Recap: Chapter 1-3 Word Splash

Paleo-Indians

Population Growth

Nomadic-Agricultural

Rise of Nations

Religious Clashes

Ottoman Turks

Age of Exploration

Portuguese

Christopher Columbus

Treaty of Tordesillas

Spanish Armada Defeated

English Colonies

Chesapeake, Middle, New England

Mercantilism

Salutary Neglect

Re-anglicanization

Cash Crops

Slavery

Barbados

Navigation Acts Glorious Revolution

The Great Awakening

Triangular Trade

World War Zero: The French and Indian war, 1754-1763The Duel for North America

Was “1763” a turning point in British-colonial relations?

CAUSES OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION

Key Concepts Prior to 1763, the British subordinated American capital to

British capital

The British success in the French and Indian War transformed the relationship between British and the American colonies

British policies after 1763 were designed to raise revenues to pay for the cost of the empire

The American colonists were divided over what course of action to take in response to the British policies

The Americans created a gov’t, the Continental Congress, to address the deteriorating relationship between Britain and the colonies

The French in the Americas France: Britain’s greatest rival

Colonists naturally favored British

France in North America Jacques Cartier: St. Lawrence

River Samuel De Champlain: Quebec Cavelier and La Salle: Louisiana Population difference: 70k vs. 1

million Education: 25% literacy rate Relations with Indians: friendlier

European Colonies in the New World1750 French and British

imperialistic rivalry The World Wars in Europe in America1688-1697 War of the League of Augsburg King Wm’s War 1689-16971701-1713 War of Sp. Succession Queen Anne’s War 1702-17131740 -1748 War of Austrian Succession King George’s War 1744-17481756-1763 Seven Years War Fr & Indian War 1754-17631778-1783 The American Revolution American Revolution 1775-17831793-1802 Wars of the French Revolution Undeclared Fr. War 1798-18001803-1815 Napoleonic Wars War of 1812 1812-18141914 -1918 World War I World War I 1917-19181939-1945 World War II World War II 1941-1945

North America in 1750

French and Indians

British French

Fort Necessity Fort Duquesne * George Washington * Delaware & Shawnee Indians

The Ohio Valley

1754 The First Clash

Note these two forts!

FORT DUQUESNE

This compact Vauban style (the original death star!) fort was built partially of horizontal, squared, oak and chestnut timbers laid in criblocked walls with tamped earth and rock fill on the land side and upright stockade walls

on the sides abutting the rivers.

FORT NECESSITY

Background Born in Virginia, 1732

Married to Martha Custis

Personality: Physically brace, personally proud, composed, stoic, obsession with self-control

No college education

Served as a lieutenant colonel in the French and Indian War

George Washington and War In the French and Indian War

Involved in a massacre he oversaw Another one he survived An embarrassing defeat And a hollow victory

In the American Revolution Suffered horrible losses in

Brandywine Allowed Philadelphia to be

captured Played a minor role in the Victory

in Saratoga

"Join or Die"

This is Benjamin Franklin's 1754 cartoon emphasizing the need for the various colonies and regions to work together. While this became a potent message during the revolutionary period of the 1770s, the cartoon was actually intended to unite colonists against the Indian threat.

Ben Franklin à representatives from New England, NY, MD, PA

Albany Congress failed Iroquois broke off relations with Britain & threatened to trade with the French.

The French & Indian War1755 British reaction - eliminate Fr.

presence in N. AmericaGen. Edward Braddock evict the French from the OH Valley & Canada (Newfoundland & Nova Scotia)

A Attacks OH Valley, Mohawk Valley, & Acadia.A Killed 10 mi. from Ft. Duquesne by 1500 French and Indian forces.

• Fr and Indians rampage across frontier from Pa. to NC

British

• March in formation or bayonet charge.

• Br. officers wanted to take charge of colonials.

• Prima Donna Br. officers with servants & tea settings.

• Drills & tough discipline.

• Colonists should pay for their own defense.

• Indian-style guerilla tactics.• Col. militias served under own captains.

• No mil. deference or protocols observed.

• Resistance to rising taxes.

• Casual, non-professionals.

Methods ofFighting:

MilitaryOrganization:

MilitaryDiscipline:

Finances:

Demeanor:

1756 British-American Colonial Tensions

Colonials

A He understood colonial concerns.

A He offered them a compromise:

- col. loyalty & mil. cooperation-->Br. would reimburse col. assemblies for their costs.

- Lord Loudoun would be removed.- appoints James Wolfe to command

RESULTS? Colonial morale increased by 1758.

1757 William Pitt Becomes Foreign Minister

* By 1761, Sp. has become an ally of Fr.

1758-1761 The Tide Turns for England

BATTLE ON THE PLAINS OF ABRAHAM

France --> lost her Canadian possessions, most of her empire in India, and claims to lands east of the Mississippi River.

Spain --> got all French lands west of the Mississippi River, New Orleans, but lost Florida to England.

England --> got all French lands in Canada, exclusive rights to Caribbean slave trade, and commercial dominance in India.

1763 Treaty of Paris

North America in 1763

Worksheet Fr. & Ind. War Transforms Colonial Relations in N. America

The first four years saw nothing but severe reverses for the British regulars and American colonials, primarily because of superior French land forces in the New World. Lack of colonial assistance to the war effort compounded British problems. By the end of 1757, however, the course of the war began to be altered by three major influences.

1. One was the dynamic leadership of the British prime minister, William Pitt the Elder, who saw that victory in North America was the supreme task in the worldwide struggle and who has been truly called the organizer of victory in the Great War for the Empire.

2. The second was the increasing superiority of British financial and industrial resources, food supplies, and naval equipment, as opposed to growing national bankruptcy and economic paralysis faced by France.

3. Finally, both the British and Americans were becoming seasoned wilderness fighters.

http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9035340/French-and-Indian-War

Jot this on the top of your page.Quickly list the 5 major causes that follow

1. English-French rivalry worldwide

2. World War b/w two powerful empires

3. English, w/ colonial help, fight Fr. And their Native American allies

4. Fr. Finally lose war & are expelled from N. America

5. Eng. Inherit vast new land holdings in N. America

1. It doubled the size of Britain’s North American territory

and it must be governed2. It greatly enlarged England’s debt. They will have to pay to maintain and control this vast empire. To make matters worse, citizens in Great Britain were already heavily taxed.

3. Britain’s contempt for the colonials created bitter feelings. Intractable American colonists were not about to accept restrictions on their activities. Some colonists, in fact, were beginning to compete effectively with British capitalists and refused to subordinate their economic interests to those of British manufacturers.

4. Hostile NA in the Appalachian region, who felt threatened by American westward expansion into the Ohio River Valley, needed to be controlled. - Pontiac’s Rebellion

Therefore, England felt that a major reorganization of her American Empire was necessary!

Effects of the War on Britain?

1. It united them against a common enemy for the first time.2. It created a socializing experience for all the colonials who participated.3. It created bitter feelings towards the British that would only intensify.

Effects of the War on the American

Colonials

The Road to Revolution

SUGAR ACT, 1764

Loyal Nine - 1765Sons of Liberty – began in NYC:Samuel AdamsNon-complianceNo tax collectorsStamp Act Congress – 1765 * Stamp Act ResolvesDeclaratory Act – 1766

Stamp Act Crisis

1767: William Pitt, P. M. Charles Townshend, Secretary of the Exchequer (Champagne Charlie).

A Shift from paying taxes for Br. war debts & quartering of troops à paying col. govt. salaries.

A Tax these imports paper, paint, lead, glass, tea.

Townshend Duties Crisis: 1767-1770

1. John Dickinson 1768 * Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania. Like most Americans, no argument w/ Britain’s right to regulate colonial trade but he did argue with Britain’s right to tax colonists to raise revenue2. 1768 2nd non-importation movement:

3. Riots against customs agents: * John Hancock’s ship, the Liberty. * 4000 British troops sent to Boston.

Colonial Response to the Townshend Duties

The Boston Massacre For enlisted men, serving in the

British army was often an act of desperation; subsistence wages

They often took spare jobs - contributed to tensions

Crispus Attucks

Calm afterwards as Lord North - new prime minister - withdrew all of Townshend Acts except Tea Tax

Sam Adams kept everyone informed through committees of correspondence

http://ns.netmcr.com/~ambro/bm2.jpg

Tea Tax Deceptive period of calm 1770-1773

Most Americans begun to buy tea again but British East India Tea Company facing bankruptcy Monopoly Lower price (indirect tax)

Boston Tea Party 1773

What will the British response be?

Intolerable Acts (Coercive Acts 1774)

What will the British response be? Boston Port Bill Quartering Act Massachusetts Gov’t Act

First Continental Congress

Radicals - Va’s Patrick Henry, Ma’s Sam & John Adams, Pa’s Charles Thomson - colonies relationship w/ Br. Has passed point of no return.

Moderates - Pa’s John Dickinson and Va’s George Washington - relationship b/w the colonies and Gr. Britain can be repaired

Conservatives - NY’s John Jay and Pa’s Joseph Galloway - mild rebuke of Britain is ok but nothing aggressive - quasi-Albany Plan would be best.

http://www.ushistory.org/carpentershall/visit/images/congress.jpg

• Sept 1774 - delegates from colonies meet to discuss response to Intolerable Acts• an advisory board not legislative body

First Continental Congress

Parliament possessed no inherent authority to tax colonists

The British Empire was a compact (or loose union) between the center (the mother country) and its colonies, not one unit dominated by Britain

Each colony possessed its own legislature independent of Britain’s legislative authority

Holding together this loose-knit union was a collective allegiance to the king

http://www.ushistory.org/carpentershall/visit/images/congress.jpg

The more radical delegates used Thomas Jefferson’s A Summary View of the Rights of British America to post the following ideas

They took the following actions:• they declared the Intolerable Acts null & void•They recommended colonists arm themselves•Militias should be formed (Mass. Minute Men)•They recommended a boycott of British goods - A TOTAL AND COMPLETE BOYCOTT •*note: not calling for independence yet

British Reactions Parliament rejected the First Continental Congress’

petition

April 1775 Br. Commander in Boston sent detachment of troops to nearby Lexington and Concord Shot heard around the world British lost 1/3 of their army