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Receptors and Senses
Amelia Hoyt
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Relationship Between Receptors & Senses
The senses are a result of receptors-they are used to identify changes in the
environment-detecting/processing sensory information and generating motor responses is the physiological basis for all animal behavior
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Pathways
Four basic functions:1 sensory reception2 transduction3 transmission4 perception-the ultimate effect of the wide range of
sensory receptors is to open/close ion channels
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1) Sensory Reception
receptor:-a sensory cell or organ-a subcellular structure that interacts directly with stimuli
types of receptors:-mechanoreceptors-chemoreceptors-electromagnetic receptors-thermoreceptors-pain receptors
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-sensory transduction: conversion of a physical or chemical stimulus to a change in the membrane potential of a sensory receptor
-receptor potential: change in the membrane potential itself
2) Transduction
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3) Transmission
-for many receptors, transducing the energy in a stimulus into a receptor potential initiates transmission of action potentials to the Central Nervous System
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4) Perception
-color, smell, sound, taste, touch-constructions formed in the brain: do not
exist outside of it
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Sensory Systems
-hearing-sight-taste and smell
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Hearing
-result of mechanoreceptors -related to perception of body equilibrium
(balance)-mechanoreceptor cells produce receptor
potentials when settling particles or moving fluid causes deflection of cell-surface structures
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Sight
-ability of animals to detect light and other electromagnetic radiation
-underlying mechanism for capturing light is the same despite the use of a diverse set of organs -all contain photoreceptors: cells that contain light-absorbing pigment molecules
-genes for vision present among diverse groups
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Taste and Smell
-gustation: taste-olfaction: smell-both depend on chemoreceptors that
detect specific chemicals in the environment
-for terrestrial animals, taste=detection of tastants and smell=detection of odorants
-no distinction between taste and smell in aquatic animals
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Senses in Cnidarians
-Cnidarians lack image-forming eyes-rely on chemoreceptors to recognize the smell and taste of prey-rely on mechanoreceptors to recognize
the pressure and vibration of prey
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Senses in the Annelida (polychaetes)
-receptors detect light, chemicals, pressure
-have ciliated structures believed to be chemoreceptors
-have eyes, which can form compound images
-some species have statocysts
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Senses in the Arthropoda (insects)
-modified cuticles into a diverse number of receptors
-setae-pressure sensors -antennae-compound eyes and ocelli-some species have statocysts
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Senses in Mammalia (humans)
-hearing & equilibrium closely related-five types of tastants: sweet, sour, salty,
bitter, umami-vision is well-processed to form images
in color and eyes have the ability to focus by changing the shape of the lens
-individual taste cells contain receptors that only recognize one specific tastant
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Hearing Disorders
Otosclerosis:-unknown causes, but likely a genetic link-result of an abnormal sponge-like bone growing in
the middle ear, preventing it from vibrating in response to sound waves
-symptoms: progressively worse hearing, better hearing in noisy rather than quiet environments, sometimes tinnitus (ringing)
-diagnosis: audiometry/audiology, or temporal bone CT
-Treatment: hearing aid, fluoride, calcium, or vitamin D, surgery (stapedectomy or stapedotomy)
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Age-related hearing loss-cause: the tiny hairs in the ear becoming damaged or dying; result of accumulation of factors-symptoms: certain sounds seeming overly loud, difficulty hearing in noisy areas, high-pitched sound distinction difficulty, voices seeming slurred, tinnitus-diagnosis: audiometry/audiology-treatment: hearing aids, alternate means
of communication, surgery (cochlear implant)
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Vision Disorders
-myopia: "nearsighted" result of too long eyeball length or too steep cornea
-symptoms: poor ability to see at a distance
-diagnosis: vision test-treatment: glasses, contacts, refractive
surgery
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-hyperopia: "farsighted"; result of too short eyeball or too flat cornea, hereditary condition
-symptoms: difficulty seeing objects up close
-diagnosis: vision test-treatment: glasses, contacts, refractive
surgery
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Taste and Smell Disorders
-Anosmia: loss of smell, wide range of causes including infection, deformed nasal bones, tumors, malnutrition, surgery, certain nasal sprays, etc.
-symptoms: loss of smell-diagnosis: inability to detect odors for an
extended period of time-treatment: has to be for underlying
causes; no treatment for the condition itself
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-Aguesia: loss of or impaired ability to taste; may be general, partial, or specific to some tastants; potentially caused by: loss of smell, infection, nerve damage, etc.-symptoms/diagnosis: loss of taste to some or all tastants, sometimes loss of smell-treatment: must be geared towards
underlying cause
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Conclusion
Benefits of having a sensory system:-detection of danger-detection of prey-greater awareness of surroundings-sexual selection
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