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Organic Apple Production
Julia Reekie
Atlantic Food and Horticulture Centre
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
Kentville, Nova Scotia
ACORN Conference
November 20, 2013
Organic ‘Honeycrisp’ Orchard
2007 2008
Young
Orchard
2008
2008 2008
Weeds in Apple Orchards
Cleavers
Chickweed
Lambsquarters
Pigweed
Ragweed Wild carrot Plantain
Apple Insect Pests
Codling moth & fruit damage
European apple sawfly
& fruit damage
European red mite
Rosy apple aphids
San Jose scale
Oyster shell scale
White apple leafhopper
Apple maggot
Apple scab
Apple Diseases and Disorders
Powdery mildew
Fireblight
Bitter pit
Water core
Apple re-plant disease
Cedar-apple rust Sooty blotch
Organic Pest Management Projects
• Innovative herbicide and fungicide replacement strategies for organic apple production
In collaboration with Gordon Braun and the Nova Scotia Fruit Growers’
Association
• Incorporation of GF-120 Naturalyte Fruit Fly Bait into orchard
integrated pest management (IPM) for apple maggot In collaboration with the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural
Affairs and the Pest Management Centre of AAFC
• Field testing of efficacy of an aqueous extract of Quassia amara for control of European apple sawfly (Hoplocampa testudinea (Klug))
In collaboration with Trifolio-M and David Maxwell of Broomholm Orchards
Orchard Floor Management
Harvest
What is GF-120?
• Spinosad bait is produced by the fermentation of the soil actinomycete Saccharopolyspora spinosa
• Spinosad is a mixture of the two most active metabolites (spinosyns A and D)
• In June 2009, GF-120 is registered for use to control apple maggots in both conventional and organic apple productions
The goal is to achieve the correct rate, timing and method of application of GF-120 so as to give adequate apple maggot control
• 2 regions: Ontario (2 trials) and Nova Scotia (4 trials)
• In each organic orchard: four replications of 4 treatments and a control with no treatment
• 3 rates of GF-120: 1x, 1.5x and 2x label rate • Compare treatment to a industrial standard-
‘Surround’ Trials were successful and demonstrated
effective control leading to GF-120 label expansion in June 2009
GF-120 Trials
Spraying Strategies
• ‘McIntosh’ and ‘Cortland’ research orchards in Nova Scotia
• 4 replications of 3 treatments: perimeter spray, spray alternate rows and spray all rows
• Control with no treatment (to indicate pest pressure)
• Label rate of GF-120: 1.5 L/ha
Sheffield Farm - GF120 Trial - 2008
Trees identified with: black text = Control; blue = perimeter; green = every row; red = alt row
C = Cortland; M = McIntosh
WEST NORTH
Tree Blk 4 Blk 3 Blk 2 Blk 1
40 M M M M C C M 40
39 C C M M C C M M C C M M C C M 39
38 C C M M C C M M C C M M C C M M C C M M 38
37 C C M M C C M M C C M M C C M M C C M M 37
36 C C M M C C M M C C M M C C M M C C M M 36
35 C C M M C C M M C C M M C C M M C C M M 35
34 C C M M C C M M C C M M C C M M C C M M 34
33 C C M M C C M M C C M M C C M M C C M M 33
32 C C M M C C M M C C M M C C M M C C M M 32
31 C C M M C C M M C C M M C C M M C C M M 31
30 C C M M C C M M C C M M C C M M C C M M 30
29 C C M M C C M M C C M M C C M M C C M M 29
28 C C M M C C M M C C M M C C M M C C M M 28
27 C C M M C C M M C C M M C C M M C C M M 27
26 C C M M C C M M C C M M C C M M C C M M 26
25 C C M M C C M M C C M M C C M M C C M M 25
24 C C M M C C M M C C M M C C M M C C M M 24
23 C C M M C C M M C C M M C C M M C C M M 23
22 C C M M C C M M C C M M C C M M C C M M 22
21 C C M M C C M M C C M M C C M M C C M M 21
19 C C M M C C M M C C M M C C M M C C M M 19
18 C C M M C C M M C C M M C C M M C C M M 18
17 C C M M C C M M C C M M C C M M C C M M 17
16 C C M M C C M M C C M M C C M M C C M M 16
15 C C M M C C M M C C M M C C M M C C M M 15
14 C C M M C C M M C C M M C C M M C C M M 14
13 C C M M C C M M C C M M C C M M C C M M 13
12 C C M M C C M M C C M M C C M M C C M M 12
11 C C M M C C M M C C M M C C M M C C M M 11
10 C C M M C C M M C C M M C C M M C C M M 10
9 C C M M C C M M C C M M C C M M C C M M 9
8 C C M M C C M M C C M M C C M M C C M M 8
7 C C M M C C M M C C M M C C M M C C M M 7
6 C C M M C C M M C C M M C C M M C C M M 6
5 C C M M C C M M C C M M C C M M C C M M 5
4 C C M M C C M M C C M M C C M M C C M M 4
3 C C M M C C M M C C M M C C M M C C M M 3
2 C C M M C C M M C C M M C C M M C C M M 2
1 C C M M C C M M C C M M C C M M C C M M 1
ROW 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Applying GF-120
GF-120 has to be applied as soon as adult flies emerge
• Rate=1.5 L/ha
• Dilution 1:4 (GF-120: water)
• Large droplet size (4-6 mm in diameter)
• Uniform coverage is not critical
• Repeat application 7 - 10 days
• Re-apply after a rain event
Simplified Spraying Device
Spray Application
Assessment
• At harvest, 6-10 trees from each experimental plot were sampled and from each tree, 20 apples were randomly collected
• For each orchard, 20 apples from 16 control trees were randomly collected
• Fruits were incubated at room temperature for 2 weeks before the assessment of apple maggot damage
• Every fruit was cut into quarters and examined for apple maggot injury
Boates Conventional Orchard – Woodville, NS
# of apples
examined
% damage
Control 162 24
Gravenstein 465 0.2
McIntosh 600 0
•Ten applications starting on July
8 and ending August 27
•Alternate row spraying
Orchard = 6.5
CCCCCCCC
175’
Acres
Jy 7 Jy 21 Aug 4 Aug 18 Sep 1 Sep 15
Ap
ple
Mag
go
t F
lies
Cu
mu
lati
ve T
ota
l
0
100
200
300
400
500
Male
Female
Apple maggot flies capture – Block 84
Block 84 – Kentville
# of apples
examined
% damage
Control 150 85.0
Aug 15 581 8.0
Aug 30 595 8.0
Sep 15 593 0.2
R2R3 R1R4
C
CC
CCCC
CC
CCCCCCCC
•‘Surround’ was applied to protect apples from
apple maggot attacks
•3 treatments: surround terminated on Aug. 15,
Aug. 30 and Sept. 15
European Apple Sawfly (Hoplocampa Testudinea)
•Adults are 6 to 8 mm in length
•Head is yellow with yellow
antennae and black eyes
•Wings are covered with tiny
black hairs
•Body is brown
•Upper surface is almost black
and shiny; lower surface lighter
and orange to yellow
•Female sawfly has a saw-like
ovipositor
The’Saw’
European apple sawfly (Hoplocampa testudinea)
pupae 5th larval instar
Organic Thinning?!
• 6-year old, 10 feet tall Novamac tree on M7
• 455 apples damaged by EAS (June 22, 2010)
• 250 apples remained on the tree
• 200 apples reached maturity (September 22, 2010)
Broomholm Orchards – LaHave, Lunenburg Co.
Ananas reinette
Monitoring
•Emergence is
monitored using non-
UV reflective, sticky
white traps
•Traps are hung at a
height of 1.5 m. in trees
•Check traps often
Emergence
•A total of 551 EAS, 310
males and 241 females
were caught in four
traps in Block 112 in
Kentville
•Cumulative captures
showed that 50 % of the
total capture occurred
between May 16 and 22,
in a matter of 6 days 0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Eu
rop
ean
Ap
ple
Saw
fly (
EA
S)
May-13 May-18 May-23 May-28 Jun-02
Date
138 EAS (25% of total capture)
413 EAS (75% of total capture)
551 EAS (100 % capture)
May 16(25% EAS)
May 22(75% EAS)
Primary and Secondary Damage
• Active ingredients: quassinoids, including
quassin and isoquassin (picrasmin); alkaloids
• Various trees or shrubs (Quassia amara,
Picrasma excelsa, Picrasma quassioides) of the
family Simaroubaceae having wood and bark
with an intense bitter taste.
Quassia
Toxicity of Quassia
• Approved as a food additive (for humans)
• No toxicity to other mammals
• Non-toxic to fish (runoff less of a concern)
• Non-toxic to beneficial insects
• Non-toxic to pollinators (!)
Experiments Designed To Test
Does it work?
Investigate the efficacy of a single spray of Quassia Extract MD (TriFolio M GmbH) in the control of European apple sawfly damage in apple cultivars with varying phenology
How much do we need?
Determine the lowest effective concentration of Quassia Extract MD to control EAS in ‘Liberty’ apples
When do we need to apply it?
Compare EAS damage in ‘Liberty’ apples receiving early versus delayed sprays under field conditions
Does It Work?
• Broomholm Orchards, Middle LaHave
– 23 different cultivars paired, (treated & control)
• Single spray
– 2 weeks after first trap capture, at 6 g Quassin/m.tree height/ha
– At this point, trees ranged from full bloom to petal-fall
Results Over all damage in treated trees 2.7%
Over all damage in controls 13% But significant variation between cultivars
0
10
20
30
40
% E
AS
Da
ma
ge
B T
ho
rn
N S
py
A R
ein
Bra
mle
y
S S
ix
H M
Jer
sey
R P
ipp
in
P L
ou
ise
A K
ern
Bo
sko
op
Fo
xw
J S
eed
La
dy
Ma
nte
t
R R
uss
et
W S
La
w
Kin
g
W P
rid
e
Gid
eon
G H
eart
Lin
da
P G
ris
S H
ern
Control
Quassia
How Much Do We Need?
• Block 112 at AFHRC in Kentville
• ‘Liberty’ trees
• Randomized complete block design with 9 groups of 4 trees each
• One tree in each group as
control, and one each of spray at 3, 6, and 9 g Quassin/ha
0 g/ha 3 g/ha 6 g/ha 9 g/ha
% E
AS
Dam
age
0
10
20
30
40
When Do We Need To Apply It?
• Second group of trees in Block 112
• One half sprayed on May 27, second half delayed until June 1
Quassia (6 g/ha)
May 27 June 1
% D
am
age
0
10
20
In Summary
• Quassia is effective – and gratifyingly selective and non-toxic
• A spray concentration of 6 g quassin/ha appears adequate, unless pest pressure is heavy, then 9 g quassin/ha is more desirable
• Preliminary data suggest that spray timing is not critical, as long as the agent is on the fruit when first instar larva emerges
Acknowledgement
•Nova Scotia Fruit Growers’ Association
•Pest Management Centre, AAFC
•Dow AgroSciences, Canada
•Trifolio-M, Germany
•Boates Farm Ltd.
•Broomholm Orchards
•Eric Specht, Emily Chase and Ashley Smith