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![Page 1: Real-time simulation and visualization techniques for combustion processes and general fluids Marek Gayer (supervisor Pavel Slavík) C omputer G raphics.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022020417/56649f1b5503460f94c30f00/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Real-time simulation and visualization techniques
for combustion processes and general fluids
Real-time simulation and visualization techniques
for combustion processes and general fluids
Marek Gayer (supervisor Pavel Slavík)
Computer Graphics GroupDepartment of Computer Science and Engineering
Faculty of Electrical Engineering Czech Technical University in Prague
The defense of the PhD thesis
April, 27, 2006 Prague, Czech Republic
www.cgg.cvut.cz/~xgayer/
![Page 2: Real-time simulation and visualization techniques for combustion processes and general fluids Marek Gayer (supervisor Pavel Slavík) C omputer G raphics.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022020417/56649f1b5503460f94c30f00/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2CTU 2006
www.cgg.cvut.cz/~xgayer/
Outline of the presentationOutline of the presentation Introduction and motivation for visualization of
dynamic processes and objectives of the thesis Presentation of major thesis contributions
– Acceleration of simulation– Higher quality of images achieved by the use of
GPU – Interactive visualization of dynamic processes
with tree based data structuresFluid Simulator States (FSS)FSS TreeUnsteady Data Sets (UDS) Tree
Conclusion and future work Live demonstration of the dynamic visualization
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3CTU 2006
www.cgg.cvut.cz/~xgayer/
Thesis objectivesThesis objectives
Design and implement techniques that together could be used to form a solution allowing interactively visualize dynamic processes – namely for pulverized coal combustion processes in real time (2D, namely for education).
Contributions of the thesis should be reusable in general projects regarding fluids
No ambitions for reaching precision or compete professional combustion software
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4CTU 2006
www.cgg.cvut.cz/~xgayer/Objective: Interactive visualization of dynamic processes (e.g. fluid processes)
Objective: Interactive visualization of dynamic processes (e.g. fluid processes)
Understanding of a dynamic process is possible only with a dynamic (real-time) and interactive visualization
Dynamic processes are described by complex differential equations (slow to compute)
Combustion processes which our thesis deals with is a use case of solving this problem
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5CTU 2006
www.cgg.cvut.cz/~xgayer/Introduction and motivation to coal combustion modelling and visualization
Introduction and motivation to coal combustion modelling and visualization
Both for the ecological and economical reasons
Finding optimal boiler configurations– To reduce pollution– Combustion optimization– To find a way for optimal
fuel preparation How can visualization help
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6CTU 2006
www.cgg.cvut.cz/~xgayer/Modelling and visualization of combustion by existing CFD software
Modelling and visualization of combustion by existing CFD software
Most often: solving complex differential equations (e.g. Navier-Stokes)
Coal combustion as a CFD application Current solutions and systems:
Precise, robustSlow, complex, expensive, non real-time => unsuitable e.g. for education (ANSYS, Fluent => 1 frame = several minutes - hours)
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7CTU 2006
www.cgg.cvut.cz/~xgayer/Thesis contributions leading to dynamic, real-time visualization of dyn. processes
Thesis contributions leading to dynamic, real-time visualization of dyn. processes
1. Speeding up the computation of data for consecutive visualization
2. Use HW acceleration for quality yet fast visualization of the data
3. Pre-calculate parts of simulation, then run simulation accelerated so dynamic real-time visualization can be achieved
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8CTU 2006
www.cgg.cvut.cz/~xgayer/Problem 1: The classical simulation of combustion by existing solvers is slow
Problem 1: The classical simulation of combustion by existing solvers is slow
Solution / contribution of the thesis:
– Fast fluid simulator based on Euler and continuity equation allowing real-time interactivity
– Original virtual coal particle system using simplified combustion model, suitable for both the simulation and visualization
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9CTU 2006
www.cgg.cvut.cz/~xgayer/
The Fluid SimulatorThe Fluid Simulator
Dividing boiler area to structured grid cell arrays containing:– Velocities– Masses/Pressures
– O2 concentrations
– Temperatures State update Principle of local
simulation
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10CTU 2006
www.cgg.cvut.cz/~xgayer/
Virtual coal particle systemVirtual coal particle system Used for both simulation
and visualization of the combustion process
Virtual particle system approach
Simplified combustion and heat transfer computation
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11CTU 2006
www.cgg.cvut.cz/~xgayer/
Sample visualization - cell characteristicsSample visualization - cell characteristics
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12CTU 2006
www.cgg.cvut.cz/~xgayer/
Sample visualization – coal particlesSample visualization – coal particles
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13CTU 2006
www.cgg.cvut.cz/~xgayer/Problem 2: How to visualize simulated data fast and with good quality?
Problem 2: How to visualize simulated data fast and with good quality?
Solution / contribution of the thesis:
– High quality bicubic spline contours visualization
– Non-jagged isolines
– Computed parallel by pixel or vertex shaders on GPU’s of the current graphics accelerators
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14CTU 2006
www.cgg.cvut.cz/~xgayer/Real-time Visualization with Bicubic Spline Patches Interpolation
Real-time Visualization with Bicubic Spline Patches Interpolation
Better quality then linearComplex computations with 4x4 and 4x1 vector matrices (2x)Non real-time when not accelerated – (graphics hardware natively supports only linear interpolation)Our contribution utilizing Modern GPU’s paralell processing gains real-time performance
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15CTU 2006
www.cgg.cvut.cz/~xgayer/
Utilization of GPU shadersUtilization of GPU shaders
Vertex & fragment programs (shaders) Works on common current mainstream
graphics hardware Texture mapping interpolation core
running on GPU (high quality per-pixel / per-vertex)
Optional per-vertex subdivision - pixels between vertices are linear interpolated
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16CTU 2006
www.cgg.cvut.cz/~xgayer/
Side by side comparison with linear texture interpolationSide by side comparison with linear texture interpolation
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17CTU 2006
www.cgg.cvut.cz/~xgayer/
Non-Jagged Isolines (contour lines)Non-Jagged Isolines (contour lines)
Simple modification of mapping textures:
Simple, fast(no additionalcomputations at all!)
Smooth, non jagged
Blurry on certainplaces with lowgradients
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18CTU 2006
www.cgg.cvut.cz/~xgayer/Problem 3: How to gain real-time visualization even with slow simulation?
Problem 3: How to gain real-time visualization even with slow simulation?
Contribution / solution of the thesis:
– Fluid Simulator States
– Fluid Simulator States Tree
– Unsteady Data Sets Tree
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19CTU 2006
www.cgg.cvut.cz/~xgayer/
Storing results for real-time replayingStoring results for real-time replaying
Used when computation is too slow for real-time simulation and visualization
Results are stored on hard disk, then real-time replayed– Data sets for selected
characteristics– AVI and MPEG files– Limited interaction
Our contribution:HIERARCHICAL TREES OF PRE-COMPUTED DATA STRUCTURES (FSS, UDS Trees)
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20CTU 2006
www.cgg.cvut.cz/~xgayer/
Extending Fluid Simulator with Fluid Simulator States (FSS)Extending Fluid Simulator with Fluid Simulator States (FSS)
Simulation is divided into two phases:– Storing phase - fluid simulator states for
each time step are saved on HDD– Replaying phase - simulation runs
accelerated with pre-computed fluid simulator states; we can interactively set parameters of visualization
Except first frame, no other data are saved (e.g. particles, characteristics)
State files are stored in binary files
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21CTU 2006
www.cgg.cvut.cz/~xgayer/
Simulation system architectureSimulation system architecture
VisualizationVisualization
InteractionInteraction
Store FullData Sets
Store FullData Sets
Fluid simulatorFluid simulator
Combustion &heat transfer
engine
Combustion &heat transfer
engineParticlesystem
ParticlesystemGrid cellsGrid cells
Store FSSextension
Store FSSextension
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22CTU 2006
www.cgg.cvut.cz/~xgayer/
First frame (complete state)
Second Frame
.
.
Collection of cascadingFSS states for
accelerateddatasets generation.
.
.Frame N - 1
Last frame (complete state)
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23CTU 2006
www.cgg.cvut.cz/~xgayer/
Unsteady simulation datasets (UDS)Unsteady simulation datasets (UDS)
Stores one or more characteristics for selected time part
Can allow real-time replaying of results Full interactivity in visualization part After storing, no interactivity in
simulation part possible No additional changes to already
computed data and configuration
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24CTU 2006
www.cgg.cvut.cz/~xgayer/
Detailed comparison against data setsDetailed comparison against data sets
Store method /Grid size
FSS /20*40
FULL /20*40
FSS /50*100
FULL /50*100
Simulation time 1214s 1230s 5128s 5133s
Write [MB/s] 0.16 8.0 0.3 3.7
Replay time 627s 603s 816s 864s
Read [MB/s] 0.31 14.6 1.9 21.95
AVG Fps 19.1 19.9 16.3 15.4
Disk space GB 0.2 9.4 1.6 19.1
Total acceleration
x 1.9 x 2.0 x 6.2 x 5.9
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25CTU 2006
www.cgg.cvut.cz/~xgayer/Feature comparison of FSS against common unsteady data sets (UDS)
Feature comparison of FSS against common unsteady data sets (UDS)
Much less disk requirements (only fluid simulator states are being saved)
Lower disk bandwidthBetter scalability for large grids and/or tasks
with many particlesSame or even better acceleration resulting in
better interactivityNo seeking and skip frame ability
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26CTU 2006
www.cgg.cvut.cz/~xgayer/
Forming data to tree cluster structureForming data to tree cluster structure
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27CTU 2006
www.cgg.cvut.cz/~xgayer/Changing simulation parameters in each of the tree node
Changing simulation parameters in each of the tree node
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28CTU 2006
www.cgg.cvut.cz/~xgayer/Comparison of FSS and UDS tree advantages against direct simulation
Comparison of FSS and UDS tree advantages against direct simulation
Can run in orders fasterSeeking and skip frame ability (UDS)Creating hierarchy of replay-able resultsIncremental step-by-step solutionConstructing of paths of solutionInteractivity is allowed only in the nodes
of the treeUDS requires disk bandwidth and
capacity
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29CTU 2006
www.cgg.cvut.cz/~xgayer/
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30CTU 2006
www.cgg.cvut.cz/~xgayer/
Reusability - possible applicationsReusability - possible applications
Originally used for our fluid application for combustion processes
Parts can be reused for other simulation and visualization applications– Fluid simulator– Contours visualization
E.g.: simulation and animation of liquids, water and gaseous phenomena
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31CTU 2006
www.cgg.cvut.cz/~xgayer/
Conclusion of major contributionsConclusion of major contributions
Fast data generator for dynamic visualization– Fast & simple real-time fluid simulator– Particle system with simplified combustion engine– Interactive changes to the model during run
Quality contours and contour lines visualization using pixel or vertex shaders on GPU
Real-time data based structures for interactive visualization and accelerated simulation– Fluid Simulator States– Fluid Simulator States Tree– Unsteady Data Sets Tree
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32CTU 2006
www.cgg.cvut.cz/~xgayer/
In general, create a more precise computational model or enhance and extend current equations
Enhancements to the combustion and thermodynamics engine and fluid simulator
Convert the whole project to 3D Create 3D FSS and UDS Trees Create more user-friendly user interface Dynamic visualization of other phenomena's
Possible future research and workPossible future research and work
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33CTU 2006
www.cgg.cvut.cz/~xgayer/The awards for the thesis contributions (fluid simulator, virtual particle system)
The awards for the thesis contributions (fluid simulator, virtual particle system)
2003, CTU FEE at PragueAward of Dean of the Faculty of Electrical Engineering of the Czech Technical University in Prague for work Simulation and Visualization of Combustion Powered by Fluid Simulator, presented at conference CTU Poster 2003
2003, Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication (BUT FEEC) - Award of Dean for the best work in the International Competition of student creative projects Student EEICT 2003
2003, CTU in PraguePrice of the rector for placing between the best projects of PhD students, that were solved within scope of CTU internal grants and that were presented on conference CTU Workshop 2003
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34CTU 2006
www.cgg.cvut.cz/~xgayer/
Thank you for your attention.Thank you for your attention.
???Do you have any questions ?
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35CTU 2006
www.cgg.cvut.cz/~xgayer/
Question 1 (doc. Pavel Zemčík)Question 1 (doc. Pavel Zemčík)
The presented thesis does contain description of a novel “simplified” fluid and combustion modeling/simulation method (Chapter 5); it also contains comparison of the results of the method with other simulation system and from that comparison it seems that the simulation results of the proposed method are not very precise (some of the global values are over 20% different). Given these facts, is the proposed modeling/simulation method still usable for investigation of e.g. the airflow?
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36CTU 2006
www.cgg.cvut.cz/~xgayer/
Reply 1(Precision of the model)Reply 1(Precision of the model)
The level precision = weak part, because: Price for the interactive visualization; instead
of 1 picture / minutes => several pictures / seconds
Combustion experts from P.E. of faculty of M.E.CTU: for overview of dynamics is OK
Not for professional design By further improvement and adding some
equations could approach reality better. When using it for airflow only => less errors;
no dynamic combustion code
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37CTU 2006
www.cgg.cvut.cz/~xgayer/
Question 2 (doc. Pavel Zemčík)Question 2 (doc. Pavel Zemčík)
Has the proposed combustion process visualization system been evaluated from the point of view of “accuracy” of perception of the process by humans? Do any visualization parameters (e.g. way of shading of the particles as shown in Figure 10-2 versus 10-3, color assignment, etc.) affect the “understandability” of the image by humans?
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38CTU 2006
www.cgg.cvut.cz/~xgayer/
Reply 2 (Particle visualization)Reply 2 (Particle visualization)
For the grid, we use visualization methods, that are standard for other combustion systems (our offers better quality and performance)
Particles - we have many possibilities to display– Using various palettes and colors (with scales)– Size of the particle, particle tracks– We can even use same methods as for the cells– Statistics
Moving particles and particle tracks display important visualization parameter – the dynamics
No tests of accuracy of perception of the users No user complaints regarding understandability Possitive feedback from student users
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39CTU 2006
www.cgg.cvut.cz/~xgayer/
Question 3 (doc. Pavel Zemčík)Question 3 (doc. Pavel Zemčík)
The precision of the simulation process generally depends on the integration (simulation) time step. Does the proposed real-time simulation in general achieve optimum precision from this point of view? If not, does the system have any information about the precision of simulation (e.g. “now the simulation is too complex and to achieve real-time performance, the precision has been given up…”)?
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40CTU 2006
www.cgg.cvut.cz/~xgayer/
Reply 3 (Time steps and precision)Reply 3 (Time steps and precision)
To achieve fast performance, we are always choosing the lowest time steps as possible
The timestep is set manually Increased timestep, the results slightly more
precise in most characteristics, but still the difference between the Fluent not consid. better
The greater precision should be achieved by enhancing combustion and heat transfer equations, or replace fluid simulator with another one and use our proposed accelerating structures to keep it real-time.
Or use some precise simulator as data source
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41CTU 2006
www.cgg.cvut.cz/~xgayer/Q4 - How the 2d results can be composed into a 3d visualization system ? (doc. Andrej Ferko)
Q4 - How the 2d results can be composed into a 3d visualization system ? (doc. Andrej Ferko)
The 2D results represent the 3D boiler slice with selectable depth of the slice
By linear interpolation, we can divide the voxels & convert it to another grid
Alternatively, values of several slices of boiler could be computed and composed to display
We can use existing visualization systems and methods for visualization (e.g. volume rendering, flow visualization methods spot noise, LIC)
Last possibility – re-implement to 3D