REDUCTION OF ADVERB CLAUSES

TO MODIFYING ADVERBIAL PHRASES.

Some adverb clauses may also be changed to modifying phrases, and the ways in which the change are made are the same:

Omit the subject of the dependent clause

and the be form of the verb.

If there is no be form of a verb,

omit the subject and change the

verb to –ing.

Some adverb clauses may

also be changed to modifying phrases, and the ways in which the

change are made are the

same

Adverb

Clause.

Phrase

Modifying

While walking to

class, I ran into an

old friend.

While I was

walking to class, I

ran into an old

friend.

While I was sitting in class, I felt asleep

. While sitting in class, I felt asleep.

While Ann was sitting in class, she felt asleep.

While sitting in class, Ann felt

asleep.

An adverb clause can be change to a modifying phrase. Only when the subject of the adverb clause and the subject of the main clause are the same.

No Change Possible: While the teacher

was lecturing to the class, I felt asleep.

While we were walking home, a frog hopped across the road in front of us.

Changing Time Clauses to Modifying Adverbial Phrases

After, before, since, while, etc.

Can be changed to modifying adverbial phrases.

Examples:

Clause: Since Maria came to

this country, she has made many

friends.

Phrase: Since coming to this

country, Maria has made many

friends

Expressing the Idea of "During the Same Time" in Modifying Adverbial Phrases

Sometimes while is omitted but the -ing phrases at the beginning of the sentence gives the same meaning (during the same time).

While I was walking down the street, I ran into an old friend.

While walking down the street, I ran into an old friend.

Walking down the street, I ran into an old friend.

Examples.

Expressing cause and Effect in modifying adverbial phrases

Often an -ing phrases at the beginning of a sentence gives the meaning of "because“.

Because she needed some money to buy a book, Sue cashed a check.

Needing some money to buy a book, Sue cashed a check.

Because he lacked the necessary qualifications, he was not considered for the job.

Examples:

Having + past participle gives the meaning not only of "because" but also of "before".

(e) Having seen that movie before, I don't want to go again.

A form of be in the adverb clause may be changed to being. The used of being makes the cause and effect relationship clear. (f), (g), and (h) have the same meaning.

(f) Because she was unable to afford a car, she bought a bicycle. (g) Being unable to afford a car, she bought a bicycle. (h) Unable to afford a car, she bought a bicycle.

Using Upon + ing in Modifying adverb Modifying adverbial phrases beginning

with upon + ing usually have the same meaning as adverb clauses introduced by when.(a) an (b) have the same meaning.

(a) Upon reaching the age of 21, I received my inheritance.(b) When I reaching the age of 21, I received my inheritance.

Upon can be shortened to on. (a), (b), and (c) all have the same meaning.

(c) On reaching the age of 21, I received my inheritance.