly diminished. So theCl" depletion in the fishes may be due to thefailure of acid base balance. The excessivereabsorption of bicarbonate ions shifts the pH ofthe buffer system in the extra cellular fluidtoward a normal pH.

The depletion of Ca might be due to the acidstress response in fish and these resultscorroborate with the results of Leivestad et al.,[12] Mc Donald el al., [10]. McDonald [10] hadreported the depletion of Ca in Atlantic salmonexposed to chronic acidic stress.

Many biochemical nutrients and hormones areinvolved in Ca regulation. The fat-solublevitamin D is very essential and it increases therate of calcium absorption from thegastrointestinal tract. The acidity affected theVitamin D and it leads to the depletion of Calevel [13]. The hyper secretion of parathyroidhormone feed back mechanism operates wherebydecreased Ca ions concentration increasesparathyroid hormone secretion. This may be thecause for the depletion of Cat Further morecalcitonin plays the important role in regulation

of Ca level. Decreased secretion of calcitonin inthe fish in acidic environments resulted in thedecreased plasma ion concentration [13].

When the fish are exposed to a low pH, chloridecells in the gill tissue take up bicarbonate (HCO3)

ion from the outside to neutralize the hydrogen(H) ion flowing in the body. At this time, thelosses of sodium (Na) and chloride (CI -) ionsfrom the bod fluids occur, and plasma osmoticpressure decreases (Iwata et al., 1990). Thisprocess is cohsidered to be one of the majorreasons, why freshwater fish die under acidicconditions. In Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus, 0.mossainbicus, and medaka Oryzias latipes, Na,K 1 ATP-ase activity in chloride cells increases inassociation with Na loss when exposed to lowpH. This suggests that Na, K - ATP- ase may actto affect Na uptake under an acidic hypo tonicenvironment (Yada and Ito 1997, 98).

In particular, great numbers of Atlantic salmonSalmo salar and brown trout S. trutta weredestroyed by the acidification induced by therapid inflow of acid pollutants into rivers duringspring snow-melts (snow-melt acid shock) inScandinavian countries. This phenomenon iscalled "Fish Kill" [12]. Fish have the ability toregulate their acid-base balance in order tomaintain normal pH of their body studies underacidic ambianc. Plasma Na levels could be usedas an indicatoi to estimate the acute effects ofacidification on fish. When rainbow troutOncorhynchus mykiss were exposed to variousacidic conditions, the fish showed lower plasmaNa levels and the Na levels and pH were foundto be significantly correlated (Yada et al., [18]).

Acknowledgements The author wants tothank Principal Rev.fr. Lourdusamy S.J., Prof. M.Thomas Punithan and Dr. M.A. Haniffa for theirinterest in this project. We thank Mr. A. Ibrahimand J. Ezhil Research scholars, ABC for theirhelp in executing the experiments.

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Beamish (1975). Long term acidification of alake and reulting effects on fishes. Ambio.4: 98-102.Beamish R. (1976). Acidification of lakes inCanada by acid precipitation and theresulting effects on fishes. Water Air and soilpollution. 6 : 501 —514.

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Fraser G.A. and Harvey H.H. (1984). Effectsof environmental pH on the ioniccomposition of white sucker (CatostomasCommersoni) and pumpkinseed (Lepomisgibbosus) can J. Zool 62 : 249 - 259.Fromm (1980). A review of somephysiological and toxicological responses offresh water fish to acid stress. EnvironmentalBiology offIshes. 5 : 79-93.Haines. T.A et al. (1983). Error in pHmeasurement with calori metric Indicators inlow alkalinity waters. Hydrobilogia 107:57-

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259:391-392.Leivestad and Muniz I.P. (1976). Fish Kill atlow pH in a river, Nature (Lond) 259: 391 -392.McDonald O.G. (1980). The effect of Hupon the gills of fresh water fish can. J. Zool.

61: 691 -703.McDonald O.G. (1980). The effect of H -upon the gills of fresh water. Fish can IZoo!. 61: 691 -703.Ryan D.M. and. Harvey H.H. (1980).Growth responses of yellow perch. percaflavescens

(Mitchell) to lake acidification in thelacloche mountain lakes of Ontario.Environmental Biology offish 5: 97-108.Schofield, C. and Trojnar. J. (1980).Aluminium toxicity to fish in acidifiedwaters. In: T. Toribara M. Miller and P.Morrow editors polluted rain plenum pressNew York U.S. A 341- 366 pp.Tam W.H., Payson P.U. and Roy R.J.J(1986) a. Redartation and recovery of growthin book trout fry. (Salvelinus fontinalis)exposed for various duration to acidifiedwater Can. J. Fish. AQuat. Sci: 43: 2048 -

2050.Wanderer Bongo S.E., Vander J.C.A., Meijand Flik G. (1984). Prolactin and acid stressin the telecost Oreochroinis ,nossambicusGen. Comp. Endocrinol. 55: 323 - 332.Iwata, M., Y.shimoyama, N. Sakai, K.Suzuki, H. Ida, K. Mutoand U. Akutsu.(1990). Effects of sulfuric acid stress onOsmoregulatory ability of Japanese Char(Sulvelinus leucomaenis). Bull. Nail. Res.Inst. Aquaculture 18:31-37. (In Japanesewith English abstract).Yada, T., T. Azuma, S. Kitamura and K.Ikuta. (2000). Dose-depending effect ofexposure to acidic water on plasma sodiumlevels in rainbow trout. Trout. Bull. Nat!. res.

Inst Aquacul. 29: 217-224. (In Japanese withEnglish abstract).Yada, T. and F. Ito. (1997). Difference intolerance to acidic environments betweentwo species of tilapia, Oreochromis nilolicus

and 0. mossambicus. Bull. nail. Inst. Fish. sd.9:11-18.Yada, T. and F. Ito. (1998). Sexualdifference in acid tolerance in MedakaOryzias latipes. Fish.Sci 64 (5):694-699.

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