Reference Guide - CTS Cement e Type K Shrinkage Compensating Reference Guide ... joint spacing,...

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OMPONENT®

TYPE K SHRINKAGE COMPENSATING

CONCRETE

�e Type K Shrinkage Compensating Reference Guide is provided as an easy-to-use resource reviewing the CTS Komponent shrinkage-compensating product line, as well as a information related to design and construction recommendations.

Reference Guide

CTS Cement Manufacturing Corp. • 11065 Knott Ave., Suite A, Cypress, CA 90630 • 800-929-3030 • www.CTScement.com • [email protected]

2 Shr inkage Compensa t ing Concre te Add i t i veOMPONENT®

Type K Shrinkage Compensating Concrete Reference Guide

TYPE K CONCRETE

PRE-CONSTRUCTION PLANNINGWhile this section focuses on Slab on Grade, the general principles apply to most construction applications

PROVEN PERFORMANCEType K has been used successfully in the United States (U.S.) since 1963.

USED FOR MANY APPLICATIONSIt has been used successfully in the U.S. for hundreds of millions of square feet of concrete slabs as well as parking garages, water treatment plants, roofs, walls, bridge decks etc. Anywhere portland cement concrete can be used, there is an application for Type K / Komponent.

PLACEMENT SIZE Areas over 45,000 square feet have been placed without joints; approximately 130' x 130' is common when rebar reinforcement is used. Placement dimensions of 100' x 100' are recommended for System-K.

CHECKERBOARDCheckerboard placements are not necessary and there is no requirement to wait three days before placing against a previously placed slab. We recommend staggered placements that leave 2 adjacent sides free if possible, but it is acceptable to place Type K concrete in a location where it is surrounded on three or even four sides.

SUBGRADETypical slab on grade base material with fines should be proof rolled and show no more than 1/2" rutting. A smooth, well compacted base without ruts will perform best.

JOINT WIDTH�e joint width is affected by the pour schedule, joint spacing, concrete temperature at placement, ambient temperature at placement, in-service temperature, and thermal fluctuation.

LENGTH TO WIDTH RATIOACI recommends 1-½ or 2 to 1 for ordinary portland cement concrete. ACI 223 recommends up to 3 to 1 length to width ratio for Type K slabs. Larger ratios can be placed by adjusting the reinforcing steel configuration.

DOWELS AT CONSTRUCTION JOINTSAny doweling system is acceptable. Plate or diamond dowels work best for slabs. Keyway joints are not recommended.




ARMORED CONSTRUCTION JOINTSArmored joints should be considered for floors that see heavy forklift traffic. Assemblies such as the PNA Construction Technologies Armor-Edge® Joint Assembly have worked well on many projects.

SAND LAYER�is is not recommended, as it can draw water from the slab.

SUBGRADE SLOPEWhen transitioning to a different slab thickness, the maximum slope should be 3:1.

FOOTINGSIf the Type K slab will be placed over a footing, place a sheet of plastic on the footing first.PLACEMENT UNDER ROOF�is is not required for Type K concrete, but is considered good practice for any concrete slab on grade, and therefore recommended.

LEAD TIMEA minimum of 6 weeks is needed for material sampling and lab testing of the mix design. Material is available for pick up at one of our terminals after a purchase order (PO) is received. Rail delivery of material may take up to 6 weeks from receipt of the PO. Consult a CTS Cement Representative for exact lead time.

DRY SHAKESFor floors with a dry shake application, a water/cement ratio of 0.55 will usually provide adequate bleed water.

BOX-OUTSRound and square tube columns need to be wrapped with 1/2" of compressible foam, such as Meadows Ceramar® or sponge rubber expansion joint or equal to provide isolation. Other columns need round box-outs and foam or some other type of isolation. �is isolation against settlement is considered good practice for general concrete construction, and is therefore recommended for Type K concrete. All columns need to be surrounded with two pieces of #4 rebar — 3' long and placed in the upper 1/3 of the slab. See attached sketch for details.

PLUMBING and SLAB PENETRATIONSAll plumbing and electrical piping that penetrates the slab needs to be isolated as the columns are, and wrapped with compressible foam and rebar reinforcement. See attached drawing. All plumbing drains need no-hub fittings and need to have 2 rebar rings surrounding them, placed in the upper 1/3 of the slab. When possible do not use square deck drains; round drains are preferred.



AT THE PLANT

GUARD POSTS and BOLLARDSAll posts need to be handled as columns. An alternate method would be to have round leave-outs in the slab or use PNA Construction Technologies Bollard Base devices.

PLASTIC SHEETINGType K concrete should be placed directly on a sheet of plastic to help keep the water in the slab and to act as a slip sheet. A 6 mil (min.) plastic sheet over the vapor barrier helps to minimize friction and restraint exerted by the base.

REBAR AROUND PERIMETER FOR SYSTEM-K SLABSTwo #4 rebars must be placed in the upper third of the slab around the perimeter within 6" of the slab’s edges. See drawing for details.

RE-ENTRANT CORNERSTwo 3' long #4 rebars are required at all re-entrant corners. �ey should be in the upper third of the slab and within 6" of the corner. See sketch for details. Avoid re-entrant corners whenever possible.

ISOLATION JOINTWhen the floor will be placed against the concrete walls, compressible foam filler (max. 25 psi) such as Meadows Ceramar® or sponge rubber expansion joint or equal should be used to isolate the floor from the wall. �is isolation against settlement is considered good practice for general concrete construction, and is therefore recommended for Type K concrete.

CONNECTIONS BETWEEN WALL PANELS, FOUNDATION and SLABWrap all rebar that will connect the wall panels and or foundation to the slab with 1/2" thick pipe foam, extending at least the first 18" from the wall into slab. See ACI 223 for details.

READY MIX PLANTType K made with Komponent can be supplied from any ready mix plant. If the plant has limited silo storage capacity, a portable silo may be used. For small jobs, bags can be used along with a Komponent slurry mixing machine.

MIX DESIGNReplace about 15% of total cementitious with Komponent. For instance, if the original mix was 540 pounds of portland and 60 pounds of fly ash, the new mix would be 459 pounds of portland, 51 pounds of fly ash, and 90 pounds of Komponent. A minimum of 90 pounds of Komponent is recommended in all mixes.




FLY ASH and SILICA FUMECan be used to replace a maximum of 10% of the portland cement portion. �e mix should be tested in a lab to verify compatibility.

SULFATE RESISTANCEKomponent contains no C3A and as such can be counted as a supplementary cementitious material. We can therefore count it as part of the fly ash minimum percentage in mixes where reduction of C3A for sulfate resistance is required.

ASRKomponent is classified as a low alkali cement so it can contribute to ASR mitigation.

PORTLAND CEMENT�e chemistry of portland cements vary. To obtain optimum performance, the portland cement to be used on the job should be tested with Komponent.

AGGREGATERelative aggregate shrinkage should be determined. If the aggregate to be used has higher than normal shrinkage, a higher Komponent ratio is advised. As with all concrete mixes, larger top size coarse aggregate is beneficial to the mix.

SLUMPTypically, 5" +/- 1.5" slump can be achieved with water reducer. Slump should be taken at point of placement.

WATER / CEMENTITIOUS RATIO�e recommended water/cement ratio is between 0.45 and 0.55. A laboratory trial batch will determine the actual ratio. According to ACI 223, the water requirements for shrinkage compensating concrete may often be 10 to 15 percent more than Type I/II portland cement concretes. However, when variations in aggregate characteristics and the use of water reducers are insufficient to produce the specified w/c ratio at the recommended slump, a higher w/c ratio may be necessary to achieve a placeable 5"- 6" slump, provided that the required strength and shrinkage compensation are achieved. Refer to ACI 223, section 6.2, Table 6.1. Do not hold back more than 1 gallon of water per cubic yard to be added at the jobsite

ADMIXTURESAdmixtures should be tested in the lab for suitability and compatibility. Typically, mixes should contain a mid-range water reducer dosed at the higher limit. In hot weather or with extended transit times, add a suitable dosage of hydration stabilizer to retain target slump.

BATCHING THE CONCRETETo ensure that the Komponent gets thoroughly mixed, it is recommended that a full load of Type K concrete be limited to 1 yard less than what is typically considered to be a full load.




Recommended Truck and Central Mix Batching Procedures (when bulk Komponent is batched with the concrete).

1. Charge the mixer with approximately 80% of the mixing water per the mix design.

2. Weigh the Komponent first to avoid cumulative errors, then weigh the portland cement.

3. Feed the Komponent and portland cement in with the coarse aggregate and sand, with the mixer drum turning at charging speed.

4. Add the remainder of the aggregates, sand, and water.

5. Add admixtures, if any, in the same manner and timing as the portland cement mixes.

6. If using System-K, add the K-Fiber™.

7. Mix for 70 to 90 revolutions at mixing speed of 14 to 18 revolutions per minute before leaving the plant.

8. Check the slump of the mix.

Recommended Batching Procedures (when bulk Komponent is added after the concrete is batched).

1. Follow the normal portland cement concrete batching procedures, with the exception that enough water is held back so that the concrete is batched to a 3" slump.

2. Feed the Komponent slowly; “feather” it into the mixer with the mixer drum turning at agitation speed.

3. Add the remainder of the water necessary to achieve the desired slump.

4. If using System-K, add the K-Fiber.

5. Mix for 70 to 90 revolutions at a mixing speed of 14 to 18 revolutions per minute before leaving the plant.


Recommended Batching Procedures (when using bagged Komponent).

1. Follow the normal portland cement concrete batching procedures, leaving appropriate water amount to be used in slurry machine out of the mix.

2. Follow the CTS Slurry Machine mixing procedures.

3. Add the Komponent slurry into the truck.




AT THE JOB SITE ON JOB DAY

4. If using System-K, add the K-Fiber.

5. Mix for 70 to 90 revolutions at mixing speed of 14 to 18 revolutions per minute before leaving the plant.


K-FIBER™Add the water degradable bags to the ready-mix truck after all the other materials. �en mix for 70 to 90 revolutions at a mixing speed of 14 to 18 revolutions per minute prior to leaving the plant. Note: Dosage is 1 bag per cubic yard of concrete, not 1 bag per 90 pounds of Komponent.

SET TIMEType K concrete generally stiffens about 20 minutes faster than ordinary portland cement concrete. If this is a concern, add a set retarder.

PRE-JOB MEETINGCTS will conduct a pre-concrete (pre-pour) meeting for recommendations and answering questions. CTS may occasionally visit the jobsite to observe and recommend procedures. CTS does not supervise placement of the concrete.

PLACEMENT DIFFERENCESDue to a lack of bleed water, a method such as the 1/4" deep footprint should be used to judge when to start finishing. Type K may still bleed during placements in cold weather. Always follow ACI Hot and Cold Weather Placing Practices when temperatures dictate.

PLACEMENT TEMPERATURESAs with portland cement concrete, ambient and concrete temperature extremes should be avoided. Also, as with portland cement concrete, best results are obtained when ambient and concrete temperatures are between 50°F and 85°F and when concrete is placed within 1 hour of batching. Concrete temperature should be within 20º of ambient/sub-base temperature. Concrete older than 90 minutes or in excess of 90 degrees should not be accepted.

COLD JOINTSOn wide pours, care must be taken to avoid cold joints by either narrowing the front or retarding the mix.

SLUMP LOSS FROM K-FIBER�ere will be what the fiber industry calls an “apparent slump loss”. �at means that the reading in the slump cone test will be lower, but the concrete still places and finishes like the higher slump material without fibers.




“HAIRY” CONCRETE FROM K-FIBERThe concrete will not be hairy. System-K short monofilament fibers are basically invisible.

PLACING and FINISHINGOther than lack of bleed water, Type K concrete places and finishes the same as portland cement concrete. Type K concrete will set faster in hot weather than a conventional portland cement concrete slab. Finishers may notice a reduced time between floating and troweling steps. Hard steel trowel burnished finish is recommended for increased wear resistance. Always follow ACI Hot and Cold Weather Placing Practices when temperatures dictate.

TOOLING JOINTSTooling construction joints to a slight radius is recommended.

MOISTURE LOSS FROM THE SURFACEIf there is rapid moisture loss from the surface of the slab due to high ambient temperature, high concrete temperature, high winds, low humidity, placing outdoors in the sun, placing in cold weather (cold weather slows the set and allows more time for water to evaporate), etc., it is necessary to reduce evaporation. For troweled slabs, apply a fog spray to maintain a sheen until wet curing is started or use an evaporation reducer such as EucoBar or MasterKure® ER 50 (formerly Confilm). For slabs that have been floated and will not be trowel finished, the open surface and higher surface area allow more and faster evaporation. Water may be ponded onto the surface. See ACI 305R “Hot Weather Concreting”. Also see attached ACI evaporation chart/nomograph (page 23).

CURINGStart wet cure as soon as possible and wet cure for a minimum of 7 days. �at means continuously wet for at least 7 days. Curing blankets such as UltraCureNCF™ or Hydracure have been successfully used. Use per manufacturer’s recommendation and in addition, saturate the front of the roll as it is being rolled out. �e use of an UltraSqueeg™ roller is recommended. Other allowable methods are ponding or burlene on top of soaker hoses, or wetting the slab and covering with a 4-mil sheet of polyethylene (molding may occur). For exterior jobs, curing material edges should be weighted down. For placements that are not slabs, consult your local CTS Representative.

CLOSURE POURSType K will reduce cracking dramatically. For best results put two #5 rebars 1-½" from each edge around the perimeter of the closure pour.

WET CURINGDuring wet curing, foot and light traffic can be on the slab one day after placement. Lifts should not be allowed on the slab while it is curing.




AFTER PLACEMENT

MISCELLANEOUS

TILT-UP PANELS�ere are no sawcut joints to be addressed before pouring the panels. �e lack of curl means tilt-up panels are true, and have less need for repairs and smoothing before final finish is applied.

TOPPINGS, EPOXY COATINGS, TILE, ETC.Can normally be installed sooner than over portland cement concrete. Before applying the topping, water vapor transmission testing is recommended. Follow topping or coating manufacturer’s recommendations.

�ere are many reasons why concrete cracks. Type K / Komponent / System-K will minimize or eliminate many of them, including drying shrinkage, which is the biggest culprit.

REPAIR MATERIALSStandard repair materials may be used. For crack repairs of less than 1/8", use Metzger/McGuire Rapid Refloor. For larger cracks Metzger/McGuire Spal-Pro 2000 can be used. For small repairs, use Rapid Set® Cement All®. For large repairs, use Type K Concrete.

REFILLING TRENCH CUTSType K will reduce the cracking. A #4 rebar should be placed along each long side of the trench about 1-½" from each trench edge.

COSTGenerally in reinforced slabs, the reduction in joint cost helps to offset the premium for Type K / Komponent. If System-K is used, the savings from omitting rebar are significant and may accelerate the project schedule.

BONDED OVERLAYSWorks well, particularly with System-K. However, any moving joints and cracks will likely reflect through. Contact your CTS Representative for more details.

UNBONDED OVERLAYSWorks well at 2" minimum. However, moving joints and cracks may reflect through. Contact your CTS Representative for more details.

SHOTCRETEWorks well and has low rebound. Contact your CTS Representative for more details.




AESTHETICS

NON-SHRINK GROUTKomponent works very well for large volume grouting projects. Consult your CTS Representative for details.

LOW SHRINKAGE CONCRETEType K / Komponent can be used to produce low shrinkage concrete. Consult your CTS Representative for details.

SLAB COLORType K concrete is slightly lighter in color than standard portland cement concrete. Many times, this is so slight, it isn’t noticeable.

ADDING INTEGRAL COLOR�ere is little, if any, difference between Type K and portland cement concrete.

COLOR STAIN�e color stain may need to sit longer to penetrate due to the lack of bleed water channels in the concrete.

STAMPINGNo different than portland cement concrete.

MOTTLINGCuring blankets such as UltraCure™ have been successfully used to minimize mottling.

DENSIFYING and POLISHINGType K slabs often look better than portland cement concrete slabs. �e process can normally be performed after 10 to 14 days instead of 28 days required with portland cement concrete.

JOINT FILLERSAs with all concrete, install any joint filler as late as possible. Follow manufacturer’s recommendations.




TYPICAL MIX DESIGNS

LIMITED WARRANTYCTS Cement Manufacturing Corp. (CTS) warrants its materials to be of good quality and, at its option, will replace or refund the purchase price of any material proven to be defective within one (1) year from date of purchase. �e above remedies shall be the limit of CTS’s responsibility. Except for the foregoing, all warranties expressed or implied, including merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose, are excluded. CTS shall not be liable for any consequential, incidental, or special damages arising directly or indirectly from the use of the materials.

TYPE K CONCRETEType K Cement 560 lb

Fine aggregate, ASTM C-33 1200 lb

Coarse Aggregate, ASTM C-33 1800 lb

Water 37 gal

Water Reducer, ASTM C-949 24 oz

PERFORMANCE

Slump 5.75 in

Expansion, 7 days 0.045 %

Compressive Strength, 7 days 3400 psi


KOMPONENT® CONCRETEPortland Cement Type I/II/V 470 lb

Komponent 90 lb

Fine Aggregate, ASTM C-33 1200 lb

Coarse Aggregate, ASTM C-33 1800 lb

Water 37 gal

Water Reducer, ASTM C-949 24 oz

PERFORMANCE

Slump 5.75 in




NON-SHRINK GROUT MIXPortland Cement Type I/II/V 846 lb

Komponent 100 lb

Fine Aggregate, ASTM C-33 2640 lb

Water 52 gal

Water Reducer, ASTM C-949 max dosage

PERFORMANCE

Slump 8 in




Listed below are typical mix designs. All mixes should be tested in a lab for suitability for the required application.




SCC SLAB DETAIL

SLAB PERIMETERDETAIL - K.1

SLAB PERIMETERDETAIL - K.2

Slab Perimeter Detail

1/2” Compressible Foam

6 mil. poly slip sheet

oad supporting concrete

oundation wall

Not tied to wall


6 mil. Poly slip sheet

Tied to wall

Pro ide bond brea er i slab rests on concrete

rap dowels to pro ide slee e or hori ontal mo ement between wall

and slab a min. o 1 ” rom wall

CTS Cement Manufacturing Corp. • 11065 Knott Ave., Suite A, Cypress, CA 90630 • Tel: 800-929-3030 • Fax: 714-379-8270 • Web: www.ctscement.com • E-mail: [email protected]


Slab Perimeter Detail


6 mil. poly slip sheet

oad supporting concrete

oundation wall

Not tied to wall


6 mil. Poly slip sheet

Tied to wall

Pro ide bond brea er i slab rests on concrete

rap dowels to pro ide slee e or hori ontal mo ement between wall

and slab a min. o 1 ” rom wall




FLOOR DRAIN REINFORCINGDETAILS - K.3

Floor Drain Reinforcing Details

2 - #4 reinforcement bars at upper 1/3 of slab





CONSTRUCTION JOINTS AT SQUARE or ROUND TUBE COLUMNS and BOLLARDS - K.4

Columns and Bollards


2 - #4 reinforcement bars (3’ min.) at upper 1/3 of slab

1/2” compressible foam - All Sides



CTS Cement Manufacturing Corp. • 11065 Knott Ave., Suite A, Cypress, CA 90630 • Tel: 800 -929-3030 • Fax: 714 -379-8270 • Web: www.ctscement.com • E -mail: [email protected]


















RE-ENTRANT CORNERS DETAIL (Pits, trenches, floor layout, truck docks, etc.) - K.5

DOOR OPENING - K.6.A DOOR OPENING - K.6.B

Re-Entrant Corners Detail Pits trenches oor layout truc doc s etc.


Construction oint or diagonal steel (2 - #4 bars x3 approx.

2 - #4 bars min. at upper / o slab

. Eliminate corner by locating construction oints at corner or

. construction oint is not easible rein orce corner with diagonal steel to eep re-entrant corner crac rom opening excessi ely.

Door penings

A-A


Construction Joint

1/2” Compressible oam

Diamond Dowell®

mil. Poly slip sheet


Re-Entrant Corners Detail Pits trenches oor layout truc doc s etc.


Construction oint or diagonal steel (2 - #4 bars x3 approx.


. Eliminate corner by locating construction oints at corner or

. construction oint is not easible rein orce corner with diagonal steel to eep re-entrant corner crac rom opening excessi ely.

Door penings

A-A


Construction Joint

1/2” Compressible oam

Diamond Dowell®

mil. Poly slip sheet





CONSTRUCTIONJOINTS AT “I” BEAM COLUMNS - K.7

SYSTEM K™ REBAR DETAIL OVERVIEW - K.8

Construction Joints

Place concrete in ll days min. a er slab placement

Construction Joints at I” eam Columns

System-K™ ebar Detail er iew

- ebar Typical

min. - ebar Typical


Construction Joints

Place concrete in ll days min. a er slab placement

Construction Joints at I” eam Columns

System-K™ ebar Detail er iew

- ebar Typical

min. - ebar Typical





SYSTEM K™ COLUMN AT WALL DETAIL - K.9.A

SYSTEM K™ COLUMN AT WALL DETAIL - K.9.B

2 - #4 bars at upper 1/3 of slab

Wind Bracing

Block Out—Place concrete in ll days min. a er slab

placement Column

1/2” Compressible oam 2 - #4 bars at upper 1/3 of slab

System-K™ Column at all Detail



Wind Bracing

Block Out—Place concrete in ll days min. a er slab

placement Column

1/2” Compressible oam 2 - #4 bars at upper 1/3 of slab

System-K™ Column at all Detail





TYPICAL CONSTRUCTIONJOINT - K.10

System-K™ Rebar Detail



1/ ” PNA Diamond Dowel

2 - #4 Rebar @ perimeter in upper 1/3 of slab (Typical)

1/ ” PNA Diamond Dowel @ 1 ” on center for adjoining slab edges (Typical)

Typical Construction Joint

Door Opening





1/ ” PNA Diamond Dowel

2 - #4 Rebar @ perimeter in upper 1/3 of slab (Typical)

1/ ” PNA Diamond Dowel @ 1 ” on center for adjoining slab edges (Typical)

Typical Construction Joint

Door Opening


SYSTEM K™ REBAR DETAIL


DOOR OPENING - K.11



MULTIPLE PIPESand COLUMN - K.12

MULTIPLE PIPES AT WALL - K.13


ultiple Pipes and Column

ultiple Pipes at all

loc ut - Place concrete in ll days min. a er slab placement 2 - bars at upper / o

slab

ultiple Pipes

Column

2 - bars at upper / o slab

loc ut - Place concrete in ll days min. a er slab placement

ultiple Pipes



ultiple Pipes and Column

ultiple Pipes at all

loc ut - Place concrete in ll days min. a er slab placement 2 - bars at upper / o

slab

ultiple Pipes

Column

2 - bars at upper / o slab

loc ut - Place concrete in ll days min. a er slab placement

ultiple Pipes





COLUMN andSINGLE PIPE - K.14


Single Pipe


Column & Single Pipe

Alternati e ound Drain Detail

Column



Drain



Single Pipe


Column & Single Pipe

Alternati e ound Drain Detail

Column



Drain


ALTERNATIVE ROUND DRAIN DETAIL - K.15




ARMORED CONSTRUCTION JOINT and DIAMOND DOWEL®

EXAMPLE - K.16

PNA CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGIES DIAMOND DOWEL® SYSTEM - K.17

Armored Construction Joint and Diamond Dowel® Example

http://www.pna-inc.com


PNA Construction Technologies Armor-Edge® Joint Assembly

PNA Construction Technologies

Diamond Dowel® System
















REBAR

THICKNESS OF SLAB #3 REBAR #4 REBAR #5 REBAR #6 REBAR

4 in. 18 OC EW

4.5 in. 16 OC EW

5 in. 15 OC EW

5.5 in. 13 OC EW 24 OC EW

6 in. 12 OC EW 22 OC EW

6.5 in. 21 OC EW

7 in. 19 OC EW

7.5 in. 18 OC EW

8 in. 17 OC EW





10.5 in. 13 OC EW 20 OC EW


11.5 in. 12 OC EW 18 OC EW


12.5 in. 17 OC EW 23 OC EW

This table lists rebar configurations that meet or exceed the ACI 223 0.15% minimum rebar designationand is not a design guide but simply a reference table.

REBAR CONFIGURATIONS MEETING ACI 223, MINIMUM 0.15%




PLASTIC SHRINKAGE NOMOGRAPH

© 2015 CTS Cement Mfg. Corp. WP_001_EN_090915A

�is chart provides a graphic method of estimating the loss of surface moisture for various weather conditions.If the rate of evaporation approaches 0.2 lb/ft2/h, precautions against plastic-shrinkage cracking are necessary.Courtesy of the Portland Cement Association

- Courte-

sy of the Portland Cement Association

up

right

down

left -


- Courte-

sy of the Portland Cement Association

up

right

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Reference Guide - CTS Cement e Type K Shrinkage Compensating Reference Guide ... joint spacing,...

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