Analysing REDD+Challenges and choices

Editor Arild Angelsen

Co-editors Maria Brockhaus

William D. Sunderlin

Louis V. Verchot

Editorial assistant Therese Dokken

Language editing, project management and layout Green Ink Ltd

© 2012 by the Center for International Forestry Research. All rights reserved.

Printed in IndonesiaISBN: 978-602-8693-80-6

Angelsen, A., Brockhaus, M., Sunderlin, W.D. and Verchot, L.V. (eds) 2012 Analysing REDD+: Challenges and choices. CIFOR, Bogor, Indonesia.

Photo credits: Cover © Cyril Ruoso/Minden PicturesParts: 1. Habtemariam Kassa, 2. Manuel Boissière, 3. Douglas SheilChapters: 1. and 10. Yayan Indriatmoko, 2. Neil Palmer/CIAT, 3. and 12. Yves Laumonier, 4. Brian Belcher, 5. Tony Cunningham, 6. and 16. Agung Prasetyo, 7. Michael Padmanaba, 8. Anne M. Larson, 9. Amy Duchelle, 11. Meyrisia Lidwina, 13. Jolien Schure, 14. César Sabogal, 15. Ryan Woo, 17. Edith Abilogo, 18. Ramadian Bachtiar

Designed by CIFOR’s Multimedia Team, Information Services GroupLanguage editing, project management and layout by Green Ink Ltd (www.greenink.co.uk)

CIFORJl. CIFOR, Situ GedeBogor Barat 16115Indonesia

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Any views expressed in this book are those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of CIFOR, the editors, the authors’ institutions, the financial sponsors or the reviewers.

Center for International Forestry ResearchCIFOR advances human wellbeing, environmental conservation and equity by conducting research to inform policies and practices that affect forests in developing countries. CIFOR is a CGIAR Consortium Research Center. CIFOR’s headquarters are in Bogor, Indonesia and it also has offices in Asia, Africa and South America.

Appendix

CIFOR’s Global Comparative Study on REDD+ (GCS)Louis V. Verchot, Maria Brockhaus, William D. Sunderlin and Arild Angelsen

CIFOR is implementing a research and knowledge-sharing strategy on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+). The objective of the strategy is to provide REDD+ policymakers and practitioner communities with the information, analysis and tools they need to ensure effective and efficient reduction of carbon emissions with equitable impacts and co-benefits – including poverty reduction, protection of local livelihoods, rights and tenure, and enhancement of non-carbon ecosystem services. We call this the 3E+ framework, and it was elaborated upon in the previous book ‘Realising REDD+’ (Angelsen et al. 2009).

The strategy is being implemented through three research components: 1. National REDD+ initiatives 2. Subnational projects3. Monitoring and reference levels

Appendix336 |

The specific objective of the first component is to support the achievement of 3E+ outcomes by national REDD+ strategies and policies. This objective is being realised by generating information, analysis and tools that consider diverse stakeholder interests and are designed to inform national REDD+ strategies and policies (Chapters 5, 8, 9 and 17 in this book). In addition, our vision is that second-generation national REDD+ initiatives will incorporate best practices derived from detailed assessments of the first-generation strategies and policies.

The specific objectives of the second component are to inform first-generation subnational REDD+ projects by analysing their design and implementation. The results of the analysis and tools we are developing will increase learning about how to achieve 3E+ outcomes from REDD+ projects. The lessons learned and best practices derived from the detailed assessment of first-generation REDD+ demonstration activities will also inform and improve second-generation REDD+ demonstration activities.

The specific objective of the third component is to support better and more cost efficient measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) systems

Table A1 Countries included in GCS research

Country Component 1 Component 2 Component 3

Brazil X X

Peru X X X

Cameroon X X X

Tanzania X X

Indonesia X X X

Vietnam X X X

Bolivia X X

Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)

X

Nepal X

Burkina Faso X

Mozambique X

Papua New Guinea (PNG)

X

Note: the three categories (in different colours) reflect the amount of work (in decending order) carried out by GCS

Appendix | 337

Tab

le A

2 Pa

rtn

ers

in th

e G

CS

pro

ject

Part

ner

Acr

on

ymC

ou

ntr

yC

om

po

nen

t(s)

Uni

vers

ity

of M

elb

ourn

eU

oMA

ustr

alia

1

& 2

Cent

ro d

e Es

tudi

os p

ara

el D

esar

rollo

Lab

oral

y A

grar

ioC

EDLA

Boliv

ia1

& 2

Inst

ituto

Bol

ivia

no d

e In

vest

igac

ión

Flor

esta

l IB

IFBo

livia

3

Inst

itut d

e Re

cher

che

pour

le D

ével

oppe

men

t

Boliv

ia3

Inst

ituto

de

Mud

ança

s Clim

átic

as e

Reg

ulaç

ão d

e Se

rviç

os A

mbi

enta

is

IMC

Braz

il2

Inst

ituto

Cen

tro

de V

ida

ICV

Braz

il2

Inst

ituto

de

Pesq

uisa

Am

bien

tal d

a A

maz

ônia

IPA

MBr

azil

2

The

Nat

ure

Con

serv

ancy

TN

CBr

azil

2

Fund

ação

Am

azon

as S

uste

ntáv

el

FAS

Braz

il2

Rede

de

Des

envo

lvim

ento

, Ens

ino

e So

cied

ade

RED

ESBr

azil

2

Cent

re p

our l

’Env

ironn

emen

t et l

e D

ével

oppe

men

tC

EDC

amer

oon

2

GFA

-Env

est

C

amer

oon

2

Uni

vers

ity

of N

gaou

nder

e

Cam

eroo

n3

Min

istr

y of

Env

ironm

ent a

nd P

rote

ctio

n of

Nat

ure

C

amer

oon

3

Cons

eil p

our l

a D

éfen

se E

nviro

nnem

enta

le p

ar la

Lég

alité

et l

a Tr

açab

ilité

CO

DEL

TD

RC1

Nor

dic

Age

ncy

for D

evel

opm

ent a

nd E

colo

gyN

ORD

ECO

Den

mar

k3

cont

inue

d on

nex

t pag

e

Appendix338 |

Part

ner

Acr

on

ymC

ou

ntr

yC

om

po

nen

t(s)

Org

anis

atio

n N

atio

nal F

ores

tiere

Inte

rnat

iona

le

ON

FIFr

ance

3

Got

tinge

n U

nive

rsit

y

Ger

man

y3

Bioc

arb

on C

onsu

lt

Ger

man

y3

Indo

nesi

an C

ente

r for

Env

ironm

enta

l Law

IC

ELIn

done

sia

1

Lem

baga

Stu

di P

ers d

an P

emba

ngun

an

LSPP

Indo

nesi

a1

RED

D A

ceh

Task

For

ce (G

over

nmen

t of A

ceh)

In

done

sia

2

Faun

a an

d Fl

ora

Inte

rnat

iona

l Ind

ones

ia

FFI-I

ndon

esia

Indo

nesi

a2

Aus

AID

(Kal

iman

tan

Fore

sts

and

Car

bon

Par

tner

ship

)KF

CP

Indo

nesi

a2

The

Nat

ure

Con

serv

atio

n TN

CIn

done

sia

2

Infin

ite E

arth

(PT.

Rim

ba

Raya

Con

serv

atio

n)

Indo

nesi

a2

Star

ling

Reso

urce

s / P

T. R

MU

In

done

sia

2

Indo

nesi

an S

oils

Res

earc

h In

stitu

te

Indo

nesi

a 3

Cen

ter f

or C

limat

e Ri

sk a

nd O

pp

ortu

nity

Man

agem

ent,

Bogo

r Agr

icul

ture

U

nive

rsit

y

Indo

nesi

a 3

Wor

ld A

grof

ores

try

Cen

tre

ICRA

FKe

nya

3

Uni

vers

idad

e Ed

uard

o M

ondl

ane

UEM

Moz

amb

ique

1

Fore

stA

ctio

n

Nep

al1

The

Net

herl

ands

Dev

elop

men

t Org

anis

atio

n SN

VN

ethe

rlan

ds1

Wag

enin

gen

Uni

vers

ity

WU

Net

herl

ands

2 &

3

Tab

le A

2 co

ntin

ued

Appendix | 339

Nor

weg

ian

Uni

vers

ity

of L

ife S

cien

ces

UM

BN

orw

ay1,

2 &

3

Cen

tre

For C

limat

e C

hang

e A

nd S

usta

inab

le D

evel

opm

ent a

t the

Uni

vers

ity

of

Pap

ua N

ew G

uine

a CC

CSD

UPN

GPa

pua

New

Gui

nea

1

Nat

iona

l Res

earc

h In

stitu

teN

RIPa

pua

New

Gui

nea

1

Libe

lula

Com

unic

ació

n A

mbi

ente

Y D

esar

rollo

Sac

Lib

elul

aPe

ru1

Bosq

ues A

maz

onic

os S

.A.C

. RED

D p

roje

ct w

ith B

razi

l nut

har

vest

ers,

Mad

re d

e D

ios

BAM

Peru

2

CI.

Alto

May

o Pr

ojec

t, Sa

n M

artin

Pe

ru2

WW

F-Pe

ruW

WF

Peru

3

Ass

ocia

ción

par

a la

Inve

stig

ació

n y

el D

esar

rollo

Inte

gral

AID

ERPe

ru3

Der

echo

, Am

bien

te y

Rec

urso

s Nat

ural

es

DA

RPe

ru

1

Rese

arch

on

Pove

rty

Alle

viat

ion

REPO

ATa

nzan

ia1

Tanz

ania

Tra

ditio

nal E

nerg

y D

evel

opm

ent a

nd E

nviro

nmen

tal O

rgan

izat

ion

TaTE

DO

Tanz

ania

2

Jane

Goo

dall

Inst

itute

JG

ITa

nzan

ia2

CA

RE

Tanz

ania

2

Tanz

ania

For

est C

onse

rvat

ion

Gro

upTF

CGTa

nzan

ia2

Mp

ingo

Con

serv

atio

n an

d D

evel

opm

ent I

nitia

tive

MC

DI

Tanz

ania

2

Uni

vers

ity

of A

ber

deen

U

K3

cont

inue

d on

nex

t pag

e

Appendix340 |

Part

ner

Acr

on

ymC

ou

ntr

yC

om

po

nen

t(s)

Com

par

ing

Clim

ate

Cha

nge

Polic

y N

etw

orks

, Uni

vers

ity

of M

inne

sota

CO

MPO

NU

SA1

Wor

ld R

esou

rce

Inst

itute

W

RIU

SA1

Uni

vers

ity

of N

orth

Car

olin

a U

NC

USA

2

Duk

e U

nive

rsit

y

USA

2

Nor

th C

arol

ina

Stat

e U

nive

rsit

yN

CSU

USA

2

Cen

tral

Inst

itute

for E

cono

mic

Man

agem

ent

CIE

MVi

etna

m1

Cen

tre

of R

esea

rch

and

Dev

elop

men

t in

Up

land

Are

asC

ERD

AVi

etna

m1

Son

La F

ores

try

Dep

artm

ent

Son

La F

DVi

etna

m1

The

Net

herl

ands

Dev

elop

men

t Org

aniz

atio

n SN

VVi

etna

m2

Rese

arch

Cen

tre

for F

ores

t Eco

logy

and

Env

ironm

ent o

f For

est S

cien

ce In

stitu

te

of V

ietn

am

RCFE

EVi

etna

m

3

Tran

spar

ency

Inte

rnat

iona

l TI

Inte

rnat

iona

l1

Com

mon

Mar

ket f

or E

aste

rn a

nd S

outh

ern

Afr

ica

CO

MES

ARe

gion

al

3

Tab

le A

2 co

ntin

ued

Appendix | 341

for REDD+ projects and national REDD+ schemes. We are developing new knowledge in four areas: MRV institutions and institutional capacity; approaches to assessing national and sub-national reference emissions levels and reference levels (RELs/RLs); emissions factors for better implementation of IPCC Tier 2 inventory methods (for definitions, see Chapter 15, and Box 16.3); and community participation in MRV. Currently most developing countries use Tier 1 methods in national greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories. We aim to develop better knowledge about sampling design and assessment of carbon stocks in order to facilitate implementation of IPCC Tier 2 approaches to carbon inventory. This will ensure more accurate and precise estimates of emissions reductions.

A fourth component of the project aims to disseminate the knowledge generated in the three research components to REDD+ policy makers and practitioners at all levels. This component is based largely on a web-based system, but information is also distributed through more traditional means, such as this book.

We are currently working in 12 REDD+ countries, each with a different focus and coverage of the three research components.

The project involves a large number of partners. National partnerships encompass both governmental, such as the provincial Government of Aceh and the Ministry of Forestry in Cameroon, and nongovernmental organisations such as Rede de Desenvolvimento Ensino e Sociedade (REDES) and the Indonesian Center for Environmental Law (ICEL). Internationally, the project works with UN partners (e.g. FAO, UNDP, UNEP, UNFCCC) and large international NGOs (e.g. CARE, The Nature Conservancy, WWF). In addition, there are several partnerships with private companies (e.g. Starling Resources) and universities in developed countries (e.g. North Carolina State University, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, University of Melbourne).

Component 1: National REDD+ processesComponent 1 analyses the policy processes that lead to the formulation and implementation of national REDD+ strategies. The study is currently underway in nine countries (Bolivia, Brazil, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Indonesia, Nepal, Peru, Tanzania and Vietnam) and partial analysis is being undertaken in three additional countries (Burkina Faso, Mozambique and PNG). A media-based discourse analysis is underway in Norway.

The research objective is to inform national policy makers about how constraints to effective policymaking can be addressed through adequate

Appendix342 |

Co

un

try

case

stu

die

s

Cro

ss-c

ou

ntr

y co

mp

arat

ive

anal

ysis

Com

par

ativ

e an

alys

is (c

omb

ined

cou

ntry

cas

es)

Why

: to

iden

tify

stru

ctur

al a

nd g

over

nanc

e b

arrie

rs a

s w

ell a

s op

por

tuni

ties

to re

alis

e RE

DD

+ a

nd s

ecur

e 3E

+ o

utco

mes

and

co-

ben

efits

, to

pro

vide

pol

icy

reco

mm

enda

tions

for i

mp

rove

d in

tern

atio

nal a

nd n

atio

nal p

olic

y de

sign

and

imp

lem

enta

tion

and

pro

vide

re

com

men

datio

ns o

n re

quire

men

ts fo

r glo

bal

and

nat

iona

l ins

titut

iona

l arc

hite

ctur

eH

ow: c

omp

arat

ive

anal

ysis

of i

ndiv

idua

l res

earc

h el

emen

ts (c

ount

ry p

rofil

es, m

edia

ana

lyse

s, e

tc) a

nd fu

ll co

untr

y ca

ses

(qua

litat

ive

com

par

ativ

e an

alys

is -

QC

A)

Nat

ion

al R

EDD

+ s

trat

egy

asse

ssm

ent (

full

coun

try

case

an

alys

is)

Why

: To

asse

ss p

rop

osed

pol

icie

s an

d m

easu

res,

to id

entif

y ob

stac

les

and

opp

ortu

nitie

s to

real

ise

RED

D+

and

sec

ure

3E+

out

com

es

and

co-b

enefi

ts, t

o p

rovi

de p

olic

y re

com

men

datio

ns fo

r im

pro

ved

dom

estic

pol

icy

desi

gn a

nd im

ple

men

tatio

nH

ow: P

olic

y co

ntex

t and

con

tent

ana

lysi

s of

exi

stin

g R

EDD

+ n

atio

nal s

trat

egie

s (A

ctor

s, M

echa

nism

s, S

truc

ture

s)

RED

D+

Polic

y Co

nten

t Ana

lysi

sW

hy: T

o id

entif

y an

d an

alys

e p

olic

ies

and

mea

sure

s to

sec

ure

3E+

out

com

es a

nd c

o-b

enefi

tsH

ow: P

olic

y co

nten

t ana

lysi

s of

exi

stin

g RE

DD

+ n

atio

nal s

trat

egy

docu

men

ts

Polic

y n

etw

ork

an

alys

isW

hy: T

o an

alys

e a

ctor

s, th

eir r

elat

ions

and

the

stru

ctur

al c

ondi

tions

in th

e p

olic

y ar

ena

(Act

ors,

Per

cep

tion,

Pow

er, P

ositi

on)

How

: sur

vey

and

in-d

epth

inte

rvie

ws

Co

un

try

pro

file

Why

: To

reve

al c

onte

xtua

l con

ditio

ns (d

river

s of

def

ores

tatio

n, in

stitu

tions

, p

oliti

cal e

cono

my,

RED

D+

arc

hite

ctur

e as

dis

cuss

ed)

How

: lite

ratu

re re

view

, exp

ert i

nter

view

s

Flexible element: specific policy studies to capture emerging or country-specific issues and questions, focus on political economy

studies

Dis

cou

rse

med

ia a

nal

ysis

Why

: To

dete

rmin

e w

hich

kin

ds o

f ac

tors

are

sha

pin

g p

ublic

deb

ate

and

influ

enci

ng th

e p

olic

y p

roce

ssH

ow: m

edia

-bas

ed a

naly

sis

Fig

ure

A1

Rese

arch

des

ign

an

d w

ork

mod

ules

of G

CS

Com

pon

ent 1

Appendix | 343

Tab

le A

3 C

omp

onen

t 1 m

eth

ods

for a

nal

ysin

g n

atio

nal

RED

D+

str

ateg

ies:

des

crip

tion

an

d k

ey o

bje

ctiv

es

Met

ho

d

Ob

ject

ive

and

des

crip

tio

n

Co

un

try

pro

file

:

Det

aile

d gu

idel

ines

for e

ach

sect

ion/

sub

sect

ion

Op

en in

terv

iew

s

Prov

ides

an

in-d

epth

des

crip

tion

of th

e na

tiona

l con

text

rele

vant

to R

EDD

+, t

he o

ptio

ns fo

r RED

D+

und

er

disc

ussi

on a

nd a

n ov

ervi

ew o

f the

pol

icy

dyna

mic

s ou

tlin

ing

the

key

issu

es a

nd c

halle

nges

in th

e co

untr

y.

Des

crib

es d

river

s of

def

ores

tatio

n, g

ener

al a

nd fo

rest

sec

tor g

over

nanc

e, n

atur

al re

sour

ce a

nd c

arb

on

tenu

re, r

elev

ant s

ecto

r pol

icie

s an

d p

rogr

amm

es, a

nd d

esig

n op

tions

for R

EDD

+ in

term

s of

MRV

; fin

anci

ng; b

enefi

t and

cos

t sha

ring;

alig

nmen

t of i

nstit

utio

ns a

nd p

olic

ies;

coo

rdin

atio

n; id

entifi

catio

n of

key

act

ors,

con

sult

atio

n an

d p

olic

y ev

ents

. The

pro

file

incl

udes

a s

umm

ary

asse

ssm

ent o

f the

3E+

im

plic

atio

ns.

Med

ia-b

ased

dis

cou

rse

anal

ysis

:

Med

ia c

odin

g (t

hree

maj

or n

atio

nal d

aily

ne

wsp

aper

s) w

ith p

rede

fined

cod

e b

ook,

ar

ticle

s se

lect

ed b

ased

on

pre

defin

ed

keyw

ord

sear

ches

Med

ia in

form

ant i

nter

view

s

Ana

lyse

s p

redo

min

ant d

isco

urse

in th

e m

edia

to e

xam

ine:

Freq

uenc

ies,

fram

es (m

eta

top

ics,

top

ics)

and

act

ors

(adv

ocat

es a

nd a

dver

sarie

s of

fram

es),

and

thei

r st

ance

s (p

ositi

on s

tate

men

ts) o

n:

Exis

ting

RED

D+

dis

cour

se a

nd th

e w

ay in

whi

ch it

is s

hap

ing

the

optio

ns n

egot

iate

d in

the

natio

nal R

EDD

+

aren

a

Refo

rms

unde

r dis

cuss

ion,

bot

h sp

ecifi

c to

RED

D+

and

of b

road

er re

leva

nce

Act

ors

influ

enci

ng o

r usi

ng s

pec

ific

disc

ours

e

3E+

imp

licat

ions

of t

he v

ario

us d

isco

urse

s.

Polic

y n

etw

ork

an

alys

is:

Exp

ert p

anel

Act

ors

in-d

epth

inte

rvie

ws

Soci

al o

rgan

isat

iona

l sur

vey

Ass

esse

s th

e ac

tors

and

str

uctu

ral a

spec

ts o

f the

RED

D+

are

na a

nd c

onsi

ders

imp

licat

ions

for t

he 3

E+

cont

ent o

f RED

D s

trat

egie

s.

Exam

ines

que

stio

ns in

clud

ing:

Who

is in

volv

ed in

nat

iona

l RED

D+

pol

icy

mak

ing?

Wha

t are

thei

r per

cep

tions

, int

eres

ts a

nd p

ower

rela

tions

?

Wha

t are

thei

r net

wor

ks o

f inf

orm

atio

n an

d in

fluen

ce?

Rep

eate

d ov

er ti

me,

this

met

hod

can

asse

ss d

ynam

ics

and

pow

er re

latio

ns. R

esul

ts o

f pol

icy

outc

omes

em

ergi

ng fr

om C

omp

onen

ts 2

and

3 w

ill a

llow

us

to a

sses

s th

e effi

cien

cy o

utco

mes

.

cont

inue

d on

nex

t pag

e

Appendix344 |

Met

ho

d

Ob

ject

ive

and

des

crip

tio

n

RED

D+

po

licy

con

ten

t an

alys

is

Iden

tifies

exi

stin

g na

tiona

l str

ateg

y do

cum

ents

and

pro

vide

s a

deta

iled

cont

ent a

naly

sis

of p

rop

osed

p

olic

ies

and

mea

sure

s to

sec

ure

3E o

utco

mes

and

co-

ben

efits

.

Polic

y st

ud

ies:

Con

duct

ed c

ontin

uous

ly, a

s ap

pro

pria

te

Cov

ers

spec

ific

pol

icie

s, p

oliti

cal e

cono

my

ques

tions

, or o

ptio

ns, s

uch

as b

iofu

el o

r soy

bea

n p

olic

ies.

Re

view

s sp

ecifi

c le

sson

s fr

om re

form

s or

mec

hani

sms

such

as

exis

ting

envi

ronm

enta

l tru

st fu

nds.

Pro

vide

s in

sigh

t int

o p

oliti

cal e

cono

my

asp

ects

of R

EDD

+ a

nd th

e im

plic

atio

ns fo

r 3E+

RED

D+

des

ign.

Fle

xib

le

app

licat

ion

of th

is m

etho

d al

low

s fo

r rap

id re

spon

se to

em

ergi

ng re

sear

ch q

uest

ions

.

Nat

ion

al R

EDD

+ s

trat

egy

asse

ssm

ent

Brin

gs to

geth

er a

ll fiv

e p

revi

ous

mod

ules

to a

sses

s th

e co

mp

lete

nat

iona

l RED

D+

str

ateg

y to

: i) i

dent

ify

obst

acle

s an

d op

por

tuni

ties

to re

alis

e RE

DD

+ a

nd s

ecur

e 3E

+ o

utco

mes

and

co-

ben

efits

, and

ii) p

rovi

de

pol

icy

reco

mm

enda

tions

for i

mp

rove

d do

mes

tic p

olic

y de

sign

and

imp

lem

enta

tion.

The

stra

tegy

ass

essm

ent i

s b

ased

on

a b

road

pol

icy

cont

ext a

nd c

onte

nt a

naly

sis

of e

xist

ing

natio

nal

RED

D+

str

ateg

ies

(act

ors,

mec

hani

sms,

str

uctu

res)

.

Glo

bal

co

mp

arat

ive

anal

ysis

:

Qua

litat

ive

com

par

ison

s of

cou

ntry

cas

e re

sear

ch m

odul

es

Com

par

ativ

e ne

twor

k an

alys

is

QC

A (q

ualit

ativ

e co

mp

arat

ive

anal

ysis

)

Prov

ides

gui

danc

e fo

r sec

ond

gene

ratio

n RE

DD

+ d

esig

n to

add

ress

pro

ble

ms

app

earin

g in

nat

iona

l pol

icy

aren

as fr

om fi

rst g

ener

atio

n in

itiat

ives

. Var

ious

ana

lytic

al le

nses

will

be

app

lied,

for e

xam

ple

the

3E+

cr

iteria

, gov

erna

nce

fact

ors

and

coun

try

cont

ext v

aria

ble

s. D

raw

s on

dat

a de

rived

from

all

met

hods

ab

ove

and

pro

vide

s co

mp

aris

on a

cros

s na

tiona

l cas

e st

udie

s w

ithin

eac

h m

etho

d, s

uch

as a

glo

bal

com

par

ativ

e m

edia

ana

lysi

s, a

nd a

cros

s m

etho

ds.

Tab

le A

3 co

ntin

ued

Appendix | 345

policy design. Particular focus is given to providing evidence-based options for achieving efficient, effective and equitable REDD+ policy strategies. Policy recommendations will include aspects of institutional design for specific country contexts.

The research investigates how the 3E+ outcomes of REDD+ national strategies, and their formulation and implementation, depend on existing governance conditions, including the actors involved in the policy process, the mechanisms and the structures. More broadly, it analyses how the institutional context, the discursive practices and the macro-economic conditions of a country affects national policies. The degree of political commitment, the internal power dynamics and the existence of mechanisms for policy learning are analysed to explain the degree of success of policy design and implementation. In addition, the research investigates how a lack of appropriate institutional mechanisms limits the effective targeting of financial incentives to reduce deforestation and achieve broader co-benefits, as well as possible options to overcome these obstacles.

Comparative analysis complements in-depth single case study research and assesses the social, political-economic and institutional factors that explain the varying 3E+ outcomes of national REDD+ strategies.

CIFOR researchers have developed five work modules to analyse national REDD+ strategies: a country profile, a media analysis, a policy network analysis, a REDD+ policy content analysis and a flexible module for specific policy studies that respond to individual country’s research needs. These are explained more in Table A3 and Figure A1.

Component 2: Subnational projectsComponent 2 aims to provide a solid empirical foundation for answering this overarching research question: How can REDD+ projects be designed in such a way that their outcomes fulfil the 3E+ co-benefits criteria? It also aims to answer the following subordinate questions: Do REDD+ projects meet the 3E+ co-benefits criteria? If yes, how? If not, why not? Based on this knowledge, how do we improve the design and implementation of current and future projects?

Component 2 aims to answer these questions through a counterfactual approach called ‘before–after/control–intervention’ (BACI). Socioeconomic and biophysical field data are collected before and after the introduction of conditional, performance-based REDD+ incentives (payments for environmental services, or PES) – the BA part of BACI. The data are collected in villages that are both outside (control) and inside (intervention) the boundaries of REDD+ projects – the CI part. Jagger et al. (2010) describe the BACI approach in detail and Sunderlin et al. (2010) present the technical guidelines for implementing Component 2.

Appendix346 |

The data serve as a baseline for predicting how the project will perform later on (ex ante approach) and, in conjunction with the second round of data collected after the introduction of REDD+ interventions, help to retrospectively measure the impact of REDD+ (ex post approach).

Component 2’s field research will be carried out at 24 project sites in the six core GCS countries: Brazil (7), Peru (2), Cameroon (2), Tanzania (6), Indonesia (6) and Vietnam (1). Table A4 lists the 22 projects sites already selected and where field work has begun.1 All of the projects use the BACI approach except Bolsa Floresta in Brazil; conditional REDD+ incentives were introduced here before Component 2 began, so the BACI approach was not possible.

The units of analysis are: the project site; the village within project boundaries; and the household within the village (household analysis was not done at all project sites). At 16 ‘intensive’ project sites, we analyse the project as a whole: approximately eight villages (four control and four intervention) and approximately 240 households (30 in each village). At five ‘extensive’ project sites, we analyse the project and four intervention villages, but no control villages and no households. At the time of writing (May 2012), data have been collected at 20 project sites (19 BACI and one non-BACI), 170 villages and 3905 households (see Table A5).

1 Two project sites remain to be selected in Brazil.

Figure A2 Component 2’s BACI method

Comparison(Control)

Project site(Intervention)

Before

ControlBefore

ControlAfter

InterventionAfter

InterventionBefore

After

Impact

Appendix | 347

Tab

le A

4 RE

DD

+ p

roje

ct s

ites

in G

CS

Com

pon

ent 2

rese

arch

Co

un

try

Pro

ject

Nam

eA

bb

revi

atio

nSt

ate/

Prov

ince

Mai

n

pro

po

nen

t o

rgan

isat

ion

Web

site

Nu

mb

er o

f vill

ages

Pro

ject

sit

e

typ

e

Dat

a u

sed

in

this

b

oo

k?C

on

tro

lIn

terv

enti

on

Braz

ilA

cre

Stat

e Sy

stem

of

Ince

ntiv

es fo

r En

viro

nmen

tal

Serv

ices

Acr

e SI

SAA

cre

IMC

ht

tp://

gcf.w

sodq

a.co

m/

Stat

eOve

rvie

w4

4 BA

CI-I

nten

sive

Yes

Nor

thw

est

Mat

o G

ross

o Pi

lot R

EDD

+

Proj

ect

Cot

rigua

çuM

ato

Gro

sso

ICV

ww

w.ic

v.or

g.b

r/qu

em_s

omos

/not

icia

s/m

ato_

gros

so_p

rese

nts_

redd

_pro

gram

_and

_pilo

t_p

roje

ct_i

n_co

pen

hagu

en.

icv

4 4

BAC

I-Int

ensi

veYe

s

Sust

aina

ble

se

ttle

men

ts in

th

e A

maz

on:

the

chal

leng

e of

tran

sitio

n fr

om fa

mily

p

rodu

ctio

n on

th

e fr

ontie

r to

a lo

w c

arb

on

econ

omy

Tran

sam

azon

Pará

IPA

Mw

ww

.ipam

.org

.br/

bib

liote

ca/l

ivro

/id/

250

4 4

BAC

I-Int

ensi

veYe

s

cont

inue

d on

nex

t pag

e

Appendix348 |

Co

un

try

Pro

ject

Nam

eA

bb

revi

atio

nSt

ate/

Prov

ince

Mai

n

pro

po

nen

t o

rgan

isat

ion

Web

site

Nu

mb

er o

f vill

ages

Pro

ject

sit

e

typ

e

Dat

a u

sed

in

this

b

oo

k?C

on

tro

lIn

terv

enti

on

RED

D+

Pilo

t Pr

ogra

m in

São

Fe

lix d

o X

ingu

SFX

Pará

TNC

, Bra

zil

ww

w.n

atur

e.or

g/ou

riniti

ativ

es/u

rgen

tissu

es/

clim

atec

hang

e/in

dex.

htm

4 4

BAC

I-Int

ensi

veYe

s

Blos

a Fl

ores

ta

Prog

ram

Bols

a Fl

ores

taA

maz

onas

FAS

http

://fa

s-am

azon

as.o

rg/

notic

ia/b

olsa

-flor

esta

-p

rogr

am-in

vest

s-m

ore-

than

-400

-tho

usan

d-in

-the

-ua

cari-

rds?

lang

=en

6 34

N

on-B

AC

IN

o

Peru

Braz

il N

ut

Con

cess

ions

RE

DD

Pro

ject

BAM

Mad

re d

e D

ios

BAM

ww

w.b

osqu

es-a

maz

onic

os.

com

/en/

our-

pro

ject

s/re

dd-in

-con

cess

ions

-of-

bra

zil-n

uts-

in-m

adre

-de-

dios

-per

u

0 0

BAC

I-Int

ensi

veN

o

Alto

May

o RE

DD

+

Initi

ativ

e

Alto

May

o Sa

n M

artin

Con

serv

atio

n In

tern

atio

nal

ww

w.c

onse

rvat

ion.

org/

lear

n/cl

imat

e/st

rate

gies

/fie

ld/p

ages

/pro

ject

s.as

px

0 0

BAC

I-Int

ensi

veN

o

Cam

eroo

nPa

ymen

t for

Ec

osys

tem

Se

rvic

es (P

ES)

pro

ject

in

Cam

eroo

n So

uth

and

East

Re

gion

CED

Sout

h an

d Ea

st R

egio

nC

EDw

ww

.ced

cam

erou

n.or

g/en

/pro

gram

mes

/axe

s-de

-tr

avai

l/ax

es-s

trat

egiq

ues-

them

atiq

ues/

1209

-ch

ange

men

t-cl

imat

ique

4 2

BAC

I-Int

ensi

veYe

s

Tab

le A

4 co

ntin

ued

Appendix | 349

Mt.

Cam

eroo

n RE

DD

Pro

ject

Mou

nt

Cam

eroo

nSo

uth

Wes

t re

gion

GFA

-Env

est

ww

w.g

fa-g

roup

.de/

enve

st/

pro

ject

s/gf

a_en

vest

_p

roje

cts_

eng_

3431

628.

htm

l

3 4

BAC

I-Int

ensi

veYe

s

Tanz

ania

Com

mun

ity-

bas

ed R

EDD

M

echa

nism

s fo

r Sus

tain

able

Fo

rest

M

anag

emen

t in

Sem

i-Arid

Are

as

TaTE

DO

Shin

yang

aTa

TED

Ow

ww

.tate

do.o

rg/c

ms/

imag

es/s

torie

s/b

ronc

ure/

redd

bro

nchu

re.p

df

5 4

BAC

I-Int

ensi

veYe

s

Mak

ing

RED

D

Wor

k fo

r C

omm

uniti

es

and

Fore

st

Con

serv

atio

n in

Ta

nzan

ia

TFCG

-Kilo

saM

orog

oro

TFCG

ww

w.tf

cg.o

rg/p

df/

TFCG

%20

MJU

MIT

A%

20RE

DD

%20

pro

ject

%20

leafl

et.p

df

ww

w.tf

cg.o

rg/p

df/a

rtic

le_

abou

t_tf

cg.p

df

2 5

BAC

I-Int

ensi

veYe

s

Mak

ing

RED

D

Wor

k fo

r C

omm

uniti

es

and

Fore

st

Con

serv

atio

n in

Ta

nzan

ia

TFCG

-Lin

diLi

ndi

TFCG

ww

w.tf

cg.o

rg/p

df/

TFCG

%20

MJU

MIT

A%

20RE

DD

%20

pro

ject

%20

leafl

et.p

df

0 4

BAC

I-Ext

ensi

veYe

s

cont

inue

d on

nex

t pag

e

Appendix350 |

Co

un

try

Pro

ject

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eA

bb

revi

atio

nSt

ate/

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ince

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n

pro

po

nen

t o

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isat

ion

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site

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mb

er o

f vill

ages

Pro

ject

sit

e

typ

e

Dat

a u

sed

in

this

b

oo

k?C

on

tro

lIn

terv

enti

on

Build

ing

RED

D

Read

ines

s in

th

e M

asito

U

galla

Ec

osys

tem

Pilo

t A

rea

in S

upp

ort

of T

anza

nia’

s N

atio

nal R

EDD

St

rate

gy

JGI

Kigo

ma

JGI

ww

w.ja

nego

odal

l.org

/p

rogr

ams/

tanz

ania

-red

d-p

rogr

am

0 4

BAC

I-Ext

ensi

veYe

s

HIM

A –

Pi

lotin

g RE

DD

in

Zan

zib

ar

thro

ugh

Com

mun

ity

Fore

st

Man

agem

ent

CA

REU

nguj

a/

Zanz

ibar

CA

RE

Inte

rnat

iona

l in

Tanz

ania

ww

w.c

are.

org/

care

swor

k/p

roje

cts/

TZA

070.

asp

0 4

BAC

I-Ext

ensi

veYe

s

Mp

ingo

C

onse

rvat

ion

Proj

ect

Mp

ingo

Lind

iM

CD

Iw

ww

.mpi

ngoc

onse

rvat

ion.

org/

abou

t.htm

l0

4 BA

CI-E

xten

sive

Yes

Tab

le A

4 co

ntin

ued

Appendix | 351

Indo

nesi

aRe

duci

ng

Car

bon

Em

issi

ons

from

D

efor

esta

tion

in

the

Ulu

Mas

en

Ecos

yste

m

Ulu

Mas

enA

ceh

Gov

ernm

ent

of A

ceh

(Tas

k Fo

rce

RED

D

Ace

h)

ww

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limat

e-st

anda

rds.

org/

pro

ject

s/fil

es/F

inal

_U

lu_M

asen

_CC

BA_p

roje

ct_

desi

gn_n

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df

4 4

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ensi

veYe

s

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D P

ilot

Proj

ect

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elop

men

t, C

omm

unit

y C

arb

on P

ools

KCC

PKa

liman

tan

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iaw

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/ind

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4 4

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ensi

veYe

s

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anta

n Fo

rest

s an

d C

arb

on

Part

ners

hip

KFC

PKa

liman

tan

Teng

ahA

usA

ID K

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ple

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ensi

veYe

s

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ba

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Bi

odiv

ersi

ty

Rese

rve

Proj

ect

RRC

Kalim

anta

n Te

ngah

Infin

ite

Eart

h (P

T.

Rim

ba

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C

onse

rvat

ion)

ww

w.in

finite

-ear

th.c

om/

pro

ject

s-de

tails

.htm

l0

4 BA

CI-E

xten

sive

Yes

Katin

gan

Con

serv

atio

n A

rea:

a G

lob

al

Peat

land

C

apst

one

Proj

ect

Katin

gan

Kalim

anta

n Te

ngah

Star

ling

Reso

urce

s / P

T.

Rim

ba

Mak

mur

U

tam

a

http

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arlin

gres

ourc

es.

com

/pro

ject

s-ka

tinga

n.p

hp4

4 BA

CI-I

nten

sive

Yes

cont

inue

d on

nex

t pag

e

Appendix352 |

Co

un

try

Pro

ject

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eA

bb

revi

atio

nSt

ate/

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ince

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n

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nen

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e

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a u

sed

in

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oo

k?C

on

tro

lIn

terv

enti

on

Bera

u Fo

rest

C

arb

on

Prog

ram

Bera

uKa

liman

tan

Tim

urTN

Cw

ww

.nat

ure.

org/

ourin

itiat

ives

/urg

entis

sues

/cl

imat

echa

nge/

inde

x.ht

m

4 5

BAC

I-Int

ensi

veN

o

Viet

nam

SNV

Site

, Cat

Ti

en, L

am D

ong

Dis

tric

t (VN

M1)

SNV

Lam

Don

gSN

Vht

tp://

pub

s.iie

d.or

g/p

dfs/

G02

745.

pdf

4 4

BAC

I-Int

ensi

veYe

s

Tot

al60

11

0

Tab

le A

4 co

ntin

ued

Appendix | 353

Tab

le A

5 D

istr

ibut

ion

of C

omp

onen

t 2 v

illag

es b

y ty

pe

(con

trol

/int

erve

ntio

n) a

nd

mod

e (in

ten

sive

/ext

ensi

ve/n

on-B

AC

I) w

her

e d

ata

alre

ady

colle

cted

Res

earc

h m

od

eN

um

ber

of

pro

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en.

Appendix354 |

Tab

le A

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inst

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roje

ct c

osts

Appendix | 355

MRV

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ey o

n M

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ject

imp

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tion.

Appendix356 |

The original plan was to conduct both the ex ante and ex post research within the first GCS period (2009–2013). Due to delays in the introduction of REDD+ conditional incentives at almost all sites (see Chapter 10), this was impossible. Instead, in the first GCS period, Component 2 has focused almost wholly on compiling the baseline data – in anticipation that the ‘after’ data will be collected after 2013 – and on conducting ex ante analysis on the process and early outcomes of setting up REDD+ projects.

Component 2 research uses a wide variety of research instruments, depending on purpose, unit of analysis and target population. Table A6 classifies the research instruments into purpose categories and describes their uses. Some instruments can be accessed at the GCS web page: www.cifor.org/nc/online-library/browse/view-publication/publication/3286.html

Component 3: Monitoring and reference levelsComponent 3 of the study provides policy makers and practitioners with information and tools for better GHG inventories and methods for establishing national and subnational reference levels. The study is currently underway in Peru, Cameroon, Indonesia and Vietnam. Partial analyses have been done in Bolivia and Kenya. The research investigates how REDD+ can be implemented effectively and efficiently. Work in this Component contributes to the question of equity through improving impact attribution (who has done what) and precision. Equity is discussed as one consideration in setting reference levels. We have also included analyses of some of the socially and environmentally oriented carbon standards, such as the Climate, Community and Biodiversity Alliance (CCBA) in the analysis. Table A7 summarises the research methods.

The research investigates MRV effectiveness and efficiency at the institutional level by looking at capacity and identifying capacity gaps. Countries need to be able to measure forest area change and assess carbon stock changes to implement a national MRV system. The different biophysical conditions in countries mean that MRV challenges vary; our analysis compares challenges to capacities to identify gaps. We used two recent international reporting exercises in the Forestry Resources Assessment to examine progress in capacity building.

Building on many years of CIFOR research on the economic drivers of deforestation, we developed a stepwise approach to setting RELs/RLs (see Chapter 16). Decisions in the UNFCCC raise the importance of using data-driven approaches to the construction of RELs/RLs, in terms of using historical data, adjusting for national circumstances and being transparent about the carbon pools and gases that have been included or omitted. The quality of both available data and data to be collected by countries is a key issue that underpins the construction of forest RELs/RLs. We used subnational data

Appendix | 357

with different aggregation levels to test our approach, which uses a regression modelling framework. This allows countries to model future deforestation and analyse scenarios of plausible future emissions. This analytical tool should help countries determine likely future emissions ranges with transparent assumptions about known drivers of deforestation.

The availability of emissions factors for implementing IPCC methods for national GHG accounting continues to be a major constraint to implementing MRV in many developing countries. Our team has assessed the current state of knowledge of these factors in target countries and important forest ecosystems, and set priorities for collecting additional data. They are now working with technical services in the countries to collect the data needed to improve inventories. We are focusing on land use change in tropical wetlands and African forests, where data are particularly lacking. We have generated new biomass equations and excavated root systems to estimate root:shoot ratios. We have taken many flux measurements to assess the effects of land use change on soil respiration and on the fluxes of N2O and CH4, using

Table A7 Methods for analysing national REDD+ strategies: description and key objectives

Method Objective and description

Institutional capacity

Determine baseline capacity levels in all 99 non-Annex I countries

Develop country case studies of capacity assessments to understand why capacity remains low and what can be done about it

Reference emissions levels

Develop and test a stepwise approach using multiple regression models

Develop country case studies using statistical models for predicting future trends in GHG emissions

Emissions factors National assessments of data sources for UNFCCC reporting of GHG emissions

Synthesis of scientific literature for improved emissions factors for tropical wetlands and for non-CO2 GHGs

Field work to develop new emissions factors with host country partners in technical services

Community-based monitoring of forest carbon

Comparative field testing of forest inventory by communities vs. by professional foresters, to assess cost–accuracy tradeoffs

Participative design of forest monitoring for community needs that include measurements required for carbon monitoring

Sociological research on attitudes and changes in attitudes associated with community-based forest monitoring

Appendix358 |

chamber techniques. We have also measured the effects of fertiliser on peat decomposition. By participating in this work, local researchers in Africa, Asia and Latin America are developing their skills in empirical quantitative methods.

Lastly, research on developing appropriate community-based measurement methods to facilitate the participation of local stakeholders in the process is beginning. Communities can provide a valid stream of data to national MRV systems and we are working in several locations to design and test approaches. We are comparing the accuracy and cost of forest inventories done by communities with those done by forestry professionals. We expect that community participation should increase the transparency of REDD+ studies and enhance community ownership of REDD+ activities. We will test this assumption empirically through sociological research.

IntegrationThis book represents the first synthesis of research results from CIFOR’s Global Comparative Study. Unlike our previous books on REDD+, this volume presents new research findings from a programme specifically designed to support REDD+ policy development and implementation. The three research components of the GCS provide different angles from which to observe the development of REDD+ in first generation countries. The first two components differ in their scales of analysis, but in reality these two scales connect in countries. Likewise in the GCS, the scales connect and some of the more interesting interdisciplinary research is being developed at the interface between the components. MRV spans several scales and forms the conduit through which information is collected and moves across scales and levels. It serves as the basis for equity assessments as it determines who has done what in terms of emission reductions. The interaction of all three components of this research programme, and the interface between different disciplines, is where the essential learning is taking place. Connecting research across multiple scales and levels, and the required interdisciplinarity for sound and comprehensive research, also represent challenges.

We face additional challenges from the fact that REDD+ is a moving target, but it is moving slower than expected. Working with demonstration projects we also face challenges of confidentiality and sensitivities with respect to sharing and using data. Research on REDD+ faces numerous problems, and the GCS REDD+ study is no exception. Box A1 summarises some of these challenges.

REDD+ is a rather complex mechanism to ensure environmental integrity and real emissions reductions, and it will be implemented in countries with limited capacities. We believe that for REDD+ to be effective, the realities on

Appendix | 359

Box A1 Challenges of REDD+ research Frances Seymour

REDD+ presents several challenges to researchers. The idea and scope of REDD+ are evolving rapidly. Since the idea of including deforestation in developing countries was tabled at UNFCCC COP11 in 2005, Reducing Emissions from Deforestation (RED) has added a second ‘D’ for forest degradation, and then a ‘+’ for the conservation of forest carbon stocks, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks. As Chapter 3 describes, REDD+ was initially conceptualised as a global to national to local PES scheme. Over time, the idea has significantly broadened to incorporate co-benefits, such as biodiversity conservation and poverty reduction, and is increasingly decoupled from performance-based payments. The term ‘REDD+’ can be variously understood as an objective, a proposed mechanism under the UNFCCC, or a broad suite of policies, programmes and projects moving forward in its name. Researchers are thus challenged to define a limited scope for studying REDD+.

The practice of REDD+ is advancing slowly. Following inclusion in the Bali Action Plan at COP13 in Bali and the announcement of significant funding commitments, many expected REDD+ implementation to move forward quickly. In part due to the failure to reach an overall agreement on climate change at COP15 in 2010, and the associated decline in the near-term promise of market-based finance, the pace of progress has slowed at all levels. Researchers employing methods that compare circumstances before and after interventions are left waiting for REDD+ interventions to happen, having collected baseline data. Much analysis of the conditions necessary and sufficient for REDD+ to be effective, efficient and equitable remains speculative. For example, the four conditions outlined in Chapter 5 as necessary for effective national-level policy making have not yet been observed in any study countries.

REDD+ is multiscale. As observed in this book, REDD+ efforts at each level are inextricably tied to the progress of REDD+ at other scales. The original research design of the GCS on REDD+ gave insufficient attention to the subnational (or jurisdictional) scale, which has emerged as an important level for land use planning, programme implementation and policy development (for example, in the case of the Governors’ Forests and Climate Task Force).

REDD+ is controversial. REDD+ is a contested idea, with proponents and opponents clashing in forums ranging from international negotiations through national media to academic journals. Researchers must navigate ideologically-charged terrain to avoid the fact and appearance of bias.

continued on next page

Appendix360 |

Some aspects of REDD+ are sensitive. Data relevant to REDD+ can include sensitive information from proprietary business plans, maps showing illegal land conversion, and testimony regarding violent conflicts over land tenure. Researchers gathering data on REDD+ often have difficulty winning the trust of key informants and must pay particular attention to honouring confidentiality commitments.

Field work is difficult. Collecting data in remote areas, where forests are still intact, has its hazards. GCS field crews have encountered tiger poachers, vehicle breakdowns, poor road conditions, hornet attacks, ‘rustic’ accommodation, fire, smoke and other challenges associated with tropical field work. In most places, medical facilities are rudimentary and rescue organisations do not exist.

Box A1 continued

the ground in these countries must be taken into account. REDD+ has the potential to be a transformative programme for tropical forests, but its success is not guaranteed. Through our ongoing research efforts in the GCS, we aspire to provide enough early lessons to avoid major pitfalls and mistakes that could derail the whole process. To paraphrase Albert Einstein, REDD+ should be as simple as possible, but not simpler!

Acknowledgements

Component 1

The methods and guidelines used in this research component were designed by Maria Brockhaus, Monica Di Gregorio and Sheila Wertz-Kanounnikoff. The methods applied for the media analysis and policy network analysis build on work undertaken in COMPON,2 led by Jeffrey Broadbent and financially supported by the National Science Foundation. Monica Di Gregorio and Maria Brockhaus adapted the COMPON ‘Protocol for Media Analysis’ and the ‘Protocol for Policy Network Analysis’. Many people contributed to country case studies, including media analysis, policy network analysis and country profiles, and have provided data, analysis and support.

Without the scientific guidance and coordination efforts of the following country case leaders in their respective countries, this comparative work would have been impossible: Peter Cronkleton (Bolivia); Sven Wunder and Peter May (Brazil); Suwadu Sakho-Jimbira (Burkina Faso); Samuel Assembe and Jolien Schure (Cameroon); Samuel Assembe (DRC); Daju Resosudarmo and

2 http://compon.org

Appendix | 361

Moira Moeliono (Indonesia); Sheila Wertz-Kanounnikoff (Mozambique); Thuy Thu Pham (Nepal); Arild Angelsen (Norway); Andrea Babon (PNG); Mary Menton (Peru); Salla Rantala (Tanzania); Thuy Thu Pham and Moira Moeliono (Vietnam).

National partner organisations and their teams in the research countries undertook data collection and analysis, together with the country case leaders. In particular, we would like to thank: Walter Arteaga, Bernado Peredo, Jesinka Pastor (Bolivia); Maria Fernanda Gebara, Brent Millikan, Bruno Calixto, Shaozeng Zhang (Brazil); Mathurin Zida, Michael Balinga, Houria Djoudi (Burkina Faso); Guy Patrice Dkamela, Felicien Kengoum (Cameroon); Felicien Kabamba, Augustin Mpoyi, Angelique Mbelu (DRC); Levania Santoso, Tim Cronin, Giorgio Indrarto, Prayekti Murharjanti, Josi Khatarina, Irvan Pulungan, Feby Ivalerina, Justitia Rahman, Muhar Nala Prana (Indonesia); Almeida Sitoe, Alda Salomão (Mozambique); Dil Badhur, Bryan Bushley, Rahul Karki, Naya Sharma Paudel (Nepal); Laila Borge (Norway); Daniel McIntyre, Gae Gowae, Nidatha Martin, Nalau Bingeding, Ronald Sofe, Abel Simon (PNG); Hugo Piu, Javier Perla, Daniela Freundt, Eduardo Burga Barrantes, Talía Postigo Takahashi (Peru); Rehema Tukai, George Jambiya, Riziki Shemdoe, Demetrius Kweka, Therese Dokken (Tanzania); Nguyen Thi Hien, Nguyen Huu Tho, Vu Thi Hien, Bui Thi Minh Nguyet, Nguyen Tuan Viet and Huynh Thu Ba (Vietnam); and many others supporting the country teams.

Efrian Muharrom, Sofi Mardiah, Christine Wairata and Ria Widjaja-Adhi provided invaluable research support and assistance.

We also would like to thank Jan Börner, Martin Herold, Markku Kanninen, Kaisa Korhonen-Kurki, Anne Larson, Cecilia Luttrell, Pablo Pacheco, Elena Petkova, Frances Seymour and many others for their inputs and support.

Component 2

The published version of Component 2’s methods guide3 was written by Pamela Jagger, Erin Sills, Kathleen Lawlor, William Sunderlin and the technical guidelines4 were written by William Sunderlin, Anne Larson, Amy Duchelle, Erin Sills, Cecilia Luttrell, Pamela Jagger, Subhrendu Pattanayak, Peter Cronkleton, and Andini Desita Ekaputri. Credit is also due to those who made insightful comments and critiques during the process of designing and pre-testing the survey instruments in late 2009, and those who participated in a meeting to finalise the research design in January 2010: Arild Angelsen, Andre Aquino, Stibniati Atmadja, Abdon Awono, Huynh Thu Ba, Riyong

3 www.cifor.org/nc/online-library/browse/view-publication/publication/3283.html4 www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/BSunderlin1001.pdf

Appendix362 |

Kim Bakkegaard, Simone Bauch, Rizaldi Boer, Jan Börner, Miguel Calmon, Mariano Cenamo, Peter Cronkleton, Therese Dokken, Paul Ferraro, Maria Fernanda Gebara, Raissa Guerra, Dian Intarini, Markus Kaiser, Alain Karsenty, Anirudh Krishna, Erin Myers Madeira, Peter May, Steve Panfil, Ida Aju Pradnja Resosudarmo, Mustofa Agung Sardjono, Galia Selaya, Frances Seymour, Denis Sonwa, Satyawan Sunito, Peter Vaughan and Sven Wunder.

Component 2’s field work is being carried out at 22 project sites (see Table A4). We are greatly indebted to the organisations associated with those sites for their supportive collaboration and patience with the demands we place on them.

Field research teams in the six study countries are composed of the following individuals.

Brazil: Amy Duchelle (country representative); Riyong Kim Bakkegaard, Marina Cromberg, Maria Fernanda Gebara, Raissa Guerra, Tadeu Melo (field research supervisors); Carolle Utrera Alarcon, Marileide Gonçalves,Leonela Guimarães, Thiago Machado Greco, Giselle Monteiro, José Roberio Rodrigues,Kaline Rossi (encoders).

Cameroon: Abdon Awono (country representative and field research supervisor); Henri Owona (encoder).

Indonesia: Ida Aju Pradnja Resosudarmo (country representative); Pangestuti Astri, Stibniati Atmadja, Yayan Indriatmoko, Dian Intarini, Augusta Mindry (field research supervisors); Merlinta Anggilia, Mella Komalasari, Jhon Roy Sirait, Tina Taufiqoh (encoders).

Peru: Amy Duchelle, Peter Cronkleton (country representatives); Mary Menton (research fellow), Valerie Garrish, Galia Selaya (field research supervisors).

Tanzania: Therese Dokken (country representative and field research supervisor); Eliakimu Zahabu (former country representative); Demetrius Kweka, Susan Caplow (field research supervisors); Johannes Dill (encoder).

Vietnam: Huynh Thu Ba (country representative and field research supervisor); Nguyen Tien Dat (encoder).

Over 80 enumerators conducted most of the interviews and gathered data.

At the CIFOR headquarters in Bogor, Indonesia, the following people have been key in conducting the Component 2 work: Made Agustavia (database administrator); Made Dwi Astuti (secretary); Andini Desita Ekaputri (research

Appendix | 363

officer); Tini Gumartini (research assistant); Shijo Joseph (post-doctoral research fellow); Mrigesh Kshatriya (data analyst); Oktarita Satria (project assistant); Ida Aju Pradnja Resosudarmo (Indonesia country representative); William D. Sunderlin (component leader); Ria Widjaja-Adhi (project assistant).

We value the contribution of Josil Murray, a doctoral student conducting our research on REDD+ and biodiversity in Peru and Indonesia.

Component 3

The methods and guidelines used in this research component were designed by Louis V. Verchot, Arild Angelsen, Martin Herold, Markku Kanninen, Kristell Hergoualc’h and Daniel Murdiyarso. The field methods applied for work on emissions factors were designed by our PhD and MSc students: Jenny Farmer, Fitri Aini, Sebastian Persch and Margaret Thiong’o, and financially supported in part by the Global Environment Facility. They were supported by academic advisors Jo Smith (University of Aberdeen), Robin Matthews (McCauley Land Use Research Institute) and Dirk Hölscher (Georg August University of Göttingen). Research methods on leakage were designed by Stibniati Atmadja and Peter Vayda. Methods for reference levels (including reference emissions levels) were developed by Arild Angelsen, Simone Bauch, John Herbert Ainembabazi, Martin Herold and Arief Widjaya. Methods for institutional capacity assessments were developed by Martin Herold and Erika Romijn. Project-level MRV assessment methods were developed by Shijo Joseph, William D. Sunderlin and Louis V. Verchot.

Many people contributed to country case studies: Zulma Villegas and Bonifacio Mostacedo (Bolivia); Denis Sonwa, Pascal Cuny, Maden Le Crom and Adeline Giraud (Cameroon); Rizaldi Boer, Titiek Setyawati, Tania June and Doddy Yuli Irawan (Indonesia); Vu Tan Phuong, Vu Tien Dien, Pham Manh Cuong, Nguyen Thuy My Linh, Nguyen Viet Xuan and Vo Dai Hai (Vietnam). Country field data were collected by Margaret Thiong’o, Edith Anyango, Paul Mutuo, Sheila Abwanda, Denis Sonwa and Victor Kemeuze (Kenya). Oktarita Satria and Levania Santoso provided invaluable research support and assistance.

Component 4

The knowledge-sharing component is overseen by John Colmey and Daniel Cooney. A big thank you must go to Sandra McGuire, who wrote the initial communications proposal for Component 4, but left CIFOR before it was launched. The Component has worked with numerous partners, including the Climate Change Media Partnership, Internews, the Society of Indonesian Environmental Journalists, Green Ink, PANOS London, Transparency International, the International Union for the Conservation of Nature, the Indonesian Forest Research and Development Agency, and the governments

Appendix364 |

of Denmark, Indonesia, Mexico, Poland and South Africa. The talented communications team of staff and consultants (part-time and full-time) includes: Leony Aurora, James Maiden, Michelle Kovacevic, Catriona Moss, Karin Holzknecht, Gabriela Ramirez, Kamal Prawiranegara, Gugi Ginanjar, Andrea Booth, Kate Evans, Mokhamad Edliadi, Aris Sanjaya, Budhy Kristanty, Nia Sabarniati, Mohammad Agus Salim, Atie Puntodewo, Yahya Sampurna, Gusdiyanto, Dodi Iriyanto, Wigid Triyadi, Gideon Suharyanto, Eko Prianto, Catur Wahyu, Vidya Fitrian, Erisa, Sufiet Erlita, Yuan Oktafian, Rizka Taranita, Wiwit Siswarini, Sekar Palupi, Dina Satrio, Santi Darmokusumo, Widya Sutiyo, Imogen Badgery Parker and Romy Serfaty. Past staff, consultants and partners include Nita Murjani, Edith Abilogo, James Clarke, Neil Palmer, Tim Cronin, Edith Johnson, Angela Dewan, Jeff Walker, Ramadian Bachtiar and Yani Saloh.

GCS project support

Invaluable administrative support was provided by Rosita Go, Ria Widjaja-Adhi, Rina, Made Dwi Astuti, Christine Wairata, Anna Luntungan, Susan Kabiling, Anastasia Elisa, Feby Litamahuputty and Oktarita Satria.

Donors

We gratefully acknowledge the financial support from the governments of Australia, Finland, Norway, the United Kingdom and the European Commission.