Reducing Incidence of Open Defecation - Sanjay Renduchintala

Reducing Incidence of Open Defecation October, 2015

This report tries to cover the experiments and learnings from the one year I spent in New

Baxipalli Village (Odisha) rebooting a failed sanitation project. The village had toilets that were

abandoned for more than a decade, most of them used as storage space. Now more than 90%

of the families in the village are using their toilet. This report is an attempt to capture how it all

happened.

Sanjay Renduchintala

Fellow, Youth for India

Email: [email protected]

http://in.linkedin.com/in/sanjayr1/

mailto:[email protected]

http://in.linkedin.com/in/sanjayr1/

Acknowledgements

My work would have been impossible without constant support and challenge from Dr. Joe

Madiath, Founder and Hon. Chairman of Gram Vikas who has guided me through my

seemingly difficult endeavor with his immense knowledge and trust. He has funded my

experiments which resulted in great learnings and an observable change in sanitation of

New Baxipalli Village.

Secondly, I would like to acknowledge Mr. M. Vasudeva Rao, President of New Baxipalli

Village Committee who was a partner in successful implementation of the ideas. He was

the face of the community led sanitation effort and a dear friend.

Thirdly, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Mr. Yashveer Singh who was then

Head of Strategy and Collaboration at Gram Vikas, and Ms. Geeta Verghese, Mr. Shuvajit

Payne and Ms. Sadaf Sethwala from Youth for India team for their commitment of making

this one year fruitful for me and being in constant touch throughout my journey.

Finally, I would like to thank Youth for India, Gram Vikas and Leaders of New Baxipalli who

provided me the platform and an environment that bred freedom of thought, collaboration

and great working experience.

Abstract

Many experts pronounce that the new Sustainable Development Goals agreed up on by

the member states of United Nations are all interconnected and it is more apparent for

Goal 6 – “Ensure access to water and sanitation for all” as it is directly attached to the well-

being and impacts progress in education, health, inequality and extreme poverty. This goal

itself has two inseparable entities as any possible benefits of access to clean water will be

nullified by ignoring hygiene and sanitation. India has made alarmingly slow progress in

sanitation even when compared to economically backward neighbors like Bangladesh and

Nepal. The reduction of open defecation by barely one percentage point a year in the last

decade proves an urgent need for intervention (the proportion of sample households

practicing open defecation was 55% in 2005-06 (National Family Health Survey) and 46% in

2013-14 (Rapid Survey on Children)).

Even though Government of India is assisting in building toilets and educating people

about the benefits of sanitation, without efforts focused on creating long term behavioral

change people are bound to get back in to old behavior patterns. There is much to learn

from successes and failures of organizations like Gram Vikas that has been working for

several decades in the field of water and sanitation.

During the one year I spent in association with Gram Vikas I was fortunate to encounter

one of their rare failures and had an opportunity to reboot the failed project. Through this

report I would like to present my observations on what impacts people’s decision making

and how communities work. I hope this case where I was able to improve toilet usage from

61% to 93% in a village with around 200 usable toilets will serve the purpose of training,

designing further strategies or at least being a thought provoking experiment.

Table of Contents About Gram Vikas ......................................................................................................................................... 1

About New Baxipalli ...................................................................................................................................... 1

Relationship with Gram Vikas ................................................................................................................... 1

About MANTRA ............................................................................................................................................. 2

Abandoned Toilets in New Baxipalli ............................................................................................................. 2

Health & Hygiene ...................................................................................................................................... 3

Safety of Women and Children ................................................................................................................. 3

Dignity of Women ..................................................................................................................................... 3

Social Acceptance ..................................................................................................................................... 3

Convenience .............................................................................................................................................. 3

Initial Survey and Findings ............................................................................................................................ 4

Initial Attempts ............................................................................................................................................. 6

Shankaracharya of Puri ............................................................................................................................. 6

Youth Club ................................................................................................................................................. 6

Women SHGs ............................................................................................................................................ 6

Public meetings ......................................................................................................................................... 6

Understanding people and how they make decisions .................................................................................. 7

Lentil Experiment .......................................................................................................................................... 8

Pilot Phase ................................................................................................................................................. 8

Lentil experiment – Modified ..................................................................................................................... 11

Repeating the Modified Lentil Experiment ................................................................................................. 12

Summary of Results .................................................................................................................................... 13

Appendix ..................................................................................................................................................... 14

Households not using toilet .................................................................................................................... 15

Households using toilet........................................................................................................................... 16

1

About Gram Vikas

Gram Vikas' which literally means 'village development' is a non-governmental organization

that works with rural and tribal communities in India & Africa. Gram Vikas partners with

rural-communities to address their critical needs of education, health, safe drinking water,

sanitation, livelihoods and alternative energy in a manner that is sustainable, socially

inclusive, gender equitable and empowering.

About New Baxipalli

New Baxipalli is a fishing village in Ganjam district of Odisha. It is located near Gopalpur-

on-Sea, a famous tourist destination in the state. Being close to the border shared with

Andhra Pradesh most of the residents of the village speak Telugu. Fishing and related

activities comprise of primary professions here. Masonry and manual labor at construction

sites are on the rise now with increasing infrastructure development activities in this

region.

Relationship with Gram Vikas

This village was rehabilitated by Gram Vikas’ Social Housing project after Super Cyclone in

1999. Gram Vikas has also implemented multiple interventions in the areas of water and

sanitation, and livelihoods in an effort to rehabilitate the village from the disaster of Super

Cyclone.

Gram Vikas discontinued its relationship with New Baxipalli as the village fell short on the

obligation of repaying housing loans secured from HDFC for social housing project and

misappropriation of aid provided for improving livelihoods.

Now, Gram Vikas reentered the village as a socio-technical partner of Odisha State Disaster

Management Authority which is working in the region to construct disaster resilient houses

for the families affected by Phailin, a cyclone that occurred in 2013.

2

About MANTRA

To take advantage of the knowledge of the organization in handling water and sanitation

projects I visited few of the numerous villages where Gram Vikas was successful (Ilapada,

Beharaguda, Suldia, Jharmunda, Colonipada, Mualibenna, Pikol and Lakhanpur). Below is

my perspective on workings of MANTRA, Gram Vikas’ process of implementing their

flagship program in water and sanitation, based on my interaction with staff and

communities.

Motivation is the key – It takes on an average of one year to motivate an entire

community to build toilets. Some villages may take just few months while others

may take much longer. Periodic public meetings are conducted to educate the need

and benefits of sanitation. Street plays or public screenings are used sometimes to

gain public attention.

Water works as an incentive – Most of the time communities’ primary motivation to

build a toilet is because of the promise of tapped water at home.

Public partnership – Training people to build their own toilet and ensuring a

functional Water and Sanitation committee facilitates public partnership.

100% Sanitation – A village is taken up only when all the member households are

willing to build their own toilets. This is what I consider is the secret sauce of

MANTRA’s success. This creates required social pressure and public consensus on

what is acceptable behavior.

Abandoned Toilets in New Baxipalli

Toilets in New Baxipalli were built in 2002 as part of Water and Sanitation project by Gram

Vikas. After Gram Vikas discontinued its work in the village, people returned to their

original behavior pattern and began using toilets as store rooms. Although the community

had access to toilets with water supply it was unsuccessful in putting them to use as it

lacked intention. This problem is what one would call a last mile problem and there are

several factors that need to be considered to have a better understanding of the problem.

3

Health & Hygiene

“The inability to ensure long-term behavioral changes among both people and the health

care sector is reflected in repeated outbreaks of epidemics” read The Hindu talking about

the recent Dengue epidemic in the country’s capital. Besides a definite need to reform

Indian health care system there is also an urgent need for initiatives to create long lasting

improvement in something as basic as cleanliness and hygiene among the beneficiaries of

the system. Toilets are considered as the best medical advancement in the last 200 years

but the health benefits related to usage of toilets can be difficult to visualize as they are

spread over time. Some people even find using toilets as counter intuitive hygiene solution

and do not prefer relieving themselves at home. There is also aversion associated with

maintaining toilets.

Safety of Women and Children

Incidents like gang rape and murder of two girls, 14 and 15, in Katra, Uttar Pradesh, and a

nine year old girl mauled to death by stray dogs in Malvan, Gujrat point towards the

vulnerability young women and children are exposed to when they go to relieve

themselves.

Dignity of Women

Shame associated with women having to relieve themselves in the open is all prevalent but

rarely discussed. I have observed that the young women are ashamed of the act so much

that they do not carry water in order to keep this activity under wraps. There is a need to

sensitize men on the topic as the communities are patriarchal in structure.

Social Acceptance

Open-defecation as a practice is still socially acceptable in some communities. There needs

to be a community consensus in order to bring a lasting change.

Convenience

Convenience is a major factor that determines whether a family will use a toilet. I have

observed that families with older members or difficulty in accessing open areas tend to use

toilets more than others.

4

Initial Survey and Findings

Initial discussion on the problem of open defecation with the key people in the village

projected the problem to be very difficult as it was estimated that only 20%-30% of the

families use a toilet. This situation was discouraging as it was believed majority of the

families in the village were against using toilets to relieve themselves. I conducted a

baseline survey to understand the reality of the problem and below were the findings.

Index

Toilet not being used

Toilet being used

No toilet

NA

Link to Survey Data:

https://goo.gl/3fDzpa

Link to Pictures of Toilets:

https://goo.gl/n76SNr

https://goo.gl/3fDzpa

https://goo.gl/n76SNr

5

Let me explain you the layout of the village before getting to the findings of the survey.

There are five lanes in the village all of them connect to the main road at the entrance and

end at the beginning of sand dunes. There are open areas on both sides of the village.

Streets 1 and 2 have an open area at the end of the first street used for defecation and

after street 5 (which leads to the sea) there is open area used by people from streets 4 and

5. People of street 3 go either way but as it’s not easily accessible for them they usually end

up using their toilets.

In the above represented layout of the village, green cells represent houses using toilets,

red cells represent houses not using toilets and yellow cells represent houses that have no

toilets. Unmarked cells were not surveyed. A sample of 153 households were surveyed for

this analysis and below are the learnings from the baseline survey.

% Utilization by Street

% Utilization by Age

Households

Street % Utilization Sample

Estimated Total

% Surveyed

Age group

% Utilization

1 56.4% 38 56 68%

0-15 43%

2 51.4% 41 79 52%

15-30 61%

3 76.9% 33 65 51%

30-45 58%

4 50.0% 25 46 54%

45-60 55%

Total 59.0% 137 246 56%

60+ 63%

End of the street generally comprise of houses built recently that have no toilets

Direction of the grey arrows in the figure indicate the general trend in location of

richer to poorer households

Street 5 has lot of temporary/semi-permanent houses with no toilets

Street 4 has significant amount of houses that were destroyed by Phailin (cyclone)

and are being rebuilt at a different location

It is a safe assumption to say more than 50% of the households in the village who

have a toilet are using them

Street 3 has highest % Utilization because they do not have easy access to open

areas for defecation

% Utilization is least in the households having children below 15 years of age

6

Initial Attempts

Based on the findings from the baseline survey, I was able to convince the leaders of New

Baxipalli that putting an end to open defecation was an achievable target as more than half

of the families that had a toilet were already using it. Also, it was obvious from the survey

that there needs to be a focus on younger families.

Shankaracharya of Puri

Shri. Shankaracharya of Puri visited New Baxipalli for inauguration of Jagannath temple. By

mere coincidence I ended up at his sath sangh where he addressed the influential and

affluent people of the region. When I brought up the issue of sanitation in this meeting, his

supportive words worked as good as a celebrity campaign in the village.

Youth Club

With the help of youngsters in the village we regrouped the youth club called ‘Azad Hind

Youth Club’ that takes care of water supply and maintenance. Though they couldn’t help

directly in improving the sanitation condition of the village, they were able to provide

reliable water supply for the village which was important for my efforts.

Women SHGs

Major activity of women SHGs in the village was buying fish from the fisherman and selling

it in the market. Understanding the troubles women were facing in the village due to lack of

privacy to relieve themselves, self-help groups have helped me in arranging meetings to

reach to women in the village and understand their perspective of the problem.

Public meetings

With the help of village leaders I have conducted awareness campaigns to talk about health

and hygiene. Meetings that were done at the village level had low turnout and very few

women but street level meetings had a greater turnout as they were more accessible and

attracted curious bystanders.

7

Understanding people and how they make decisions

In the course of my interactions while piloting awareness campaigns, I have seen how little

impact the health benefits make in convincing people to use toilets. This because of the

distant and unapparent benefits of hygiene. ‘Toilets’ is such a tabooed and rarely discussed

topic that people find it difficult to associate with other ideas like benefits of toilets or

troubles caused by unavailability.

It was important to understand how people make their decisions and what information can

help them make better decisions. My role here was to bring them information that was

vital in helping them make an associative map of ideas that revolve around toilets and how

they impact everyday life.

Numbers and facts might help people to reason and reach the right decision is what you

may assume but in problems like this, last mile problems, disconnect between the problem

and solution is due to counter intuitiveness of the solution. Some people find toilets as

counter-intuitive solution or at least an over precaution. In cases such as this, there is need

to understand what else is important for people that is impacted besides explaining the

unapparent rationale. You might have heard “The emotional tail wags the rational dog”, this

is an expression which psychologists use to explain how ideas that affect emotions are

recalled faster than ideas that trigger rational thinking. The ideas that are triggered

immediately when spoken of an object/idea generally shape our opinion or our decisions. I

have worked with the community to understand what are these facts that when realized

can help people make the right decisions.

Firstly, being a patriarchal community it was important to bring forward troubles of women

and responsibility of men, with whom the decision making power lies, in addressing the

situation. As most of you know, women go out to relieve themselves only before sunrise or

after sunset as they are ashamed of relieving themselves in the daylight. This exposes

them to a lot of security concerns. I have come to learn from some of the women here that

young women in an attempt to avoid embarrassment don’t carry water anymore. You

would be thinking if women are going through so much trouble, why don’t they complain?

That is because it has been a routine for years now and they would rather go through

suffering than face embarrassment to bringing up the topic. Like most of the women

issues, a reasonable solution can be achieved only when both the genders are sensitive

and participate in solving the issue.

8

Secondly, adverse effects of unhygienic conditions on children’s health and its impact on

his/her learning ability was highlighted. It was important to remind that good habits need

to be inculcated and parents have a major role to play. The role of toilets in avoiding

epidemics and how it safeguards their children from possible harm convinced more people

than mere knowledge about financial gains from health benefits.

Finally, I was able to show toilets that were damaged due to neglect and how that would

mean they might have to rebuild with larger investments when the need for convenience in

older age appears.

Through this journey of understanding what shapes people’s decision I was able to realize

the beauty of human nature, people value what benefits their loved ones more than what

benefits themselves.

Lentil Experiment

Awareness campaigns and street level public meetings brought decent results but a lot

more unmet intention for change. To tap into the potential change and to bridge the gap

between public intention and action, an experiment was designed to see if providing a

small incentive can help people to overcome procrastination and trigger action. It was

important to achieve results before people forgot about the campaign and problem of

open defecation hardened to seem unsurmountable again.

Pilot Phase

To establish a proof of concept, First Street with 51 target households was chosen for the

experiment. After a public meeting on explaining the intention behind the experiment, all

the houses were monitored for a week by random inspections. Households that were using

toilets were given an incentive of tur daal and other households were told if they fixed and

started using the toilets in the coming week they would be eligible for the incentive. Below

are the results from the pilot phase.

9

Toilet usage improved almost twice as compared to last ten years in just two weeks and by

three time during the entire campaign. Five families invested more than thrice the value of

the incentive in fixing their toilets. Even families that did not completely fix their toilets did

significant effort in clearing out their toilets. Toilets that served as storage space for

firewood and rearing ducks were transformed to show how much the head of the family

cared for his family’s welfare.

Toilet Usage - First Street

The value of the incentive was more than the price as families considered it as a

matter of prestige

Families fixed their toilet in part because of their own drive and in part because of

social acceptance

Neighbors rarely interfered when a family decided against using toilet

No

21%

Till Last

Year

10%

Beginning

39%

This Year

12%

Now

18%

Toilet Usage

Beginning – Families using toilet

since 2002

Till Last Year – Families that started

using toilet after 2002 till the

beginning of intervention

This Year – Families using toilet

after intervention till before the

experiment

Now – Families that started using

toilet after the experiment

No – Families that are not using

toilet

10

Before After

Toilet cleared in during the two weeks of the experiment

Soak pit being fixed during the experiment

11

Lentil experiment – Modified

The experiment was modified to add an additional condition where households of a street

are divided into groups of approximately ten families and a group would receive the

incentive only when all the members of the group fixed and started using their toilets in

the stipulated time. This condition was imposed to ensure public participation in fixing the

neighborhood. A working committee was also created in the street to overlook the process.

Below are the results from Second Street with 62 target households.

Toilet Usage – Second Street

Implementation was easier in the Second Street as people gained confidence from

the success in the First Street

There was better participation as people liked to work in groups

Families spent three to thirty times the value of the incentive to fix their toilets

Three households that did not fix their toilets had genuine reasons and promised to

fix their toilets given more time

No

5%Till Last

Year

18%

Beginning

43%

This Year

5%

Now

29%

Toilet Usage


since 2002






experiment




toilet

12

Repeating the Modified Lentil Experiment

Modified lentil experiment was repeated in Third and Fourth streets with 47 and 40 target

households respectively. All the households in these streets have fixed and started using

their toilets. These streets had higher toilet usage to begin with as they did not have easy

access to open areas to relieve themselves.

Toilet Usage – Third Street

Toilet Usage – Fourth Street

No

0% Till Last

Year

17%

Beginning

58%

This Year

4%

Now

21%

Toilet Usage

No

0% Till Last

Year

7%

Beginning

55%

This Year

8%

Now

30%

Toilet Usage


since 2002






experiment




toilet


since 2002






experiment




toilet

13

Summary of Results

Overall toilet usage in the village improved from 61% to 93% in this year

Toilets were adopted by more than twice the number of families that started using

the toilet in last decade

Families that do not have toilets want to build toilets for their families now as more

than 90% of the village is using toilets

This project has a potential of creating a bandwagon effect that will very soon

transform this village into a completely open defecation free village

Toilet Usage – New Baxipalli

No

7%

Till Last

Year

13%

Beginning

48%

This Year

7%

Now

25%

Toilet Usage

Total Households 200

Beginning 96

Till Last Year 27

This Year 14

Now 49

No 14

Beginning – Families using toilet since 2002

Till Last Year – Families that started using toilet after 2002 till the beginning of intervention

This Year – Families using toilet after intervention till before the experiment

Now – Families that started using toilet after the experiment

No – Families that are not using toilet

14

Appendix

15

Households not using toilet

S. No. Name Effort Comments Street

1 J. Satayya Yes Not using - Didn't fix the door 1

2 L. Chinnaiah Yes Not using - Didn't fix soak pits 1

3 L. Ganesh Yes Not using - Didn't fix soak pits 1

4 K. Udhava Rao Yes Husband out of town - Need fixing 1

5 K. Bhima Raju No Old couple - Need help fixing 1

6 S. Parasayya No Not using - Didn't fix the door 1

7 L. Kamaiah No 1

8 J. Veeradasu No 1

9 L. Narayana No Ducks in the toilet 1

10 L. Gorayya No Hens in the toilet 1

11 L. Errayya No 1

12 K. Somayya Yes Doesn't want to spend on repairs 2

13 N. Venkatesh Yes Old woman in critical condition 2

14 T. Balaraju Yes Husband out of town; Needs his consent 2

16

Households using toilet

S.No. Name Using Since Detail Street

1 J. Ankamma This Year 2 Months 1

2 L. Mukunda Rao This Year 6 Months 1

3 L. Ram Murthy This Year 2 Months 1

4 S. Kamiah Beginning Beginning 1

5 D. Simhadri Beginning Beginning 1

6 L. Andrew Beginning Beginning 1

7 L. John Beginning Beginning 1

8 S. Raju Before This Year 5 Years 1

9 J. Krishna Beginning Beginning 1

10 S. Venkatesh Beginning Beginning 1

11 S. Jitendri Beginning Beginning 1

12 J. Krishna Murthy Before This Year 2 Years 1

13 M. Senapati Beginning Beginning 1

14 K. Gorayya Before This Year 4 Years 1

15 K. Lachayya Beginning Beginning 1

16 M. Vasudeva Rao Beginning Beginning 1

17 M. Narayana Beginning Beginning 1

18 K. Somiah Before This Year 4 Years 1

19 K. Simhadri Beginning Beginning 1

20 K. Ram Murthy This Year 1 Month 1

21 K. Anatha Rao Before This Year 5 Years 1

22 K. SImhadri This Year 6 Months 1

23 D. Koralayya Beginning Beginning 1

24 K. Daka Rao Beginning Beginning 1

25 K. Nagaraju Beginning Beginning 1

26 W. Kalayya Now Now 1

27 L. Jogaram Now Now 1

28 L. Babaji Now Now 1

29 K. Paul Now Now 1

30 D. Madayya Now Now 1

31 D. Krishna Murthy Now Now 1

32 J. Kama Raju Now Now 1

33 M. Savitri Beginning Beginning 1

34 M. Venkatesh Beginning Beginning 1

35 K. Dandasi Beginning Beginning 1

36 K. Naidu Now Now 1

37 K. Sriramulu Beginning Beginning 1

17


38 K. Pitambaram Beginning Beginning 1

39 K. Ramudu Now Now 1

40 K. Dilesh This Year 4 Months 1

41 K. Babaji Beginning Beginning 2

42 L. Narayana Beginning Beginning 2

43 D. Pedayya Beginning Beginning 2

44 O. Ravi Now Now 2

45 D. Simhadri Beginning Beginning 2

46 D. Ramiah Beginning Beginning 2

47 M. Simhadri Beginning Beginning 2

48 T. Maryamma Beginning Beginning 2

49 R. Kusuma Beginning Beginning 2

50 D. Ramiah Beginning Beginning 2

51 O. Korlayya Now Now 2

52 G. Adiamma Beginning Beginning 2

53 D. Laxman Rao Beginning Beginning 2

54 K. Giridhar Rao Now Now 2

55 L. Somiah Before This Year 2 years 2

56 K. Ramiah Beginning Beginning 2

57 Ch. Kalayya Before This Year 3 years 2

58 N. Jangamiah This Year 6 Months 2

59 K. Errayya Beginning Beginning 2

60 B. Bairagi Beginning Beginning 2

61 B. Poliah Now Now 2

62 K. Bhuvanesh Now Now 2

63 K. Bairagi Now Now 2

64 K. Danesh Now Now 2

65 K. Sanasamma Before This Year 4 years 2

66 K. Kamiah Now Now 2

67 B. Ramesh Beginning Beginning 2

68 O. Musliah Before This Year 2 years 2

69 G. Purushotam Before This Year 2 Years 2

70 G. Satti Now Now 2

71 S. Madhayya Before This Year 7 years 2

72 S. Raghavulu Before This Year 7 years 2

73 G. Lachayya Now Now 2

74 L. Bairagi Now Now 2

75 G. Chinniah Now Now 2

18


76 K. Bagirath Before This Year 4 years 2

77 K. Krishna Murthy Beginning Beginning 2

78 K. Kamiah Now Now 2

79 J. Errrayya Beginning Beginning 2

80 D. Korlamma Beginning Beginning 2

81 P. Laxmamma Beginning Beginning 2

82 D. Devaraju Before This Year 2 Years 2

83 L. Sanasi Beginning Beginning 2

84 Bhuvani Pradhan Beginning Beginning 2

85 Ch. Dhanraj Beginning Beginning 2

86 K. Padma Beginning Beginning 2

87 M. Mohan Rao Now Now 2

88 S. Rajamma Beginning Beginning 2

89 B. Jagannath Beginning Beginning 2

90 D. Rajesh This Year 2 months 2

91 Ganapati Sahu Before This Year 6 years 2

92 K. Krishna Beginning Beginning 2

93 N. Sanasi Before This Year 7 years 2

94 L. Shekar This Year 1 month 2

95 L. Somiah Now Now 2

96 L. Errayya Now Now 2

97 J. Gorayya Beginning Beginning 2

98 D. Elamma Now Now 2

99 M. Nilamma Now Now 2

100 Sandesh Sahu Beginning Beginning 3

101 K. Apparao Before This Year 10 Years 3

102 K. Yendayya Beginning Beginning 3

103 K. Raghavulu Beginning Beginning 3

104 K. Jagayya Now Now 3

105 K. Denabandu Beginning Beginning 3

106 S. Narayana Beginning Beginning 3

107 B. Mohan Rao Beginning Beginning 3

108 R. Erramma Beginning Beginning 3

109 B. Kamamma Beginning Beginning 3

110 B. Ramiah Beginning Beginning 3

111 B. Dasu Beginning Beginning 3

112 K. Endayya Beginning Beginning 3

113 Ch. Narsimhulu Beginning Beginning 3

19


114 K. Elasi Beginning Beginning 3

115 S. Vijay Before This Year 3 Years 3

116 K. Lachayya Now Now 3

117 B.Kamiah Now Now 3

118 M. Bhuvanesh Now Now 3

119 K. Simhadri Before This Year 4 Years 3

120 K. Appiah Before This Year 4 Years 3

121 S. Danesh This Year 1 Year 3

122 K. Balaji Beginning Beginning 3

123 U. Biaragi Beginning Beginning 3

124 K. Madayya Now Now 3

125 K. Chinayya Now Now 3

126 K. Ramesh Beginning Beginning 3

127 K. Kishore Beginning Beginning 3

128 K. Guru Murthy Beginning Beginning 3

129 K. Lokaraju Beginning Beginning 3

130 Ch. Simhadri Beginning Beginning 3

131 D. Mani Babu Before This Year 3 Years 3

132 K. Appiah Before This Year 4 Years 3

133 K. Guru Murthy Beginning Beginning 3

134 N. Jaga Rao Now Now 3

135 M. Madhava Rao Beginning Beginning 3

136 L. Simhadri Beginning Beginning 3

137 K. Krishna Murthy Now Now 3

138 R. Senapati Beginning Beginning 3

139 B. Somiah Now Now 3

140 S. Somiah Beginning Beginning 3

141 D. Rama Rao Before This Year 7 Years 3

142 B. Danesh Beginning Beginning 3

143 K. Ramiah Before This Year 6 Years 3

144 R. Kurmaya Beginning Beginning 3

145 K. Narayana This Year 6 Months 3

146 M. Mohan Rao Now Now 3

147 K. Garamma Now Now 4

148 K.Appiah Now Now 4

149 K. Ramiah Now Now 4

150 K. David Now Now 4

151 Ch. Sitamma Now Now 4

20


152 S. Ram Murthy Beginning Beginning 4

153 B. Danayya Beginning Beginning 4

154 S. Subbarao Beginning Beginning 4

155 S. Lokanath This Year 1 Year 4

156 K. Tatayya Now Now 4

157 E. Devadas Now Now 4

158 E. Kalamma Before This Year 3 Years 4

159 S. Nagesh Beginning Beginning 4

160 S. Appiah Beginning Beginning 4

161 D. Gopal Now Now 4

162 K. Rama Rao Beginning Beginning 4

163 R. Bairagi This Year 1 Month 4

164 R. Kamesh This Year 1 Month 4

165 K. Gorayya Beginning Beginning 4

166 K. Appiah Beginning Beginning 4

167 K. Ganapati Beginning Beginning 4

168 K. Tatayya Beginning Beginning 4

169 K. Erramma Now Now 4

170 D. Somayya Now Now 4

171 S. Ramiah Beginning Beginning 4

172 S. Madhava Rao Now Now 4

173 O. Narayana Beginning Beginning 4

174 O. Musliah Beginning Beginning 4

175 E. Bhudevi Before This Year 10 Years 4

176 E. Krishna Murthy Before This Year 10 Years 4

177 K. Moshiah Beginning Beginning 4

178 E. Ram Murthy Beginning Beginning 4

179 K. Ramadasu Beginning Beginning 4

180 S. Simhadri Beginning Beginning 4

181 Chandramma Naik Beginning Beginning 4

182 Vishwanath Sahu Beginning Beginning 4

183 Gopal Chandra Behra Beginning Beginning 4

184 Sombari Bayak Beginning Beginning 4

185 L. Avamma Now Now 4

186 K. Somayya Beginning Beginning 4

Reducing Incidence of Open Defecation - Sanjay Renduchintala

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