CHAPTER 14 THE SENSES RECEPTORS RECEIVE INFORMATION AND SEND IT TO THE BRAIN FOR PROCESSING.
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Transcript of CHAPTER 14 THE SENSES RECEPTORS RECEIVE INFORMATION AND SEND IT TO THE BRAIN FOR PROCESSING.
![Page 1: CHAPTER 14 THE SENSES RECEPTORS RECEIVE INFORMATION AND SEND IT TO THE BRAIN FOR PROCESSING.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070403/56649f305503460f94c4a436/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
CHAPTER 14
THE SENSES
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RECEPTORS
• RECEIVE INFORMATION AND SEND IT TO THE BRAIN FOR PROCESSING
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4 RECEPTOR TYPES
1. CHEMORECEPTORS- RESPOND TO CHEMICALS- SMELL, TASTE, BLOOD pH,
• PAIN RECEPTORS- CHEMORECEPTORS WHICH SENSE CHEMICALS PRODUCED BY DAMAGED CELLS
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2. MECHANORECEPTORS
• STIMULATED BY CHANGES IN PRESSURE OR MOVEMENT
• TOUCH, HEARING, POSITION OF BODY PARTS, BALANCE
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3. THERMORECEPTORS
• COLD, WARMTH
• IN SKIN AND HYPOTHALAMUS (to regulate body temp.)
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4. PHOTORECEPTORS
• RESPOND TO LIGHT
CONES- Sense COLOR
RODS- Sense only BLACK AND WHITE
• Rods work better than cones when it is fairly dark
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SENSATION
• THE ARRIVAL OF ELECTRICAL IMPULSES AT THE BRAIN (CEREBRUM- the front part of brain)
PERCEPTION- INTERPRETING THE MEANING OF THE SENSATION
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ADAPTATION
• RESPONSE TO A REPEATED STIMULUS
• RECEPTORS STOP SENDING IMPULSES OR THE BRAIN FILTERS THEM OUT
• Farmers don’t notice manure smell anymore• People living beside railroads no longer get
awakened by trains at night
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PROPRIOCEPTION
• SENSING THE POSITION OF BODY PARTS
• DEPENDS ON MUSCLE, TENDON AND LIGAMENT TENSION
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Reflex
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RECEPTORS IN THE SKIN
2 LAYERS
• Upper= EPIDERMIS- PAIN
• Lower= DERMIS- TOUCH, COLD, HEAT, PAIN
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Receptors in skin
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REFERRED PAIN
• INTERNAL PAIN IS “FELT” SOMEWHERE ELSE ON THE BODY
• EX. HEART ATTACK “FELT” IN LEFT ARM
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TASTE
• RECEPTORS ARE LOCATED IN PAPILLAE (BUMPS ON TONGUE)
• 4 types= BITTER, SWEET, SALTY, SOUR
TASTE = A COMBINATION OF THESE 4 SENSATIONS
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Taste buds
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SMELL
• OLFACTORY CELLS IN THE ROOF OF THE NASAL CAVITY
• 1,000 DIFFERENT RECEPTORS
• ODORS STIMULATE DIFFERENT COMBINATIONS OF RECEPTORS
• NERVES CONNECT TO EMOTIONAL CENTER OF THE BRAIN
• TASTE BUDS ALSO STIMULATED
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Olfactory cells
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VISION
SCLERA- TOUGH WHITE OUTER COVERING
CORNEA- PUPIL COVER
LENS- FOCUS LIGHT RAYS
RETINA- BACK OF EYE WHERE IMAGE IS FOCUSED
IRIS- REGULATES LIGHT
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Structure of eye
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EYE
• FILLED WITH FLUID
• GIVES IT SHAPE
• FRONT SECTION- WATERY FLUID
GLAUCOMA- CAUSED WHEN DRAINS CLOG AND PRESSURE BUILDS
• REAR SECTION- JELLO LIKE FLUID
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FOCUSING
• TINY MUSCLES CONTROL THE SHAPE OF THE LENS SO THAT LIGHT IS FOCUSED PROPERLY WHEN IT HITS THE RETINA
• CLOSE OBJECTS- MUSCLES CONTRACT, EYE STRAIN
• OLD AGE- BIFOCALS, CATARACTS
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Focusing by lens
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RETINA
• RODS, SENSE Black and White IN LOW LIGHT
• CONES SENSE Red,Green,Blue IN BRIGHT LIGHT
FOVEA- SMALL CENTRAL REGION OF RETINA FILLED WITH LOTS OF CONES
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Retina
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ABNORMALITIES
COLORBLINDNESS- LACK OF CONES
CORRECTIVE LENSES- NEEDED FO MISSHAPEN EYEBALL OR LENS
NEARSIGHTED- EXTRA LONG EYEBALL
FARSIGHTED- EXTRA SHORT EYEBALL
ASTIGMATISM- UNEVEN LENS
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Nearsightedness
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Farsightedness
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HEARING
OUTER EAR= PINNA AND AUDITORY CANAL
MIDDLE EAR= TYMPANIC MEMBRANE + OSSICLES (bones)
Ossicles= MALLEUS (hammer), INCUS (anvil) AND STAPES (stirrup) HIT OVAL WINDOW of cochlea
EUSTACHIAN TUBE- EQUALIZES PRESSURE IN MIDDLE EAR- also called auditory tube
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Anatomy of ear
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INNER EAR
• COCHLEA (HEARING) + VESTIBULE AND SEMICIRCULAR CANALS (BALANCE)
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Inner ear
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SENSING SOUND
SOUND= AIR PRESSURE WAVES1. EARDRUM VIBRATES2. STAPES HITS OVAL WINDOW3. PRESSURE WAVES OF FLUID IN
COCHLEA BENDS STEREOCILIA (HAIR CELLS) ALONG THE MEMBRANE
4. Creates impulses which go to brain
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Receptors in cochlea
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BALANCE
• INNER EAR
ACCELERATION- SENSED BY SEMICIRCULAR CANALS
POSITION- SENSED BY VESTIBULE
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ACCELERATION
• 3 SEMICIRCULAR CANALS per ear- ONE FOR EACH DIMENSION OF MOVEMENT
• MOVEMENT OF BODY CAUSES FLUID TO FLOW PAST CUPULA
• As the Cupula bends, a signal is sent to the brain
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Receptors in semicircular canals
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POSITION
OTOLITHS- SMALL GRAINS OF CALCIUM CARBONATE WHICH REST ON SENSORY HAIRS
- These will sag from side to side as the head is tilted
UTRICLE- DETECTS SIDE TO SIDE MOVEMENT
SACCULE- DETECTS UP AND DOWN MOVEMENT
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Position receptors