Reading Assignment! We’ll discuss the chapter by Gregory in your book on Thursday of next week.
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Transcript of Reading Assignment! We’ll discuss the chapter by Gregory in your book on Thursday of next week.
![Page 1: Reading Assignment! We’ll discuss the chapter by Gregory in your book on Thursday of next week.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f3c5503460f94c5c07e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Reading Assignment!
We’ll discuss the chapter by Gregory in your book on Thursday of next
week
![Page 2: Reading Assignment! We’ll discuss the chapter by Gregory in your book on Thursday of next week.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f3c5503460f94c5c07e/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Extra Credit
Participate in a perception experiment and get an extra 1% added on your
final mark!
![Page 3: Reading Assignment! We’ll discuss the chapter by Gregory in your book on Thursday of next week.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f3c5503460f94c5c07e/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Extra Credit
•128-Sensor EEG Experiment
•Virtual Reality Auditory Environment
•takes about 2 hours
•make appointment with me after class or by email
![Page 4: Reading Assignment! We’ll discuss the chapter by Gregory in your book on Thursday of next week.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f3c5503460f94c5c07e/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Extra Credit
![Page 5: Reading Assignment! We’ll discuss the chapter by Gregory in your book on Thursday of next week.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f3c5503460f94c5c07e/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Sensory Systems:
• Auditory (hearing)Visual (sight)Gustatory (taste)Olfactory (smell)Somatosensory (touch/temperature/pain)Vestibular (balance)
![Page 6: Reading Assignment! We’ll discuss the chapter by Gregory in your book on Thursday of next week.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f3c5503460f94c5c07e/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
• Sensory systems extract information about the environment by transducing energy
• Perceptual mechanisms interpret that information and fill in the missing parts
Some Themes
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• Sensory systems in the brain are organized in a way that reflects the nature of the sensory surface– somatotopy, retinotopy = spatiotopy– cochleotopy = tonotopy
• Sensory information is often handled by contralateral hemisphere
Some Themes
![Page 8: Reading Assignment! We’ll discuss the chapter by Gregory in your book on Thursday of next week.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f3c5503460f94c5c07e/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Are you getting it?
• We’ve gone through a lot of material
• REMEMBER: The goal wasn’t to memorize a bunch of facts
• I want you to think critically about how these systems work and what that means for perception
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Are you getting it?
• Here’s an example of the kind of question I might ask you:
• Notice it requires both fact regurgitation and some reasoning.
When a sound source is moving toward When a sound source is moving toward you, the spacing between the regions of you, the spacing between the regions of compression and rarefaction is smaller compression and rarefaction is smaller than when it is moving away from you, than when it is moving away from you,
what effect does this have on the percept what effect does this have on the percept of the sound ?of the sound ?
![Page 10: Reading Assignment! We’ll discuss the chapter by Gregory in your book on Thursday of next week.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f3c5503460f94c5c07e/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
How to practice getting it:
• Make up your own questions!
• tell your friends, get them to ask you questions
• Notice and think about the world around you
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• Revisit the lecture slides online
• Use Sensation and Perception text as a resource!
• Talk to me after class or by appointment
What if you’re not getting it? Try these (in this order):
![Page 12: Reading Assignment! We’ll discuss the chapter by Gregory in your book on Thursday of next week.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f3c5503460f94c5c07e/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Hearing
• Detection
• Loudness
• Localization
• Music
• Speech
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Detection and Loudness
• Sound level is measured in decibels (dB) - a measure of the amplitude of air pressure fluctuations
![Page 14: Reading Assignment! We’ll discuss the chapter by Gregory in your book on Thursday of next week.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f3c5503460f94c5c07e/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Detection and Loudness
• Sound level is measured in decibels (dB) - a measure of the amplitude of air pressure fluctuations
• dB is a log scale (small increases in dB can mean very large increases in pressure)
![Page 15: Reading Assignment! We’ll discuss the chapter by Gregory in your book on Thursday of next week.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f3c5503460f94c5c07e/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Detection and Loudness
• Sound level is measured in decibels (dB) - a measure of the amplitude of air pressure fluctuations
• dB is a log scale (small increases in dB can mean very large increases in pressure)
• We have a dynamic range that is a factor of 7.5 million!
![Page 16: Reading Assignment! We’ll discuss the chapter by Gregory in your book on Thursday of next week.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f3c5503460f94c5c07e/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Detection and Loudness
• minimum sound level necessary to be heard is the detection threshold
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Detection and Loudness
• detection threshold depends on frequency of sound:
• very high and very low frequencies must have more energy (higher dB) to be heard
• greatest sensitivity (lowest detection threshold) is between 1000 hz to 5000hz
![Page 18: Reading Assignment! We’ll discuss the chapter by Gregory in your book on Thursday of next week.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f3c5503460f94c5c07e/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Detection and Loudness
• Detection can be compromised by a masking sound
• even masking sounds that are not simultaneous with the target can cause masking (forward and backward masking)
![Page 19: Reading Assignment! We’ll discuss the chapter by Gregory in your book on Thursday of next week.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f3c5503460f94c5c07e/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Detection and Loudness
• Loudness is the subjective impression of sound level (and not identical to it!)
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Detection and Loudness
• For example, tones of different frequencies that are judged to be equally loud have different SPLs (dB)
![Page 21: Reading Assignment! We’ll discuss the chapter by Gregory in your book on Thursday of next week.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f3c5503460f94c5c07e/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Detection and Loudness
• Hearing loss due to exposure to high-intensity sounds (greater than 100 dB) can last many hours
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• recall the lake analogy: task is to localize the positions of the boats on a lake using the pattern of ripples at two points on the shore
Localization
![Page 23: Reading Assignment! We’ll discuss the chapter by Gregory in your book on Thursday of next week.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f3c5503460f94c5c07e/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
• All you have is a pair of instruments (basilar membranes) that measure air pressure fluctuations over time
Localization
![Page 24: Reading Assignment! We’ll discuss the chapter by Gregory in your book on Thursday of next week.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f3c5503460f94c5c07e/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
• There are several clues you could use:
Localization
![Page 25: Reading Assignment! We’ll discuss the chapter by Gregory in your book on Thursday of next week.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f3c5503460f94c5c07e/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Localization
Left Ear
Right Ear
CompressionWaves
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• There are several clues you could use:1 arrival time - sound arrives first at ear
closest to source
Localization
![Page 27: Reading Assignment! We’ll discuss the chapter by Gregory in your book on Thursday of next week.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f3c5503460f94c5c07e/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Localization
Left Ear
Right Ear CompressionWaves
![Page 28: Reading Assignment! We’ll discuss the chapter by Gregory in your book on Thursday of next week.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f3c5503460f94c5c07e/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
• There are several clues you could use:1. arrival time
2. phase lag (waves are out of sync) - wave at ear farthest from sound source lags wave at ear nearest to source
Localization
![Page 29: Reading Assignment! We’ll discuss the chapter by Gregory in your book on Thursday of next week.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f3c5503460f94c5c07e/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Localization
Left Ear
Right Ear CompressionWaves
![Page 30: Reading Assignment! We’ll discuss the chapter by Gregory in your book on Thursday of next week.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f3c5503460f94c5c07e/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
• There are several clues you could use:1. arrival time
2. phase lag (waves are out of sync)
3. sound shadow (intensity difference)- sound is louder at ear closer to sound source
Localization
![Page 31: Reading Assignment! We’ll discuss the chapter by Gregory in your book on Thursday of next week.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f3c5503460f94c5c07e/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
• What are some problems or limitations?
Localization
![Page 32: Reading Assignment! We’ll discuss the chapter by Gregory in your book on Thursday of next week.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f3c5503460f94c5c07e/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
• Low frequency sounds aren’t attenuated by head shadow
Localization
Left Ear
Right Ear CompressionWaves
Sound is the sameSPL at both ears
![Page 33: Reading Assignment! We’ll discuss the chapter by Gregory in your book on Thursday of next week.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f3c5503460f94c5c07e/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
• High frequency sounds have ambiguous phase lag
Localization
Left Ear
Right Ear
Left Ear
Right Ear
Two locations, same phase information!
![Page 34: Reading Assignment! We’ll discuss the chapter by Gregory in your book on Thursday of next week.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f3c5503460f94c5c07e/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
• These cues only provide azimuth (left/right) angle, not altitude (up/down) and not distance
Localization
Left Ear
Right Ear Azimuth
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Localization
Additional cues:
![Page 36: Reading Assignment! We’ll discuss the chapter by Gregory in your book on Thursday of next week.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f3c5503460f94c5c07e/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Localization
Additional cues:
Head Related Transfer Function: Pinnae modify the frequency components differently depending on sound location
![Page 37: Reading Assignment! We’ll discuss the chapter by Gregory in your book on Thursday of next week.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f3c5503460f94c5c07e/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Localization
Additional cues:
Room Echoes:For each sound, there are 6 “copies” (in a simple rectanguluar room!). Different arrival times of these copies provide cues to location of sound relative to the acoustic space